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Active Skills for Reading, Copyright © 2007 by Heinie, Cengage Learning

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Neil J. Anderson
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Dedicatian Л Acknowledgments

This book is deidicated to Meg DeWaal. You will develop into a competent, fluent reader of good books as you read with your
parents and family.

ACTIVE Skills for Reading has been a wonderful project to be involved with, I have enjoyed talking with teachers who use the
senes. I enjoy talking with students who have read passages from the book. When we published the first edition, I had ijo idea
that we would be preparing the second edition so quickly. The success of the book is due to the teachers and students who have
been engaged in ACTIVE reading. To the readers of ACTIVE Skills for Reading,
I thank you.
I also express great appreciation to Kristin Johannsen for your significant contributions to this edition. It is a great pleasure to
work with a committed professional like you. I also express appreciation to Derek Mackrell, Sean Bermingham, and Chris
Wenger from Thomson. The support you provided me was unbelievable. I enjoy working with you. Special thanks to Maria
O’Conor who played an essential role in the conception of the first edition of ACTIVE Skills for Reading.

Neil J. Anderson

Reviewers for this edition

Chiou-lan Chem National Taiwan Normal University; Cheongsook Chin English Campus Institute, Inje University; Yang Hyun
Jimg-Ang Girls’ High School; Li Junhe Beijing No.4 High School; Tim Knight Gakushuin Women’s College; Ahmed M.
Motala University of Sharjah; Gleides Ander Nonato Colegio Arnaldo and Centro Universitario Newton Paiva; Ethel Ogane
Tamagawa University; Seung Ku Park Sunmoon University; Shu-chien, Sophia, Pan College of Liberal Education, Shu-Te
University; Marlene Tavares de Allmeida Wordshop Escola de Linguas; Naowarat Tongkam Silpakom University; Nobuo
Tsuda Konan University; Hasan Hiiseyin Zeyrek Istanbul Kiiltur University Eaculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences

Reviewers of the first edition ................................................................................................................................. ...... ....... ....

Penny Allan Languages Institute, Mount Royal College; Jeremy Bishop Ehwa Women’s University; William E. Brazda Long
Beach City College; Michelle Buuck Centennial College; Chih-min Chou National Chengchi University; Karen Cronin
Shinjuku, Tokyo; Marta 0. Dmytrenko-Ahrabian Wayne State University, English Language Institute; James Goddard Kwansei
University; Ann-Marie Hadzima National Taiwan University; Diane Hawley Nagatomo Ochanomizu University; Carolyn Ho
North Harris College; Feng-Sheng Hung National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology; Yuko Iwata Tokai
University; Johanna E. Katchen National Tsing Hua University, Department of Foreign Languages; Peter Kipp Ehwa Women’s
University; Julie Manning Ritsumeikan Uji High School; Gloria McPherson English Language Institute, Seneca College; Mary
E. Meloy Lara John F. Kennedy Primary School; Young-in Moon English Language and Literature Department, The University
of Seoul; Junil Oh Pukyong National University; Serdar Ozturk Terraki Vakfi Okullaij; Diana Pelyk Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific
University; Stephen Russell Meiji Gakuin University; Consuelo Sanudo Subsecretaria de Servicios Educativos para el Distrito
Federal; Robin Strickler Kansai Gaidai University; Liu Su-Fen Mingchi Institute of Technology; Cynthia Cheng-Fang Tsui
National Chengchi University; Beatrice Vanni University of Bahcesehir; Kerry Vrabel LaGuardia Community College; Aysen
Yurdakul Buyuk Kolej
Contents

Unit Chapter Reading Skill Vocabulary Skill Real Life Skill

f Exam Time Oh, No, Not Another Identifying Main and

The Suffix -ize
Reading Test
Test! Supporting Ideas Instructions
Magazine Article
For Better Grades— Understanding Cause Word Webs
Use Your Brain! and Effect
Page 11 Reference Article
g Going Abroad Safe Trave! Magazine Scanning The Prefix pre- Reading and
Article Understanding
Scanning for Details Adjective Endings -ed Immigration Forms
A Trip to Vietnam
Page 21 E-mail Messages and -ing
3 Movie Makers Moviemaking Behind Using Titles to The Prefix dis- Understanding the Use
the Scenes Reference Understand Main Ideas of Italics
Article
Organizing
Recognizing Sequence
Great Him Directors: Vocabulary
of Events
Page 31 Ang Lee Biography ________
Review 1 Fluency Strategy: PRO; Are Human Beings Getting Smarter? Reference Article Fluency
Practice: 1. Fair Trade Chocoiate Webpage;
Page 41
2. A Different Kind of Spring Break Newspaper Article
Using Piay and Go with
4 Sports Heroes Sports History
Reference Article
Scanning
Sports and Games
Using Dates

Predicting Adjectives with the

Sports Success: Yao Suffix -ous
Page 49 Ming Webpage
^ The Amazing Skimming for the Main Root Words Related to Finding the Right Doctor
Human Body You Are Amazing: You Idea Life; Nouns Ending in
Are Human! Webpage -iogyZ-ology
Beyond the Body’s Predicting The Suffix -tion
Vocabulary
Limits
Page 59 Magazine Article
Finding Definitions The Suffix -ment Using Key Words for
Scrapbooking
0 Leisure and Hobbies Webpage Internet Searches
Word Associations
Work Hard, Piay Hard? Identifying Main Ideas
Page 69 Reference Article within Paragraphs
Review 2
Page 79 Ruency Strategy: PQR+E; Movies for the BUnd? Newspaper Article Fluency Practice: 3. Meet
Freddy Adu, Soccer Sensation Webpage;
4. Combining New and Oid Medicine Newspaper Article
 Unit Chapter Reading Skill Vocabulary Skill Real Life Skill
7 Predicting The Prefix ex-
Where’s That Music Dictionary Usage:
A World of Music Coming From? Choosing the Right
Magazine Article Word
The Hot World of Salsa! Scanning Easily Confused Words
CD Review
Page 87
В Career Paths
Be Your Own Boss Identifying Main Ideas Compound Nouns Searching for a Job
Webpage within Paragraphs Online
The Right Job for Your Skimming for General Adjective Endings
Personality Magazine Ideas
Page 97 Article
a The Story of The History of Skimming to Assess a Identifying Part of Dictionary Usage:
Chocolate Chocolate Reference Passage Speech Choosing the Right
Article to Chocolate Understanding Main Synonyms Definition
Addicted
Page W7 Newspaper Article Ideas within
Review 3 Paragraphs
Fluency Strategy: KWL; GeocacWngWebpage
Page 117
Fluency Practice: 5. The People Behind the Mus/cReference Article;
6. Is It Time to Change Jobs?Reference Article
m The Secrets of Ads Are Everywhere! Skimming for the Main The Prefixes in-, im-, Reading Numbers in
Advertising Webpage Idea and un- Text
How Advertising Uses Distinguishing Between The Suffix -ist
Psychology Reference Main and Supporting
Page 125 Article Ideas
11 Eating for Health Breakfast Like a King? Making Inferences Word Families Understanding Units of
Newspaper Advice Measure
Column
Is Your Diet Destroying Understanding Cause The Root Word vit/viv
the Environment? and Effect
Page 135 Newspaper Article
Jg Saving the Clean Up Australia, Scanning for Numbers The Prefix re- Recognizing Common
Environment Clean Up the World Acronyms
Webpage
Resources for the Futun Skimming to Assess a The Root Word due with
Page 145 Reference Article Passage Prefixes
Review 4
Fluency Strategy. Reading ACTIVEly; Billboards: Past and P/esentNewspaper Article
Page 155
Fluency Practice: 7. The Life of a Food Crff/cWebpage;
8. Bringing Back the Aral SeaNewspaper Article
Vocabulary LBaming Tips
Learning new vocabulary is an important part of learning to be a good reader. Remember that the letter C in ACTIVE Skills
for Reading reminds us to cultivate vocabulary.

1 Decide if the word is worth teaming now

As you read you will find many words you do not know. You will slow your reading fluency if you stop at every new word. For
example, you should stop to find out the meaning of a new word if:
a. you read the same word many times.
b. the word appears in the heading of a passage, or in the topic sentence of a paragraph—the sentence that gives the
main idea of the paragraph.

2 Record information about new words you decide to learn ____________________

Keep a vocabulary notebook in which you write words you want to remember. Complete the following information for words
that you think are important to learn:

^ New word collect

Traneiation ШШ V
^ Partofepeech verb
0 Sentence where found Jamie Oliver collected more than 270,000 signatures from people.
My own sentence My brother collects stamps.

3 Learn words from the same family

For many important words in English that you will want to learn, the word is part of a word family. As you learn new words,
learn words in the family from other parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.).

^ Noun happiness
Verb -----------
^ Adjective happy __________
^ Adverb happily ______

4 Learn words that go with the key word you are learning
When we learn new words, it is important to learn what other words are frequently used with them. These are called
collocations. Flere is an example from a student’s notebook.

r ------------------------- long
take two-week next week
0 30 on a short vacation in Italy
0 need summer with my family
gk, have school by myself
c* - ................ .....
5 Create a word web
A word web is a picture that helps you connect words together and helps you increase your vocabulary. Here is a word web
for the word “frightened”:

a frightened child
frightful (adj), frightening (adj)
easily frightened
fright (n)
terribly frightened
frighten (v)

petrified'
terrified

6 Memorize common prefixes, roots, and suffixes

Many English words can be divided into different parts. We call these parts prefixes, roots, and suffixes. A prefix comes at the
beginning of a word, a suffix comes at the end of a word, and the root is the main part of the word. In your vocabulary notebook,
make a list of prefixes and suffixes as you come across them. On pages 174-175 there is a list of prefixes and suffixes in this
book. For example, look at the word “unhappily.”

prefix: un- (meaning “not”) suffix; -ly (meaning “an adverb”)

— unhappily-

root; happy

7 Regularly review your vocabuiary notebook

You should review the words in your vocabulary notebook very often. The more often you review your list of new words, the
sooner you will be able to recognize the words when you see them during reading. Set up a schedule to go over the words you
are learning.

8 Make vocabulary flash cards

Flash cards are easy to make, and you can carry them everywhere with you. You can use them to study while
you are waiting for the bus, walking to school or work, or eating a meal. You can use the flash cards with your
friends to quiz each other. Here is an example of a flash card:
translation
tips far iFluant Raading

Find time to read every day.

Find the best time of day for you to read. Try to read when you are not tired. By reading every day,
even for a short period, you will become a more fluent reader.

Look for a good place to read.

It is easier to read and study if you are comfortable. Make sure that there is good lighting in your
reading area and that you are sitting in a comfortable chair. To make it easier to concentrate, try to
read in a place where you won’t be interrupted.

Use clues in the text to make predictions.

Fluent readers make predictions before and as they read. Use the title, subtitle, pictures, and captions
to ask yourself questions about what you are going to read. Find answers to the questions when you
read. After reading, think about what you have learned and decide what you need to read next to
continue learning.

Establish goals before you read.

Before you read a text, think about the purpose of your reading. For exampie, do you just want to get
a general idea of the passage? Or do you need to find specific information? Thinking about what you
want to get from the reading will help you decide what reading skills you need to use.

Notice how your eyes and head are moving.

Good readers use their eyes, and not their heads, when they read. Moving your head back and forth
when reading will make you tired. Practice avoiding head movements by placing your elbows on the
table and resting your head in your hands. Do you feel movement as you read? If you do, hold your
head still as you read. Also, try not to move your eyes back over a text. You should reread part of a
text only when you have a specific purpose for rereading, for example, to make a connection between
what you read previously and what you are reading now.

Tty not to translate.

Translation slows down your reading. Instead of translating new words into your first language, first
try to guess the meaning. Use the context (the other words around the new word) and word parts
(prefixes, suffixes, and word roots) to help you guess the meaning.

ih. 4k s
Read in phrases rather than word by word.
Don’t point at each word while you read. Practice reading in phrases—groups of words that
go together.

Engage your imagination.

Good readers visualize what they are reading. They create a movie in their head of the story
they are reading. As you read, try sharing with a partner the kinds of pictures that you create
in your mind.

Avoid subvocalization.
Subvocalization means quietly saying the words as you read. You might be whispering the
words or just silently saying them in your mind. Your eyes and brain can read much faster
than you can speak. If you subvocalize, you can only read as fast as you can say the words.
As you read, place your finger on your lips or your throat. Do you feel movement? If so, you
are subvocalizing. Practice reading without moving your lips.

Don’t worry about understanding every word.

Sometimes, as readers, we think we must understand the meaning of everything that we
read. It isn’t always necessary to understand every word in a passage in order to understand
the meaning of the passage as a whole. Instead of interrupting your reading to find the
meaning of a new word, circle the word and come back to it after you have finished reading.

Enjoy your reading.

Your enjoyment of reading will develop over time. Perhaps today you do not like to read in
English, but as you read more, you should see a change in your attitude. The more you read
in English, the easier it will become. You will find yourself looking forward to reading.

Read as much as you can.

The best tip to follow to become a more fluent reader is to read whenever and wherever you can.
Good readers read a lot. They read many different kinds of material: newspapers, magazines,
textbooks, websites, and graded readers. To practice this, keep a reading journal. Every day, make a
list of the kinds of things you read during the day and how long you read each for. If you want to
become a more fluent reader, read more!
Агв You an ACTIVE RBader?
Before you use this book to develop your reading skills, think about your reading habits, and your strengths
and weaknesses when reading in English. Check the statements that are true for you.

Start of course End of course

1 1 read something in English every day. □ □

2
1 try to read where I’m comfortable and won't be
interrupted. □ □
3
1 make predictions about what I’m going to read
before 1 start reading. □ □
4
1 think about my purpose of reading before 1
start reading. □ □
5
1 keep my head still, and move only my eyes,
when 1 read. □ □
6
1 try not to translate words from English to my
first language. □ □
7
1 read in phrases rather than word by word.
□ □
8 1 try to picture in my mind what I’m reading.
□ □
9 1 read silently, without moving my lips.
10
□ □
□ □
1 try to understand the meaning of the passage,
and try not to worry about understanding the
meaning of every word.

11 1 usually enjoy reading in English.

12 1 try to read as much as 1 can, especially outside
□ □
class.
□ □
Follow the tips on pages 8-9. These will help you become a more active reader. At the end of the course,
answer this quiz again to see if you have become a more fluent, active reader.

to
 To the editor.
My daughter is preparing to take the university entrance exam
next month. For the last six months, she has slept only four
or five hours a night, and she never eats regular meals—just
a sandwich or a bowl of soup at her desk. She has lost five
kilos, and she looks tired all the time. She has no time for her
friends, for exercise, or for any normal activities—she just
studies. What kind of life is that?
The exam system in our country is unfair and unnecessary.
Students will face lots of pressure in the future in their careers
We need to find a better way to measure what students have
learned, so that young people can have time to enjoy their lives.
—Mia Chung

Getting ^eady newspaper and discuss these questions

Read this letter to the editor of a
with a partner.
1 How is the situation in your country similar or different?
2 Do you agree with the writer’s opinion? ^
3 What advice would you give to the writer? To her daughter.

rr
 Unit 1 Chapter 1: Oh, No, Not Another Test!
Before You
Read;
Too Many Tests?
Reading Skill;
Identifying Main and
Supporting Ideas
Every paragraph has a
main idea, or topic.
Often, you will find the
main idea talked about
in the first or second
sentence of a
paragraph, Supporting
ideas usually follow the
main idea. Sentences
with supporting ideas
explain or give us more
information about the
main idea.
IS Unit 1: Chapter 1
A Look at this list of tests, and answer the questions below.
• a spoken English test ' a school or university entrance exam ' a
• a driver’s iicense test standardized English test, such as the
• a vocabuiary quiz TOEFL® test
• a test to get a job ' a placement test to put you in the correct
English class
1 Which of these kinds of tests have you taken? Which will you take in the
future?
2 Which are the most difficult? Why?
3 Which are the most important for your future?
В Discuss your answers with a partner.
A Read the passage on the next page. Underline the sentence in each paragraph
that expresses the main idea.r^ir^at least one supporting idea in each
paragraph.
В Look at the statements below. Put “M” next to the statement that is the main
idea. Put “S” next to the statement that is a supporting idea.
Paragraph 1
a. People take standardized tests to graduate from a sohool, or get a better job.
b. Standardized tests are used around the world to measure students' abilities.
Paragraph 2
a. An achievement test measures how much a student has learned.
b. There are two types of standardized tests commonly used in academic
institutions. _ Paragraph 3
a. Students all over the world take multiple-choice achievement tests regularly.
b. Many people believe that taking a multiple-choice test is a good way of
remembering
information. ___
Paragraph 4
a. Many students are not always good test takers or good at memorizing information.
b. Educational reformers believe that standardized testing only measures some of a
student’s ability. ___
Paragraph 5
a. Students today should take fewer standardized tests. _
b. Paul Barton believes standardized testing needs to change.
C Read the passage again and answer the questions that foiiow.
 Oh, No Not Another Reading
Passage:
Oh, No, Not
Another Test!

Have you ever felt that you were just studying to pass a test?
Today, many schools and companies around the world use
standardized tests' such as the TOEFL® test to measure
students’ abilities. Thousands of people every year take
these kinds of tests in order to enter or graduate from a
school, or get a better job.
Test!
There are two types of tests that are commonly used in academic institutions.
The first type of test is the achievement test. This is used at the end of a term, for example, to
evaluate how much students have learned about a subject. The other commonly used test is
the proficiency test. This kind of io test measures students’ overall skill in a language, and is
not directly related to a particular course or school. lELTS, TOEIC®, TOEFL®, and university
entrance exams are ail examples of proficiency exams.
In many educational systems throughout the world, students take regular multiple-choice
achievement tests. They have to pass these tests in order 15 to move to a higher level, or
graduate from an educational institution. Many advocates^ of this type of traditional
evaluation believe that students learn best, and increase their knowledge, by memorizing
facts and information.
These people also believe that teaching students to pass a test teaches them discipline, and
prepares them for the working world. 20

Educational reformers, however, believe that standardized testing alone is limited and can
only measure some of a student’s ability. They realize that many students, though intelligent,
are not always good at taking tests or at memorization. This makes it harder for them to
achieve passing grades, get into gocjd schools, or get the right job. In addition, factors such
as how a 25 person feels on the day of a test can also affect his or her score. Using only a
multipje-choice style of test to evaluate students’ abilities cannot always tell us what they
have learned, or how they may do in the future.
Even tek experts agree that current tests are not perfect. Paul Barton, the director of
Educational Testing Services’ (ETS) Policy Information Center, has зо suggested that
standardized testing needs to change. Students should take fewer standardized tests. The
ones they do take, he says, should tell us what students really know, and how they can use
that knowledge in real life.
To use standardized tests or not to—the debate continues. Meanwhile, many students’
futures are still decided based on their test results. 35

' standardized tests tests that are the same in every school 'advocate
someone who publicly supports or recommends something

Oh, l\la, \ot Another Test! 13

Reading A Match the sentence parts to make correct statements.
Comprehension;
Check Your 1 Achievement tests a. want to find better ways to evaluate
Understanding
2 Proficiency tests students’ abilities.
3 Standardized tests b. use two different kinds of tests.
4 Educational reformers c. are the same around the world.
5 Academic institutions d. measure a student’s overall language
ability.
e. measure how much students have
learned.

В Circle all the correct answers.

1 Which are examples of an achievement test?
a.
a vocabulary quiz in English class
b.
a swimming test for new employees at a pool
c.
the TOEFL® test
d.
a university final exam
2 Which are examples of a proficiency test?
a. the TOEFL® test
b. the final exam in an English class
c. a university entrance exam
d. a class assignment

Critical Thinking q C Read these statements and mark who would agree with each one, test
advocates (people in favor of testing) or test reformers. Then check the statements
you agree with.

Test Test
You
Advocates Reformers

1 Standardized tests are a good way to

measure students’ learning.
2 Students today have to take too many tests.

3 A lot of tests don’t really measure students’

abilities.
4 Memorizing is a very important part of
education.
5 Without written tests, we can’t check what
students have iearned.
6 Standardized tests are not fair to some ^
kinds of students. )

M Unit I: Chapter 1
A Match each word from the reading with a definition. Write the letter Vocabulary
of the definition next to the word. Comprehension:
Word Definitions
1 academic _____ a. ability to do something; skill
2 measure _____ b. learning something so that you can
3 evaluate _____ remember or repeat it exactly
4 proficiency ___ c. a small amount; restricted in size or amount
5 memorizing ___ d. to reach a goal; to get something
6 limited ____ e. to determine the size or amount of something
7 reform ____ f. to change or improve something
8 achieve ___ g. to judge the value of something, or how well
someone has done something
h. relating to school or education
В Complete each sentence below using one of the words from A. Be sure
to use the correct form of the word.
1 Elena speaks German, Spanish, Russian, and English. She really has
a(n) __________ ___ in languages.
2 The company decided not to hire Nicholas. He is hard-working, but he
only has ______________ sales experience.
3 The new principal’s goal was to _______________ the testing system at the

school, and make it better.

4 The only way to learn irregular verb forms is by. them.

A Look at the words below and use the suffix -ize to write the verb form next Vocabulary
to each one. Use your dictionary to help you with spelling. Skill;
The Suffix -ize
1 standard. 4 revolution.
2 memory _ 5 fantasy _
3 modern _ 6 reality __ In this chapter you
read the verb
В Match each verb above to its definition below. "realize.” One
common suffix in
1 to understand something; to recognize something is true:.
English is "-ize”
2 to imagine or dream of having things you desire: _________
(spelled "-ise” in
3 to learn something so you remember it exactly:___________ British English),
4 to change the way of doing something completely: ________ which means “to
5 to bring something up-to-date; to make it current: _________ make” or "cause to
6 to make things the same or to fit a certain measurement: become."

C Complete each question below with a verb from A. Make sure you use the
correct verb tense. Then answer the questions with a partner.

1 Have you _________ . what career or job you want in the future yet?
2 Do you ever ______ __ about where you will live in the future?
3 Are you good at ___ _____ new vocabulary you learn in this class?
What can you do to improve this skill?
4 What do you think will be the next big thing to. . the way
people learn and study? Why?
Oh, No, IMot Another Test! 15
 Unit f Chapter 2: For Better Grades—Use Your Brain!
Before You A Answer these questions.
Read;
Do You Remember? 1 Do you think you have a good memory? Why, or why not?
2 What special methods do you use to remember important information?
3 How do you usually study for a test?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill: A Read the first two paragraphs of the article on the next page. Then read the
Understanding Cause two sentences below. Which is the cause and which is the effect?
and Effect
a. You can’t remember
the phone number five minutes later. cause / effect
b. You put a new phone
One way to understand
number in your short-term memory. cause / effect
the information in a
passage is to think
about cause and effect:
В Read the rest of the article and match the causes and effects.
when one thing (the Causes
cause) makes another 1 You put a phone number into your Effects
thing happen (the long-term memory. a. Your brain remembers better.
effect). 2 You learn something new. b. You remember it next week.
3 There are more connections to c. It’s easier to find it.
the new information. d. You transfer it into your long-term
4 We are interested in a subject. memory.
5 You recite new information e. The structure of the brain actualiy
out loud. changes.

C Read the ailicle again and answer the questions that follow.

1Б Unit /; ChaptBr S
 For Better Grades— Reading
Use Your Brain! Passage:
For Better Grades-
If you're like most students, you probably started UseYour Brain!
this new academic year with a resolution to study
harder. Now, science can help you keep your
resolution. Recent discoveries in brain research
point to better ways to learn.
How does the brain save new information? Think of the last time you looked up
a number in the telephone book and dialed it. Could you remember that number
five minutes later? Probably not! That's because it's in your short-term memory.
Our memory actually has three components. Sensory memory takes in
information from our five senses, but these memories last just a few seconds.
Short-term memory works like a “holding area” for new information—that's
where you keep the phone number while you dial it. But if you can put the
phone number into long-term memory, you’ll remember that same phone
number next week. This part of your memory holds everything from irregular
verbs to the names of all your cousins.
When you study, you transfer new information into long-term memory. Every
time we learn something new, the structure of the brain actually changes, as
we build new connections to information that we already know. When there are
more connections to the new information, it’s easier to find it again.
20 Brain researchers have discovered four key points for effective study.
♦ Make an effort. The brain remembers better when we are interested in
the subject, already know a little about it, and know we will need
the information in the future.
♦ Find the most important information and organize it. Your brain can
process only a limited amount of information at one time, so don't try
to remember every detail. When studying a textbook, look for titles,
headings, and illustrations to show you the main ideas.
♦ Make the new brain connections stronger. One technique is to recite'
the ideas out loud in your own words. This is the most powerful way
30
to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory. Another
method is drawing a picture of the information, to activate the visual
part of the brain.
♦ Give the new material time to soak in—your brain has to build new
physical connections. For this reason, it’s better to study for several
35
short sessions than one long one. And cramming the night before
a big test doesn’t help.
By understanding how the brain works, and following these four tips, you can
make this your most successful academic year ever.

’ recite tc say something aloud from memory

Far Better Erades—Use Yaur Brain! /7
 RBSdinQ A Complete the sentences. Try not to look back at the article.
Comprehension:
Check Your 1 Scientists have found that \we have ___________ different kinds
Understanding of memory.
2 When we look up a phone number, we put it in our__________________
memory.
3 When we want to remember information for a test, we must put it in our memory.
4 When we learn something new, our brains build new __________________ inside.

В Answer true (T) or false (F).

r
T F
1 When we learn new facts, we save them in our sensory
memory.
2 You remember better if you study a short time before a big
test.

3 Our brains change physically when we learn new information.

4 Saying new information out loud is a good way to remember

it.

5 You need to remember all the small details to really ^ learn a

subject. У

Critical Thinking C Read the list of study techniques from the article and answer the questions.
1 Which ideas sound useful/don’t sound useful? Why? Have you tried any

of them in the past?

2 What other ideas do you have for better studying?

Vocabulary A The words in italics are vocabulary items from the reading. Read
Comprehension: each question or statement and choose the correct answer.
Words in Context
1 Some components of a healthy life are ____________ .
a. exercise and a good diet b. smoking and drinking alcohol
2 Two of our senses are _________ .
a. walking and talking b. seeing and tasting
3 If you transfer your money at the bank, you ___________ .
a. save it in one place b. move it from one account to another
4 If you make an effort with something you __________ .
a. try hard b. are lazy

18 Unit I: Chapter S
 5 If you use effective ways to study, your grades will be _____________.
a. good b. poor
6 If you activate something, you ___________ .
a. make it ready to use b. stop using it
7 One technique for remembering new Engiish words is _____________ .
a. writing them in a notebook b. to take an exam
8 You look up the speiling of a word. You ____________ .
a. say it aloud b. find it in your dictionary

В Answer the questions below. Share your answers with a partner.

1 What's another component of a healthy life?
2 Which of the five senses do you think is most important?
3 Can you recommend some other effective ways to study?
4 What's another common technique for remembering new words?

A Look at the word web below. Are there other words you can think of to add to this Vocabulary
web? Explain your diagram to a partner. Skill:
Word Webs

One helpful strategy

that you can use to
memorize new
vocabulary is to create
a “word web." Word
webs can help you
remember the meaning
of new vocabulary and
relate this vocabulary
to other words you
know.
В Now, on ^ sheet of paper, try creating a word web using one of the
categories in the box (or one of your own). See how many branches and
words you can add. Share your ideas with a partner.

c travel music the future food

Far BettEr Grades—USE Your Brain! 13

 Real Life Skill; A Below are four common types of test questions used in standardized tests.
Reading Test Instructions Review the directions for each item.

В Follow the directions to answer each question. Compare your answers

In an exam, with a partner.
understanding the test
instructions, as well as 1 Choose a word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
the question itself, can Mary is _______________ person I have ever met.
help you to improve
a. a nice b. the nicer c. the nicest
your test scores. Pay
special attention to the
2 Choose the underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the
verbs in the instructions,
such as “choose,"
sentence to be correct.
Do you want to get some cup of coffee?
“circle,” “underline,"
“cross out,” “write," or
“explain."

3 Look at the word one in the text. Choose a word or phrase in bold
that means the same as one.
I don’t have a car now, but I want to buy one next year.

4 With what topic is the paragraph mainly concerned? Circle a, b, or c.

When should a person begin learning a second language? Is learning a

second language not spoken in the home really easier for children? Contrary
to popular belief, many experts now believe that second language learning
and acquisition can be as difficult for many children as it is for adults.

a. how to learn a second language

b. speaking a second language in the home
c. children learning a second language

What Do You Think?

1 What effect do tests have on education in your country?

2 Which tests are useful to measure students’ progress? Which tests should be dropped?
3 What is the best way to measure students’ English ability?

га Unit 1: Chapter B
Getting Ready Discuss these questions with a partner.
1 This chart shows the world’s top ten tourist destinations, and the number of visitors they received in 2004.
Complete the chart by writing one famous thing that visitors can see or do in each place.
2 Which place would you choose for a vacation?

Rank Place Something to do or see

Million
visitors
1 France 75.1 vieitthe Louvre Mueeum
2 Spain 53.6

3 U.S. 46.1
4 China 42.9
5 Italy 37.1
6 U.K. 27.8
7
Hong Kong,
21.8
China

8 Mexico 20.6
9 Germany 20.1
10 Austria 19.4

B1
 Lnit г Chapter 1: Safe Travel

Before You A What things should you do before your trip to prepare for safe travel in
Read; another country? What should you do during your trip to stay safe? Write
Preparing to two ideas on each side of the chart.
Travel

’ Tips for safe travel 1 _______________________________

Before your trip During your trip

В Compare your ideas with a partner.

Reading Skill; A Scan the first paragraph of the travel guide on the next page and find
Scanning what topic will be discussed.
a. things to do before a trip
When we need to b. things to do during a trip
read something to c. things to do before and during a trip
find certain
information, we В Scan the rest of the passage and complete the chart below.
move our eyes Were your ideas from Before You Read mentioned?
very quictdy
across the text
When we “scan” ' Tips for safe travel
like this, we do not 1 _______________________________
read every word, Before your trip During your trip
or stop when
weseeawordwe do
not know; we read
quickly, and stop
only to find the
information we are
looking for.

C Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

EB Unit E; ChaptEr 1
 Reading
Passage;
Safe Travel

Many travelers feel nervous about going to

a new and unfamiliar place. By planning and
preparing carefully, and taking precautions
during your trip, you can relax and enjoy
yourself.
While you prepare for your departure, make
sure your paperwork is all in order. You don't
want to get to your destination and find that
you have the wrong visa, or worse, that your
passport is going to expire. Also, make sure that you travel with proper medical
insurance, so that if you are sick or injured during your travels, you will be able
to get treatment. Be sure to get an international driver’s license if you plan to
drive while you are abroad.
If you need to take medication with you—such as travel-sickness pills—keep it
15 in its original container. If you need prescription drugs, bring a letter from your
doctor. If you don’t have a letter, customs officials may ask you a lot of questions
at each destination.
Buy a guidebook and read about the local culture of the country you will be
visiting. Also, try to learn a few basic words and phrases of the local language.
20 Don’t assume that everyone will speak your language, or that they will
understand English.
Remember that a tourist will attract a lot of attention from people. While most
of the local people you meet will be friendly and welcoming, there are always
dangers for travelers. Theft is the most common of these dangers. Leave
25 expensive cameras and valuable Jewelry at home. If you prefer to stay in cheap
hotels while traveling, make sure you can lock the door of your room from
inside. If you must travel with a lot of cash or other valuables, you should ask
your hotel about a safe for storing them in. And Just as in your home country, do
not expect everyone you meet to be honest.
30 When you get to your destination, use official transportation. Always go to bus or taxi stands;
don’t accept rides from strangers who offer you a ride. If there is no meter in the taxi,
agree on a price before starting out. Always carry a city map with you so you can find your
way if you get lost.
If you have trouble communicating, look for students and young people 35 who might
speak a foreign language. And finally, remember to smile. It’s the friendliest and most sincere
form of communication, and is sure to be understood in any part of the world.

Safe Travel S3
Reading A Decide if the following statements about the reading are true (T) or false (Я). If you
Comprehension: check false, correct the statement to make it true.
Check Your Understanding
r Л
T F
1 It is important to be prepared, as well as careful, when you
travel abroad.

2 Travelers should get their visas before they arrive in a new

country.
3 You should get insurance so that you can drive when you are
overseas.

4 You should bring a letter from your travel agent if you must
carry prescription drugs.

^ 5 Cheap hotels always have good locks on the doors. )

В Write advice from the guidebook for each situation.

Situation:
1 You have a problem communicating in the local language.

2 You get sick or have an accident. ______

3 You want to rent a car during your trip.
4 You are traveling with a lot of money. _
5 You need to go from the airport to the city..

Critical Thinking fc Look at the tips from the guidebook that you listed in the chart.
1 Which tips are good advice for foreign visitors to your country? Why?
2 Are there any tips that don’t apply to your country? Why?
3 Write two more safety tips for foreign tourists who want to visit your country.

Vocabulary A The words in italics are vocabulary items from the reading. Read each question
Comprehension; or statement and choose the correct answer. Compare your answers with a
Words in Context partner.

1 Which person would give you a prescription for something?

a. a teacher b. a doctor
2 Which of the following will expire!
a. a visa b. luggage
3 Someone who is sincere _______ .
a. can be trusted b. can't be trusted
4 Your departure time for your vacation is the time that you _________ .
a. leave your home b. arrive at your vacation place

Unit S: ChaptEr 1
 5 You are in Taipei and you are going to Bangkok. Your destination is ________
a. Taipei b. Bangkok
6 To protect your home from a thief, what is one precaution'?
a. Lock your doors. b. Open your windows.
7 You see a woman hoiding a baby that is crying. What might you assume?
a. You taik to them. b. The woman is the child’s mother.
8 You want to eat iocai food while you are in another country, so you eat ______
a. food from your own country b. special dishes from that country

В Answer the questions below. Share your ideas with a partner.

1 Where is your ideal holiday destination? ______________________

2 What other precautions can you take to protect your home from a thief?

3 What have you assumed about one of your classmates?

4 What is a iocai food from your country?

A Read the article below, and circle all of the pre- words you find.
Vocabulary
Skill;
Ttavel Tips for San Francisco The Prefix pre-
1. Don’t try to predict the weather. Bring a warm jacket and sweater so that you’re
prepared lor changes in the temperature; even in the summer months of July and In this chapter,
you learned the
August, it gets cold.
2. Buy a prepaid phone card. Many of the phone booths at San Francisco noun
airport •precaution,’’
and in the center of the city only accept prepaid calling cards. ^ awordmafehy
3. Pre- arrange your hotel stay-especially in the summer months. Don’t assume that combining the
it will be easy to find a room when you arrive. Hotels fill up quickly in San prefix "pre-,"
Francisco all year, particularly in the summer. meaning‘done
4. San Francisco is a great city for walking-but there are hills! Bring a before'or “in
comfortable advance,” with
pair of walking shoes if you’re planning to go around on foot. Also, you can the noun
prevent stiff muscles by stretching, or avoiding the hills on the first day. j “caution,”
6. There are many wonderful cultural events happening in San Franciscoюг visit, jf
year meaning “care.”
round. ^ “Pre-" can be
Go online to get a preview of up-to-date events happening at the time of your combined with
В Write a visit.
pre- word from A for each definition below. Can you think of any other words nouns, verbs,
that begin with pre-? Make a list and share your answers with a partner. adjectives, and
root wortfc to
1 ready for something before it happens: form many
2 see or show something in advance: words in
3 say what will happen in the future: English,
4 stop something from happening:
5 plan or schedule something in advance:
6 credited or paid in advance:

Safe Travel S5
Unit ё Chapter 2: к Trip to Шпат

Before You A Answer the questions.

Read; 1 What do you know about Vietnam? Write a few words about each topic.
Travel Knowledge
a. location_________________________________________________
b. climate _________________________________________________
c. cities __________________________________________________
d. history _________________________________________________
2 Vietnam is becoming a very popular destination for tourists. Can you think of any
reasons for this?

В Compare your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; A Scan the reading passage quickiy and find the dates of the four messages.
Scanning for Details
Message 1:.
Message 2:.
An important use
Message 3:.
for scanning is to
find a piece of Message 4:.
information that
we need. We do В Read each e-mail message quickly to find the information.
this in everyday
life when we look Message 1: Which city did she go to first? Message
up a word in the 2: Where did she go to the market? Message 3:
dictionary, or How long did they go hiking? Message 4: What is in
check a telephone
Vung Tau?
number in the
phone directory.
Use scanning C Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.
when you need to
find a fact in a
reading.

ёБ Unit ё: OiaptEr ё
 deceived Mesisages RE: A Trip to Vietnam Reading
Passage;
A Trip to Vietnam
Message 1: March 24th ...................... .. ............................................. .. ............
.......................................
Hi everybody,
Greetings from Vietnam! We arrived here tired, but excited. This is our first trip to
Asia and the friendliness of the people is amazing. All the different sights and smells
make us curious to try the food. We are looking forward to eating Vietnamese food for
dinner tonight. Our hotel is cheap, but very clean. The owners are friendly and helpful,

I
and they seem to like us. They gave us drinks when we arrived, and have told us
about some places that we shouldn’t miss. We plan to stay here in Ho Chi Minh City
for a few days and visit temples in the city, then travel to the north.
Message 2: March 27th* .................... .. .................................. « » . • • • • • • .
Hi everybody,
Vietnam is fantastic! The pagodas are fabulous, and the different Buddha statues
are wonderful to look at. We visited a market in Cholon, and saw an amazing variety
of fruits and vegetables. Everything was so colorful, and we took hundreds of
photographs! Later today we take the train north. We’ll stay in Hanoi for two days,
then catch a bus to Sapa. We're going to go trekking in the mountains.
Message 3: April 4th** ............ .. ............................... ..
Hi everybody,
Now we’re in the old capital city of Hue. After hiking around the mountains, it’s nice
to have accommodation with electricity and a shower! Our trip to Sapa was long
and exhausting. From there, we took a van to a small village in the mountains, and
we went hiking for three days. The hill tribe people in Vietnam live a basic life-no
electricity or telephones. They don’t have many possessions, but they are the
kindest, friendliest people I’ve ever met. Everyone smiles and says “hello.” Kathy
and I can only speak a few words of Vietnamese, so smiling is the best way of
communicating. This afternoon, we’re taking a walking tour in Hue. We’re going to
visit the Forbidden Purple City, where the emperor lived.
Message 4: April 6th ............................................. * ......................... * .................
Hi everybody.
Hue is really a unique city with lots to see. I would
love to stay longer, but we’re both ready for the
beach. Tomorrow we’ll take the train back to the
south, and then we’re going to a town called Vung
Tau. It has several beaches, and it’s famous for
seashell crafts. Vietnam is an amazing country,
with so much variety—big modern cities and small traditional towns, mountains,
jungles, and the seashore. Three weeks here just isn’t enough.
Love,
Jan

A Trip to Vietnam S7
 Reading A Answer true (7) or false {F). Circle the number of the message where you found
Comprehension; the answer.
Check Your Understanding
r
T F
1 In the past, Vietnam had an emperor. 12 3 4

2 Everyone in Vietnam speaks good English. 12 3 4

3 This is Jan’s second trip to Vietnam. 12 3 4
4 Vietnam has many kinds of scenery. 12 3 4
5 Traveling in the mountains is easy and
12 3 4
relaxing.
V )
В Number these places in the order that the writer visits them.
_ Cholon .a beach . Hanoi
. Ho Chi Minh City . , a small village in the mountains
Sapa Hue

Critical Thinking
C How does the writer feel about these things? Circle your answers.
• Then write the words or phrases from the reading that helped you find the answers.

1 She thinks the market in Cholon is really (beautiful / expensive / noisy).

2 She thinks the hill tribe people are very (hardworking / modern / friendly).

3 She likes hotels that are (expensive / traditional / comfortable).

4 At the end of her trip, she wants to (go home and see her friends / visit more of
Vietnam / learn to cook Vietnamese food).

Vocabulary A For each group, circle the word that does not belong. The words in italics are
Comprehension: vocabulary items from the reading.
Odd Word Out
1 accommodation hotel motel school
2 terrible wonderful fabuious fantastic
3 tiring relaxing exhausting demanding
4 similar matching unique alike
5 possessions belongings plans stuff
6 surprising very bad amazing unbelievable
7 many kinds variety alike different
SB Unit S: Chapter S
в Complete the postcard below using vocabulary from
may be possible. A. More than one item

Greeting5 from Madrid! I can’t believe I'm finally here. The trip from
Seoul was long and 1 __________ , but I made it. My 2 __________
is nice; I'm staying in a small guesthouse in the center of Madrid.
My room looks out onto the park. It really is 3 ___________ ! The
weather here is 4 __________ —it's warm and sunny, with clear blue skies
every day. It's 5 __________ for sightseeing, because there is such a large
6 __________ of different things to see. Tomorrow I'm taking a train south to
Andalusia to visit the city of Granada. I’m really looking forward to seeing the
Alhambra Palace. I’m also really curious to try the food—especially gazpacho,
a kind of cold soup which I hear is c^uite 7 _________ —very different from
anywhere else in Spain.
I promise I'll bring you back a present. See you next month!
Love, Young Min

A Write the correct form of the adjectives in the box on the lines below. Vocabulary
Skill;
excite interest relax confuse Adjective Endings -ed
and -ing
please stimulate bore worry

I fe e l . . . excited When we talk

atxxithowwe feel,
because i t’ s . . . exciting it’s common to
use adjectives
that end in “-ed."
В Change the verbs in the advertisement below into adjectives by using the correct To describe
endings. something, or
how we feel
about it, use
adjectives ending
Are you (f)interest ____ in taking a vacation to an (2)excit _____ location? Do in “-ing.”
you want to travel to a beautiful, (3)relax _____ beach, and help to save the
environment? If your answer is “yes” then you should book your holiday with EcoTours! At
EcoTours, we help vacationers enjoy their holiday and learn more about the places they
visit. In addition, EcoTours gives five percent of the cost of your trip to help protect the
local environment. Call us today to talk with one
of our experienced tour guides. We’ll help you choose and plan a (4)stimulat _______
vacation that is right for you! Our holidays are definitely not (5)bor _______ . If you are
(6)worr __ about the cost, don’t be. Our prices are very reasonable. We know
that yob’ll be (7)pleas ____ with your EcoTours holiday, so call today at (888) 555-
3458, or visit us online to find out more; www.heinle-ecotdurs.org.

A Trip to Vietnam gg
 Real Life Skill;
Reading and
Understanding
Immigration Forms
When you arrive in
a foreign country,
you must
complete an
immigration form
to give to officials.
These forms are
for personal
information, and
they are often
written in English.
What Do You Think?
A friend from another country is going to visit you for a week. Your friend has never been here before, and would like
to see a variety of different places in your city and region. Which places will you visit with your friend? Plan a
schedule for the week, and then share your ideas with the class.
30 Unit B: OiaptBr В
A Read the immigration form below. Match the type of information with
the question.
1 given name a. Are you male or female?
2 gender ____ b. What’s your job?
3 marital status ____ c. What’s your first name?
4 occupation _____ d. What’s your family name?
5 citizenship ____ e. Are you married?
6 permanent address _____ f. What’s your nationality?
7 date of birth ____ g. When were you born?
8 surname ____ h. Where do you live?
Visitor Arrival Form
Surname: Given name(s):,
Permanent address:.
Date of birth:, J/ Gender: M F Marital status:.
Citizenship: _____________________
Occupation: ______________________
Purpose of stay: tourism _____ business _____ visit relatives _____
other _______________
Length of stay: _ .days
Welcome to our country!
В Complete the form with information about yourself.
 This Week’s R e v i e w s .. .
Over and Over After her husband dies, a young
woman decides to change her life, against her
family’s wishes. Lara Jordan stars in the film based
on the bestselling novel, and Sandy Stone is
unforgettable as her mother. Be prepared to cry!
Black Light A spy and a government agent who are
sent to kill each other discover that they both have a
bigger enemy. David Nguyen’s latest thriller is two
hours of non-stop action, with great special effects,
and wonderful acting by Kelly Flanagan and Jamal
Pierce. You’ll be sittingjon the edge of your seat.
Winteir and Spring Two young medical students
fall in love. They have big plans for the
ing Ready Read these reviews. Discuss these questions with a partner.
1 What kinds of movies do they describe?
2 Which movie wouid you like to see? Why?
future-getting married, having a baby, starting a
hospital for poor children. Then Paul (played by
Matt Keene) gets very sick, and Melissa (Angela
Yamada) must make a difficult decision.
Don’t Look in the Attic Rodney Jones and
Shontelle Deane star in this scary new movie. John
and Susan are a young husband and wife who buy a
new house. But their beautiful house hides a
terrible secret. How can they end their nightmare?
(Don’t see this movie alone!)
My New Job The story is unbelievable, but this
movie is veiy, very funny. A famous soccer star
named Adriano (played by Paulo Costa) gets a job
teaching in a kindergarten. The kids do many crazy
things, but Adriano leams some very important
lessons from a little girl (played by Becky Cho).
31
 Unit 3 Chapter 1: Moviemaking Behind the Scenes

Before You A Answer these questions.

Read; 1 What is the best movie you’ve seen in the last year? Why did you like it?
Let's See a Movie!
2 Who are some of the people who work together to make a movie? What
does each of these people do? Why is their work important?

В Compare your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; A Look quickly at the reading passage. Read only the title, subtitles, and
Using Titles to first paragraph. Then circle the correct word or phrase in each of the main
Understand Main Ideas ideas below.

1 The other people who work in the movies are (just as important / not as
One way to quickly
important) as the actors and directors.
recognize what a
2 Makeup artists help the actors and actresses (sound great / look like
reading passage is
different people).
about is by first looking
3 The script supervisor works with (parts of the story / money for the film).
at the title and the
subtitles. Doing this
4 The special effects coordinator creates things that (are / are not) real.
before you read can 5 Foley artists work with the things you (hear / see) in a movie.
help you to understand
what the main ideas of В Now read the passage to see if the answers to A were correct.
the reading will be.
C Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

3S Unit 3: ChaptEr I
 Reading
Passage:

Moviemaking
Moviemaking Behind
the Scenes

Behind the Scenes^

Who makes movies? Actors and directors, of
course. But if you watch the aedits at the end of a
movie, you’ll find hundreds of other names.
Some o| the most important people in filmmaking
aren’t famous. Here are four important jobs
behind the scenes.
Makeup artist: Making characters look believable The makeup artist’s work
sounds simple. But it’s more than just making the lead actress look beautiful. If
the hero gets a cut on his face, the makeup artist creates that cut, and it has to look
exactly the same tomorrow. And the special makeup for a monster or a space alien
can take six hours! Sometimes makeup artists have only fifteen minutes to prepare
movie.actors for a crowd scene. Their work must always be careful and good, so
twenty
Script
you supervisor:
don’t Putting
notice it when movie
you watch thescenes together Imagine shooting a
scene inside a living room. The clock says 9:05, and the actor is eating a
sandwich. Later, the director decides to change just the end of the scene. The
script supervisor must check everything. The clock must still say 9:05, and the
sandwich must not look different. If the script supervisor makes a mistake, it’s
very embarrassing. Sometimes an object disappears and reappears, or clocks
go backward! To avoid these problems, the script supervisor keeps precise
records of every scene and all its details.
Special effects coordinator: Making impossible things look real After a
movie, people often ask, “How did they do that?” In films, people can fly,
dinosaurs walk through cities, and spaceships travel to other planets. These are
all the work of the special effects coordinator. Some special effects, especially in
science fiction movies, are made with computers. Others are produced by
machines, which can make a rainy day or a snowy night at any time of the year.
Fires and explosions in movies are all created with special effects.
Foley artist: Creating the sounds of the cinema Think of your favorite scary
movie and its sounds—footsteps, loud rain, and creaking doors. All of these are
the work of the Foley artist. Many sounds can’t be recorded during the filming of
a movie, so Foley artists produce them in their studios. They create the sounds of
a fight scene, and the wind, rain, and thunder in the background. In a Foley
artist’s studio, there are even special floors for recording different kinds of
footsteps.
Next time you see a movie, look for these names in the credits.

' behind the scenes happening during the making of a movie or TV show
Maviemaking Behind the Scenes 33
 Reading A Decide if the foliowing statements about the reading are true (7) or false (Я).
Comprehension;
Check Your Understanding
T F

1 All of the sounds of a movie are recorded while it is filmed.

2 Special effects coordinators use machines to produce

different kinds of weather.
3 The most important people in making a movie are all famous.

4 Movie makers want you to notice the great makeup when you
watch a movie.

5 A script supervisor must think a lot about small problems. J

В Who did it? Write the correct job for each movie scene.
1 We hear a car accident outside the window.
2 A sea monster eats a boat and al! the people in the boat. _________
3 The restaurant looks exactly the same in the next scene.__________
4 The hero’s skin looks green after he returns from his space flight.

5 A fire starts in the family’s kitchen. __________________

Critical Thinking C Answer the questions.

1 Which of these four jobs is the most important for a good movie? Why?
2 Which would be the most difficult to learn?
3 Which do you think you would enjoy most, and why?

Vocabulary A Match each word from the reading with its definition.
Comprehension;
Word Definitions director ___ a.
scene __ b.
script ___ c.
special effects ____ made
studio ____ d.
credits ____ movie
disappear ____ e.
precise ___ f.
g-
h.
a movie

34 Unit 3: Chapter 1
в Answer the questions below. Share your answers with a partner.

1 What is the scariest scene of any movie you’ve seen?

2 Name a movie that has a lot of special effects.

3 Who are some peopie listed in the credits of a movie?

4 Give an example of an event where you must be precisely on time.

A Use the prefix dis- and one of the words from the box to complete the Vocabulary
definitions. Skill:
The Prefix dis-

agree like appear belief honest connected

In this chapter you
learned the word
1 not truthful:. “disappear," a word
2 to vanish: _
made by combining
3 feeling that something is not true or possible:, the prefix “dis-,”
4 to not enjoy something: _________________ meaning “not," with
5 not joined: _______________ the verb "appear." It is
6 have a different opinion to someone: _________ placed at the
beginning of a noun,

В Use a word from A with the prefix dis- to complete each sentence. Be sure you use verb, or adjective to
make the word
the correct form of the word.
negative.
1 I can see that Tom ___________ the fish. He’s hardly eaten any of it.
2 Now I know why the printer isn’t working; it’s _______________I

3 The girl was filled with fear and. . when she saw the ghost.
4 Now, where did my hat ________ .to?
5 I think this saiesman is ________ . I don’t trust him.
6 I’m sorry, Jean, but I __________ _. I don’t think we should buy that car.

C Complete each question below using one of the words from A with the prefix dis-.
Take turns asking and answering the questions with a partner.

1 Which foods do you _

2 Have you ever met a _ . person?
3 Do you agree or ____ . that it is possible to predict the
future?
4 Can you make a coin.

Moviemaking Behind the Scenes 35

 Unit 3 Chapter 2: Great Rim Directors: Ang Lee

Before You Look at the title of the reading and the photo, and answer the questions.
Read: 1 What do you know about Ang Lee? What is he famous for?
Excellence In
2 What are some names for the award Ang Lee is receiving in the picture?
Moviemaking
What are these awards given for?
3 What are some other film awards? Have you ever watched one of these
award ceremonies on TV? What happens at these ceremonies?

Reading Skill: A Without reading the passage, put the events in the career time line in
Recognizing Sequence of order. Circle the words or numbers that helped you choose the correct
Events order. Compare your ideas with a partner.

Ang Lee: Career Time Line

Information in a reading
can be presented by
listing events in the 1 Ang Lee studied acting at an art academy in his home country after he finished
order that they
high school.
happened. Dates and
times are used with Lee’s early movies were made in Chinese, and they were very popular in Asia.
words like “first,” “then,"
“next,” “today," and
Then in 1995, he moved back to the U.S. and directed his first film in English.
“finally” to indicate the
When he was 23, he went to the U.S. to get a degree in theater from the University
sequence of events.
of Illinois.
Recognizing this can
help you to understand d After that, he made a variety of different kinds of movies in English.
the reading better. Then he went on to graduate school at New York University to study film
production.
He received the Academy Award for Best Director in 2006.
After he graduated from New York University, he couldn’t get money to make
movies, so he wrote screenplays.
In 1990, his screenplays won prizes, and he finally got the money he needed for
5
V his projects. ^

Quickly skim the article. Compare the events in the reading with the order
of events in the time line.

Read the article again and answer the questions that follow.

ЗБ Unit 3: OiaptEr E
 Reading
1^ Passage:
Great Film Directors: Ang Lee Great Film Directors:
Ang Lee was born in Taiwan, in 1954. He was the Ang Lee
eldest of the six children in his family. When he
got a low score on his university entrance exam,
he decided to study acting at an art academy
5 instead. After he finished his courses there, he
went to the U.S. at the age of 23.
Lee earned a bachelor’s degree in theater from
the University of Illinois, and went on to study
film production at New York University. In his first
10 film job, he worked as an assistant cameraman
on another student’s project. The movie he made
to earn his degree at New York University, called
Fine Line, won awards for the best film and best
director at his university’s film festival In 1984.
15 Later, after graduating, he tried for five years to get money for his projects, without
success. He spent this time writing screenplays for movies that he wanted to make.
In 1990, Lee’s screenplays won the first and second prizes in a competition in Taiwan,
and he could finally begin making full-length movies.
Lee’s first movies were made in Chinese. Pushing Hands (1992), The Wedding
20 Banquet (1993), and Eat Drink Man Woman (1994) were very popular across Asia, as
well as in Europe and North America. Many of Lee’s best-known movies are about the
conflict between tradition and modern life. Often the story involves a strong father
who causes problems for his children.
Lee moved permanently to the United States and in 1995, he directed his first full-
25 length film In English. The story for Sense and Sensibility was taken from a novel
by Jane Austen, which was written in 1811. The movie was a hit with international
audiences. He followed it in 1997 with The Ice Storm, the story of an unhappy
American family.
Throughout his career, Lee has made many different kinds of movies. Ride with the
30 Devil (1999) was a historical movie set in the United States, while Crouching Tiger,
Hidden Dragon (2000) was a martial arts movie with a love story. In Hulk (2003), a
comic book character comes to life. Lee’s most successful movie so far, Brokeback
Mountain (2005), was set in America’s cowboy country. He received the Academy
Award (also called the Oscar) for Best Director for this film.
35 Lee married Jane Lin in 1983. She is a research scientist, and they have two sons,
Han ajid Mason. The family lives in New York.

Great Film Directors: Ang Lee 37

 Reading A Complete the sentences. Try not to look back at the reading.
Comprehension:
Check Your Understanding 1 Ang Lee studied ____________________ in New York.
2 After he finished his studies, he wrote. for movies.
3 His first movies were in the ___________ . language, but then he
changed to making movies in _ 4 He is
famous for making many. ____kinds of movies.

В Answer true (7) or false {F). Change the false statements to make them true.

T F
1 Lee had very little training to become a filmmaker.
2 Lee has made several movies about problems in families.
3 It was easy for Lee to get the money to make his first movie.
4 Lee’s movies were popular in the U.S. before they became popular in
Asia.

^ 5 Lee is interested in different cultures and periods of history. У

C Answer the questions.

Criticai Thinking

1 What difficulties did Ang Lee have in becoming a filmmaker? How did he finally
succeed?
2 Why do you think Ang Lee changed from making movies in Chinese to
making movies in English?

Vocabulary A The words in italics are vocabulary items from the reading. Read each
Comprehension; question or statement and choose the correct answer.
Words in Context
1 They are the e/desf ____ .
a. children in their families b. buildings in the city
2 At the academy, he studied _____ .
a. engineering b. music
3 к screenplay \s_____ .
a. a play on television b. a script for a movie
4 A successful actor has made ___ movies.
a. many popular b. some bad
5 Having a conflict with my family always makes me feel.
a. great b. terrible
6 If you live in a city permanently, you stay there ______ .
a. sometimes b. always

38 Unit 3: OiaptEr E
 7 The audience are all the people who ______ a movie.
a. act in b. watch
8 A movie that is set in Mexico _______ .
a. takes place in Mexico b. is popular in Mexico

В Complete the sentences using vocabulary from A. Be sure to use the correct
form of the word.

1 The movie 77fan/c, . the year 1912 on a big ship.

2 My _____________ . brother is getting married next month.
3 There was a _____________ _______ between the husband and wife over money,
and they often got angry at each other.
4 She graduated from the ________________ with a degree in art.

A One way to organize words is to categorize them by part of speech. List these Vocabulary
words by part of speech. Then quickly review their meanings with a partner. Skill;
Organizing Vocabulary

director script disappear important supervisor

create studio Hollywood lead actress famous One helpful way to
scene credits produce impossible monster remember new words is
careful avoid hero prepare scary to group them into
meaningful categories,
for example by part of
Adjectives speech, or by topic.
Organizing your
vocabulary can also
help you to relate new
vocabulary to other
words you know.
В Another way to organize these words is by meaning, for example, nouns for people,
places, and things. Organize the nouns from A into one of these categories.

People Places Things

C You can also organize words by how you use them. Look at these adjectives from A
and think of other words you can use them with. Share your ideas with a partner.
famous a famous actor, ___________________________________________________

important an important teet,

scary a scary animal, ___________
careful ______________________
impossible ___________________

Great Film Directors: Ang Lee 39

 Real Life Skill; A Why are italics used in each example below? Write a, b, or c.
Understanding the Use of
Italics
Italics are used to
distinguish certain
words in a text from
the others.
We commonly use
italics to emphasize
or stress a word or
phrase (I am
nofgoing.),toset В Why are italics used in the movie review below? Using a, b, or c from
apart a word from
others (What does
station mean?), and
to identify titles of
books, newspapers,
magazines, and
movies.
a. to set apart a word from others
b. to emphasize or stress a word
c. to identify a title
1 In 1990, Ang Lee’s screenplays won the first and second prizes in
a competition. ______
2 The story for Sense and Sensibility was taken from a novel by
Jane Austen _______
3 Words like first, second, then, next, later, and finally indicate a sequence of
events. ______
exercise A, explain your answers to a partner.
New Movie The Spirits Opens to Rave Reviews
Scary and exciting are words that Big Screen magazine and viewers around
the country are using to describe the movie The Spirits, which opened
today in theaters everywhere. Set in a village outside London at the end
of World War 11, the movie tells the story of a woman living in a house
visited by ghosts from the war. The movie is based on the book The
Haunting of Powell Manor by Robert Johnston.
“I was really impressed,” said moviegoer Diana Owens of Los Angeles.
“It’s a ghost story that will keep you guessing and jumping. At one point,
a scene in the movie was so scary that everyone in the theater screamed.”
There’s also a surprise ending to the story. “1 won’t tell you what it is,”
said Owens, “but pay attention to the word invitation in the movie.”

C Write sentences of your own to show the three different uses of italics. Underline
the words that should be in italics.
1 ___________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________
3 _________________________________________________

What Do You Think?

1 What makes a movie exciting? funny? sad?

2 For you, what are the most important things for a good movie?
3 Which movies have you seen more than once?
4 Which movies from today will people still enjoy twenty years from now? Why?

40 Unit 3: Chapter В
 Review Unit I
Fluency Strategy: PRO

PRO stands for Preview, Read, Organize. This reading strategy wiil help you build your reading fluency
by helping you to organize and understand what you read.
Ч. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ '

Preview
The first stage of PRO is to preview the reading material by looking for features of the text that can help you.
Read the title of the passage and any other headings. If any words in the passage are written in italics, read
them. Read the first paragraph, the first sentences in the middle paragraphs, and the final paragraph. After
doing this, stop for a minute and think about what the reading is about. Think about what you already know about
the topic and any questions you have that you hope the passage can answer.

Preview the reading passage on the next page, “Are Human Beings Getting Smarter?" Read the title.
What do you think the answer to the question will be? Now, read the first paragraph, the first sentences
in the middle paragraphs, and the final paragraph. Are there any questions you would like to answer as
you read? Make a list.

Read
Now, read “Are Human Beings Getting Smarter?” When you read, think about the questions you listed
in the Preview stage. Look for answers to your questions.
Organize
The final stage of PRO is to organize the information in some way that will help you remember what you have
read. One way is by creating a word web. The word web can help you easily see how the information in the
passage is organized.

A Here is an incomplete word web based on “Are Human Beings Getting Smarter?” Complete the rest
of the word web using the information in the passage.

exposure to 3 __________________

arithmetic reasoning and 6.

Part I 41
 Are Human Beings Getting Smarter?
Do you think you're smarter than your parents and grandparents? According to James Flynn, a
professor at a New Zealand university, you are! Over the course of the last century, people who have
taken IQ tests have gotten increasingly better scores—on average, three points better for every decade
that has passed. This improvement is known as "the Flynn effect," and scientists want to know what is
behind it.

