BIO 211 Anatomy & Physiology

II
Study Guide for Cumulative Final Exam

1. 14 departmental questions will come from your Course Competency (Performance Measure)
Selected Chapter Objectives on your syllabus; these questions are for our reaccreditation process that
we as a department will analyze for SACS
2. Know the definition of a hormone, the types, and the importance of the types (bound, 2nd
messengers, etc.)
3. Be able to recognize the endocrine gland, target site, releasing stimuli, major actions and any
disorders for each of the following hormones:
ADH oxytocin ANP FSH GH
Thyroxine cortisol aldosterone LH thymopoietin
ACTH insulin TSH epinephrine erythropoietin
PTH glucagon calcitonin melatonin prolactin
Triiodothyronine androgens norepinephrine
Progesterone testosterone serotonin leptin
4. Know what makes a particular cell the target cell of a certain hormone.
5. Know the definition of tropin.
6. Know what blood is composed of, know average percentages of each
7. Know what hematocrit is and know the average clinical measurement
8. Name/characterize the leukocytes and identify the most to least abundant.
9. Know what contributes to viscosity and osmolarity
10. What is the significance of knowing the Rh type during pregnancy?
11. What causes erythroblatosis fetalis?
12. What are the blood types, understand the blood types and which types can be received/donated for
transfusions?
13. Know the phases of hemostasis
14. Know/describe the process of blood cell formation and what factors are necessary for their production.
(mainly erythrocytes); know what triggers erythropoiesis.
15. Compare and contrast passive and active immunity
16. Be able to name the components of the lymphatic system and also their function
17. Know the types and characteristics of all cells associated with nonspecific and specific defenses
18. Be able to name the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system / immunity and also know their
functions
19. Know what an antigen is.
20. Know the ways that lymph is transported, understand what happens if there is a blockage
21. Be able to recognize the various functions of the lymphatic system
22. Understand the significance of swollen and sore lymph nodes compared to just swollen
23. Know and understand the valve structure and functions of the heart (how, why and when they open
and close)
24. Be able to identify the waves of an ECG.
25. Be able to recognize the layers of the heart wall
26. Define: anastomoses bradycardia tachycardia angina pectoris
cardiac tamponade ductus arteriosus
ligamentum arteriosum pectinate muscles fossa ovalis
foramen ovale trabeculae carneae valvular prolapse
myocardial infarction cardiac reserve
baroreceptors chordae tendineae papillary muscles
27. Be able to describe the cardiac cycle
28. Be able to trace the path of blood through the heart naming the four chambers, valves and major
blood vessels entering or leaving the heart starting in any given chamber, without the aid of a
diagram.
29. Be able to recognize the conduction pathway of the heart and the functions of each part of the
conduction pathway
30. Know their definitions and be able to mathematically work with these:
CO HR SV EDV ESV ejection fraction
31. Be able to recognize the definition, the difference between, what creates them and the functional
roles of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure within the capillaries. Also know where these
pressures take place on the capillary
32. Define / know functions: aneurysm artery vein precapillary sphincters
anastomoses portal systems systolic diastolic
33. Know the common route of blood from the heart back to the heart again
34. Be able to recognize the relationships between each of the following sets of terms:
Blood viscosity and blood flow rate and peripheral resistance
Peripheral resistance and blood vessel diameter and blood vessel length
Blood vessel diameter and blood pressure
Blood flow rate and peripheral resistance
blood pressure and blood volume
Blood pressure and cardiac output and peripheral resistance
35. Know the process that oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell
membranes
36. Know the Bohr and Haldane effect.
37. Know the difference between inspiration and expiration and how they are accomplished (both
normal and deep, quiet and forced), understand differences in pressures
38. Know the structures of the air flow in order and know the respiratory membrane and know what
each cell of the membrane is responsible for
39. Know and understand all of the laws
40. Be able to recognize the primary mechanisms for transporting carbon dioxide and oxygen in the
blood.
41. Understand utilization coefficient and venous reserve, understand difference during rest and being
more active
42. Be able to recognize the causes and how the body compensates for each of the following blood pH
imbalances:
Respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis
43. Define: alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract) peristalsis segmentation
bolus chyme heartburn (acid reflux)
diarrhea constipation
44. Be able to trace food particles from mouth to anus
45. Know the order of layers of the alimentary canal from the lumen out
46. Be able to recognize the function/characteristics of each of the following in chemical digestion and
nutrient absorption.
mouth saliva esophagus stomach small intestines (all parts)
Large intestines (all parts) hepatic portal circulation lacteal liver
pancreas gallbladder salivary glands Villi microvilli

extrinsic salivary glands rugae lower esophageal sphincter pyloric sphincter

Plicae circulares (circular folds) cystic duct haustra cecum

Bile duct hepatopancreatic sphincter bile bacterial flora internal anal sphincter
external anal sphincter
47. Define: nephron proteinuria Albuminuria ketones hematuria
glomerular filtration rate
48. Know the components of the urinary system and all their functions
49. Know the internal anatomy of the kidneys
50. Define retroperitoneal and know that the kidneys are retroperitoneal.
51. Know what nephrons consist of and know their functions
52. Know the flow of filtrate and know the flow of urine
53. Be able to recognize the substances filtered and not filtered at the glomerulus.
54. Be able to recognize and understand factors influencing glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
55. Understand the Renin-Angiotensin mechanism
56. Know what angiotensin II does
57. Understand the differences between tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion
58. Know the different types of diabetes
59. Understand transport maximum
60. Understand the normal and abnormal characteristics of urine that will be seen during an urinalysis
61. Define, know how each one is created and know their effects: dehydration
hypotonic hydration (water intoxication) edema hypernatremia
Hyponatremia hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia hypocalcemia hypercalcemia alkalosis acidosis
62. Understand the bicarbonate buffer system
63. Understand how each component of the bicarbonate buffer system is dealt with (water –kidneys,
carbon dioxide – lungs, etc.)
64. Define: interstitial cells erection vasectomy spermatic cord scrotum

65. Be able to follow sperm from the testes through the urethra
66. Know why the scrotum is found outside the body
67. Know the location and function of the following:
Seminiferous tubules rete testis epididymis ductus (vas) deferens
ejaculatory duct prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy (penile) urethra
seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral glands
68. Know the parts of the penis, know function of penis
69. Define: diploid haploid crossing over spermatogonium oogonium
Spermatid
70. Understand meiosis (gametogenesis), know why we have meiosis
71. Be able to compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis
72. Define: Graafian (vesicular) follicle corpus luteum ovulation fimbriae
vagina mons pubis Labia majora labia minora clitoris
endometriosis
73. Know how the oocyte is pulled into the uterine tubes
74. Know the major parts of the uterus and know the function of the uterus
75. Know the layers of the uterine wall, their characteristics and know their importance
76. Know the homologous parts for the male and female genitalia
77. Know where fertilization of the ovulated oocyte normally occurs