IQ tests and other, similar tests are designed to measure general intelligence rather than knowledge.
Flynn knew that intelligence is partly inherited from our parents and partly the result of our environment
and experiences, but the improvement in test scores was happening too quickly to be explained by
heredity. So what was happening in the 20th j century that was helping people achieve higher scores on
intelligence tests?

Scientists have proposed several explanations for the Flynn effect. Some suggest that the improved test
scores simply reflect an increased exposure to tests in general. Because we take so many tests, we
learn test-taking techniques that help us perform better on any test. Others have pointed to better
nutrition since it results in babies being born larger, healthier, and with more brain development than in
the past. Another possible explanation is a change in educational styles, with teachers encouraging
children to learn by discovering things for themselves rather than just memorizing information. This
could prepare people to do the kind of problem solving that intelligence tests require.

Flynn limited the possible explanations when he looked carefully at the test data and discovered that the
improvement in scores was only on certain parts of the IQ test. Test- takers didn't do better on the
arithmetic or vocabulary sections of the test; they did better on sections that required a special kind of
reasoning and problem solving. For example, one part of the test shows a set of abstract shapes, and
test-takers must look for patterns and connections between them and decide which shape should be
added to the set. According to Flynn, this visual intelligence improves as the amount of technology in our
lives increases. Every time you play a computer game or figure out how to program a new cell phone,
you are exercising exactly the kind of thinking and problem solving that helps you do well on one kind of
intelligence test. So are you really smarter than your parents? In one very specific way, you may be.

4^ RBMEW Unit I
в Now, answer the comprehension questions below. Use the word web from A to help you.

1 The Flynn effect is ___ .

a. used to measure intelligence

b. an increase in IQ test scores over time
c. unknown in some parts of the world
d. not connected to our experiences

2 The Flynn effect must be the result of.

a. heredity
b. our environment and experiences
c. taking fewer tests
d. memorizing information

IQ tests evaluate ______ .

a. our knowledge
b. our environment
c. our intelligence
d. our memories

Which sentence from the article gives a main idea?

a. Scientists have proposed several explanations for the Flynn effect.
b. Because we take so many tests in our lives, we learn test-taking techniques that help us
perform better on any test.
c. Test-takers didn’t do better on the arithmetic or vocabulary sections of the test.
d. For example, one part of the test shows a set of abstract shapes, and test-takers must look for patterns
and connections between them and decide which shape should be added to the set.

According to the articie, newer educational techniques include _

a. exposure to many tests
b. children finding things out themselves
c. memorizing information
d. improved test scores

6 Why does the author mention computer games?

a. to give an example of technology that improves our visual intelligence
b. to explain why young people have poor vocabularies
c. to encourage the reader to exercise
d. to show that young people are not getting more intelligent

7 Which statement would Professor Flynn agree with?

a. People today are more intelligent in every way.
b. People today have fewer problems to solve.
c. People today are taking easier tests.
d. People today have more visual intelligence.

Part 1 43
 Write a short answer to each of the following
questions.

^ Review Unit 1
Review Reading 1: Fair Trade Chocolate
Fluency Practic

Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your time in the
Reading Rate Chart on page 176. Then answer the questions on the following page.

Fair TVade Chocolate o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Have you ever wondered where the chocolate in your favorite candy bar comes from? Chocolate comes from
the cacao tree, which grows in warm, tropical areas of West Africa, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, and South
America. And who eats the delicious chocolate made from the cacao grown in these places? The majority of
chocolate is consumed in Europe and North America. This probably sounds like a familiar story, with

I
developing countries producing inexpensive raw materials that are manufactured and sold as finished goods in
developed countries, and generally, that's what happens with chocolate. Large chocolate companies buy
cacao beans at a low price and produce cocoa and chocolate products to sell at a relatively high price.
But the familiar story has a new chapter. Beginning in the 1980s, some consumers learned that cacao farmers
were living difficult and uncertain lives. The farmers received money for their crops based on world markets,
and the market price for cacao was sometimes so low that farmers received less for their crops than the crops
had cost to produce. In response, groups of consumers in Europe and the United States developed "fair trade"
organizations to guarantee that farmers of cacao, as well as coffee and tea, would receive fair and consistent
prices for their crops.
Fair trade organizations benefit farmers by buying cacao beans or other products from them directly at
higher-than-market prices and eliminating "middle men" such as exporters. Fair trade organizations also
encourage farming techniques that are not harmful to the environment or to farm workers, for example,
growing cacao without chemical pesticides or fertilizers in the shade of rain forest trees. One organization.
Equal Exchange, helps farmers set up farming cooperatives in which they can share resources and work on
projects such as community schools. Another, Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO),
guarantees that products bearing its label meet standards that improve the lives of growers and producers.
The results of fair trade are a better standard of living for some farmers and gourmet chocolate bars made with
organically produced cocoa that consumers don't feel guilty about buying. And although fair trade chocolate is
somewhat more expensive than other chocolate and now makes up only 1 percent of chocolate sold, the fair
trade idea is spreading quickly. You may soon see fair trade chocolate right next to the more famous bars in
your favorite store.

w
T

ж
394 words Time taken
Part 1 45
 Reading Comprehension

1 Cacao trees might be grown in,

a. Brazii
b. Greece
c. Canada
d. Egypt

Peopie in. . probabiy eat a iot of chocolate.

a. Peru
b. Papua New Guinea
c. Switzerland
d. South Africa

Why does the author mention the large chocolate companies?

a. to accuse them of taking advantage of developing countries
b. to persuade readers to buy chocolate products from them
c. to give examples of companies that manufacture and sell finished goods
d. to explain why the price of cocoa is low

Consumer groups created fair trade organizations.

a. to invest in world markets
b. to get more money to farmers
c. to make crops cheaper to produce
d. to respond to consumers in Europe

5 Because of world markets,.

a. cacao farmers get a consistent price for their crops
b. prices for cacao beans go up and down
c. consumers in Europe and the United States pay high prices for chocolate
d. chocolate costs more than coffee or tea

6 Fair trade organizations benefit farmers _____ .

a. by buying cacao beans from “middle men”
b. by encouraging farmers to protect the environment
c. by giving farmers money for community projects
d. by labeling products that are not fairly traded

7 The author implies that ____ .

a. there will be more fair trade chocolate in the future
b. fair trade chocolate is not as tasty as other chocolate
c. consumers feel guilty about buying fair trade chocolate
d. there is probably no reason to worry about cacao farmers

4Б Review Unit 7
Review Reading 2: A Different Kind of Spring Break

Fluency Practic

Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your time in
the Reading Rate Chart on page 176. Then answer the questions on the following page.

I'‘ '• ■ ''

A Different Kind of Spring Break ___________
For many American university students, the weeklong spring break holiday means an endless
party on a sunny beach in Florida or Mexico. In Panama City Beach, Florida, a city with a
permanent population of around 36,000, more than half a million university students arrive
during the month of March to play and party, making it the number one spring break destination
in the United 5 States.^
A weeklong drinking binge is not for everyone, however, and a growing number of American
university students have found a way to make spring break matter. For them, joining or leading a
group of volunteers to travel locally or internationally and work to alleviate problems such as
poverty, homelessness, or environmental damage makes spring break a unique learning
experience 10 that university students can feel good about.
During one spring break week, students at James Madison University in Virginia participated
in 15 “alternative spring break” trips to nearby states, three others to more distant parts of the
United States, and five international trips. One group of JMU students traveled to Bogalusa,
Louisiana, to help tebuild homes damaged by Hurricane Katrina. Another group traveled to
Mississippi to 15 organize creative activities for children living in a homeless shelter. One group
of students did go to Florida, but not to lie on the sand. They performed exhausting physical labor
such as maintaining hiking trails and destroying invasive plant species that threaten the native
Florida ecosystem.
Students who participate in alternative spring break projects find them very rewarding. While
most university students have to get their d^rees before they can start helping people, student
volunteers m are able to help people now. On the other hand, the accommodations are far from
glamorous. Students often sleep on the floor of a school or church, or spend the week camping in
tents. But students only pay around $250 for meals and transportation, which is much less than
some of their peers spend to travel to mote traditional spring break hotspots.
Alternative spring break trips appear to be growing in popularity at universities across the
United 25 States. Students cite a number of reasons for participating. Some appreciate the
opportunity to socialize and meet new (fiends. Others want to exercise their belieft about peoples
obligation to serve humanity and make the world a better place. Whatever their reasons, these
students have discovered something that gives them rich rewards along with a break from school
work.

400 words Time taken

Parte 47
 Reading Comprehension

How many university students travel to Panama Beach City every March for spring break?
a. around 36,000
b. around 50,000
c. around 500,000
d. around 10,000

2 The article is mainly about.

a. spring break in Florida and Mexico
b. drinking problems among university students
c. alternative spring break trips
d. sleeping on the floor or camping in tents

3 According to the article, “A weeklong drinking binge is not for everyone.” The word binge
probably means ______.
a. doing too much of something
b. studying for too long
c. refusing to do something
d. having very little alcohol

4 Which of the following is not mentioned as a problem that alternative spring break trips try to help solve?
a. homelessness
b. environmental damage
c. alcoholism
d. poverty

5 Which of the following gives the main idea of the third paragraph?
a. One group of JMU students worked on homes damaged by a hurricane.
b. Children living in homeless shelters enjoy creative activities.
c. Some students work to help the environment on alternative spring break trips.
d. University students do many different types of work on alternative spring break trips.

6 The article implies that ____ .

a. university students spend more than $250 for traditional spring break trips
b. university students complain about the accommodations on alternative spring break trips
c. university students may take fewer alternative spring break trips in the future
d. university students would prefer to wait until they have their degrees to start helping people

Which of the following is mentioned as a reason for participating in alternative spring break trips?
a. a personal opinion that people must help other people
b. a desire to travel to glamorous places
c. a wish to get away from family and friends
d. the hope of earning more money

4B Review Unit I
 Sports Hems ^
Getting Ready
Discuss ^ese questions with a partner.
I
A How [jiany sports can you list?
i
I
____ i
V

>4

в Now underline the sports played in teams.(^irc^he sports played individually. Put a star
by the sports you can see in the Olympics.
★

У
49
 Lnit 4 Chapter 1: Sports History

Before You A How much do you know about the history of popular sports? Circle the correct
Read; answer to complete each statement.
The History of 1 Baseball originally came from (Mexico / Canada / the United States).
Sports 2 Golf originally came from (France / Scotland / Italy).
3 The first golfing rules were created in the (1700s / 1800s / 1900s).
4 Skiing was developed by the (Swedes / Norwegians / Swiss).
5 Skiing was first used for (transportation / exercise / a sport).

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; A Scan the encyclopedia article on the next page to find which sports it
Scanning describes.
List them here.
We often use scanning
in daily life to find a piece
of information that we В Scan the article again to check the answers to the questions in Before You Read.
need. How many did you get correct?
Some examples are
looking for a telephone C Read the encyclopedia article again and answer the questions that follow.
number in the phone
book, finding a word in a
dictionary, or finding the
answer to a question.

50 Lnit 4: Oiapter I
 Reading
Sports History Passage:
Sports History
Baseball
Baseball is historically an American sport, which has spread
to a number of other countries. Many theories exist to
explain how baseball extended into Latin America from
the north in the nineteenth century. Some experts believe
that American marines first took it to Nicaragua; others say
that it was brought to Mexico by oil workers, or to Cuba
by sailors. However it happened, the i^on developed
a great interest in the game and exported it farther to
neighboring countries such as Puerto Rico, Venezuela,
and Panama. Missionaries, teachers, television, and mote recently U.S. piofisssional i
players have spread baseball to Asian countries, and teams in the national leagues in i
Japan and Korea have many supporters. -
Golf
Historians believe that golf originated in Scotland. As
eariy
as the 1400s, pebbles were knocked into rabbit holes
using
a stick or club. In 1744, the first set of golfing itguiatioiis
was creared in Edinburgh. In the nearby town of St.
Andrews, the Society of St Andrews Golfers was formed,
vriiich later became known as the Royal and Ancient Golf
Club of St Andrews. Today, St Andrews Links is one of
the most famous courses in the world.
In 1888, a Scotsman named John Reid established the St
Andrews Golf Club in New York. In 1895, the United States Golf Association was
formed, and by 1901 there were more than 1,000 golf courses in the U.S. Around
this rime, golfers from Scotland and England were invited to the U.S. to teach the
sport to enthusiastic Americans. Since then, the U.S. has produced some of the
world s leading golfers, and the sport now has fans worldwide.
Skiing
The oldest known ski (about 4,000 years old) was found
in Sweden, but ancient people in many parts of the world
used pieces of wood to travel on snow. There are records
of skiing in northern China in the seventh century, and
the Vikir^ used skis in the tenth and eleventh centuries.
Originally, skiing was used for transportation, but the
people of Norway developed it into a sport in the 1700s.
After ski lifts were invented in the 1930s, skiing spread to
other countries in Europe and became a popular winter
pastime. It began in Chile and Argentina in the 1940s, and in Japan in the 1950s.
Now snow-making machinery makes skiing possible for a longer season every year.

Sports History 5J
Reading A Complete the statements, then discuss your answers with a partner.
Comprehension;
Check Your Understanding 1 Baseball moved from. to
the nineteenth century (the 1800s).
2 The first set of golfing rules was created in the city of ______________________
3 __________________ is one of the most famous golf courses in the world.
4 Skiing became popular internationally after _____________________ were
invented.

В Check the correct boxes. More than one answer may be correct.

f baseball golf skiing

1 This sport started in Europe.

2 This sport was first used for everyday life.
3 Workers brought this sport to other countries.
4 The rules for this sport are very old.

^ 5 This sport has spread to many countries. J

Critical Thinking C Answer the questions. Then compare your answers with a partner.

1 Which of these sports do you think is the most popular? Why?

2 Why do some sports spread to other countries?
3 Are there any sports that are played only in your country? Can you think of
reasons for this?

Vocabulary A For each group, circle the word that does not belong. The words in italics
Comprehension; are vocabulary items from the reading.
Odd Word Out
extend spread enlarge reduce
skilled amateur professionai expert

independent league group organization

rule law opinion reguiation
establish start create close

happy enthusiastic uninterested excited

fan supporter critic enthusiast

time period season variety

5H Unit 4: OmptEr I
в Complete the sentences using the words in italics from A. Be sure to use
the correct form of the word.

1 Tina is a big _________ of the Chicago Buils; she never misses a game
the team piays during their whoie _____________every year.
2 The Danube River begins in the north of Europe and ____________ south into
many countries inciuding Germany, Austria, and Hungary.
3 One of the __________ of Little League Basebali is that a player cannot
be older than 18.
4 In 1858, the first-ever amateur basebaii. - the National
Association of Basebali Players—was _ . in the United States.

A Look at the sports and games in the box. Decide which verb is used with Vocabulary
each one. Are there other activities you can add to each verb? Skill;
Using Play mi Go with
I soccer golf skiing jogging swimming tennis Sports and Games
cycling chess surfing baseball skateboarding basketball

Go ekateboarding ____________________________________________________ When we talk about

Play ______________________________________________________ participating in sports
and games, we use
either the verb “play” or
В Complete the following questions using go or play. Be sure to use the
“go" before the name
correct form of the verb.
of the sport or game,
1 Do you know how to ______________ chess? for example.
2 Is _____________ baseball more popular in your country than Let’s play baseball:
Let’s go
skateboarding.
soccer?
3 Would you rather _________ jogging or. . basketball to
keep fit?
4 Do you think _____________ golf is interesting or boring?
5 A friend of yours wants to ______________ swimming. Can you suggest a
good place in or near your city?
6 Do you think that it is dangerous to _______________ surfing?
7 Can you explain how to _______________ tennis?

C Now take turns asking and answering the questions with a partner.

Sports History S3
 Unit 4 Chapter 2: Sports Success: Yao Ming

Before You Discuss these questions with a partner.

Read:
The Greatest 1 In your opinion, who are the three greatest athletes in your country today?
Athletes 2 What does a person need to become a top athlete?
3 Look at the photograph on the next page. Who is Yao Ming? What do you know
about him?

Reading Skill; A Look at the title of the reading and the photo. Which of these things do you think
Predicting the reading will mention?

. physical strength . good luck . _ the right personality .

When we know what the
the right body type . good hard work _ a
topic of a reading is, we
coaches and training supportive family . lots
can use what we already
know about the topic to
of money
predict the kinds of
words, or the kind of В Now read the article to see which of your predictions were correct. C Read
information, we will read.
Using this skill can help
us to understand what the passage again and answer the questions that follow.
we will read about.

54 Unit 4: Chapter E
 Reading
Passage;
Sports Success:
Yao Ming
§parts SUCCESS: Уза Ming
Yao Ming is one of the most famous stars in basketball
today. The center’ for the Houston Rockets in the USA
is the tallest player in the country, with a height of 2.29
meters.
5 Yao was born in Shanghai, China, in 1980. His mother
was a star of the Chinese national women’s basketball

I
team, and his father played for a team in Shanghai. By
the age of nine, Yao was already 1.7 meters tall, but
he wasn’t interested in sports. He was a shy child who
10 loved reading, especially about Chinese history. When he was 12, coaches
discovered him and enrolled him in a sports academy. In the 1990s,
basketball became extremely popular in China, and Yao began training for
his future career.
In 1997, he joined the Shanghai Sharks, the Chinese Basketball Association
15 team in his hometown. Before he joined, the team was very unsuccessful,
but Yao led them to the national championship. In the championship game,
he made 21 shots—and every one of them was successful. This was a new
world record. A foreign sports shoe company noticed Yao’s talent, and sent
him to their summer basketball camp in Paris. He met young players from
20 around the world there, and was Invited to a youth basketball program In
the U.8.
When Yao played with the Chinese national team at the 2000 Olympics
in Sydney, Australia, he got a lot of attention from international coaches.
The National Basketball Association (NBA) in the U.S. chose him to play
25 professional basketball in 2002. He joined the Houston Rockets. In his first
games, he scored only a few points, and his coaches thought he couldn’t
adjust to basketball in the U.S. But his playing improved very fast, and he
soon scored 30 points in one game. In 2006, he received the most votes for
the All-Star Team.^
30 Yao is a friendly man with a great sense of humor. This has made him
popular with basketball fans around the world. He has made many television
commercials for soft drinks, computers, and sports equipment, so everyone
in America knows Yao Ming’s name and his big smile. He was even the
subject of a documentary film called “The Year of the Yao,” about his first
35 year in the U.S.
Today Yao Ming lives in Houston, Texas, with his parents during the basketball
season. When he’s not playing or practicing, he enjoys reading American
newspapers to improve his English, or eating home-cooked Chinese meals
prepared by his mother.

4^

’center one of the players on a basketball team

“All-Star Team a team made up of all the best players in a country or in a sports league
Sports Success: Yao Ming 55
 Reading A Complete the statements by circling the correct answers.
Comprehension;
Check Your Understanding 1 Yao’s father and mother were (doctors / athletes / teachers).
2 Yao became a basketball star when he was (a child / a teenager/ in his 20s).
3 Yao now plays for a team in (Houston / Sydney / Shanghai).
4 Yao is well-known in the U.S. because he appears in (a TV show /
commercials / action movies).
5 Yao’s personality is (serious / lazy / funny).

В Answer true (7) or false (f). Change the false statements to make them true.

/
T F

1 In his elementary school years, Yao was interested in sports.

2 Yao was chosen for the sports academy because he loved basketball.

3 Yao was famous in China before he went overseas.

4 Yao’s team was very happy with his playing in his first games in the
U.S.

^ 5 Yao has adjusted well to living and playing in the U.S. /

Critical Thinking I C Answer these questions.
1 Why do you think filmmakers made a documentary about Yao’s first year in the
U.S.?
2 What kinds of things do you think the movie talks about?

Vocabulary A The words in italics are vocabulary items from the reading. Read each
Comprehension; sentence and choose the correct answer.
Words in Context 1 If you are enrolled in an English class, you ____ that class.
a. are studying in b. have finished
2 The championship game in a sports league is the ____ game that year.
a. first b. last
3 Yao Ming has the record for points in a game because he _____ .
a. scored the most points b. talked about the game a lot
4 A youth sports program is one that is for _____ people.
a. poor b. young
5 The coach of a sports team has _____experience than all the players.
a. more b. less
6 After you adjust to life in a new country, you feel _____ .
a. sad and lonely b. happy and comfortable
7 If you are extremely tired, you feel ___ tired.
a. a little bit b. very
8 If a person has a good sense of humor, he or she ____ .
a. is very funny b. doesn’t like jokes

56 Unit 4: Ompter S
в Now use the vocabulary from A to complete the paragraph. Be sure to use
the correct form of the word.

Young player leads his team to 4-3 victory

Nineteen-year-old Paulo Dias led the Metro City Rangers to victory last
night in the 1 _________________ game of the National Soccer League
when he scored a goal in the last minute of play. He set a new
2 ______________ for most goals scored in a season. The team’s
3 ______________ , Ray Palmer, said, “We’re 4 ________________
happy with Paulo. He’s very young but he has 5 _________________ very

well to playing on a professional team.” Dias began playing in a

6 _______________ sports program when he was nine years old, and
then 7 ________________ in a sports academy for four years. “Next year.
I’ll be even better and stronger!” Dias promised reporters after the game.

A Use the suffix -ous to change the nouns in the chart to adjectives. Use your Vocabulary
dictionary to help you with spelling. Skill;
Adjectives with the
Noun Adjective Noun Adjective Suffix -ous
humor courage
danger nerve
One way of forming
fame adventure
adjectives in
English is to
В Match each adjective from A with its definition.
combine “-ous” with
a noun. The suffix
1 being well-known; ______
“-0US" means "to
2 worried, anxious: _______
have” or “to be full
3 to be unsafe or harmful:. of.”
4 brave: ________________
5 funny; ________________
6 exciting; risky;.

C Complete each question below using one of the adjectives from A. (Some questions
have more than one possible word.) Then, take turns asking and answering the
questions with a partner.

Do you consider yourself a(n) _ . person? Why?

Have you, or has anyone you know, ever met a ___________ person?
Can you make me laugh? Do you know any _______________ stories or jokes?
Have you ever been In a __________________situation? What happened?
Describe someone you know who is _ ___________. Why are they
9

6 What’s the most . thing you have ever done?

Sports SUCCESS: Yaa Ming 57
 Real Life Skill; A Look at how the dates below are written and spoken in English.
Using Dates Which format is common in your country?

People around the Written ] Spoken

world write, and
IntheU.S. March 5,2007 03/05/07 March fifth, two thousand seven
say, the date
differently. Learning In England, Australia, 5 March 2007 05/03/07 the fifth of March, two thousand
Canada, many and seven;
which date formats European
countries, and Latin March fifth, two thousand and
are commonly
America seven
used, and how
these are spoken In some Asian countries 2007 March 5 2007/03/05 (not usually spoken in this
and written, can and some countries in format)
help you avoid northern Europe
confusion.

Practice saying the following dates aloud.

f
February 17,2007 December 25, 2000 October 31,1999
17 February 2007 25 December 2000 31 October 1999
April 2,2003 November 5,1946 July 9, 2006
2 April 2003 5 November 1946 9 July 2006
V )
C Write out the date in full based on the country given below. Say your
answers aloud to a partner.
Example: (In the U.S.): 06/30/01 June 30, 2001
1 (In the U.S.): 03/04/07 ____________________
2 (In England): 03/05/02 ____________________
3 (In Australia): 01/12/99 ____________________
4 (In the U.S.): 07/12/05 ____________________
5 (In Canada): 08/09/08 ____________________
6 (In the U.S.): 04/02/06 ____________________

What Do You Think?

1 Would you rather play sports, or watch sports? Why?

2 Should children be required to take sports lessons in school? Explain your answer.
3 Who are some great heroes in sports? What can we learn from them?

SB Unit 4: OiaptEr E
 Lnit 5 Chapter Is You Are Amaang: You Are Human!

Before You A Answer these questions.

Read; 1 Have you ever been inside a hospital? Who was sick, you or another person?
Sickness and Health
2 What health problem did the person have?
3 What kind of treatment did the person receive?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; A Skim the passage quickly. Read only the title, the first and last paragraphs, and the
Skimming for the Main first sentence of the other paragraphs. Don’t worry about words you don’t know.
Idea Then complete this sentence.

Skimming means
This reading is mainly about ______ .
reading quickly to get a 1 machines that are very similar to humans
general idea of what a 2 ways that humans change as they get older
reading is about. When 3 the human body and how we take care of it
we skim we don’t need
to read every word, or В Skim each paragraph and choose the main idea.
look up words we don’t
understand; we just Paragraph 1
need to understand the Many facts about your body are surprising.
main ideas in a Your body is mostly made of water. _______
reading. Paragraph 2
Your body is very complicated, like a machine. _______
Your body can develop many different problems. ________
Paragraph 3
Stress can cause many health problems. _______
We do many things that can damage our bodies. ________
Paragraph 4
Doctors can treat many health problems that come with old age.. Modern
medicine helps people live muoh longer than in the past. Paragraph 5
The most important habit for good health is regular exercise. _______
We can do many things to take care of our bodies. ________

C Now read the passage again, and answer the questions that follow.

БО Unit 5; ChaptEr 1
 Reading
Passage;
You Are Amazing:
You Are Human!
You Are Amazing: You Are Human!
You are made of 73 percent water. You have 206 bones. There are more
sweat glands in your feet than in any other part of your body. There are
about 60 muscles in your face; you use 20 of them to smile but 40 to frown.’
Your heart beats over 100,000 times each day. You really are amazingl

The human body is a complex machine. From the day we are born our bodies
grow and change in response to our environment, diet, and habits. The body
has many different organ^ systems and parts that work together to allow us
to breathe, move, see, talk, and digest food all at the same time. Most of the
time we are unaware of what is happening in our bodies; usually it is only
when we get sick or feel pain that we notice.

Many people do not take enough care of their complex machines. Bad habits
like smoking, drinking too much alcohol, and eating junk food damage our
bodies. Stress can also cause health problems. People who worry a lot or
have busy jobs often don't get enough sleep, or don't eat properly. We also
damage our bodies by playing sports or having accidents. A recent survey in
the U.K. found that 14 percent of people had visited the casualty department
(Emergency Room) or a hospital clinic in the previous three months. The two
most common reasons were for injury and poisoning. Clinic patients were
also treated for many other medical problems-from bad cuts and broken
bones to serious illnesses that needed surgery.

Just like any machine, different body parts sometimes go wrong from old
age. In fact, a study in the U.S. found that 60 percent to 70 percent of all
patients in the Emergency Room were aged 75 or over. Fortunately, older
people who suffer from an illness or injury can now receive treatment to
help extend their lives. Due to the increase in the population of elderly
people, gerontology is now one of the fastest growing areas of medicine. It
is now common for older people with damaged joints, for example, to have
surgery to replace the old joint with a new one made of plastic or metal.

As with any machine, the better you take care of it, the longer it will last.
Of course, the best way to take care of your amazing machine is to eat the right foods, do regular
exercise, and get enough sleep. Oh, and don't forget to smil^l

<сж
’frown make an angry or unhappy expression with your face
‘organ a part of your body that has a speoial function, suoh as your heart or lungs
You Are Amazing: You Are Human! Б1
Reading A Complete the statements below. Then, discuss your answers with a partner.
Comprehension;
Check Your 1 we are usually ________________________________ of what is happening in our
Understanding bodies.
2 Three habits that can damage the body are ______________________________

3 Most people visited the hospital or clinic in the U.K. because of

4 One of the fastest growing areas of medicine is _ because

В Circle the correct answer to complete each sentence.

According to the reading...
1 Most people know (a lot / very little) about their bodies.
2 Most visits to the hospital emergency room are caused by (bad habits / accidents).
3 Our body is like a machine because it (is expensive to fix / has many complicated
parts).
4 (Children / Old people) have the most accidents and health emergencies.

Critical Thinking
fc Answer the questions.
1 The article talks about ways that our bodies are similar to machines. How
are our bodies different from machines?
2 What advice would the author of this article give to readers who want to have
better health?

Vocabulary A The words in italics are vocabulary items from the reading. Read each
Comprehension; question or statement and choose the correct answer.
Words in Context
1 Which is an example of an illness!
a. a broken leg b. a bad flu
2 Who usually works in a clinic?
a. a hairdresser b. a nurse
3 Which would make you suffer more?
a. a toothache b. a massage
4 You eat some fish and later get food poisoning. The fish ________________
a. cost too much b. made you sick
5 If you can't breathe, your body doesn’t get enough _________________ .
a. air b. food
6 You digest your food by using your _______________ .
a. hands b. stomach

БВ Unit 5; Chapter I
 7 Which machine do you think is more complex^
a. a computer b. a coffee maker
8 What is the best treatment for a headache?
a. Lie down in a loud place, b. Lie down in a dark room.

В Answer the questions below. Share your answers with a partner.

1 Have you ever had a serious illness? What was wrong with you?

2 What is something that makes you breathe faster?

3 Name something that is difficult to digest. What is easy to digest!

4 Suggest a treatment for a stomachache.

A Match each root word with its meaning. Use a dictionary to help if you need to. Then, Vocabulary
check your answers with a partner.
Skill;
Root Words Related to
Root Words Meaning Life; Nouns Ending in
bio • • sound -logyl-ology
psych • • life
phon • • nature / body
physio • • mind Learning the
geo* • earth meanings of root
words and suffixes
de пжопс h i n Г -'^ayf-ology to complete the can help you increase
your vocabulary. In
correct suffix.
this chapter, you
1 The study of life: _____ learned the word
2 The study of the mind: “gerontology." The
3 The study of the earth: ______ word is made up of
4 The study of speech sounds: the root word
5 The study of the body: “geronto," which
means “old person,’’
C Complete the letter using words from B. and the suffix “-logy,”
which means “the
study of."
Dear Aunt Marie,
1 can’t believe it—my first year at the university is almost over. I havent chosen my major
yet. I've thought about becoming a doctor, so this semester, 1 took a (1) ----------------------------
class called “Introduction to Life Science" and a (2) _______________ class called “Tlie Human
Body.” I got a C- in one and a D in the other. This makes me think that I shouldnt study medicine.
Actually, the class 1 enjoyed the most was Spanish. 1 want to learn more about
the language, so next session. I’m going to take a (3) _______________ class. Who knows?
Maybe I’ll become a Spanish teacher.
That’s all for now. Til be coming home in three weeks. 1 can’t wait to see youl
Judy

You ATE Amazing; You Are Human! БЗ

 Unit 5 Chapter 2: Beyond die Body’s Limits

Before You A Answer these questions.

Read: 1 Look at the photo on the next page. What is the name of this sport? What do you
stronger, Faster, know about it?
Higher 2 This sport is an event at the Olympic Games. How are Olympic athletes different
from ordinary people?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill: A Look at the photo and the title of the reading. Circle the words that you expect
Predicting Vocabulary to see in the article.

By thinking about the team study endurance movie

topic of a reading and
cooking medal stress strain
the vocabulary that you athlete training shopping determination
expect to see, you can
animals strength body memorize
increase your
understanding and injury dance
your fluency in reading.

В Now read the article and see which of the words you guessed correctly. C Read

the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

B4 Unit 5; UiaptEr E
 BeyoJid the Body's Limits Reading
Passage;
Beyond the
At the Sydney Olympics in 2000, a British man,
Body’s Limits
Steve Redgrave, showed the world how resilient the
human mind and body are. At the Olympics, athletes
demonstrate both their athletic skills and their strength.
In Sydney, Steve Redgrave and the British rowing
team won the gold medal. He beat every other rowing
team in the world—and coped with two very serious
illnesses. Matthew PinsenI and Steve Redgrave fright)

Redgrave was one of the world's top rowers, with Olympic medals from
1984,1988,1992, and 1996, as well as nine World Championship medals. Then,
suddenly, he faced two serious health problems. In 1997, he had surgery for
appendicitis,’ and was unable to row for a time after the operation. The next year, he
was diagnosed^ with diabetes,^ a severe problem for an athlete. People with diabetes
need to watch their diet and exercise very carefully, and give themselves daily
injections of insulin to control their blood sugar.
"My first thought was that my rowing career was at an end," Redgrave said. But
instead of giving up rowing—a very physically demanding sport—he decided to
continue the exhausting training for the Olympics, even though his body was sick. He
had to test his blood sugar many times every day.
Athletes often push themselves to the limits of physical and mental endurance by
regularly trying to go faster, higher, and further in their chosen sport than any other
athlete has in the past. Many spend weeks or months recovering from damage they
have done to their bodies in training.
Athletes are not the only people who put great stress on their bodies. There are certain
occupations that test a person's endurance and put a greater strain on one's health.
Astronauts, for example, suffer from loss of calcium and other important minerals in
their bones almost as soon as they go into space. Many astronauts also lose bone
density and muscle strength while in I space. This occurs because they are floating,
rather than walking, for long period^ of time. For this reason, when an astronaut
returns to earth, he or she may ha.W difficulty walking.
Astronauts and athletes use great courage and determination to overcome the limjts
of the human body. At the Sydney Olympic Games, Steve I Redgrave and his team
rowed to victory, and his fifth Olympic gold medal. It was ani amazing achievement
for Redgrave—and it showed the world what the huihan body can endure.

'appendicitis a dangerous disease of the appendix (a small organ in the digestive system)
4liagnose to discover what disease a person has
’diabetes a disease in which the body doesn't produce enough insulin (the chemical that controls the
amount of sugar in your blood)

Ввуапб the Body's Limits Б5

Reading A Answer true (T) or false (F). Change the false statements to make them true.
Comprehension;
Check Your Understanding
f T F

1 Steve Redgrave is a famous Olympic athlete from Sydney.

2 Steve Redgrave got diabetes before he became an athlete.
3 Steve Redgrave had to stop rowing for a while because of a health
problem.
4 Many athletes damage their bodies by training for a competition.

5 Astronauts develop very strong muscles while traveling in space. J

В Complete the statements.

1 Steve Redgrave had t\wo very serious health problems: ___and

2 After he developed the second health problem, he thought about

_______________________, but instead he ____________________
3 Astronauts are like athletes because they both __________________
and they both ________________________ .
4 At his fifth Olympic Games, Redgrave _________________________ .

C Answer these questions. Then compare your answers with a partner.

Critical Thinking
1 What is the author’s opinion about Steve Redgrave?
2 List words from the reading that helped you find the answer.

Vocabulary A Look at the list of words from the reading. Match each word with
Comprehension; its definition.
Word Definitions
1 resilient a. to show something; to make something clear
2 strain or understandable
3 severe b. one’s will to do something; strength of mind
4 recover c. a force that causes pressure, tension, or stress
5 endurance on something
6 cope d. to deal with, or handle, something that is difficult
7 determination e. able to get better quickly from illness, injury.
8 demonstrate or tiredness
f. get better after an injury or illness
g. the ability to be strong and do something for a long
period of time; stamina
h. very bad and serious

ББ LInIt 5; ChaptEr S
в Complete the sentences below using the correct form of the words from A.

It takes a lot of physical. . to run five miles, but Yuko does it

every day.
Kathy's hard work and _ . have finally paid off; she has been
accepted to Harvard University.
3 ______________ from a broken leg can take from one to three months.
4 Being more than twenty kilos overweight can put a dangerous __________________
on your heart.
5 Babies are actually very ________________ , and can recover from an injury or
sickness fairly fast.
6 __________ how an artificial brain
On TV last night I watched a scientist ____________
works. It was amazing!
7 His injuries from the car accident were ___________ . and he stayed in the
hospital for almost a month.
8 Mln-Song has gone home early. He has a headache and can’t _ with
all the noise in the office.

A Look at the nouns and verbs below and complete the chart with the missing words. Vocabulary
The first one has been done for you. Use your dictionary to help you with spelling. Skill;
The Suffix -tion

Verbs Nouns
determine determination In this chapter, you

demonstrate learned the noun

"determination.” Many
inject
common nouns in
compete
English are formed by
participate
adding the suffix "-tion"
to a verb.
В Complete the paragraph below with words from A. Be sure to use the correct form of
the word.

Every four years, hundreds of athletes trom around the globe gather in one of [
the world’s major cities to 1 ________________ in the Olympic Games. Many
athletes who 2 ________________ in the games have trained long and hard and
come ready to 3 ________________ their skills to the world and win a gold medal.
In recent years, though, some athletes have come to the games with more than
their 4 _______________ to win. These athletes have practiced hard and traveled
far, only to be disqualified from the Olympic 5 __________________ because they have
taken steroids—drugs, usually taken by 6 _________________ , that increases muscle 1
size and, for a short time, can make one stronger. Now, every Olympic athlete is tested for
steroids before the games begin. If the Olympic Committee discovers that an athlete has
used steroids, he or she will be banned from the games. Future 7 in the Olympics will also
not be allowed.

Beyond the Body's Limits Б7

 Real Life Skill; A Study the list of root words in Meaning
Finding the Right Doctor the chart.
derm- skin
opt-/opthalmo- eye
pod-/ped- foot
Many people have a
doctor they visit psych- mind
regularly. However, dent- teeth
when a person has a gyn- female
serious illness or injury,
or a speciai medical
need, he or she will В Match the doctors with a description of what they do.
often visit a specialist.
Learning the names of
these types of doctors Dr. Kimberly Bentini. Dentist ........................ ..... 555-2356
can help you find the Dr. Martin Lewis. Podiatrist .......................... ..... 555-9080
right health specialist. Dr. Sandy May. Gynecologist ...................... ..... 555-2234
Dr. Peter Rodriquez, Dermatolooist ............. ..... 555-0076
Dr. Mary Waters. Ph.D., Psvcholooist ........ ..... 555-6789
Dr. James Wong. Optometrist...................... ..... 555-8855

a. checks your eyes and fits you for glasses or contact lenses
b. a skin doctor
c. checks and treats your teeth
d. specializes in the human mind and emotions
e. a foot doctor
f. a doctor for women

C You are in Chicago and you need a doctor. Using the page from the phone
book above, write the correct phone number.

You have a toothache. __________________

You can’t read, so you need new giasses..
Your sister is going to have a baby. ________
You’re suffering from acne. ___ __________
You’ve been feeling really nervous and upset recently but you don’t know why.
_________________________
6 The bottom of your foot is really hurting you.

What Do You Think?

1 In general, do you think you are a healthy, resilient person? When you get sick, what do you usually do?
2 Why don’t many people take good care of their bodies? Are there some things you should do to take better care
of your health?
3 Do you know any other people who overcame an illness to achieve their goal? What was their health problem?
What did they achieve?

БВ Unit 5;Chapter S.
 Leisure and Hobbies
Getting ^eady

Discuss these questions with a partner.

A Read the article and write these labels in the correct spaces on the chart.

A recent survey in the U.S. asked people how leisure work

sleep other
they spent their time on an average day. This
household
chart shows the results for people with fiill-
timt jobs. The typical person spent 9.2 hours
working, 7.5 hours sleeping, 3.0 hours doing
leisure and sports aaivities, and 0.9 hours
doing
household activities. The remaining 3.4 hours
were spent in other activities, including
eating
and drinking, attending classes, and
shopping.

В How did you spend your time yesterday? Draw your

own chart and label the sections. How much leisure
time did you have?

У
Б9
Unit Б Chapter 1: Scrapbooking

Before You A Answer these questions.

Read; 1 Do you have many photos of your family and friends? Where do you keep them? What
Making Memories
do you do with them?
2 When you go on vacation, what do you keep to remember your trip?
3 What kinds of papers and photos did your parents save from your childhood? Do you
ever look at them?

В Compare your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill: A Look at the first paragraph of the passage on the next page and find the meaning
Finding Definitions of the word scrapbook.

Sometimes a passage
will give definitions or
explanations of new What helped you find the meaning?,
words that are related
to the topic. The В Read the rest of the article and write the explanations for these terms.
definitions may be
shown by quotation layout _________________________________________ _ ________________
marks parentheses (),
or a dash —. When you scrappers _________________________________________________________
find a new word, look
carefully to see if the
author has explained its crops.
meaning.

C Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

70 Unit Б: Chapter 1
 ■

ООО

Leisure Focus; Reading

Scrapbooking Passage:
Й Leisure Focus:
The dictionary defines a scrapbook as “an
Scrapbooking
empty book for collecting and preserving
photographs, newspaper articles, and other
papers.” Today, scrapbooking is also a verb—
and a popular new hobby. We talked with
Diane Lucas of Scrapsforever.com.

What is scrapbooking, exactly?

When I make a scrapbook page, 1 take a few of my femdy photos and put them into a
“layout”—a page that uses fancy paper, stickers, drawings, and words to show the
theme. For example, this page about my son is called “First Day at School.” Here’s a
photo of him and one of his drawings, and I decorated it with alphabet stickers. I use
lots of things on my pages—ribbons, stickers, beads, and much more. When you make a
scrapbook, you put words and pictures together to show the important times in your life.
It’s like a personal history.

How did yon get started?

When I was a child, I always saved bits of paper, things like movie tickets, vacation
postcards, even paper napkins. I loved looking at them and remembering. I made my
first scrapbook ten years ago, when my father died. When I looked through his desk,
1 found the most wonderful things—like my parents’ anniversary cards, and photos
from his Army days. I couldn’t throw away anything, so 1 made two scrapbooks, for
my brother and me.

Do yon know other people who make saapbooks?

Oh, yes! We call ourselves “scrappers,” and we love to get together. We often have
“crops,” big parties where we all work on our scrapbooks. We bring our scissors and
papers and our boxes of photos, and we talk while making new pages. It’s a time for
enjoyment, when friends show pictures and tell stories about our families, and our lives.
At the same time, we create a book to keep those memories.

Why is scrapbooking so popular these days?

I think people want to preserve their family history, and display it to other people.
When you make a scrapbook, you can pass the stories to your children, and your
grandchildren. So many people today want to do that! In the U.S. alone there are 2,500
stores that sell paper and other supplies for scrapbooking. If you go online, you’ll find
scrapbooking websites from Norway, New Zealand, and South Africa.
It’s universal. We all have boxes of pictures, and we аИ want to keep those
precious memories. That’s the real meaning of scrapbooking: sharing your family
and your story.

Scrapbooking 71
 Reading A Complete the sentences with information from the article.
Comprehension:
Check Your Understanding 1 In her childhood, Diane liked to _
2 Diane started making scrapbooks after.
3 Her first scrapbook was about __________
4 People make scrapbooks to ___________ and to

В Answer true (T) or false (Я). Correct the false sentences.

r Л
T F

1 Scrapbooking has become an important business.

2 People in many countries make scrapbooks.

3 A “crop” is a kind of scrapbooking competition.

4 Most scrapbooks are about national history.

5 A scrapbook page has both words and pictures.

)

^G
Critical Thinking Answer the questions.
1 What kinds of people do you think scrapbooking would be popular with— young or
old? Male or female?
2 Do you think scrapbooking would be popular in your country? Why, or why not?
3 Imagine you are going to make a scrapbook. What theme will you choose? What will
you put on your scrapbook pages?

Vocabulary A Match these words from the reading with their definitions.
Comprehension;
Word Definitions 1 define a.
2 preserve b. show something for other people to look at
3 throw away c.
4 precious d.
5 supplies e.
6 decorate f.
7 universal g-
8 display h.

7B Unit Б: Chapter 1
в Answer the questions below. Share your answers with a partner.

1 What is something you would like to preserve for your children in the future?

2 What is something that you really should throw away?

3 How do you like to decorate your room?

4 What are some leisure activities that are universaH

A Create the noun form of the verbs below. For each noun write a simple definition. Vocabulary
Use your dictionary to help you. Share your answers with a partner. Skill:
The Suffix -ment

Verb Noun Meaning Many common

nouns in English are
improv e improvement making something better
formed by adding the
achiev г suffix “-ment" to a
measu 'e verb, for example,
develo Э “enjoyment.”

requirt
agree
^ goverr J
В Now complete the conversation below using the correct noun or verb from the
chart in A.

A; It’s quite an 1, B: . to get into a university like Harvard or Yale.

Yes, 12 ________ but I'm not planning to attend either of those
schools. I’m trying to enter the University of Wisconsin. The problem is that
all international students have to take the TOEFL® test. It’s a 3 _____________
A: Well, if you want to go there, you’il need to 4 _________________ your test scor
B: I know, but my current score is stili an 5 _________________ over iast month’s
score.
A: Weil, I’m sure you’ll get into Wisconsin—your English is very good. And you
know that standardized tests don’t always provide an accurate 6
___ of a person’s ability to speak in English.

Now write three sentences of your own using three of the nouns from A.

1 __ __________________________________________________
2 __ ________________________________________________________
3 _____________________________________________________________

Scrapbooking 73
 Unit Б Chapter 2: Work Hard, Play Hard?

Before You A Complete the survey below.

Read;
Leisure-time Survey Which phrase best describes your work or school week?
very busy somewhat busy not busy at all
How many hours a day do you spend commuting to and from school
or work?
0-1 2-3 4+
About how many hours per week do you have for relaxing or pursuing
a hobby?
0-3 4-8 9-r
Rank the list of free-time activities from your favorite (1) to least favorite (8).
____ reading _____ watching TV/videos
____ listening to music ____________ eating out
____ using the Internet ____________ going to the movies
____ gardening _____ spending time with family or friends

В Compare your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; A Read the first paragraph. Write “M” next to the statement that is the main
I Main ideas idea. Discuss your answer with a partner.
I Paragraphs
Paragraph 1
a. Americans work an average of fifty hours a week..
Every paragraph has a b. People today have busier iifestyles. _____
main idea, or topic,
which gives us the most
В Read the rest of the passage and mark the main idea of each paragraph.
important information in
that paragraph. Often, Paragraph 2
the main idea is talked a. Having free time and hobbies is good for physical and mental health. _______
about in the first or b. People need time alone to relax. ____
second sentence of the
Paragraph 3
paragraph,
a. Popular free-time activities differ around the world. ______
b. Reading is the most popular free-time activity in the U.S._______
Paragraph 4
a. Cultural differences exist in popular outdoor and indoor free-time
activities. ______
b. Gardening is a popular outdoor activity. _____
Paragraph 5
a. Surfing the Web is becoming an increasingly popular pastime. _____
b. The way that people spend their free time seems to be changing.

C Now read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.
74 Unit Б; OiaptBr В
 Reading
Passage:
Work Hard. Play Hard? Work Hard, Play
Hard?
People today seem to have increasingly hectic lifestyles. Results of a 2001 Harris Poll’ on
free time, conducted in the United States, showed that the average workweek for many
Americans is fifty hours. In addition, many people spend up to two or three hours a day
commuting to and from work. With the time spent eating, sleeping, taking care of
household chores, and looking after the family, there is little time left for leisure activities
for many Americans.
However, having free time to relax and pursue hobbies and interests is important, and
good for a person's well-being. People need time away from the pressures of study or
work in order to relax, and enjoy time with friends and family.
In different countries and cultures around the world free time is spent in different ways.
The results of the Harris Poll showed that reading was the most popular spare-time activity
in the United States. This was followed by watching TV, then spending time with family. In
a U.K. survey on leisuretime activities, watching TV and videos was the most popular
pastime; listening to the radio came second. In a similar survey conducted in Japan, the
most popular free-time activity was eating out. The second most popular activity was
driving. Karaoke, which ranked fourth, was more popular than watching videos, which
came fifth. Listening to the radio or music ranked sixth.
There were also differences in the most popular outdoor pursuits between the three
countries. The most popular outdoor activity for Americans was gardening. In the U.K., it
was going to the pub, followed by visiting the cinema. In Japan, going to bars and pubs
ranked eighth in popularity, and gardening ranked ninth.
Altijiough people around the world may enjoy doing similar things in their free time there is
evidence to suggest that these interests are changing. In the U.S., for example, the
popularity of computer activities is increasing. Many more people in the States are
spending their free time surfing the Web, e-mailing friends, or playing games online. In the
2004 Harris Poll, computer activities ranked sixth in popularity; in 1995, only 2 percent of
people mentioned them. Currently, listening to music is ranked eleventh. With more
people downloading music from the Internet, it is possible that, in the future, music and
computer activities will become the same pastime for many Americans.

’ Harris Poll a survey in the U.S. that asks people's opinions about national issues

Work Hard, Play Hard? 75

 Reading A Complete the chart below by filling in the correct country: the U.S., the U.K.,
Comprehension; Japan. Use each country only once.
Check Your Understanding

watctiing TV and videos

Most Popular Pastimes by
Country 1 listening to radio

eating out

2 driving

reading

3 watching TV

В Complete the statements by circling the correct word or expression.

1 Many people spend up to three hours a day (eating / traveling to and from
work).
2 Having enough leisure time is important to help people (work / relax).
3 The most popular leisure activity is (the same / different) in these three countries.
4 Computer use in leisure time is (increasing / decreasing) for many Americans.
5 The author believes that, in the future, (more / fewer) Americans will listen to music
downloaded from the Internet.

фс
Critical Thinking
Answer the questions.
1 Why does the author talk about people's hectic lifestyles in the beginning
of the article?
2 What are the most popular leisure activities in your country? Are these similar
or different to the countries discussed in the article? Why?

Vocabulary A For each group, circle the word that does not belong. The words in italics
Comprehension; are vocabulary items from the reading.

1 hectic relaxing restful calm

2
commuting going to and from traveling staying in one place
3 chore housework task hobby
4
do stop pursue participate in
5 rank order number mix up
3
hobby pursuit chore pastime
7 health well-being happiness stress
carry out do conduct follow

75 Unit Б: Chapter В
в Complete the sentences using the words in italics from A. Be sure to use the
correct form of the word.

1 The household. . that I dislike the most is doing

the laundry.
2 Paul is tired of _ . to work by car and is going to try
taking public transportation instead. It will make his days less

_________________ your interest in

3 if you want to continue to ______________________
photography, you will need to buy a new camera.
4 Jamie loves outdoor ________________ _. His favorite pastime is hiking.

A Think aixrut the words hobby and activity. How are these words similar? How about Vocabulary
the words scissors and papers How are they related? How are they different? Skill;
Word Associations
В For each word in the box below, complete the associations using the vocabulary
shown. Then, explain to a partner how the words in each group are related. Can
you add more words to these associations? In learning new
vocabulary, think about
how words are related,
or associated, with
commilting hobby e-mail common download enjoy hectic other words. Think
about words with
similar meanings, for
1 activity: pastime example “hobby"and
2 computer: “activity." Also think
3 workweek: work about words that are
4 leisure: relax related to the same
5 pressure: stress topic, e.g., “scissors"
6 popular: frequent and “paper.”

C Use the “starter” words below to create word associations of your own. Begin by
saying the word to a partner. Your partner should reply with a synonym or a word
that is related. Continue this until you have a six-word association. Share your word
associations with the class.

Example: food: delicious, pizza, Italy, spaghetti, tomatoes, garden relax: ___ ,

travel:.

school:

your own idea: Word:. Association:

Work Hard. Play Hard? 77

 Real Life Skill;
Using Key Words for
Internet Searches
Before you begin to
search for information
on the Internet, ask
yourself “What am I
looking for?” To find
information about a
specific topic (e.g., the
origin of pop music),
you should use key
nouns, verbs, and
adjectives. Think of
some key word
synonyms that might
also help you find
information about your
topic.
A Look at the example below. Can you think of other key word possibilities?
You have to write a research paper for your Engiish class.
Your topic is The Origins of Pop Music.
Key words: origins, pop, music
Other key words: beginning, history, popuiar, songs
В Look at the following topics. What key words wouid you use to find
information about these topics on the Internet? Compare your ideas
with a partner.
1 learning how to use a digital camera to take photographs
Key words: _______________________________________________________
2 keeping tropical fish in an aquarium at home
Key words: _______________________________________________________
3 simple recipes for beginners to learn cooking
Key words: _______________________________________________________
4 biographies of film actors and actresses
Key words: _______
C Choose one topic from B. Do an internet search for the topic using the
key words you have listed. Share any useful websites you find with your
classmates.

Is the information on a website useful? Remember to ask yourself:

• Is the information on the site related to my topic?
• Where does this information come from?
• Who wrote it? Can i trust that it is correct?
• When was the information written? Is it up-to-date?

Topic: _______________________________________________________
Sites that were useful: __________________________________________

What Do You Think?

1 For you, what is the best way to relax after a stressful day? How often do you do this?
2 In your opinion, do people in your country have enough time to relax and pursue their hobbies? Explain
your answer. Do you have enough time?
3 What are some new hobbies and leisure activities that are becoming popular in your country? Which activities
are popular with young people? Which are popular only with older people?

78 Unit Б: Chapter В
Fluency Strategy: PQR+\

Paifsing, Questioning, Rephrasing, and Explaining (PQR+E) is a reading strategy to help you build your
reading comprehension In stages from sentences to paragraphs to full texts. Use this strategy when you
have difficulty understanding large pieces of text that you are reading.

Parsing
The first step in PQR+E is parsing—breaking a sentence into smaller parts. When you come to sentences that
are long or difficult to understand, try parsing them into smaller pieces.

A Look at one way the first sentence in the passage on the next page, “Movies for the Blind?”, can be
broken into smaller parts. Breaking a long sentence into smaller sections can make it much easier
to work out the overall meaning of the sentence.

i When you think of the cinema, the phrase “watching a movie” probably comes to
mind,
I and, in faa, moviemakets work very hard to make their films interesting
J
visually.
When you think / of the cinema, / the phrase “watching a movie” / probably / comes to mind, / and in fact, /
moviemakers work very hard / to make their films / interesting visually.

В Look below at the second sentence of the passage. Parse this sentence by dividing it into smaller
parts.

But movies also contain stories, dialogues, music, and sound eflfects—things that
people
don’t need to see in order to enjoy. J
Questioning
The second step in PQR+E is questioning. Once you have finished parsing a long sentence, ask yourself
questions about the parts of the sentence. What do you understand? What are you not understanding?
Review the first two sentences from “Movies for the Blind?” What questions do you have as you read these two
sentences?
Read the example question for the first sentence, then write your own question for the second
sentence.

1. How are movies interesting, beeldee visually?

2.

Parti 79
 Rephrasing
In step 3 of PQR+E, rephrasing, write in your own words what the sentence you parsed means.
Rephrasing helps you show that you have understood what you have read.

Read the example paraphrase of the first sentence of “Movies for the Blind?” Then write in your own
words what the second sentence from the passage means to you.
1. When people think about moviee, they mostly think about the visual features. _____________
To moviemakers, too, the vieual features of movies are very important. ___________________
2. _________________________________________________

Explaining (or Extending)

In the final step of PQR+E you explain what you have understood to a partner. Explaining what you understand to
someone else helps strengthen your comprehension.

A Explain the meaning of the first two sentences from “Movies for the Blind?” to a partner.
В Use PQR+E as you continue reading the passage. If there is a sentence you do not
understand, use PQR+E.

Movies for the Blind?

When you think of the cinema, the phrase “watching a
movie” probably comes to mind, and, in fact,
moviemakers work very hard to make their films
interesting visually. But movies also contain stories,
dialogues, music, and sound effects—things that
people don’t need to see in order to enjoy.
Movie reviewer Marty Klein has created a website
called Blindspots to help visually impaired people
choose movies that they can follow without the help of
an assistant to explain what is happening on the
screen. Klein gives movies a rating from 1 to 10 based
on several factors. A movie receives a high rating if
there are only a few main characters whose voices are
easy to recognize. Klein also likes an interesting story
without too many changes in time and place. A large
amount of dialogue between the charaaers is better
than long silences or noisy action scenes.
Of course, blind or visually impaired people can enjoy
many films with help from a friend who doesn’t mind
explaining the parts of a movie that can only be seen.
But that means that someone is talking during the
movie, which could annoy some audience members.
It also means that blind people cannot go to the
movies independently. To solve these problems,
some 25 movie theaters have begun to offer recorded
audio descriptions of the movements, scenery, and
special effects that other audience members can see on
the screen. Blind moviegoers receive a wireless
headset to wear during the movie. This allows them to
listen to 30 the narration while still hearing a movie’s
music and other sounds that surround them in the
theater.
Another blind movie reviewer, Jay Forry, writes
movie reviews that are published on his website,
Blindside Reviews. He also writes for newspapers and is a
guest 35 on radio shows, forty gives movies one of five
ratings, including, “So good, blind people will like it”
and “I’m glad I couldn’t see it.” Forry became a writer
after going blind at the age of 28 and deciding to go to
college. His first articles appeared in the college 40
newspaper, and Forry’s writing skills and sense of
humor are what keep people reading his reviews or
listening to them on the radio. After “watching” The
Sixth Seme, Forry commented that he thought the movie
was excellent, but that he envied the boy who 45 was
the main chatacter: “He had six senses, and I only have
four.” (

80 Review Unit 8
с Answer the comprehension questions below.

1 What is the main idea of the article?

a. Marty Klein and Jay Forry write movie reviews for blind people.
b. Movie reviews and new technology are making it easier for blind people to enjoy movies.
c. There are severai probiems associated with bringing assistants to the movies.
d. Many biind peopie do not enjoy going to movies.
2 Which of the foilowing is not mentioned as something that can be enjoyed without being seen?
a. stories
b. diaiogues
c. music
d. special effects

3 Which movie might receive a good rating from Marty Klein?

a. a martial arts film with many fight scenes
b. a drama that often shifts between the past and the present
c. a romantic comedy with four main characters and lots of conversation
d. a space adventure with many explosions and special effects

4 Which synonym for blind is used in the articie?

a. visually interesting
b. rating
c. visually impaired
d. moviegoers

5 According to the article, how are some movie theaters deaiing with the problem of blind people attending movies with
assistants?
a. They are providing headsets so blind people can hear a recorded narration.
b. They are asking the assistants not to annoy the other audience members.
c. They are providing specialiy trained employees to describe the movie to blind people.
d. They are asking biind people to just enjoy the music and other sounds in the theater.
6 Movie reviewer Jay Forry has his own _____ .
a. website
b. newspaper
c. radio show
d. movie theater

Why does the author inciude this quotation: “He had six senses, and I only have four”?
a. to recommend the movie The Sixth Sense to readers
b. to compare Forry to the boy in the movie
c. to illustrate Ferry’s sense of humor
d. to demonstrate Ferry’s sense of hopelessness

Part I 81
 Self Check
Write a short answer to each of the following questions.

1. Have you ever used the PQR+E method before?

Yes No I'm not sure.
2. Will you practice PQR+E in your reading outside of English class?
r Yes No I’m not sure.
3. Do you think PQR+E is helpful? Why or why not?
'f

4. When you are reading, do you find yourself having to translate? If yes, what
do you think you can do to stop translating?

5. Which of the six reading passages in units 4-6 was easiest? ' Which
was most difficult? Why?

6. Which of the six reading passages in units 4-6 was easiest? Which was
most difficult? Why?

7. What improvements are you making as a reader? Look again at the “Tips
for Fluent Reading” on pages 8 and 9. Write down one or two things that
you know you can do better today than when you started this course.

8. What other improvements do you still want to make as a reader?

Review Unit S
 Readings: Meet ^ddy Adu, Soccer Sensation

Fluency Practice

Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your time in
the Reading Rate Chart on page 176. Then answer the questions on the following page.

yifeet Freddy Adu,

Soccer Sensation Й ■: 'Ч '

Born in Ghana, West Africa, in 1989, Freddy Adu has become

one of the most promising young soccer players in the world. 1
Soccer fans have been extremely enthusiastic about Adu since
2003, when he became the youngest player ever to sign a
5 professional sports contract in the United States. He was 13
years old at the time! The next year, he became the youngest
athlete ever to play in an all-star game, a match in which the best
individual players from many professional teams compete.
■

As a child, Adu did what many children in Ghana love to do—play soccer. Although there were no
I
10formal teams or leagues, Adu played soccer every day. He says that he loved learning the sport by
teaching himself. Adu’s mother recognized her son's talent and encouraged it by providing soccer
balls, which were expensive. Since he was the child with the sports equipment, other children
always came looking for Freddy when they wanted to kick the ball around a field.
Education was very important to Adu’s mother, and she wasn't sure that her son could receive a
15 good education in Ghana. She had some relatives in the United States, so she applied for residency
there. Adu’s family received U.S. residency cards and moved to Maryland in 1997, when Freddy
was eight years old. Freddy’s new school friends soon noticed his talent for soccer, and the
parents of one friend encouraged him to join a soccer club. This was Adu’s first experience playing
organized soccer, and he helped his team from the Potomac Soccer Association win a tournament
20 in Italy in 2000. One professional Italian team was so impressed by Adu that they offered him
$750,000 to play for them. Adu’s mother turned down the offer and insisted that her ten-year-old
son needed to finish school first.
Adu did finish high school at the age of 14 after enrolling at a boarding school for athletes.
Nowadays, he is playing professional soccer and living with his mother in a house he bought for her.
25 His annual salary with the D.C. United team is $500,000, and Adu is also paid to advertise products
such as sports shoes and soda. Adu is happy that his mother no longer has to work at two jobs,
and Adu’s fans are happy that they can watch him play their favorite sport for many years to come.

<CL 3^

395 words Time taken.

Part 1 83
 Reading Comprehension

1 Freddy Adu _ years old when he signed his first professional sports contract.
was.
a. 8
b. 10
C.13
d. 14

2 When did Adu become the youngest ever all-star team player?
a. 1989
b. 2000
c. 2003
d. 2004

3 In an all-star game,____ .
a. athletes play with people who are not on their regular team
b. athletes receive large bonuses
c. all the players from the best teams compete
d. teams try to match their best scores

4 How did Adu’s mother encourage him to develop his talent?

a. by making him play soccer every day
b. by giving him soccer balls
c. by turning down a contract with an Italian team
d. by working at two jobs to support her family

5 Which event in the article happened first?

a. Adu’s family moved to the United States.
b. Adu became the youngest player ever to sign a professional sports contract.
c. Adu bought his mother a house.
d. Adu’s new school friends noticed his special ability to play soccer.

6 Adu’s mother rejected a contract worth $750,000 because _______ .

a. she refused to move to Italy
b. she wanted to support her family without her son’s help
c. the U.S. team offered more money
d. education was very important to her

7 How much money does Adu make in a year?

a. between $400,000 and $500,000
b. $500,000
c. more than $500,000
d. $750,000

84 REVIEW Unit S
Reviiw Reading 4; Combining New and Did Medicine

Fluency Practice

Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your time in
the Reading Rate Chart on page 176. Then answer the questions on the following page.

Combining New and Old Medicine

The human body is an amazing and complex machine. It is very resilient, and we usually
recover from illness or injury on our own, without the help of a doctor. But what happens
when we need medical treatment? In the past, some people went to a clinic or hospital
to-see a medical doctor. Other people trusted ancient traditions and chose treatments such
as herbal medicine or acupuncture. These two types of medicine—one modern and
Western and the other ancient and Eastern—used to have nothing to do with each other.
In recent years, however, people around the world have begun to recognize and accept
both modern medical science and more traditional therapies. This new kind of medicine
can be called holistic medicine, integrative medicine (because it integrates, or combines,
different types of medicine), or complementary medicine. Some of the principles of this
type of medicine include preventing illness by helping people stay healthy, integrating
different types of therapies according to the needs of each patient, and considering the
health of the whole person rather than concentrating on a particular illness or injury.
One health maintenance organization (HMO) in Madison, Wisconsin, has opened its
Complementary Medicine and Wellness Center. At the center, HMO members are offered
a variety of services. If you are suffering from a sore back, try some massage treatments to
relax your muscles and encourage the flow of healing energy in your body. If you have
allergies or asthma, you could try homeopathy, which uses tiny amounts of allergens to
stimulate your body's natural immune response. And if you're not ill, but just want to
improve your strength and focus your mind, try a tai chi or yoga class.
Patients who use these complementary medicine services appreciate having an alternative
to surgery or to drugs and their side effects. They also enjoy activities and therapies that
make them feel better even if they're not sick. And from the financial point of view of the
HMO, preventing illness whenever possible is much less expensive than a hospital stay.
According to Dr. Andrew Weil, founder of the Program in Integrative Medicine at the
University of Arizona, integrative medicine combines the best parts of Western medicine
with complementary therapies such as acupuncture and nutrition. And because both doctor
and patient are working to prevent illness, they become partners with the same goal instead
of strangers who see each other only when the patient is sick.

404 words Time taken.

PartE 85
 Reading Comprehension

1 The article is mainly about ____ .

a. Western medicine
b. acupuncture and herbal medicine
c. advances in medical technology
d. integrative medicine

2 Why does the author mention “preventing illness by helping people stay healthy” in the second
paragraph?
a. to inform readers about a principle of holistic or integrative medioine
b. to explain why most people don't believe in holistic or integrative medicine
c. to give readers advice about staying healthy
d. to recommend modern medicine rather than traditional therapies
3 What would be an example of integrative medicine?
a. taking aspirin for a headache
b. surgery to remove a patient’s cancerous tumor
c. acupuncture
d. using herbal treatments after surgery

4 Which sentence from the article gives a main idea?

a. At the center, HMO members are offered a variety of services.
b. If you are suffering from a sore back, try some massage treatments.
c. If you have allergies or asthma, you could try homeopathy.
d. And if you're not ill, but just want to improve your strength and focus your mind, try a tai chi or yoga
class.

5 According to the article, which treatment is helpful for patients with asthma?
a. massage
b. allergies
c. homeopathy
d. yoga

6 Which of the following is not mentioned as an advantage of complementary medicine?

a. It costs less than medical care in hospitals.
b. Patients can choose between complementary medicine and drugs or surgery.
c. Doctors can enjoy more recreational activities.
d. It helps patients feel healthier even when they’re not sick.

7 How would Dr. Andrew Weil describe the relationship between doctors who practice integrative medicine and their
patients?
a. Doctors and patients have the same goal of treating the patient’s illness.
b. Doctors and patients work together so that the patient does not become ill.
c. Doctors and patients see each other occasionally if there is a problem.
d. Doctors and patients are like strangers in order to prevent illness.

8Б Review Unit ё
 Sa idor Nagy and the National Orchestra present an all-Beethoven concert at Festival Hall, 8 p.m.
T1 ree guest DJs, including DJ 2-Cool from Los Angeles, play the latest dance hits from 10 p.m.
at The Warehouse.
Ss ve the planet! Ten top bands play all night at the Rockathon, a benefit concert for
er vironmental groups. Riverside Theater, beginning 6 p.m.
Hear the Jazz All-Stars—five of the greatest names in jazz, together for the first time. Starts
ai 9:00, Lacey’s Lounge.
Silsa Party at Club Tropicale, starting at 9 p.m. Big prizes for the best dancers!
From Jamaica—hear reggae band One Love in concert at Metro Auditorium, 8:00.
Festival of Irish Music and Dance at the Cross-cultural Center, 4-10 p.m. Irish food and drinks

■4
vailable.

Getting [Ready
Read these ads, then discuss the following questions with a partner.
1 What kind of music would you hear at each event?
2 Which one would you like to go to?

У
B7
 Unit 7 Chapter 1; Where’s That Music Coming From?

Before You A Look at the different styles, or genres, of music below. Circle the ones you like.
Read; Cross out the ones you don’t like.
My Favorite Music

rock and roll classical folk reggae

blues country jazz hip-hop/rap
flamenco house/techno pop salsa
other:

В Discuss your answers with a partner. How many other styles of music can you
name?

Reading Skill; How much do you know about the history of musical styles? Circle
Predicting
your answers.

Before you read, it’s
helpful to review what
you already know
about the topic. This
will help you to predict
the things you will read
about, and will increase
your understanding of
the reading.
1 Flamenco is a traditional style that comes from (Spain / Mexico / Cuba).
2 Reggae is a style of music that originated in (Jamaica / Panama / Colombia).
3 Bhangra is a traditional kind of music that was brought to the U.K. by immigrants from
(Egypt / India / Nigeria).
4 One of reggae’s most popular artists is (Bob Marley / Enrique Iglesias / Chuck Berry).
5 Rock and roll is a style of music that originated in (Australia / the U.K. / the
U.S.).
6 One of the musical styles that influenced rock and roll was (rap / reggae / rhythm
and blues).

В Read the article to see if your answers were correct.

c Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

BB Unit 7: CJiapter I
 Reading
Passage:
Where’s That Music
Coming From?
(rmiiiii
What is your favorite type of music? Do you know anything about its history? Over the
years, as people have moved or traveled, they have taken with them the music of their
cultures—Celtic folk from Ireland and the U.K., flamenco from Spain, or bhangra from
India. As a result, a lot of today's popular music has its roots in the traditional songs and
rhythms heard in various countries around the world.
For decades, musicians have adapted traditional musical styles to make them more
appealing to average people. Bob Marley made reggae, previously unique to Jamaica,
popular around the world in the 1970s and '80s, with hits like "No Woman, No Cry." Now,
one can hear this laid-back rhythm on beaches across the globe.
Bhangra, a traditional music originally played to celebrate harvests’ or weddings in Indian
villages, was brought to the U.K. by Indian immigrants. It became popular in the 1980s as
the Indian immigrant population grew. This lively, energetic, drum-based beat has been
mixed with other musical genres such as jazz, house, and rock. Bhangra influence can
now be heard on dance floors in cities like London and Singapore, where a high
percentage of the population comes from Indian immigrant families.
In the U.S., rock and roll has its roots in African-American culture, and traditional musical
styles such as rhythm and blues. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, artists such as Chuck
Berry added the electric guitar to the R&B sound.
By the mid-'50s many white musicians, such as Elvis Presley, were singing and playing
music that was previously performed only by black artists. Many Djs in the U.S. also
began playing this "new" music, now called rock and roll, on their radio stations. A sound
that began in small nightclubs in the U.S. was eventually exported to other parts of the
world.
Language has helped to popularize music from different countries. The Japanese pop
star Hikaru Utada became famous in her native country, and around the world, by
combining Japanese pop styles with English lyrics. Other artists, such as the Spaniard
Enrique Iglesias, mix English lyrics with their native languages, and have also made a
big impact on the world pop scene.
Much of the pop music we hear today is a fusion, or mixture, of styles from various parts
of the world. With the ability now to share music using the Internet, the styles we listen to
tomorrow may be even more interesting and diverse.

'harvest the time when farmers gather crops from their fields

WierB's That Music Coming Fmm? 89

 Reading A Answer the following questions and share your answers with a partner.
Comprehension:
Check Your Understanding 1 ________________ helped to make reggae popular around the world in
the 1970s.
2 Bhangra was originally played during ___________________and
________________ ceremonies.
3 It is now common to hear a blend of bhangra with other musical styles
on _________________around the world.
___________ culture.
4 Rock and roll has its roots in __________
5 By the mid 1950s, many _____________ . musicians were playing rock
and roll.

В Circle the correct answers.

According to the article...
1 Bhangra and rock and roll both developed from (traditional / pop) music.
2 Musical styles are often brought to new countries by (famous musicians / immigrants
and travelers).
3 Musicians like to change traditional music so that (ordinary / rich) people will buy their
albums.
4 Singers who mix their own language with English in their songs become more
popular in (other countries / their own country).

^c Check the statements that you think the author would agree with.
Critical Thinking
____ 1 Popular music today is more interesting than it was twenty
years ago.
____ 2 When musicians try to mix two kinds of music together, the results often
sound terrible.
____ 3 It’s good for musicians and singers to travel to other countries.
____ 4 The Internet will have a positive effect on music in the future.
____ 5 We should respect traditional kinds of music, and not try to change or
improve them.

Vocabulary A Look at the list of words from the reading. Match each word with its definition.
Comprehension:
Word Definitions 1 roots ____ a. type or style of music, art, or literature
roots a.
2 Ivrics b.
3
adapt c.
4
aenre d.
5
influence e. the origins of something or someone the
6 appealino f. words of a song
7
diverse g- change something to make it more suitable
8
rhythm h. interesting or attractive

90 Unit 7; Chapter i
 в Complere the sentences below using the words from A. Be sure to use the
correct form of the word.

1 Many musicians from the 1960s, such as the Beatles and Jimi Hendrix, have
____ _ _______ a lot of today’s rock and pop artists.
2 The ___________ of rock and roll are actually very _________________ : it’s a
style of music that developed from rhythm and blues, gospel, jazz, and American
country music.
3 In a karaoke booth, the ______________ to the songs are usually shown on a
TV screen.
4 Jeff's taste in music is very interesting. He likes almost every musical

A Read the passage below, and circle all of the ex- words you find. Vocabulary
Skill;
The Prefix ex-
Tokyo Concert Review
Last night was the fitst concert in Asia of rock band Small Minds world tout. The band
began their exhausting tour six months ago in New York. They are so popular in the States
In this chapter, you
that they extended their stay there by a week, and played five extra concerts that sold out read the verb "export,"
within hours of tickets going on sale. a word made by
In an interview yesterday, guitarist Lee Gray and lead singer Mark Lang said they were ' combining the prefix
very excited to be in Tokyo. This is our first trip to Japan, so its a fantastic experience for “ex-," meaning “out of”
us,^ said Lang. or “from within,” with
; The erjtensive tour continues to Nagoya, Osaka, and Fukuoka before moving to Korea, the root “port,"
Chinai Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. Small Minds then plan to take meaning "to bring or
aihard-earned break at an exclusive island resort before heading back home to the U.K. carry.” “Ex-” comes at
From there they will start the European leg of the tour. If you’re lucky enough to get the beginning of many
tickets to see them, expect to hear some fantastic new versions of their album songs, : and words to form nouns,
aifew surprises from this lively band. verbs, adjectives, and
adverbs in English.

В Match each of the ex- words from A with the definitions below.

1 limited or restricted: ____________

2 veryjtiring; _____________
3 feeliipg happy and thrilled: __ __________
4 great or large in size, length: ____________
5 made something longer in space or time: _
6 more than usual; additional: ____________
7 an ej/ent or happening:. _______________
8 to want, or wait for, something to happen:

C Are there other words that begin with ex- that you can add to this list? What
do they mean? Share your ideas with a partner.

I/Uhene's That Music Coming From? 91

 Unit 7 Chapter 2: The Hot World of Salsa!

Before You A Answer the following questions.

Read; 1 What kinds of music are good for dancing? Why?
Everybody Dance!
2 What kinds of music come from Latin America? Are any of them popuiar in
your country?
3 How do you get information about new CDs? How do you decide which ones
to buy?

В Compare your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; A You are looking for a CD with songs by your favorite salsa artists. Scan
Scanning this CD review and see if the CD contains songs by these people.

Celia Cruz La India Ruben Blades. Ricky Martin.

When we scan, we
read very quickly to find
just the information that В Scan the CD review again and find the information.
we are iooking for. We
might scan a magazine 1 the number of tracks on the CD:
in a store before we 2 the years included on the CD: _ to
buy it, to see if it 3 the writer’s opinion of this CD:
contains any
interesting articies. We
might scan a book in
the library to see if it
C Read the passage more slowly and answer the questions that follow.
has the information we
need for a report,

gg Unit 7: ChaptEr В
ООО Reading
Passage:
CD Review: CD Review: The
Hot World of
The Hot World of Salsa! Salsa!

This new two-CD set contains thirty tracks that cover the
history of saisa, from the 1960s to today. If you’re not familiar
with salsa, it’s a great place to start. And if you already love this
hot Latin music, you’ll enjoy hearing some of your old favorites again. I
5 The CD combines songs by classic salsa artists, such as Celia Cruz and Eddie
Palmieri, with newer artists like Marc Antony.
Salsa has been played for decades, and is still growing in popularity. Its fast
tempo and lively beat make everyone want to get up and dance. Salsa’s origins
are Cuban, but many believe that Puerto Ricans in the U.S.
10 developed the style of salsa that we know today.

Between 1940 and 1969, more than 800,000 Puerto Ricans emigrated to the
mainland U.S., especially to New York City and Miami. They brought with them
their culture, style, and infectious Latin rhythm. One type of music they brought
along was a blend of Afro-Cuban rhythms and Puerto
15 Rican traditional dance. In New York, musicians incorporated American jazz, and
salsa was born. During this time, Latino musical styles were becoming more
popular. Nightclubs in New York City and around the U.S. featured salsa music
and dance, as well as mambo and cha-cha.
The style of salsa popular in the 1960s was called salsa caliente, and this
20 CD has classic songs by Ismael Miranda and Ruben Blades. Many of the lyrics told
stories of the immigrants’ struggles to make a living in New York City. By the late
1970s, the trend had shifted to salsa romantica, with its romantic love lyrics. You’ll
hear a great song by Eddie Santiago from this period.
25 Today, young Puerto Rican musicians and singers continue to make unique blends of
salsa by fusing^ it with other musical genres. You’ll hear a mixture of hip-hop and
garage combined with salsa in Jennifer Lopez’s song on this CD. Ricky Martin,
another Puerto Rican star, became world famous by combining rock rhythms with
the salsa romantica style.
30 The rhythm of salsa is continuing to spread around the world, especially in Africa and
Asia. This CD features a great track by Ricardo Lemvo, who combines salsa with
West African music in an amazing blend. There’s even a track from a band in
Scotland, Salsa Celtica, mixing traditional Scottish sounds with salsa music.
35 The Hot World of Salsa! is sure to make you get up and dance!

<cx
'fusing putting two things together into a single thing

The Hat World of Balsa! 93

 Reading A Decide if the following statements about the reading are true (7) or false (F). If you
Comprehension; check (✓
) false, correct the statement to make it true.
Check Your Understanding
r
T F
1 Many people believe that Cuban immigrants in the United
States developed salsa music.
2 In New York City, musicians added rock and roll to create the
type of salsa we know today.
3 Salsa is a mixture of African, Cuban, Puerto Rican, and
American music.

4 Salsa caliente tells romantic stories about young people in

love.
5 Today, many young Puerto Rican musicians mix salsa with
other musical styles.
J
В Put these events in the correct order (1-5).

, Salsa songs about romance become more popular.

. Many Puerto Ricans come to live in New York.
. Traditional music is mixed with jazz to make salsa.
. Salsa is mixed with music from many different countries. .
Most salsa songs tell about everyday life.

Critical Thinking C 1 What rating do you think the reviewer gave to this CD?
★ ★
★ ★
★★ ★
★
★★ ★
★★★
★
poor O.K. good great excellent

2 Write the words and phrases from the reading that helped you choose the answer.

Vocabulary A The words in italics are vocabulary items from the reading. Read each
Comprehension: question or statement and choose the correct answer. Compare your
Words in Context answers with a partner.

1 If you move from England to Canada, you are _______ from England.
a. emigrating b. immigrating
2 Tito is painting a picture of a dog. Ana suggests he add a child to the picture,
and he incorporates her idea. The painting is a picture of a ____________ .
a. dog b. dog and a boy
3 In-Sook is struggling to pass her math class because it’s a(n) _________
subject for her.
a. easy b. difficult
Э4 Unit 7: Oiapter S
 4 Eduardo is trying to make a living in New York City. In other words, he is trying to
a. have a good time b. earn money
5 Classic songs are usuaily __________.
a. oider and famous b. new and exciting
6 If something is infectious, it passes __________ from one person to another.
a. easily b. slowly
7 The tempo of this music is really ____________ .
a. fast b. loud
8 This new ________ has 17 tracks.
a. CD b. textbook

В Answer these questions. Compare your answers with a partner.

1 Why rhight a person emigrate from his or her native country to another one?

2 Was there a subject that you struggled with in high school? Is there one
you struggle with now? _________________________

3 How do you plan to make a living in the future?.

4 Which songs do you think are classics! _______

A Compare the verbs immigrate and emigrate. Use each in a sentence below. Vocabulary
Skill:
immigrate /'imigreit/ к to enter another country to settle there permanently Easily Confused
emigipte /'emigreit/ v. to leave one country and move to another to settle thejre Words
permanently

In this unit, you’ve

1 My grandparents _ .hereto Brazil in 1945. seen the verbs
2 My grandparents, . from Japan to Brazil in 1945.
“immigrate” and
“emigrate.” Words like
В Look at the word pairs below. Choose the correct word for each sentence. this are often confused
Use a dictionary to help you.
because they are
1 Smoking and drinking too much can (effect / affect) your health in a spelled in a similar
negative way. way, and in spoken
2 Smoking and drinking too much can have a negative (effect / affect) on your English, are
health. sometimes
3 Marta gave me some good (advice / advise) and told me places to visit pronounced alike.
in Spain.
4 If you visit Madrid, I would (advice / advise) you to stay in a guesthouse
near the Retiro Park.
5 Everyone (accept / except) Paul is going to the concert on Friday night.
6 Ben,i this is a lovely gift, but 1 can't (accept / except) it. It cost too much
money!
7 Graciela is older (then / than) Lucia.
8 I’m free at 8:00. Can we meet (then / than)?

The Hat World of Salsa! 95

 Real Life Skill; A Expect, hope, and look forward to are similar in meaning. Read the
Dictionary Usage: sentences and decide which word is correct. Use the dictionary entries
Choosing the Right Word to help you. Explain your choices to a partner.

In English, there ■ are

expect /ik'spekt/ к 1. to believe very strongly that something will happen
many words that are
Compare: look forward to, hope
similar in meaning but
hope /houp/ к 1. to want something to happen, to believe that there is a
are not exactly the
possibility that it can happen Compare: expect, look forward to
same.
look forward to /luk 'foreword tu-Jphr. к 1. to expect that something will
A good English- English
happen and to be very excited about it; to anticipate something Usage: +
dictionary has usage
noun e.g., look forward to the concert Compare: expect, hope
notes that explain how
each word is used.
These notes can help
you choose the correct
word.
I (expect / hope) to see Hiromi at the party this Saturday, but she might not be able to
come because she works until midnight.
I am really (looking forward to / expecting) a two-week vacation; it will be great to have
some time away from schooll
I’ve been saving as much money as I can, because I (expect / hope) to buy a piano in
the coming year.
I think Antonio is (looking forward to / expecting) his trip to be hard work, but
successful.

В Now write a sentence each for expect, hope, and look forward to. Share your
sentences with a partner.

1 ________________________________________________
2 ________________________________________________
3 ________________________________________________

Й What Do You Think?

1 Have musical styles from other countries influenced the music scene in your country?
Give some examples.
2 Who are the most popular musicians in your country right now? Do you like their songs? Do you know of
any musicians in your country who sing in another language?
3 Do you know any song lyrics in English? Say or sing a song for your partner!

9Б Unit 7: OiaptEr E
 Career Paths
Д ^tting Ready
Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 Look at the photographs and label each occupation

f|-a#

2 Do you have any of the following skills or experience? Check all that apply.

.overseas travel . speak a . a university degree . additional

foreign language . previous education or certificates , volunteer
work experience experience
other:

Based on your answers here, which of the jobs pictured might be right for you?.

3 What kind of work would you enjoy? Check all that apply.

. working with people .
following a routine . using
your mind j using your
body ; traveling for your
work
, working with ideas . . working with objects . being a member of
working in a group . a team . doing something different every
working alone . being day . working near your home
a leader

4 Based on your answers here, which of the jobs above might be right for you? What other
jobs are you interested in? ____________________________________________

37
 Lnit В Chapter 1: Be Your Own Boss

Before You A Answer these questions.

Read; 1 Would you like to have your own business? Why, or why not? If you answered
Working without a “yes,” what kind of business would you like to have?
Boss 2 What are some advantages of being a business owner?
3 What are some disadvantages of being a business owner?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; A Read the first paragraph of the article on the next page. Underline the thing:
Identifying Main Ideas that people enjoy about having a business. Then choose the main idea of
within Paragraphs the paragraph.
a. If you have your own business, you can raise your own salary. _______
Every paragraph has a
b. People think mostly about the advantages of having their own business..
main idea, and all the
sentences in the
paragraph talk about this В Read the rest of the article and check the main idea for each paragraph.
main idea. Sometimes
Paragraph 2
the main idea is not
stated directly in the
a. it takes a long time to start a successful business. ______
paragraph. Thinking b. In reality, business owners face many difficulties. ______
about this main idea can Paragraph 3
help you to understand a. Many new business owners have practical problems. ______
the paragraph and the b. After only one year, half of all new businesses fail. _____
whole reading better. Paragraph 4
a. Business owners work much harder than employees do._______
b. David Paik’s business is successful because he works very hard. _______
Paragraph 5
a. Making and selling T-shirts can be a very interesting business. _______
b. There are also many advantages to having your own business. ______
Paragraph 6
a. Small businesses can grow very quickly. _____
b. Some business owners have to find employees. _______

C Now read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

98 Unit 8: Chapter I
 Reading
Passage:
Be Your Own Boss

ШШшгШ/пВш5
For many people, having your own business sounds like the perfect job. You
can do work that you love. You can set your own schedule, and wear jeans to
work. You never have to listen to a boss, and you make all decisions
yourself. You can even raise your salary any time you want.
5 But the reality is different. "Having your own business can be lonely," says
David Paik. After working for an advertising agency for six years, he started a
Ш
website design business at home. His income in the first two months was $0.
Finally, he got a big project creating a website for a magazine. Then he had a
new problem; his schedule. "I was working 10 twelve hours a day, seven days a
week, because I didn't have employees to help me." Today, Paik Web Design is
successful, but David says, "I really wasn't prepared to be a business owner. I
didn't understand the challenges."
Some of the challenges are practical. With no boss, it's easy to take too 15
much time off—and get too little work done. With no co-workers, you might feel
bored or lonely. You have to pay for your own benefits, like vacations, insurance,
and a retirement plan. And if you make a bad business decision, you could lose all
the money that you invested. For all of these reasons, more than half of all new
businesses fail within one year.
20 Another problem is balancing work with personal life. As a business owner, you
can't just stop at 5 p.m. and forget about your work until tomorrow. "Even when
I'm watching TV in the evening, I'm always thinking about my clients and my
projects," says David Paik.
Still, hundreds of people around the world start businesses every day, and 25
most enjoy the experience. "There are lots of advantages to having your own
business," says Denise Williams, the owner of a women's clothing store. "You can
decide exactly how to do your work, how much money you want to make, and who
will work for you." Williams borrowed money from family members to get her
business started. She began by 30 making and selling T-shirts in her apartment,
and she has just opened a new, larger store.
Laura Castro, owner of a translation service, agrees. "When you are your own
boss, there are no limits. I started five years ago, translating Spanish and English.
Now I have employees who work with six different 35 languages. And five years
from now? I can't even imagine!" she smiles.

C • )►
. ; - . .
- '....-in-.- .. .
• •

Be Your Own Boss 99

 Reading A Complete the chart with information from the reading.
Comprehension;
Check Your r
Advantages of being your own boss Disadvantages of being your own boss
Understanding
a. You can make decisions about a. You mioht feel
. because you work alone.
b. Your can be a
and problem if you don’t have
b. There are employees to do some of the work.
— your business can grow as c. You
much as you want. your vacations, insurance, and
retirement.
d. You mioht if you make a bad business
decision.
V )

В Answer true (T) or faise [F). Correct the false statements.

T F

1 Most businesses are successful after one year.

2 Business owners have to pay for a lot of things employees
don’t pay for.

3 Many people don’t understand what it’s really like to have

your own business.
4 Most people who start new businesses don’t like
the work.
V J
Critical Thinking According to the article, which of these statements would a successful
business owner agree with?
1 A regular schedule with plenty of time to relax is very important to me.
2 I enjoy making my own decisions, without relying on other people.
3 I have a lot of plans and goals for the future.
4 I always spend evenings and weekends doing things with my family.

Vocabulary A Look at the list of words from the reading. Match each word with a definition.
Comprehension;
Word Definitions 1 salary ___ a. someone who gets services from a business
2 benefits _ b. use money in a way to try and increase its value
3 schedule. c. good or useful qualities of something
4 client ____ d. extra things you receive for your work, such as
5 invest ___ vacations
6 balance e. a plan with a list of times and tasks

too Unit B: Oiaptsr 1

 7 co-workers __ f. the money you receive for your work
8 advantage __ g. to keep two things equal
h. people who work together

В Complete the sentences below using words from A. Be sure to use the correct form of
the word.
I’m exhausted! I had a really busy. ___________ today.
Most teachers don't earn a very high ___________________ , but they receive a iot
of ___ __ ___________ , such as a iong vacation every summer.
Mr. Kwan is our company’s most important ______________________ , so I aiways
taik with my ________________ before I go to a meeting with him.
Sometimes it’s difficuit to. . your job responsibiiities with
your famiiy iife.

Look at how compound nouns are formed. Vocabulary

Skill;
Some combine two nouns together into one word: Compound Nouns
businessman housewife workforce
Others use words that work together to refer to a single thing:
In this unit, there are
job description fiight attendant cash register
several examples of
compound
В Match a word from each box below to form an occupation. Write the nouns—two nouns
occupations next to the definitions in the chart below. Note: some
that work together to
occupations are one word. refer to a single thing.
There are many
--------------- Л r
Computer travel agent manager compound nouns in
book taxi dealer carrier English, and quite a
few are used to talk
|ю11оо fire programmer keeper
office car dresser fighter about jobs and
careers.
mail hair driver officer

Occupation Definition
police officer protects your city from criminais
helps you with a vacation
drives you from one place to another
sells you a new automobile
cuts and styles your hair
creates websites or software
puts out fires
runs an office
brings letters and packages to you
keeps a record of how much money a business has

C For each occupation above, try to think of one job requirement. Share your
ideas with a partner.
Be Your Own Bass lot
 Unit 8 Chapter 2: The Right Job for Your Personality

Before You A Think about each of these jobs. What kind of personality do you need for it?
Read:
A Job That Fits You nurse firefighter actor engineer librarian
psychoiogist salesperson pilot athlete kindergarten teacher

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; A Look at the title of the article on the next page. Think of three words that
Skimming for General describe your personality and write them here.
Ideas

When we skim while

reading, we read quickly В Skim the section of the article in the box about Groups 1-6 and quickly decide
to get a general idea of which group sounds the most similar to your personality. Circle the group
the meaning of the text, number.
Later we can go back and
Group 1
read more slowly to
understand all of the Group 2
details. Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6

Read the whole article in detail and answer the questions that follow.

WS ISntt 8: Chapter S
 Reading
The Right Job for Your Personality Passage;
The Right Job for
Choosing a career is an important life decision-and yet, many people get their first
Your Personality
job without realty thinking about it. Here’s a personality quiz to help you find the
best job for you.
Imagine you are at a party where you see small groups of people with similar 5
personalities and interests. Look at these groups, and decide which one you have the
most in common with.
Group 1 These people are physically strong, and very practical. They like to be
outdoors, and they enjoy working with machines and tools, but they often feel
uncomfprtable when they are in a large group of people.
10 Group 2 These people love to learn, analyze, and solve problems. They like to

work independently, and they hate to do the same thing every day. They are
very quiet and prefer to be with just a few people.
Group 3 These people are creative and imaginative, and they don’t like rules or
bosses telling them what to do. They like to express their ideas by painting, writing, 15
or dancing. They are sometimes very emotional.
Group 4 These people are very friendly and interested in other people. They like
to interiact in groups, and they are very good at speaking. They understand other
people’; feelings very easily.
Gl'OU|; 5 These people are strong leaders. They like power, and they enjoy making
20 things f appen. They are good at influencing and persuading other people, and they
are very self-confident.
GroU): 6 These people are very careful and practical. They like to work with facts
and nuinbers, and they are very good with small details. They are calm, and they
like following instructions.

Which group did you pick?

1. You are the Realistic tipt. You like working with objects. Careers: mechanic,
farmer, police officer, athlete
2. You are the Investigative t^pe. You like solving problems. Careers: biologist,
doctor, computer programmer, researcher
3. You are the Artistictipe. You like creative work. Careers: actor, writer, artist,
musidan
4. You are the Social type. You like helping other people. Careere: teacher, minister,
social worker, psychologist
5. You are the Enterprising b/pe. You like influendng other people. Careers:
salesperson,
6. You are the poliiidan,
Conventionalmanager,
Ще. advertising
You likeexecutive
organizing things. Careers:
accountant, ;tary, bank employee, librarian
Most people are a combination of two or even three of these types, so it’s important
to consider many different options before choosing a career, to find the job that’s
best for you.

The Right Jab far Your Personality 103

 Reading Match the personality type with the description.
Comprehension;
Check Your Understanding 1 Realistic a. like to lead and Influence other people
2 Investiaative b. like to organize things and check details
3 Artistic c. like to create new things and express their ideas
4 Social d.
5 Enterprising e.
6 Conventional f.

В Answer true [T) or false (f). Correct the false statements.

T F

1 Each person has only one of these types.

2 Realistic and Conventional people both like working with
things.

3 Most people think about their personality very carefully before

choosing a job.

4 Both Social and Investigative types like working with other

people. J
Critical Thinking
^ C Think of one more job that would be good for each type of person.
Realistic ___________________ Social __________________________

Investigative. Enterprising _
Artistic______ Conventional.

Vocabulary A For each group, circle the item that does not belong. The words in italics are
Comprehension; vocabulary items from the reading.
Odd Word Out
1 investigate find out about study ignore

2 analyze think about guess study

3 influence change ideas persuade make someone angry
4 shy nervous worried self-confident

5 talk interact stay alone have a conversation

6 detail main small piece
7 find the answer understand ask solve

8 controlled emotional calm serious

104 Unit 8: Chapter S

 Answer these questions. Discuss your answers with a partner.
1 What are some jobs where people investigate things? Would you enjoy doing
one of these jobs? ___________________________________________________
2 What is the best way to persuade someone to do something?

3 What advice would you give to a friend who isn’t very seif-confidentl

4 Would you like a job where you have to be careful with detaiisl Why, or
why not? ___________________________________________________________

A Look at some of the adjectives that describe peopie’s personalities. Note the Vocabulary
different adjective endings.
Skill:
Adjective Endings
introverted adventurous responsible creative
patient energetic hard-working
Adjectives can be
formed in many
В Complete the online job ads below with the appropriate adjective endings. Use different ways.
your dictionary to help you. Knowing the most
common adjective
m endings can help you
identify adjectives,
Looking for a (1)motivat ______and (2)effect _____ teacher to join the staff at and differentiate them
our elementary school. You must have a teaching certificate and at least from other word forms.

five yeans' experience to apply. Must also be (3)interest _______ in working

with children ages 6-9.
(click here for more information)

Want to make $15,000 a month working in shorts and a T-shirt? Water World,
the swimming pool specialists, has an immediate opening for an Wadventur
and (5)aggress salesperson in the Boston area.
(click here for more information)
I
We have an immediate job opening for an (6)experienc _______ , (7)flex_
secretary in our very busy downtown office.
(Click here for more information)

ScorePro, a software company that creates fun and educational math

materials for children, is looking for a (8)dynam ______ , (9)enthusiast ___
computer programmer to join our company.
(Click jhere for more information)

<d
C Choose one of the ads above. Think of two or three reasons to describe why you
would be good for the job using adjectives to describe yourself. Share your
answers with a partner.
The Right Job far Your Persanalitg fos
Real Life Skill; A Look at the career categories on the left. What kind of jobs might you find in
Searching for a Job Online each? Match the jobs with the categories.

1 Administrative a. lawyer
2 Education b. clothing salesperson
Jobs listed on many
3 Finance c. nurse
websites are often
organized by category; 4 Food, Travel, Hospitality d. bank officer
teaching jobs, for 5 Health Care e. English teacher
example, will often be 6 Computer f. secretary
listed within the 7 Legal g. web designer
category "Education." 8 Retail Sales and Marketing h. hotel manager
Understanding job
categories and
recognizing key How much do you want to work? Match a contract type with
vocabulary in English a definition.
can help you to begin a
directed and 1. full-time 2. part-time 3. contract/temporary (temp)
successful online job
search. a. works about 5-20 hours per week ______
b. works for a company for a specific period of time, e.g., 1 month.
c. a regular employee of a company; works 40+ hours per week _____

C Choose a job that is interesting to you, and the type of contract you would like.
Visit an English-language website where jobs are advertised and find a job that
matches these requirements. Complete the information below.

Website: ___________________________________

Job Description (title, location, pay, working hours):

What Do You Think?

Discuss the following questions with a partner.
1 What is your ideal job? What are the requirements for this job? Is it easy or difficult to get this kind of job?
Why?
2 How do people get information about jobs that are available? Which of these places give the best information?
3 Is it easy or difficult to find a new job in your country? Why? What advice have you heard for getting a job? Do you
think these ideas are useful?

ЮБ Llnit 8: Chapter g
I
The

^Getting Ready
Discuss the following questions with a partner.

1 How do you feel when you look at the food In the picture above?
2 What kinds of food and drink are made from chocolate?
3 How often do you eat chocolate? What kinds of chocolate do you like to eat?

/07
 Lnit a Chapter 1: The History of Chocolate
Before You A How much do you know about chocolate? Circle the correct answer to
Read; complete each statement.
What Do You Know 1 Chocolate comes from a (tree / flower).
about Chocolate? 2 Chocolate is made from (leaves / seeds).
3 Originally, chocolate came from (Europe / the Americas).
4 People first consumed chocolate by (drinking / eating) it.
5 At one time, cocoa beans were valuable and were used like
(currency / jewelry).
6 Many people once believed chocolate had (positive / negative) effects
on health.
7 The (English / Spanish) were the first Europeans to use chocolate.
8 Most of the world's chocolate is now grown in (Asia / Africa).

В Compare your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; ‘ In 30 seconds, skim the passage on the next page. Which of the following
Skimming to Assess assignment topics could you use this passage to answer? _________
a Passage
1 How Chocolate Moved Around the World
2 Cooking with Chocolate in Different Cultures
Sometimes we may
3 The History of the Chocolate Industry in Australia
want to skim a reading
quickly to see if it
contains the В Read the passage more carefully and find three facts that you could use for the
information that we assignment.
need. If the information
is there, then we can
read the passage again
more slowly and
completely.

C Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

lOB Llnit 3: ChaptEr 1

 The ^istory of Chocolate Reading
Chocolate is a food that is Passage;
made from the seeds of The History of
the Chocolate
Theobrorna cacao tree.
(Theobnoma is a Greek word
meaninjj “food of the gods.”)
The tree originally comes from
the Amazon region of South
America, Hand-sized pods that
grow in fche tree contain cacao
seeds—often called “cocoa
beans.” These seeds, or beans,
are used to make chocolate.
The earliest use and consumption of cacao beans was in around 1000 B.C.
Later, the Ma)tan and Aztec civilizations consumed cacao as a drink. They often
15 flavoredjit with ingredients such as chili peppers and other spices. Drinking
cups of фосокге was an important part of Mayan rituals such as wedding
ceremoiiies. People also believed that consuming cacao had positive effects on
health. In Peru, eating or drinking a mixture of chocolate and chili was said to be
good for the stomach. The Aztecs thought it cured sicknesses such as diarrhea.
20 One stofy says that their ruler, Montezuma, drank fifty cups a day.
Christopher Columbus, along with Spanish explorers, made his fourth trip
across the Atlantic in the early 1500s, and arrived on the coast of Honduras. In
Central America, he discovered the value of cocoa beans, which were used as
currency in many plpces. In the sixteenth century, another explorer named
Hernando Cortez 25 took chocolate back to Spain. The Spanish people added other
ingredients such as Sugar and vanilla to make it sweet, and it remained a Spanish
secret for almost 100 years. It finally spread to France in the seventeenth century
after the marriage of Louis XIII to the Spanish princess Anna, who loved
chocolate. In about 1700, the English developed a new drink using chocolate and
milk, which 30 became very fashionable. The popularity of chocolate continued to
spread farther across Eprope and the Americas. The only Asian country to adopt it
at that time was the Philippines. Chocolate was brought there when the Spanish
invaded the countr)':in the sixteenth century.
As chocolate became more popular, the demand for people to work on the
cocoa 35 plantations' increased. Slaves were brought from Africa to the Americas
to farm the cocda. Later, the cacao tree was taken to Africa and cultivation began
there. Today, the African plantations provide almost seventy percent of the wotld’s
cacao, compared with one and a half percent from Mexico.

'plantation a very large tropical farm that grows only one kind of crop
The History of Chocolate 109
Reading A Decide if the following statements about the reading are true (T) or false (f).
Comprehension;
Check Your Understanding Л
T F

1 Cacao seeds are also called cocoa beans.

2 The chocolate drink consumed by the Mayans and the
Aztecs tasted sweet.

3 At one time, people drank chocolate during important

ceremonies.
4 Chocolate was popular all over Europe and Asia by the
seventeenth century.

5 Slaves were brought to Africa to farm cocoa trees there. У

В What happened first? Write “1” next to the correct statement in each pair.
1 a. __ Chocolate became popular in Europe.
b. __ Chocolate became popular in Asia.
2 a. ___ Chocolate was used in ceremonies.
b. __ Chocolate was fashionable.
3 a. __ Chocolate tasted sweet.
b. __ Chocolate tasted spicy.
4 a. ___ Chocolate was produced in the Americas.
b. __ Chocolate was produced in Africa.

Critical Thinking )) Ci How do you think chocolate tasted when the Mayans and Aztecs prepared it? Would
you like to drink this kind of chocolate? Why, or why not?
How did chocolate become popular in France? Do new ideas still become popular in
this way?
Why did chocolate become popular in the Philippines before other Asian countries?

Vocabulary A The words in italics are vocabulary items from the reading. Read each question or
Comprehension; statement and choose the correct answer. Check your answers with a partner.
Words in Context

1 If you adopt something, you ________________ it.

a. accept b. dislike
2 Which is an example of an ingredient?
a. paper b. sugar
3 Which of the following would you consume?
a. a sandwich b. a shirt
4 Which is an example of a currency?
a. a dollar b. a fish

ffO Unit 9; Chapter I

 If you remain home, you are. a. in your house b.
away from your home
6 People use rituals for ______________ .
a. everyday life b. special events and holidays
7 Which of the following needs cultivation? a.
a house b. a plant
8 Which is more likely to be invaded? a.
a country b. a restaurant

В Answer the following questions. Share your answers with a partner.

1 Name a ritual that takes place in your country. ______________________
2 Name the currency of two other countries. _________________________
3 Name something else that might need cultivation. ___________________
4 Name a country that has been invaded in the past. __________________

A Look at the underlined word in each sentence. Write down what part of speech {noun, Vocabulary
verb, adjective, adverb, etc.) each word is and what it means. Then, circle the words in Skill:
the sentence that helped you to understand the meaning of the word. Identifying Part of
Speech

1 Chocolate drinks were often flavored with ingredients such as chili peppers,
Knowing which part of
and other spices.
speech a word is can
Part of speech; ______________ Meaning: _____________________________
help you to
Consuming cacao was believed to have positive effects on health. In Peru, eating
understand its
or drinking a mixture of chocolate and chili was said to be good for the stomach. meaning.
Part of speech;_______________ Meaning; ___________________________ Other words in a
sentence can also
Christopher Columbus discovered the value of cacao beans, which were being used as help you to
currency in many parts of Central America. understand the
Part of speech; ___ __________ Meaning: ___________________________ meaning of new
vocabulary.

В Work out the meaning of each of these words from its context.
1 The popularity of chocolate continued to spread farther across Europe, and the
Americas.
Meaning: ____________________________________________________________
2 As chocolate became more popular, the demand for people to work on the cocoa
plantations increased.
Meaning; ____________________________________________________________
3 Slaves were brought to the Americas from Africa to farm the cocoa. Eventually, the
cacao tree was taken to Africa and cultivated there.
Meaning: ____________________________________________________________
4 It is believed that drinking cups of chocolate was important in Mayan rituals such as
wedding ceremonies.
Meaning; ____________________________________________________________

The History of Chocolate lit

 Lnit Я Chapter 2: Addicted to Chocolate

Before You A Answer the following questions.

Read; 1 Do you think chocolate is bad for your health? Why?
Is Chocolate Bad for 2 What might happen if you eat too much chocolate? List three things.
You? 3 What is an addiction? Name three things that people become addicted to.
4 Look at the title of the reading on the next page. What do you think the
reading is about?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; A Read the article on the next page and put the main idea from each
Understanding Main Ideas paragraph into the correct order (1-6). This will form the author’s argument.
within Paragraphs ___ People eat a lot of chocolate, but this is not harmful.
___ The chemicals in chocolate have both bad and good effects on our hearts.
Understanding the main ___ Chocolate does not have negative effects on skin or teeth.
ideas of each paragraph in ___ Is eating chocolate every day bad for your body?
a reading can help you to ___ People believe that chocolate causes health problems, but it also makes
follow the argument the us feel good.
author is making, and to
___ Some chemicals in chocolate make us feel pleasure.
understand the main idea
of the whole passage.

В Look at the author’s argument in A and answer the questions.

1 Does the author think that chocolate addiction is damaging to your health?

2 What reasons does the author give?

C Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.

IIB Unit 9: Chapter В

 Addicted to Chocolate Reading
Passage:
How often do you eat chocolate? If you answered “every day," you may be addicted to Addicted to Chocolate
chocolate, but is this addiction damaging your health?
Eating too much chocolate is often thought to be the cause of tooth decay,^ weight
gain, headaches, and skin problems such as acne.^ On the other hand, chocolate is
known to make people feel happier. Eating chocojate releases a distinctive flavor that
gives us a pleasant, positive feeling. What is it that causes this feeling?
Chocolate contains over three hundred known chemicals. Like a drug,
thesejchemicals stimulate areas of the brain that enable us to feel pleasure. The most
well known chemical is caffeine, which is also founq in coffee, tea, and some types of
soda. Theobromine, a weak stimijiant, is present in higher amounts than caffeine. It is
believed that the combination of these two chemicals causes the temporary “lift" we
experience after eating chocolate.
However, does eating too much chocolate cause any real health risks? The popular
opinion of chocolate is that it is a fattening food that gives you Spots, and contains no
nutritional qualities. The fact is, chocolate does contain saturated fat. This type of fat
can contribute to heart disease by increasing levels of bad cholesterol in the blood. On
the othQr hand, scientists at the University of California have discovered that
chocolate also contains high levels of chemicals called phenolics, also foupd in red
wine, coffee, and tea. Some phenolics, if consumed in small amounts, are believed to
lower the risk of heart disease.
Evidence that eating chocolate does not cause acne comes from two studies: one by
the Pennsylvania School of Medicine, the other by the U.s[ Naval Academy. Their
research showed some interesting results. Th^y found that there was no difference in
the skin condition between the|' study participants who did, or did not, eat chocolate.
There is also no proof that chocolate is the cause of tooth decay. In fact, it is believed
that the cocoa butter in chocolate forms a coating over teeth that may help to protect
them. The sugar in chocolate can cause cavities, but no more than sugar in any other
food or drink.
Cqnsumption of cocoa around the world now amounts to almost three million tons a
year. That's equivalent to 500 grams of cocoa for every person on earth! No one has
ever died of eating too much chocolate, so this is one addiction that might be okay to
have.

’tooth decay holes in your teeth

'acne a skin problem where young people get red spots on their faces
’cholesterol fat in your blood

Addicted to Chocolate 43
ВбЗСПпу А Read the sentences below and underline the mistakes. Rewrite each
Comprehension; sentence using the correct information. Try not to look back at the reading Check Your for
the answers.
Understanding ^ Eating chocolate usually makes people feel unhappy and angry.

2 Chocolate contains chemicals that slow the brain.

3 There is real evidence that eating chocolate causes health risks.

4 It is popular opinion that chocolate contains saturated fat.

5 Eating chocolate causes tooth decay and cavities, so you shouldn’t eat it.

В Complete with information from the reading.

Positive effects of chocolate: __________________

Negative effects of chocolate:.

Critical Thinking C Look at the information you listed above and answer these questions.
1 In your opinion, how often is it healthy to eat chocolate?
2 If this article appears in a national newspaper, what effect do you think it will
have on people’s diets?
3 If people don’t like chocolate, should they start eating it to improve their health?
Explain your answer.

Vocabulary A Look at the list of words from the reading. Match each word or phrase with its
Comprehension; definition.
Word Definitions
1 addiction _
2 chemicals.
3 stimulate _
4 release
5 distinctive ____
6 equivalent ____
7 contribute (to).
8 nutritional ____
a. let something out or let something go
b. a habit, usually harmful, that someone cannot
stop doing
c. easily recognizable
d. to make something become more active or energized
e. related to the vitamins, minerals, protein, etc., in food
f. substances with distinct properties that can affect living
things
g. to help make something happen
h. the same as something else

U4 Unit 9: OiaptBr S
в Now con^plete the sentences below using words from A. Be sure to use the
correct form of the word.

1 Smoking is an ______ . that millions of people die from each year.

2 This dish has a very. ____ taste.
3 One way to ________ a conversation is by asking people about
themselves.
4 Fresh fruit and vegetables have much higher candy _____________ value than
and French fries.

A Read the article below, and see how many synonyms you can find for the Vocabulary
vocabulary items in the chart. Skill;
Synonyms

Vocabulary Synonyms
damaging A synonym is a word
stimulate that has the same or
similar meaning as
proof another word. One
exercising way of increasing your
vocabulary is by
quit
learning synonyms.

Health News
A report published today in a leading medical journal claims that working out can be hamiful to your
health. For many years doctors have told people that e.xercising regularly is good for your health.
However, they have found proof that e.xercising too much can have damaging effects on the body.
When we exercise, chemicals called endorphins are released into the brain. These endorphins
energize the body, and give us a lift or high. It is this "high" that people who exercise too much
become addicted to. Although scientists say that experiencing this lift regiilarly is good for health,
evidence shows that too much of it is damaging. People who ard addicted to exercise should not quit
altogether. Doctors advise them just to stop exercising too often.

В Complete the paragraph below using the words from the chart in A. Compare your
paragraph with a partner.

O.K.—I’m addicted. To cigarettes, coffee, junk food? No, not me. My addiction is
exercisiijg too much! I know that drinking too much caffeine or smoking can be
1 ^ _____________ to the body, but just how 2 _________________ can working out
be? I thought 3 _______________ was good for you. Then yesterday, I read an article
that say$ exercise can be as much of an addiction as smoking cigarettes. Here’s
the 4 __ ___________ ; according to the report, the brain releases chemicals
called endorphins that make a person feel really good, even though he or she
might be tired from exercising. These chemicals 5_________________ the brain
and body, and 6 _______________ the person. The report says that it’s this “lift”
that we become addicted to. I’ll need more 7 _________________ than this before
18 ______________ exercising. I’m just not ready to stop!

Addicted to Chocolate 115

 Real Life Skill;
Dictionary Usage:
Choosing the Right
Dictionary Definition
When you look
up words in a
dictionary you
will sometimes
see more than
one definition.
You can use the
sample sentence in
the dictionary, or the
sentence in the book
you are reading, to
help you decide
which definition is the
right one to use.
В Now write three more sentences using the other definitions of the words
A Look at the dictionaiv entries below. Read the sentences underneath and decide
which definition is correct. Write “1” or “2” next to each sentence.
consume /kon'sjuim/ к 1. to eat and drink 2. to destroy contribute
/kon'tribjurt/ к 1. to give or donate something (time, money, etc.) 2. to take
part positively in something cultivate /'kAltiveit/ к 1. to prepare land for
growing crops, trees, and flowers; plowing, planting seeds, and fertilizing soil
2. to study and develop a good understanding of something (books, art,
music)
1 . Fire consumed the entire restaurant in less than an hour. Fortunately,
all the diners and staff escaped unhurt.
2 ____ Janet contributed to the charity picnic by baking one of her delicious
lemon pies.
3 ____ Steven cultivated his knowledge of Asian art while taking many
business trips to Korea and Japan.
above.
1 _________________________________________________________

Jr?-^ What Do You Think?

Why do people get addicted to things? What are some ways to break a bad habit? Have you ever tried to
break a bad habit? Were you successful?
Why do you think chocolate is popular in so many countries? Can you think of any other foods that are as
popular as chocolate?
Are there any foods that you “can’t live without”?

ИБ Unit 9: Ojapter В
Fluency Strategy: KWL
Readers can ask themselves three questions to improve their reading fluency and comprehension.
The letters K, W, and L can be used to remind you of these questions. KWL stands for Know, Want,
Learn.

Know
The first step in KWL is similar to the Preview step in PRO (page 41) and the A in the Active approach (inside
front cover). This step will help you prepare yourself before reading.

A Look at the title of the article on the next page. Then read only the first paragraph of the passage.
From the title and first paragraph, decide “What is the topic of the passage?”

В Ask yourself, “What do I already know about this topic?” Write down three or four facts that you
already know about the topic in the Know column of the table below.

Know Want Learn

Want
In the second stage of KWL, ask yourself, “What do I want to learn as I read?” By doing this you are reading
with a purpose. This step is similar to the Question stage in PQR+E.

A Ask yourself what you want to learn as you read “Geocaching.” Write down some things you hope
to learn in the Want column above.
В Before going on to the L in KWL, read the passage “Geocaching” on the next page.

Continued on page 119

Part 1 H7
 For many people, leisure time is an opportunity to get outdoors, have some fun, and
meet interesting people. Add two pieces of sophisticated 21 st century technology, global
positioning system (CPS) devices and the Internet, to get "geocaching."
The word geocaching comes from "geo" (earth) and "cache" (hidden storage). Geocachers log
5 onto a website to find information about the location of a cache—usually a waterproof plastic
box containing small items such as toys and CDs, along with a logbook where "finders"
can enter comments and learn about the cache's "owner," the person who created and hid
the cache. Finders may take any of the items in the cache but are expected to replace them
with something of similar value. They then visit the website again and write a message to the
10 owner.
Geocaching became possible on May 1, 2000, when U.S. President Bill Clinton announced
that a satellite system developed by the U.S. Department of Defense would be made public.
Using a fairly inexpensive GPS device, anyone on earth can send a signal to the satellites and
receive information about their position. This is basically a high-tech version of orienteering,
15 which uses maps and compasses to determine one's location.
Geocachers are a very considerate group. Owners are asked to think carefully about a cache's location in
order to give finders an enjoyable experience, such as a beautiful view or a good campsite. They must also
consider the environmental impact of their cache since it could result in an increased number of visitors to the
area. As for the content of the caches, owners 20 and finders are asked to remember that caches are found by
geocachers of all ages. Any treasures in the caches should be suitable for the whole family.
Since geocaching is a new activity governed only by the general agreement of people in online discussion
groups, it is always changing. Variations include "travel bugs," which are objects with tags that ask finders to
move them to new locations, which are then tracked 25 online. "Multi-caches" direct finders from one location to
the next until they locate the actual cache. "Virtual caches" are located in parks or environmentally sensitive
areas where physical caches are not appropriate. These are usually landmarks, such as monuments or historical
markers.
Interested in geocaching? Look for geocaching groups and events in Europe, Russia, and the 30 United
States, or visit geocaching websites from any computer in the world.

W
T

HS REVIEW Unit 3
Now that you have finished reading, ask yourself, “What did I learn while reading?” Did you learn what you wanted
to?
A Write down three or four things you learned from “Geocaching” in the Learn column of the chart on
page 117.
В Now test how much you learned from the passage by answering these questions.
1 Geocaching is ___ .

a. a good leisure activity for people who don’t like the outdoors
b. President Clinton’s favorite leisure activity
c. not appropriate for families with young children
d. a new leisure activity
2 Which of the following is not part of geocaching?
a. a GPS device
b. a compass
c. toys or other small objects
d. the Internet
3 Where can finders learn about cache owners?
a. on a website
b. in a logbook
c. on a satellite signal
d. at a campsite
4 Which of the following is the main idea of the fourth paragraph?
a. Any treasures in the caches should be suitable for the whole family.
b. Geocachers must consider the environmental impact of their cache.
c. Geocachers are a very considerate group.
d. Owners are asked to think carefully about a cache’s location in order to give finders an
enjoyable experience.
5 Which of the following would probably not be found in a cache?
a. a music CD
b. a gold bracelet
c. a small toy
d. a notebook
6 Why do geocachers need to think about the environment?
a. Their GPS devices produce electrical signals.
b. They want to think carefully about everything.
c. Other geocachers will visit cache locations.
d. Young geocachers may not enjoy the items in a cache.
7 The author implies that ____ .

a. geocaching has many variations because it has few rules or regulations

b. geocaching is not suitable for families to do together
c. geocaching cannot be done in public parks
d. geocachers never meet each other in person
Part 1 na
 Self Check
Write a short answer to each of the following questions.

7
V 1. Have you ever used the KWL method before?
/—' Yes No I’m not sure.

-Г 2. Will you practice KWL in your reading outside of English ciass?

Yes No I’m not sure.
3. Do you think KWL is helpful? Why or why not?

4. Which of the six reading passages in units 7-9 did you enjoy most? Why?

4^ 5. Which of the six reading passages in units 7-9 was easiest?

Which was most difficult? Why?
I

6. What have you read in English outside of class recently?

7. What time of day is the best time for you to read and comprehend
well? Do you use that part of the day to do your most important
reading and studying?

8. Are you keeping a vocabulary notebook?

r ----------------------------------- -------------------

tso ReviEW Unit 3

к^&111^^^5ГШРеор1ёШШйШе Music

Fluency Practrc

Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your time in
the Reading Rate Chart on page 176. Then answer the questions on the following page.

The People Behind the Music

Thirtli for a moment about the last music CD you bought. Most likely, you can think of the name of the
vocal: St who sang the songs that made you want to buy the CD. You might even know the names of
some of the performers who played musical instruments while the vocalist sang. Those talented musical
perfo 'mers, however, are only some of the people involved in making the music you enjoy. The
majority of people in the music industry work “behind the scenes,” but the roles they play in the musical
process are V(|ry important.
Songwriters .......................................................................................
Before you can hear a song, a songwriter must imagine it. Some songwriters work alone, but many
songwriting teams combine the talents of a lyricist, who writes the words to songs, and an
instrumentalist, often a piano player or guitarist, who writes the music. Pop music legend Elton John’s
best-inown songs, including Tiny Dancer and Your Song, were written to accompany the lyrics of Bernie
Taupjn, whose name you might not know.
Arrangers ..........................................................................................
Afterja song has been written, music arrangers make it more appealing by deciding which instruments
will he used, what tempo, or speed, the song will have, and whether the song should have a lower or
highir pitch. A good arrangement can make a song a “classic” that people will remember and want to
hear again and again.
Redording Engineers ........................................................................
Recording engineers also play a major role in creating the final sound that you hear. First, these
engineers set up the recording studio, the room where the performers play, placing musicians and
microphones in exactly the right places to get the best sound. Next, they use electronic equipment such
as multi-track recorders to capture the music. Finally, long after the musicians have gone home,
recording engineers use a mixing board to balance the melodies and rh)4hms of each musician, and
sometimes to incorporate special sound effects or additional tracks.
Studio Musicians ..............................................................................
Not ivery musician is a star, of course, and many talented singers and instrumentalists work in the
background as studio musicians. These artists are not a part of any one musical group. Instead, they are
hired for recording sessions that eventually become the CDs you buy, as well as soundtracks for
television shows, movies, and radio ads.
Many people make a living with music. You may not recognize all of their names, but all of them work
together to create the songs you love to listen to.

408 words Time taken.

Part I iBf
 Reading Comprehension

1 The article is mainly about.

a. vocalists who sing the songs people enjoy
b. songwriting teams who combine their talents
c. people who play a role in creating music
d. instrumentalists who work in the background

2 Which of the following would an instrumentalist probably do?

a. play a violin
b. write the lyrics of a song
c. arrange a song after it has been written
d. sing a song
3 Why does the author mention Elton John and Bernie Taupin?
a. to give an example of a songwriting team
b. to explain how to become a pop music legend
c. to compare them with other talented songwriters
d. to persuade readers to buy their CDs

4 What does the author imply about Bernie Taupin?

a. He is less important as a songwriter than Elton John.
b. He is less famous than Elton John.
c. He plays both piano and guitar.
d. He writes the music that has made Elton John’s lyrics famous.
5 Which of the following do music arrangers probably not do?
a. decide which pitch to use
b. decide which tempo a song will have
c. decide which instruments to use
d. decide which people will hear a song

6 Which piece of recording equipment is used at the end of the recording process?
a. a microphone
b. a mixing board
c. a control panel
d. a multi-track recorder

7 Which statement would the author probably agree with?

a. Studio musicians would be more successful as members of one musical group.
b. It is important to buy music CDs made by performing artists who are not yet famous.
c. People who work behind the scenes to make music do important jobs.
d. Name recognition is an essential part of the music industry.

tSS REVIEW Unit 3

Review Reading 6: is It Time to Change Jobs?

Fluency Practice
Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your time in
the Reading Rate Chart on page 176. Then answer the questions on the foliowing page.

Is It Time to Change Jobs?

Employees in many countries change jobs more often than previous generations of workers. They don't expect to find a
job with a company that will take care of them for the rest of their lives. But what is the cause of this trend? Is it a new
economy, new ways of doing business, or the employees themselves?
A more globalized economy has had an effect on employment. A large number of companies are now international, and
one of them may decide that moving its offices from Germany to Poland, for example, is in its best interest. That means
employees who live and work in Germany may be asked to relocate their families to a new country or be told that their jobs
are simply eliminated.
Companies have also responded to economic pressures by restructuring for greater efficiency. This sort of change within
a company usually means that unnecessary jobs are cut, or that fewer employees must do more work. In either case,
some employees find themselves looking for new jobs.
New technology has also had an impact on workplaces. The increasing use of personal computers has meant fewer jobs
for office secretaries, as their former bosses do their own word processing and letter writing, and for travel agents, as
more travelers make their own reservations online. Automation, including the use of robotic devices, has replaced
workers in clothing factories, post offices, and telephone companies, to name just a few.
Besides these economic and technological reasons, today's employees are also responsible for more frequent job
changes. Workers in the past were less likely to leave a company because they were dissatisfied with working conditions
or because they didn't get aiong with their fellow employees. People today expect to enjoy their work and to get a high
degree of personal satisfaction from what they do for a living.
Employees may also leave a job because they have learned all they can learn from their current job. Getting a new job
means gaining new skills and making new contacts, and these skills and relationships could bring them a step closer to
their "dream job," the one that is challenging, emotionally and financially rewarding, and preferably closer to home or their
children's school.
Finally, companies start up and close down more quickly than they once did. Employees who suspect that their employer
is not doing well may decide to start looking for a new position before the company closes its doors.

407 words Time taken

Part г 1S3
 Reading Comprehension

1 The article is mainly about.

a. reasons companies aren’t taking care of workers as well as they once did
b. ways in which international business has caused a loss of jobs
c. reasons workers change jobs more frequently than in the past
d. the contrast between employers in the past and employers nowadays

2 How has globalization affected employment?

a. Companies may relocate and cut jobs.
b. Employees in Western Europe are at a disadvantage.
c. Companies are not interested in keeping employees.
d. Employees may refuse to move to a different country.

3 The word restructuring in the third paragraph probably means _______ .

a. causes of economic pressure
b. building a new company
c. changes inside a company
d. looking for new employees

4 How has new technology caused some workers to lose their jobs?
a. Travel agents are making more reservations than before.
b. Robots can do the work of secretaries.
c. Personal computers have replaced automation.
d. Bosses and travelers can do more things independently.

5 What is one reason employees might keep their current jobs nowadays?
a. They do not get along with the people they work with.
b. They are happy and satisfied with their work.
c. Their employer provides bad working conditions.
d. They want a higher salary and more benefits.

6 Which of the following is not part of most people’s dream job?

a. emotional rewards
b. a long commute
c. plenty of money
d. challenging work

7 What does the author imply about employees?

a. They cause some companies to go out of business.
b. They do not think carefully about changing jobs.
c. They get worried if the company is not successful.
d. They are looking for something they won't find.

Ig4 REVIEW Unit 3

gCietting Ready
Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 In your daily activities yesterday, where did you see advertising? Circle your answers.

TV radio junk newspapers on magazines in buses / trains

signs mail others: clothes posters window displays
online

2 Which of these ads did you actually read? Mark them with a check [
3 Did any of these ads persuade you to buy the products?

J
K5
 Lnit to Chapter 1: Ads Are Everywhere!

Before You A Answer the following questions.

Read: 1 What are some common places for advertising? Have you seen ads in any
Buy, Buy, Buy!
unusual places?
2 In one minute, list as many advertising slogans as you can—in English or
your own language.

В Compare your list with a partner. Why do you remember these ads? How
often do you see and hear them?

Reading Skill; A Look quickly at the article on the next page. Read only the title and the first
Skimming for the Main few words of each paragraph. Then decide if the main ideas below are true
Idea (Л or false (F).

One way to quickly

/
recognize what a
T F
reading passage is 1 Each person sees hundreds of ads every day.
about is by first looking
2 Brand names on clothes are one kind of advertising.
at the title and the
beginning of each
paragraph. Doing this 3 Until now, advertisers haven’t used entertainment for ads.
before you read can
4 Most people don’t notice advertising after a while.
help you to understand
what the main ideas of 5 Advertisers want to show ads to more people.
the reading will be.
6 People should stop paying attention to advertising. J

В Now read the whole article to see If your answers were correct.

C Read the passage again and answer the questions that foliow.

ISB Unit tO: [Jiapter I

 Reading
Passage;
Ads Are Everywhere!
Ad§ Are E'^
Research has found that the average person sees almost 3,000 ads every day.
That sounds impossible. When we think about advertising, we usually think ofTV
and radio commercials, and ads in newspapers and magazines. But that's only the
beginning.

I
5 Your clothes probably have a brand name on them-a very common form of
advertising. Many T-shirts and caps carry advertising for different products.
If you like to wear sports clothes, they probably carry the logo of a big international
company or a professional sports team.
Your favorite forms of entertainment are also filled with ads. If you go to a 10 soccer
game, the stadium has huge advertisements for all kinds of products. Many soft drink
companies put on concerts and other events. In movies, you'll see characters driving a
particular brand of car, or eating a popular snack food, because the manufacturers of
the products paid to be in the film.
15 The problem with all these kinds of advertising is that after some time, consumers
don't notice them. After we have seen ads on the train or in the bus many times, we
don't even read them. So advertisers have to find unusual places for ads, to surprise
us and make us pay attention to them. These days, you can find advertising in
restaurant bathrooms, on ATM 20 machines, and on the back of airplane seats. On the
Internet, one web page might have a dozen ads, and you also find lots of ads in your
e-mail. Cars, taxis, and other vehicles have become moving commercials. You see
ads on public telephones, and in elevators. There are even tiny ads on the apples in
the supermarket. Soon, you'll see ads pressed into the sand on beaches!
25 Advertisers are now devising ways to reach a truly global audience. Several years
ago, the Russian government sent up a rocket with a 10-meter-high ad for a pizza
restaurant on its side. Some companies are trying to develop signs in space that
everyone on earth can see.
With all of these ads that we see, we need to be aware of the messages 30 they
give us. Advertising can have a strong impact on our thinking, even when we don't
realize it. This is especially true for children, because they believe that everything they
see is true. People of all ages need to think critically about the ideas that we get from
advertising, and how they affect our behavior.

Ads Are Everywhere! IB7

 Reading A Decide if these are places where we can see ads now {N) or in the future (Я).
Comprehension;
Check Your Understanding on pieces of fruit 4 in restaurant bathrooms
in the sand on beaches 5 inside airplanes
on signs in space 6 in movies
В Circle the correct answers.
1 According to the article, most people (think a lot / don’t think much) about the ads they
see every day.
2 After people have seen an ad many times, they usually (buy the product / don’t read
the ad).
3 Companies try to find new places for ads so that people will (notice / enjoy) the ads
more.
4 Now companies are trying to find ways to make very (large / small) ads.

Critical Thinking C Which of these opinions would the author agree with? Check your answers.
1 Advertising is a harmless kind of entertainment. _______

2 People aren’t aware of the real effects of advertising on their lives. ________
3 We should teach children to think carefully about the advertising that they
see. __ _
4 There is too much advertising in everyday life today. _______
5 Advertising gives us useful information about the products we buy..

Vocabulary A The words in italics are vocabulary from the reading. Read each sentence and
Comprehension: choose the correct answer.
Words in Context
1 If the writing on a package of food is tiny, it is very _ . to read.
a. easy b. difficult
2 If the students in a class put on a play, they ______ .
a. decide to have it later b. have a show
3 A global company is one that is_______ .
a. around the world b. very new
4 The logo for the Olympic Games is _______ .
a. five circles b. Beijing
5 An example of a vehicle is_______.
a. a parking lot b. a truck
6 If you devise a new kind of software, you ________ .
a. buy it b. invent it
7 If you change your behavior, you change ________ .
a. the things you do b. everything you spend money on
8 If a company manufactures cars, they _______.
a. produce cars b. buy cars to use in their work

1S8 Unit Ю: ChaptBr 1

в Answer mese questions. Discuss your answers with a partner.
1 Name another famous logo that everyone knows. ____________

2 What are some important manufacturers in your country?

3 If you could have any new vehicle you wanted, what would you choose? Why?

4 When you were a child, was your behavior usually good or bad? Give some
examples.

A Make the words in the box negative by adding un-, in-, or im-. Then match them to Vocabulary
the definitions. Skill;
The Prefixes in-, im-,
believable happy and un-
appropriate formal
aware certain correct tidy
“In-,” "im-,” and “un-"
not seeing or knowing something:. are prefixes that mean
surprising: ____________________ “not.” They can come

not sure about something: at the beginning of a

verb, adjective, or
not right; wrong: _________
adverb. Recognizing
not right for a certain situation: not suitable:
and remembering
6 relaxed in speech or manner: ____________ what these prefixes
7 sad; miserable: _______________________ mean can help you to
8 messy: _____________________ understand more
words.
В Use the prefixes in- and un- to complete the diary entry below. If you don’t
need a prefix, leave the space blank.

It's 7:C0 A.M. on Monday. I wake up, open the closet, but I'm 1 _______ certain about
what 15 wear to work today Jeansanda sweater? No, maybe a pair of shorts and a Tshirt
are better—it’s qoinq to be a warm day. Believe it or not, this type
of 2 _____ formal style of dress in the workplace isn't 3 _______ appropriate in
Califorijiia’s Silicon Valley—home to many of the world's leading computer and
techno ogy companies. Peter Kilborn, who 4 _____ originally comes from New York
City re members his first day at a company in the Valley. “On my first day at work,
I notic^ how different everyone looked. There were a lot of people in jeans, and a
couple pf people had shorts on. They didn't look 5 ______ tidy; they looked
6____ ^comfortable and relaxed. It was 7 ________ believable for me because I'd never
really seen people dressed this way in an office. S _____ fortunately, I felt a bit silly
because I wore a suit on my first day! This was completely 9 ______ appropriate. I
learned my lesson, though. Now I only wear a suit if I have an important meeting.
Otherwise, I'm in myjeans. I'm a(n) 10 ______ happy guy!"

Ads Агв EvErywhere! tB9

 Unit I a Chapter 2: How AdveiHsing Uses Psychology

Before You AAnswer the following questions.

Read; 1 Have you seen or heard an interesting ad recently? Why do you like it?
Interesting Ads 2 Have you ever bought a product after seeing one ad for it? Why did the ad
persuade you to buy the product?

В Compare your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; A Look at the passage on the next page. Read the first three paragraphs and
Distinguishing between mark the main idea in each paragraph (1И), and the supporting idea (S).
Main and Supporting Paragraph 1
Ideas If you live in Tokyo or Toronto, you need a warnn coat in the winter. ________

The goal of advertising is to change our ideas about things we want and
Every paragraph has a
need. _____
main idea, with
Paragraph 2
supporting ideas that
Many ads use people’s emotions—like fear or love—to persuade us that we need
explain the main idea.
The main idea is usually the product. ______
in the beginning of the Some advertisements use fear to sell products. ________
paragraph—but not Paragraph 3
alwaysl By Commercials for soft drinks often show people having a party, playing sports, or
distinguishing between enjoying a day at the beach. ______
the main and supporting Some ads are based on people’s desire for fun and enjoyment. ________
ideas, you get a clearer
understanding of the
purpose of the reading.
В Now read the next two paragraphs. Write the main idea and one of the
supporting ideas.
Paragraph 4
Main idea: _________________________________________________________
One supporting idea:

Paragraph 5
Main idea:
One supporting idea:

C Now read the articie again and answer the questions that foliow.

130 Unit Ю: OiaptEr E

 Reading
Passage:
How Advertising
How Advertising Uses Psychology Uses Psychology
If you live in Tokyo or Toronto, you need a warm coat in the winter. But you want г
coat that is short, or black, or has a designer brand. The aim of advertising is to
change our ideas about things we want and need.
Many ads use peoples emotions—like fear or love—to persuade us that we need the
product. Think of a TV commercial that shows a woman out driving in a car on a
(ainy day, with her two small children. Suddenly, another car turns in front of ber.
The mother quickly hits the brakes, and her car comes to a stop. The children are still
smiling and laughing. The message is: This car will keep you safe. Advertisements
like this one use fear to sell products. Other examples are slogans that tell you to
“take vitamins to prevent heart disease,” or “buy insurance—protect your family.”
Commercials for soft drinks often show people having a party, playing sports, or
enjoying a day at the beach. Everyone in the ad is having a good time. The message
is: If you buy this drink, you will have a good time too. Many ads like this are based
on peoples desire for fun and enjoyment.
Advertising for designer products uses peoples vanity to sell the product.
The adsjtry to create a personality for each brand. For example, one brand of watches'
is for people who like adventure, with ads featuring an auto racer or a pilot wearing
them. Another brand of watches is for elegant and fashionable people,,and the ads
show wealthy travelers on a cruise ship. The watches look almost the same—only
their images are different. When you buy that brand of watch, ^ou are buying the
image. This is the reason that people spend much more n|oney for a product with a
famous designer brand.
After an ad is prepared, advertisers use psychology to make it more effective.
Psychologists have found that people have positive feelings about things they see
more often, so the same ad is used for a long time before it is replaced with a new acj.
Other studies found that people react better to an ad when it is fresh in their iriemory,
so TV ads are repeated very often.
Knowing about psychology in advertising lets us make better decisions about the
things we buy. It helps us understand the difference between the things we
want-^and the things we really need.

Haw Advertising Uses Psgchalogg 131

Reading A Complete the sentences.
Comprehension: 1 Advertisers use psychology to study people’s ____________
and use
Check Your Understanding them to sell products.
2 Three kinds of feelings that are used in advertising are _
_________________ , and __________________ .
3 Psychology is also used to make advertisements more.
4 Researchers discovered that it's better to use ads for a,
time
and to show them ________________ .

В Answer true (7) or false (F).

According to the reading ...
Л
f T F

1 Making people feel afraid is an effective way to make them

buy a product.
2 For some kinds of products, there is no real difference
between different brands.
3 The only reason people pay more for designer brands is
because of the higher quality.
4 Scientists don’t know very much about how people respond
to advertising.

5 People can use psychology to understand the advertising

they see. У
Critical Thinking C Which emotion is each of these slogans appealing to?
1 The world’s most beautiful women use SoftSilk Shampoo.
2 Protect your health! Drink Crystal Water—it’s cleaner, purer, safer.
3 Food, friends, good times—with Giorgio’s Frozen Pizza.
4 Where is your child? Buy her a Saftel cell phone, and you’ll always know.
5 With a Magnasound Stereo in your home, every day is a party!

Vocabulary A Look at the list of words from the reading. Match each word with a definition.
Comprehension:
Word Definitions 1 aim ___ a.
2 slogan __ b.
3 product ___ c. act in a certain way in answer to something
4 desire ___ d.
5 elegant ___ e.
6 image ___ f. a phrase used in advertising
7 vanity ___ g- being too proud of yourself
8 react __ h.

I3E Unit Ш: Chapter B

в Complete the sentences using words from A. Be sure to use the correct
form of the word.
1 The dress she wore to the party was simple and very ____________________. She
looked great!
2 Some advertising ________________ become so popular that people use them
in songs and jokes.
3 The ______________ of the ad is to persuade more people to use public
transportation.
4 Our company’s newest ____________
. for teenagers is a computer that
has a young, modern ______________

A Look at the examples in the chart below. Using the suffix -ist, complete the Vocabulary
chart with the names of occupations. See page 63 (Unit 5) for some jobs Skill;
ending in “oiogy.” The Suffix -ist

A person w h o . . . Synonyms In this chapter, you

read the word
plays guitar
"psychologist." The
studies living things suffix “-ist’’ can be
practices numerology combined with many
nouns (e.g., ‘‘biology,’’
studies nature and the environment
writes novels "guitar") to form the
name of an occupation.
studies the Earth’s rocks and soil
plays the piano

Can you add any more?.

В Complete the questions using an occupation from the chart. Take turns asking
and answering the questions with a partner.

1 Which would you rather be, a _ ora _? Why?

2 Who is your favorite _________
3 Why would someone go to see a _
4 Imagine that you are a __________ _. What will your next book be about? . can
5 Do you believe that a ___________ predict what will happen in your
future?
6 Can you name a famous ________

Haw AdVErtising Uses Psgcholagg 133

 Real Life Skill; A Look at the chart and review how these numbers are written and spoken
Reading Numbers in in English.
Text

Number Written and spoken a s . . .

Different countries use
different counting 1,000
systems. Practice will one thousand, a thousand, 1К
1,500
help you get used to one thousand five hundred, fifteen hundred
10,000
reading numbers in ten thousand
100,000
another language. one hundred thousand, a hundred thousand two hundred (and)
225.0
twenty-five thousand one million, a million
1,000,000
one million five hundred thousand, one point five million (1.5 million)
1.500.000

В Read and then write the number.

1 two million ____________________
2 four million five hundred thousand.
3 four hundred fifty-five thousand ___
4 seventeen hundred twenty-eight _
5 ten thousand seven hundred _____

C Read the ad to yourself. Then, read one paragraph aloud to a partner, and listen
as your partner reads the other paragraph to you.

Play the state lottery . . . Win your dreamsi

Yesterday, the state lottery made two new millionaires. The total jackpot was
$4,600,000; each winner will take home half that amount, or $2,300,000. The first
winner is Lisa Morton, age 45, of Santa Rosa. Ms. Morton says she plans to spend
$475,000 right away to buy the house that she has always wanted.
The other winner is Winston Yu, age 62, of Bakersfield. Mr. Yu plans to quit his job,
give each of his children $125,000, and spend $8,500 fixing his house. Next
Tuesday's lottery jackpot is now set at $1,200,000. You could become a
millionaire, and make your dreams come true!

What Do You Think?

1 What kinds of ads are the most effective in getting people to buy the product that is advertised- funny?
dramatic? informational? Explain your answer.
2 Are there any places where advertising should not be allowed? Why?
3 In your opinion, should there be restrictions on advertising to children?

134 Lnlt ID: Chapter E

 Eating for Health

Getting Ready
Write these foods in the chart. Then compare your answers with a partner, expiaining your reasons.

lettuce potatoes coffee sausage French fries fish bread

baiianas oranges pizza ice cream carrots corn flakes rice
hamburgers butter tea steak chicken cheese pasta
chocolate cookies bacon tomatoes

Unhealthy

135
 Lnit 11 Chapter 1: Breakfast Like a King?

Before You A Answer these questions.

Read: 1 Did you eat breakfast today? Do you think it is an important meal?
A Good Breakfast
Why, or why not?
2 Read the sayings below. What do you think they mean?
a. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. b. You are what you eat.
3 Do you have sayings related to food and health in your country?
4 Read these two statements about James.
For years, James ate two eggs and three pieces of bacon every day
for breakfast.
Yesterday, at the age of 50, James had a heart attack that almost killed him.
What can we infer, or guess, about James?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill; A Scan the reading quickly and choose the best answer to the questions
Making Inferences below. You will have to infer information from the reading. Explain
your answers to a partner.
Information in a reading 1 What kind of food shouldn’t a person eat every day?
passage is not always a. cereal b. meat c. vegetables
stated directly. 2 Which sentences in the reading helped you find the answer?
Sometimes a reader
has to infer (make
guesses about) events
or a writer’s opinion,
using the information
that is available in the В Make inferences to answer these questions.
reading.
1 In the opinion of Dr. Lee, which country has the unhealthiest eating habits?
a. The United States b. Mexico c. Switzerland
2 In Mexico, the main meal probably _________ .
a. is quite short
b. finishes around 2:00 P.M.
c. lasts an hour or more

C Read the passage on the next page and answer the questions that follow.

13Б Unit 11: Oiapter 1

 Breakfast Like a King? Reading
Dear Dr. Lee, Passage;
I’ve heard that a person should eat a large Breakfast Like a King?
breakfast. What’s the healthiest breakfast,
and why.’

- Antonia, Toronto, Canada

Dear Antonia,
There’s an old saying: “Breakfast like a king,
lunch like a prince, and dine like a poor man.”
In most countries, dinner is the biggest meal of the day. So why does this saying I
tell us to eat a large breakfast instead?
The answer is in the word “breakfast” itself. It means the “breaking” of a “fast,” or a
long period without eating. The time between dinner and breakfast can be more than
twelve hours, so the meal that breaks your fast is very important. It should be
healthy and nutritious. Also, unlike your evening meal, the food you consume for
breakfast gives you the energy you need during the most active part of your day.
Researchers have found evidence that eating a big breakfast can improve your
concentration and mood, and boost your energy level.
Experts agree that it’s important to eat a good breakfast, and to have your main meal
earlier in the day. However, not enough people are heeding their advice. In the U.S.,
for example, many people skip breakfast or have only a cup of coffee in the
morning. About two-thirds of the population still have their main meal in the
evening. Many popular dinner foods, such as steak and French fries, are heavy in
fat, which makes people feel lethargic.
Other countries follow healthier patterns of eating. In Mexico, families generally
have a light breakfast, and eat their largest meal at 2 p.m. It might include an
appetizer; soup, pasta, fish, meat with a salad, dessert, and finally tea or coffee.
In Switzerland, the main meal is also eaten in the middle of the day, and usually
contains a lot of fresh vegetables and fruits; the Swiss generally eat meat only two
or three times a week.
The best breakfast is one that contains plenty of protein and carbohydrates to give you
the energy for your daily aaivities. Two examples of such a breakfast are eggs and
whole wheat toast, or cereal with milk. Of course, there are many different kinds of
healthy breakfasts. In Japan, people like to have rice, soup, and an egg in the morning;
a typical Arab breakfast is bread, cheese, and olives. There are many wholesome foods
you can choose—^the important thing is to start your day with breakfast, and get the
nutrition you need.

Breakfast Like a King? 137

 Reading A Circle the correct word or phrase to complete each statement.
Comprehension; 1 The most important meal of the day is (breakfast / lunch / dinner).
Check Your Understanding 2 Health experts stress the importance of eating a main meal (without meat / in the
evening / earlier).
3 Generally, Swiss people eat meat (every day / several times a week / two or
three times a year).
4 According to the article, people in (the U.S. / Mexico/ Japan) don’t follow healthy meal
habits.

В Answer true (7) or false (Я).

Л
T F

1 Breakfasts in countries around the world are very similar.

2 Doctors say that you should eat most of your daily food early
in the day.
3 Scientists have found that your dinner has the most
important effect on your level of energy.

4 There are many different kinds of food you can eat ^ for a
healthy breakfast. У

Critical Thinking C Look at these breakfasts. Which ones are healthy, according to the article?
How could you change the others to make them more nutritious?
1 a ham sandwich and a glass of milk 4 soup and tea
2 toast and coffee 5 yogurt, bread, and an apple
3 a banana and an orange

Vocabulary A For each group, circle the word that does not belong. The words in italics
Comprehension; are vocabulary items from the reading.
Odd Word Out
1 concentration attention focus daydreaming
2 quote proverb saying book
3 boost lower improve increase
4 wholesome healthy harmful good
5 pay attention heed listen ignore
6 feeling emotion diet mood
7 lethargic energetic sleepy lazy
8 generally rarely usually normally

В Complete each sentence using a word in italics from A. Be sure to use the
correct form of the word.

1 Don’t talk to Mark this morning. He got bad test grades and is in a very
bad ______________ .

I3B Unit 11: ChaptEr 1

 2 Even when I’m tired, I find exercising always _________________ my energy
levels.
3 It takes a lot of _______________ and skill to translate from one language to
another as people are speaking.
4 I think that yogurt is one of the most ________________ foods you can eat.
It’s good for your teeth, bones, and digestion.

A Complete the chart with the appropriate noun, verb, and adjective forms. Be Vocabulary
careful—not every word will have all three. Compare your answers with a partner.
Skill;
Word Families

Noun Verb Adjective When you learn a new

suflciestion suflciest suoflested word in English, it is
nutritious helpful to also learn
consume words in the same
digest “family” that form the
concentration different parts of
mood speech. Learning
these different parts of
boost
speech that make up
the word family can
В Now complete the article below with the appropriate word from the chart. help you to expand
your vocabulary.

Time for a Coffee Break—or a Break from Coffee?

On Thursday, October 3, Adam Harper decided to stop drinking coffee. Adam
is an MBA student. He studies long hours, gets very little sleep and, as a result,
he drinks a lot of coffee—anywhere from five to six cups a day. Recently,
Adam felt that drinking this much coffee was making it hard for him to sleep
at all. He also began having problems with his (1) ______, and complained
of stomachaches. Adam's doctor made this (2) ______ : stop drinking coffee
altogether.
When Adam got up on October 3, he began his day without his morning
coffee. By 11:00 A.M., Adam was in a terrible (3) ______ . He was tired and
had a headache. At 11:30, he had a meeting with his student advisor but he
found it almost impossible to (4) ______ . What was going on?
Caffeine, a chemical found in coffee, was most likely the reason for how
Adam
felt. Caffeine is a stimulant that (5) ______ energy levels and improves
(6) _______ but only for a short time. Lowering caffeine (7) ________
often causes a drop in blood pressure, and the result is a "coffee headache."
People who stop drinking coffee often say they feel tired and (8) ______,
and find it hard to focus.
The good news is that these feelings usuaffy pass after four to five days.
During this time, doctors (9) ______ taking some aspirin for the headache.
So, if Adam can wait, in less than a week, he may be feeling much better.

C Do you drink coffee? Do you think it’s bad for your health? Discuss your
opinion with a partner. Use the words from the chart to help you.

Breakfast Like a King? 139

Unit 11 Chapter 2: Is Your MDesImimg the Envinment?
Before You
Read;
Diet Questionnaire
Reading Skill:
Understanding Cause
and Effect
Sometimes a reading is
organized by telling
about the causes and
effects of a problem or
situation. Understanding
these relationships of
cause and effect will
help you to understand
the author's main idea in
the reading.
MO Unit II: Chapter S
A Complete the questionnaire by choosing the answers that best describe you.
1 1 eat meat __ .
a. never; I’m a vegetarian b. several times a week c. at least once a day
2 1 usually drink __ glasses of water every day.
a. 6 or more b.3-5 c.1-2
3 1 usually eat ___ servings of fruit and vegetables a day.
a. 5 or more b.3-4 c.1-2
4 1 eat junk food ___ .
a. once a week or less b. several times a week c. every day
5 1 take vitamins ___ .
a. every day b. sometimes c. never
The key to your health; a = 3 points, b = 2 points, c = 1 point. Now add up your score,
and read the results below.
12-15 points: You're in great health! Keep up the good work.
7-11 points: You’re pretty healthy, but remember, there are always ways that we can
take better care of ourselves! There are some things you need to do to be healthier.
6 or fewer points: Do you get sick often? It might be your diet. You should think
about changing your eating habits and perhaps your lifestyle—soon!
В Compare your answers with a partner. Who has a healthier diet?
A Read the article and complete the sentences about the causes and their effects.
1 Because people consume a a. more food is produced on the same land.
lot of meat in their diet, b. the environment is harmed.
2 Because farm animais expel c. they don’t get enough vitamins and
gas from their bodies, minerals.
3 Because farmers raise more animals d. global warming increases.
for meat, e. a lot more water is needed for farming.
4 Because farmers switch from raising
animals to raising crops,
5 Because some people eat a vegan
(strict vegetarian) diet,
В Look at your answers in A. What are two bad effects that our diet can have on the
environment?
C Read the passage again and answer the questions that follow.
 Sciejnce Today: Reading
Is Your Diet Destroying the Passage:
Is Your Diet Destroying the
Environment? Environment?
Many people know that eating a vegetarian diet has important health benefits. Vegetarians
usually have lower levels of heart disease, and studies have also shown that thtly have a lower
risk of diabetes than people who eat meat. Most people don’t realize, however, that a
vegetarian diet is also better for the health of our environment.
Recently, researchers from the Union of Concerned Scientists in the U.S. released a report on
how consumer behavior affects the environment.Their study showed that meat consumption
is one of the main ways that humans can damage the environment, second only to the use of
motor vehicles.
10 So, how can a simple thing like eating meat have a negative effect on the
environment? The most important impact of meat production is through the use of water and
land. Two thousand five hundred gallons' of water are needed to produce one pound’ of beef,
whereas only twenty gallons of water are needed to produce one pound of wheat. By producing
crops instead of animals, we 15 can n)ake more efficient use of the land and water. One acre’ of
farmland that i| used for raising livestock can produce 250 pounds of beef One acre of farmland
used for crops can produce 40,000 pounds of potatoes, 30,000 pounds of carrots, or 50,000
pounds of tomatoes.
Furthermore, farm animals add to the problem of global warming. All livestock 20 animjais
such as cows, pigs, and sheep release methane by expelling gas from theirj bodies. One cow can
produce up to si.xty liters of methane each day. Methane gas is the second most common
greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Mar|\’ environmental experts now believe that methane is
more responsible for globjal warming than carbon dioxide. It is estimated that twenty-five
percent of 25 all nliethane released into the atmosphere comes from farm animals.
Peo ale are becoming aware of the benefits of switching to a vegetarian diet, not just for
health reasons, but also because it plays a vital role in protecting the environment. Some people
go further, and eat a vegan diet, which excludes all products from animal sources, such as cheese,
eggs, and milk. However, some 30 nutritionists believe that a vegan diet can be deficient in some
of the vitamins ancj minerals that our bodies need daily.
Today, many people are concerned about improving their health, and about pnjtecting the
environment. Switching to a vegetarian diet—or just eating less meat—is a good way to do
both of these things at the same time.

’gallon 1 gallon = 3.78 liters in the U.S., 4.5 liters in the U.K.
'acre 1 acre = 4.046 m'
'pound 1 pound = 0.45 kg

Is Your Diet Destroying the Environment? 141

 Reading A Read the sentences below and underline the mistakes. Rewrite each sentence
Comprehension; using the correct information.
Check Your Understanding 1 Many vegetarians are at risk of heart disease and other serious illnesses.

2 Eating meat is bad for the environment because livestock animals produce
carbon dioxide. ______________________________________________________
3 It is possible to produce more meat than vegetables on one acre of farmland.

4 Nutritionists believe that following a diet without any animal products is always
healthy. ____________________________________________________________
5 According to the reading, there are now too many vegetarians.

В Which amount is larger? Circle the correct item in each pair.

1 a. the rate of heart disease in vegetarians b.
the rate of heart disease in other people
2 a. the amount of global warming caused by methane
b. the amount of global warming caused by carbon dioxide
3 a. the water needed to produce a pound of meat
b. the water needed to produce a pound of vegetables
4 a. the pounds of meat you can produce on a piece of land
b. the pounds of vegetables you can produce on a piece of land
5 a. the vitamins in a vegan diet
b. the vitamins in a vegetarian diet

Critical Thinking C Answer the questions.

1 This article gives several reasons for eating a vegetarian diet. What are the
reasons? Do you think these reasons will persuade people?
2 Would you be happy eating a vegetarian diet? Why, or why not?
3 Do you think more or fewer people will be vegetarian in the future? Why?

Vocabulary A Match the words from the reading with the correct definitions. Write the letter of
Comprehension; the definition next to the word.
Word Definitions
1 livestock a.
2 vital b. most important; necessary
3 expel c.
4 estimate d.
5 deficient e.
6 exclude f.
7 efficient g-
8 crop h.

14S Unit 11: Chapter S

в Complete the questions below using vocabulary from A. Then take turns
asking and answering questions with a partner.
1 What food or drink would be hard for you to __________________ from your diet?
2 Is your diet ________________ in any way? Is there something you should be
eating more of?
3 What is the best way to ____
. how healthy you are?
4 Which is more ___________
. for life — meat or fruit?

A For each word write the part of speech and a simple definition. Use your Vocabulary
dictionary to heip you. Share your ideas with a partner. Skill;
The Root Word vit/viv

Word Part of speech Definition

vitamin In this chapter, you
survive learned the adjective
"vital,” a word made by
revive
combining the root word
vitality “vit,” meaning “life,” with
vivacious the suffix “-al,” meaning
vivid "like” or “relating to.”
“Vit,” also sometimes
written as “viv," can be
В Complete each sentence using a word from the chart. Be sure to use the correct combined with other
form of the word. prefixes and suffixes to
form many words in
1 The couple was in a serious car accident, but luckily they.
English.
2 Taking these ______________ can help to restore your _____
3 Sandra is such a. _ and outgoing woman that everyone in the .
office likes her.
4 Which has more C—an orange, or a glass of orange juice?
5 I know you’re tired. Maybe drinking some coffee will help to ______________
you.
6 I have very _______________memories of growing up in Italy as a child.

C Now write four sentences of your own using words from the chart. Share your
sentences with a partner.

Is Yaur Diet Destroying the Environment? 143

Real Life Skill:
Understanding Units of
Measure
Most of the world uses
the metric system to
measure things like
length and weight.
Some countries,
though, use non-metric
measures, or a
combination of both.
Becoming familiar with
the different measuring В Complete the sentences below using the non-metric measurement units
systems will help you to
understand readings
from these countries.
What Do You Think?
1 What are three things that you could do to improve your diet? How difficult would it be for you to make these
changes?
2 How have people’s eating habits in your country changed in the last ten years? Do you think these changes
are good or bad?
3 How do you think our food will be different ten years in the future?
/44 Unit 11: ChaptBr S
A Look at the chart and review the measurements. What does each measure?
Metric Non-metric Measures Comparison
kilogram pound foot, inch 1. weight 1 lb = .45 kg
centimeter gallon mile 2. 1 ft = 30 cm, 1 in = 2.5 cm 1
liter Fahrenheit* 3. gallon = 4.5 1 1 mile = 1.6 km
kilometer acre 4. 32°F = 0°C
Celsius 5. 1 hectare = 2.47 acres
hectare 6.
’to convert °F to °C: subtract 32 from the °F temperature and then multiply by .555
from the chart.
1 For dinner, Angela needs to buy four _____ . of potatoes, a
half _________________ of milk, and two. __ of ground
meat.
2 Junil’s temperature is 102° _____________
3 Tomoko’s school is seven ______________ . from her home. tall,
4 John is 5 _________________10 ____________and weighs
250 ________________ .
5 Carla needs to drive twenty__________________ . tomorrow. Right now she
has eight ________________ of gas in her car.
6 My Uncle Dan has 500 _ of land in Texas.
C Complete each statement by circling the correct answer. Explain your
answers to a partner.
1 Angela is probably preparing dinner for (2-3 /10-12) people.
2 Junil probably (feels great / has the flu).
3 Tomoko probably (walks / takes a bus) to school.
4 John is a little (underweight / overweight).
5 Carla probably (needs / doesn’t need) to get some gas for tomorrow’s drive.
6 Uncle Dan has a (big/ small) farm.
 Saving

Getting Ready
Take this quiz. Compare your answers with a partner.
Number of “always” answers:
Are you a friend of the environment? Circle your answers.
1 I turn off lights when I leave the room to save electricity,
always sometimes never Number of “sometimes” answers:
2 I recycle paper, or write on the reverse side of the page,
always sometimes never Number of “never” answers:
3 I recycle aluminum cans and plastic drink bottles,
always sometimes never
How can you change one of your
4 I use public transportation such as buses or trains,
“never” or “sometimes” answers?
always sometimes never
5 I buy used or recycled products,
always sometimes never
6 I take short showers and use water carefully,
always sometimes never
7 I eat vegetarian food.
always sometimes never
8 I avoid buying products with wasteful packaging,
always sometimes never

I4S
 Unit IS Chapter 1: Clem Up Austalia, Clean {/p the Worid
Before You A Answer these questions.
Read;
1 Do you think your city is clean or dirty? Why? Why are some cities cleaner than
How Clean Is Your
others?
City?
2 What can people do to make their cities cleaner?
3 What are some kinds of volunteer work that people do to help the environment?

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill: A Read the title and the first two paragraphs of the passage on the next page. Then
Scanning for Numbers
Numbers are often
important information in
a reading. You can use
scanning (quick reading
for specific information)
to find the important
numbers and statistics
in the passage that you
are reading.
quickly scan the rest of the article to find these numbers.
1 the year of the first Clean Up Sydney Harbour __________
2 the number of volunteers in Clean Up Sydney Harbour ___________
3 the number of tons of garbage picked up in Clean Up Australia Day 2005
4 the percent of plastic packaging that is recycled.
5 the year Kiernan's new program started __________
6 the number of volunteers in Clean Up the World.
7 the number of countries in Clean Up the World _

В Look at your answers in A. Then answer these questions.

1 How long has Kiernan worked on environmental projects?

2 How would you describe his projects?

3 How did Kiernan’s projects change during this time?

C Read the entire passage and answer the questions that follow.

I4B Unit IS: Chapter I

 Reading
Passage;
Clean Up Australia, Clean Up the World Clean Up Australia,
Ian Kiernan was born in Sydney, Australia, and grew up near the sea. As a Clean Up the'
child, he loved swimming, fishing, and sailing in Sydney Harbour, After finishing
school, he started a construction company, which specialized in restoring
historic buildings. But his main love was the sea and sailing.
5 For more than 40 years, he represented Australia in international sailing
competitions.

I
In 1987, Kiernan was competing in an around-the-world sailing race when he
began to notice the enormous amount of garbage in the world’s oceans. When he
returned to Australia, he decided to do something 10 about it.
He started close to home by organizing a community event called “Clean Up
Sydney Harbour,” On Sunday, January 8,1989, more than 40,000 volunteers
came out to clear away garbage. The next year, Kiernan decided to make the
clean-up a national event. It was a huge success.
15 Across Australia, an estimated 300,000 people spent the day working to improve
their local environment.
Clean Up Australia Day has been held annually since then, growing bigger every
year. In 2005, for example, 670,000 people removed more than 8,450 tons of
garbage from beaches, parks, streets, and waterways. They 20 picked up empty
glass and plastic bottles, plastic bags, and thousands of snack food wrappers. There
were also some more unusual items, including an electric guitar, a plastic monkey,
and a full bottle of whiskeyl
Kiernan is delighted with the success of his project. “Just the spirit of Clean Up is
great. People out there are really, really into it,” he said, after 25 last year’s Clean Up
Australia Day. “We saw 1,500 roadsides cleared, 700 parks, 1,300 waterways, and
coastal areas. The only thing is—of ail of the plastic that we find out there, only 20 per
cent of plastic packaging is actually recycled. When you look at paper recycling, we
have got 80 per cent recovery. There is a lot that needs to be done there.”
30 In 1993, Kiernan started an even more ambitious program. With the help of the
United Nations Environment Program, he launched Clean Up the World, an
international program that supports communities around the world in cleaning up
and conserving the environment. Every year, the third weekend in September is
Clean Up the World weekend. In its first year,
35 more than 30 million people in 80 countries participated. Since then. Clean Up
the World has grown larger and more popular every year. Ian Kiernan’s unique
idea has spread from one city to the whole world.

Clean Up Australia, Clean Up the World 147

Reading A Write numbers to put these events in the correct order.
Comprehension;
Check Your Understanding
. Forty thousand people picked up garbage in Sydney.
. Kiernan started his own business.
. People across Australia worked to clean up garbage.
. Kiernan worked with the United Nations to start an international program.
. Kiernan became concerned about environmental problems.
. Kiernan competed in international sailing races.

В Choose the correct answer.

1 Kiernan started Clean Up Sydney Harbour because he loves _____ .
a. the sea b. animals c. the city
2 On Clean Up Australia Day, volunteers picked up garbage in _____ .
a. cities b. the countryside c. cities and the countryside
Kiernan is not satisfied with ____ .
a. the amount of garbage picked up
b. the number of volunteers
c. the amount of recycling
Clean Up the World is ____ every year.
a. one day b. two days c. one week

Critical Thinking <|)c Would a clean-up day like this be popular in your country? Why, or why not? Do you
think volunteer activities are a good way to solve environmental problems? Explain
your answer.

Vocabulary A Read the sentences and choose the correct answers. The words in italics are
Comprehension;
Words in Context
MS Unit IB; Chapter I
vocabulary from the reading.
1 That music store specializes in classical music. They sell _______ .
a. many different things b. only one thing
2 Air pollution is an enormous problem in my country. The air here is very ________ .
a. dirty b. clean
3 If you do voiunteer work, you _____ for the work you do.
a. get a salary b. don’t receive pay
4 If you represent your school at a meeting, you go to the meeting ________ .
a. alone b. with all the students from your school
5 The children picked up garbage in the park. After they were finished, the park
looked _____ .
a. beautiful b. terrible
6 My uncle’s hobby is restoring _____ .
a. stamps b. old cars
7 Jamal has ambitious plans. After he graduates, he wants to________ .
a. relax and take it easy b. start his own business
8 If you participate every day in English class, you will ______ .
a. learn a lot b. fail the exam
в Answer these questions. Discuss your answers with a partner.
1 Have you, or someone you know, ever restored something old?

1 Name a volunteer organization that does important work in your country.

2 Do you know someone who has ambitious plans? Give some examples.

3 What are some good ways to participate in your class?

A Read the announcement below, and circle all of the re- words you find.
Vocabulary
Skill;
The Prefix re
Sunrise Collection Services announces two more reasons to recycle...
Now there is even more reason to separate recyclables such as
in this chapter, you
plastic, tin, aluminum, and papet from your weekly trash. Please read the verb
review the following information and contact us with your questions "recycle," a word
or comments. made by combining
the prefix “re-,”
fetTry^^und'oktash you recycle, we will take 50 cents offyour garbage bilT meaning “again or
Those who return recyclables to one of our locations directly will get 60 cents back/return,” with the

ott. You will receive a refund for the total amount at the end of the year. verb “cycle,” meaning
Help to repair our neighborhood parks. — j ~ “to happen in an
Did you know that 20% of the materials you recycle are used to fix things lik order." “Re-” can be

park fences, benches, and play structures? Help improve your community у combined with nouns,
recycling. ____________________ verbs, adjectives, and
root words to form
many words in
English.
В Match each of the re- words from A with the definitions below.
1 to fix something that is broken: ____
2 things that can be used again: ____
3 to make something smaller: ______
4 to use a waste item again: _______
5 to give money back to a person: _
6 to get, take, or accept something:
7 to look something over: _________

What do they mean? Share your ideas with a partner.

Clean Up Australia, Clean Up the World 149

Unit 1ё Chapter 2: Resources for the Future

Before You Answer the following questions.

Read; 1 How many natural resources can you list?
Our Natural water, oil,
Resources
2 Which of these resources does your country have plenty of? Circle them.
Which of these resources are limited now, or will be a problem in the future?
Underline them.

В Discuss your answers with a partner.

Reading Skill: A Imagine you are writing a report about rainforests. You are looking for
Skimming to Assess a information on the following topics. Skim the article quickly and check the
Passage topics that it contains.
____ why the rainforests are important
Skimming can help you ____ where rainforests are located
decide whether a ____ how fast the rainforests are disappearing
reading contains the ____ how to save the rainforests
information that you are
looking for. If it does
contain useful В Skim the article again and write the correct paragraph number for each
information, then you main idea.
can read it again more Rainforests are a very important part of our environment.
slowly. Paragraph _____
The rainforests will disappear if we don’t take action now to save them.
Paragraph ____
Scientists are worried about the future of our fresh water and rainforests.
Paragraph ____
Environmental problems are reducing the amount of fresh water that we have.
Paragraph ____
Water is important for every form of life.
Paragraph _____
All countries must work together to preserve our resources for the future.
Paragraph ____

C Read the passage again more carefully and answer the questions
that follow.

ISO Unit IS: Chapter S

 Reading
Resources for the Future Passage:
Resources for the
The world’s population grows larger every day, and with population
Future
growth comes greater consumption of all kinds of materials. Scientists
and environmental groups are increasingly concerned about conserving
two important natural resources: our fresh water, and our rainforests.
5 Water supports every form of life. Neither plants nor animals can survive
for very long without it. It is the most widely used resource in industry,
and plays a шгцог role in energy production. The quality of Ufe, as well
as life itself, depends on a continual supply of clean, fresh water.
10 However, clean water suppUes are now dwindling in China, India, and the
U.S,, countries which together produce half the world’s food. The main
causes of this shortage are overpopulation, water pollution, and
deforestation. In India, it is estimated that future water shortages could
reduce grain harvests by twenty-five percent. In a cormtry where the
15 population exceeds 1,000,000,000 and is increasing by approximately
18,000,000 every year, this is a serious concern. Possible solutions to this
problem include introducing better ways of recycling water, and limiting
population growth.
Another valuable and endangered resource is the world’s rainforests.
20 The Atnazon rainforest of Brazil has often been called the “Lungs of the
Planet,” because it naturally takes in carbon dioxide and puts out oxygen,
which helps keep our atmosphere clean. The Amazon rainforest is home
to more than half of the world’s estimated ten million species of plants,
animals, and insects. It also produces raw materials for cancer-
25 fighting drugs and other pharmaceuticals.
Rainforests once covered fourteen percent of the earth’s land surface.
Now they cover only six percent, and experts beheve that we may destroy
these rainforests completely in less than forty years. One clear solution is
using recycled products instead of cutting trees for wood.
30 Another solution is reducing people’s consumption of meat, since many
rainforests are destroyed to provide farmland to raise livestock and food
for livestock. We wiU need to provide new sources of income for the
people of the rainforest, such as harvesting medicinal plants, fruits, and
nuts that grow there.
35 Environmental organizations must work together with different
communities, and different countries, to find solutions to these resource
problems. As citizens of the earth, we need to work towards a sustainable
way of hving that will preserve natural resources for our children and
grandchildren.

Resources far the Future IS!

 Reading A Read the sentences below and underline the mistakes. Rewrite each
Comprehension: sentence using the correct information.
Check Your ^ Scientists are now very worried about only one of the earth’s
Understanding most important
resources.

2 Water pollution is the only cause of dwindling water supplies.

3 Grain harvests in India have increased because of clean water supplies.

4 Rainforests are important because they put out carbon dioxide and provide us with
medicine.

5 Raising people’s consumption of meat can help to save the rainforest.

В Check all the correct answers. More than one answer may be correct.

'\
f Rainforest loss
Water shortage
1 This problem involves an important
resource being destroyed.

2 Pollution is one cause of this problem.

3 Recycling is a possible solution to this

problem.
4 This problem will affect the air that we
breathe.
5 Population growth is one cause of this
problem. J
C Answer the questions.
Critical Thinking

1 Why does the author talk about the reasons we need water in paragraph 2?
2 Why does the author give information about the rainforest in paragraph 4?
3 In your opinion, are there any resources that will never be a problem in the
future? Explain your answer.

Vocabulary A Look at the list of words from the reading. Match each word with its
Comprehension; definition.
Word Definitions
1 endangered. a. to be, or have, more than
2 solution ____ b. to be in danger of becoming extinct
3 sustainable. c. to become smaller in number or amount

1SB Unit iS: Chapter В

 4 _________ exceed d. relating to medicines
5 __________ shortage e. not having enough of something
6 dwindle _____ f. able to continue without hurting the environment
7 pharmaceuticai _____ g. the answer to a problem
8 major _____ h. very large or important

В Complete the questions using vocabulary from A. Use the correct form of the word.
Then take turns asking and answering questions with your partner.

1 What is a . environmental problem in your country?

2 There is a lot of trash on your city’s streets. What is a(n) ______ to
this problem?
3 Can you name a(n) _______________ species?
4 If there is a(n) ______________ of water, what will happen?

A Here are some common prefixes and how they are used with the root due. Match Vocabulary
the prefix with its correct meaning. Use a dictionary to help you, if you need to. Skill;
The Root Word due
with Prefixes
Prefix Meaning
1 pro a. again; back/return
2 re b. into; onto Many words in English
3 intro c. together, with are formed by
4 con d. forward; before combining prefixes with
root words. One
5 in e. within; into
common root word in
English is “due.” The
В Now match each of the verbs below with their definitions. word “produce,” for
example, is made by
1 produce a. to create or make something
combining the prefix
2 reduce b. to iead or direct something
“pro-,” meaning
3 introduce c. to make something smaller in size
“forward or before,”
4 conduct d. to present a person to another for the first time with the root word
5 induce _____ e. to cause or make something happen “due,” meaning “to
bring or lead.”
C Use each of the verbs from В in a sentence. Use your dictionary to help you. Share
your ideas with a partner.

RBsaurces far the Future 153

 Real Life Skill;
Recognizing Common
Acronyms
English uses many
acronyms—words
made from the first
letters of the name of
something. Acronyms
like this in English are
written as well as said.
When spoken, each
letter of the
abbreviation is usually
pronounced.
A Practice saying each acronym. Then, match an acronym with the
correct phrase.
1 FAQ_ a. personal computer
2URL_ b. compact disk
3DVD_ c. as soon as possible
4 ASAP. d. frequently asked questions
5CV_ e. uniform resource locator (website address)
6CD_ 7 f. curriculum vitae (resume)
PC g. digital video disk
В Complete the sentences using the acronyms from A. Check your
answers with a partner.
1 We can’t watch movies at my house tonight; my __________ player is
broken.
2 My _______ has a ________ player, so I can listen to music while I work.
3 Alan, when you get this phone message, please call me back ___________ .
I need to talk to you.
4 What’s the_______ for that ESL website? I want some extra writing
practice in English.
5 A list of common questions about this website are featured on the
page.
6 Before I start looking for a job, I first need to update my __________ .

C Now use three of the acronyms from this activity in sentences of your own.
Share your ideas with a partner.
1 __________________________________________________

D Are there other acronyms that you can think of? What do they mean? Use
them in sentences, then share your ideas with a partner.

ШШ Do You Think?

1 What is the most beautiful natural place you’ve ever visited? Is it affected by any environmental problems?
2 What do you think our environment will be like twenty years in the future? Make predictions about air, water,
endangered species, and garbage.
3 What are the most important things that individual people can do to preserve the environment? What are the
most important things that countries can do?

1S4 Unit tB: Chapter В

Fluency Strategy: Reading ACTIVEi ft V

In order to become a more fluent reader, remember to follow the six points of the ACTIVE
approach—before, while, and after you read. See the inside front cover for more information on the
ACTIVE approach.

Activate Prior Knowiedge

Before you read, it’s important to think about what you already know about the topic, and what you want to get out of
the text.

A Look at the passage on the next page. Read only the title. What do you think the article is about?
What are “biliboards”?

В Now read the first three sentences of the passage. What do you know about billboards? Where
can you see them in your country? What products are advertised on them? How do people feel
about billboards? Discuss with a partner.

Cuitivate Vocabulary ____________________________________________

As yo(j read, you may come across unknown words. Remember, you don’t need to understand all the words in a
passage to understand the meaning of the passage. Skip the unknown words for now, or guess at their meaning and
come back to them later. Note useful new vocabulary in your vocabulary notebook—see page 6 for more advice on
vocabulary.

A Now read the first paragraph of the passage. Circle any words or phrases you don’t know. Can
you understand the rest of the paragraph even if you don’t understand those items?

В Wi’ite the unknown words here. Without using a dictionary, try to guess their meaning. Use the
words around the unknown word and any prefixes, suffixes, or word roots to help you.

New word/phrase I think it means:

Think About Meaning

As you read, think about what you can infer, or “read between the lines,” for example about the author’s intention,
attitudes, and purpose for writing.
Read the opening paragraph again and discuss these questions with a partner.
• Where do you think you might see this piece of writing? Whom do you think it was written for?
• How do you think the author feels about billboards? Do you think he or she is in favor of them, or against them?
• What do you think the author means by “high-tech devices”? How can billboards be “high-tech”?

i Part 1 tS5
 Increase Reading Fluency
To increase your reading fluency, it's important to monitor your own reading habits as you read. Look again at the tips on
page 8. As you read, follow these tips.
Now read the whole passage “Billboards: Past and Present." As you read, check your predictions from “Think
About Meaning.”

Billboards: Past and Present

It's everywhere. Indoors, advertising is in magazines and newspapers, on television, and even
popping up on computer screens. Outdoors, advertising means billboards. They're in train stations
and on the sides of buildings. They're along highways in the countryside. Billboards were once
large painted signs that urged consumers to buy anything from fried chicken to dish soap.
Nowadays, billboards are high-tech devices that advertise the products of the modem world, from
cellular phone service to perfume.
Billboards have changed along with technology. Originally painted directly onto wooden boards or
the sides of buildings, billboards were first improved by attaching large printed vinyl strips to a
structure to form an advertiser's message. Later, mechanical billboards were developed which could
display three different images. As one image changed to the next, the movement caught the eye of
anyone passing by. More recently, electronic technology has produced back-lit billboards, which
shine a light through an image printed on a sheet of plastic, and digital billboards that can display
huge images similar to those on a television screen.
The latest trend in billboards is interactivity. In Belgium, a billboard that looked like a pinball
machine had people on the street using text messaging to answer a question the billboard sent to
their cell phones. If they answered correctly, they had a chance to win a new car. In Japan, some
billboards feature QR ("Quick Response") codes, a newer version of bar codes, which can be read
by specially programmed camera cell phones. When a person takes a picture of a billboard with a
QR code, the advertiser's website appears on their phone. A billboard in New York's Times Square
lets people on the street play a video game using their cell phones, and a huge digital sign in
’20
London's Piccadilly Circus responds when someone waves at it and displays different images
depending on the weather.
Billboards do not always get a positive reaction, however. The large number of billboards along
American highways led to the Highway Beautification Act of 1965. This group of laws aimed to
preserve the scenic beauty of the countryside as well as the safety of people driving in cars by
limiting the number and location of billboards. In Athens, Greece, city officials ordered the removal
of hundreds of downtown billboards before the 2004 Olympic Games in an effort to restore the
city's historical beauty. Billboards may be a favorite of advertisers, but not everyone wants to look
at them.

Verify Strategies
To build your reading fluency, it's important to be aware of how you use strategies to read, and to consider how successfully
you are using them.
Use the questions in the Self Check on page 158 to think about your use of reading strategies.
15Б REVIEW Unit 4
Evaluate Progress
Evaluating your progress means thinking about how much you understood from the passage, and how fluentiy you were
able to read the passage to get the information you needed.

Check how well you understood the passage by answering the following questions.
1 Billboards have changed over time because ______ .
a. they advertise products outdoors
b. people didn’t notice billboards in the past
c. technology has changed
d. some people dislike billboards

2 Where will you probably not see a billboard?

a. on a building
b. in the countryside
c. in a magazine
d. in a train station

3 Which type of billboard is the oldest?

a. a digital billboard
b. a painted billboard
c. a mechanical billboard
d. a printed billboard

4 What does the author imply about QR codes?

a. they are similar to bar codes
b. they are found on the Internet
c. they are older than bar codes
d. they do not appear in photographs

5 Which billboard could people without a cell phone interact with?

a. the one in Belgium
b. the one in Japan
c. the one in New York
d. the one in London

6 What does the author imply about billboards along highways?

a. Everyone thinks they are beautiful.
b. They are against the law in the United States.
c. They can be dangerous for people in cars.
d. There are not enough of them.

7 Why were billboards in Athens removed before the 2004 Olympic Games?
a. The billboards were too old.
b. The billboards could not be removed during the games.
c. The advertisers didn’t want to support the games.
d. The government wanted downtown Athens to look better.

Part I 157
 Self Check

A Here is a list of all the reading skills in Active Skills for Reading Book 2. For each skill, say whether you found
the skill useful, not useful, or if you need more work with it. Check (✓
) the correct box.

Reading skill Useful Not useful Needs work

Distinguishing between Main Idea and Supporting Ideas

Finding Definitions
Identifying Main and Supporting Ideas
Identifying Main Ideas within Paragraphs
Making Inferences
Predicting
Predicting Vocabulary
Recognizing Sequence of Events
Scanning
Scanning for Details
Scanning for Numbers
Skimming for General Ideas
Skimming for the Main Idea
Skimming to Assess a Passage
Understanding Cause and Effect

Using Titles to Understand Main Ideas

В Here are the four fluency strategies covered in the Review Units. For each strategy, say whether you found it
useful, not useful, or if you need more work with it. Check (✓
) the correct box.

Fluency strategy Useful Not useful Needs work

PRO

PQR+E
KWL

Reading ACTIVEly

C Look again at the Are You an Active Reader? quiz on page 10 and complete your answers again. How has your
reading fluency improved since you started this course

158 Review Unit 4

Review Reading 7: The life of a Food Critic

Fluency Practic
Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your time in
the Reading Rate Chart on page 176. Then answer the questions on the following page.

http://www.asrinfo.neVfood-critics/

The Life of a Food Critic

You’ve seen restaurant reviews in newspapers, or perhaps in magazines or on the Internet.
You’ve read those reviews when you wanted to know about the quality and price of the food
at a new restaurant. Or maybe you were looking for a restaurant with a certain atmosphere-
dark and romantic, bright and cheerful, or modern and sophisticated. But who writes the
5 articles? Who gets paid to eat? Those lucky people are food critics.
Food critics are journalists who eat at restaurants and write reviews that give readers the
feeiing that they have visited the restaurant themselves. The articles almost always include
a description of the restaurant, for example, whether it is nicely decorated or has a beautiful
view of the ocean. The menu, prices, and service are generally described as well, but a food
10 critic’s main task is to write about the food.

For “foodies”—people who love and study food and cooking—dining is a feast for the
senses, not just for the stomach. Food critics may tell readers about the colors of fresh
vegetables, the silky texture of a soup, or the rich aroma of a perfectly cooked chicken. They
will mention whether they were listening to soft music while they ate, or the noises of pots
15 and pans being washed in the restaurant’s kitchen. And most importantly, they will describe
the taste of every dish on the table, starting with the appetizer and ending with the dessert.
All of this may sound easy enough, but food critics do face some challenges. First, food
critics must be excellent writers. Their job is to give accurate information in an entertaining
wa^ because newspapers and other publications want the restaurant review to be an
20 enjoyable feature. It is also important for food critics to be very observant by nature, and to

have an excellent memory since taking notes at the table is not something most dine'rs do.
And looking like a typical customer is essential for remaining anonymous, perhaps the most
difficult challenge. Former food critic Ruth Reichl, now editor in chief of Gourmet magazine,
used to go to restaurants wearing disguises so that she received the same food and service ,
26 as any other diner.

Despite the challenges, a career as a food critic appeals to rnarty people. Anyone who is thinking
about becoming a food critic should start by developing strong writing skills and learning as much
about food and cooking as possible.

401 words Time taken.

Parti isa
 Reading Comprehension

1 Food critics are _

a. restaurant owners
b. professional cooks
c. professional writers
d. magazine editors
2 Which of the following would probably got be Included In a restaurant review?
a. a description of a restaurant’s atmosphere
b. Information about a restaurant’s hiring procedures
c. information about a restaurant’s prices
d. a description of a restaurant’s food

3 Which detail from the third paragraph Is about the sense of sight?
a. the colors of fresh vegetables
b. the silky texture of a soup
c. the rich aroma of a perfectly cooked chicken
d. the taste of every dish on the table
4 Why does the author mention soft music and the noises of pots and pans being washed?
a. because food critics must listen carefully to the waiters
b. because It’s important for restaurants to use clean dishes
c. because food critics generally focus on the positive
d. because the sense of hearing Is part of the dining experience for food critics

5 According to the article, why do food critics need to have good memories?
a. They don’t want to take notes at the table.
b. They are very observant.
c. They like having a challenging job.
d. They don’t like to repeat themselves.

6 Why did food critic Ruth Reichl go to restaurants wearing disguises?

a. She didn’t want to get special food and service.
b. She didn’t want her friends to know she was a food critic.
c. She enjoyed seeing people’s reactions.
d. She had a different job during the day.

7 A person who wants to become a food critic might ______ .

a. buy a better car
b. take a break from writing
c. take a weightlifting course
d. enroll in a cooking school

/60 Review Unit 4

Rii^Reatlmg 8: BringingBacktheAral^

Fluency Practic
I
Time yourself as you read through the passage. Try to read as fluently as you can. Record your

________ ____ у

Bringing Back the Aral Sea

The Aral Sea, in the Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, was once the world's fourth
largest lake. Filled with salt water and at least 24 species of fish, the Aral Sea supported a large fishing
industry. Then, starting in the 1960s, the former Soviet Union decided to use'water from the Aral to
irrigate dry fields to produce cotton. An astonishing three-quarters of the water was drained from the sea
over the next two decades, leaving behind a salt-covered desert. The disappearing Aral Sea split into two
separate lakes—the small Northern Sea and a much larger body of water to the south made up of the
connected Central and Western Seas.
By that time, most of the fish in the Aral Sea were gone, but the destruction of the fishing industry was
only part of this ecological disaster. Salty irrigation water soon damaged the soil in the cqtton fields, so
huge amounts of chemical pesticides and fertilizers were used in an attempt to keep the fields
productive. By the 1990s, most of the cotton fields were gone, but the pesticides and fertilizers could be
found in the groundwater and drinking water, and the wind picked up salt from the dried-up lake and
carried it to farmland far from the Aral. People who lived in the area experienced many health problems,
including kidney disease, cancer, and a high rate of infant mortality.
Today, however, there is some hope for the region, at least for the northern part of the Aral Sea in
Kazakhstan. In the late 1990s, people there used sand and soil to build a dam that would prevent the Syr
Dar'ya river water that fed the lake from flowing out of the lake. They also decided to take less water
from the river for irrigation. The water level began to rise, and places that had been completely dry for
decades began to show signs of life. People who lived nearby began to believe that the Aral Sea might
return.
In 2001, the World Bank agreed to lend Kazakhstan money to build a permanent dam to replace the
darthen dam that had been damaged by storms. The Kok-Aral dam was completed in August 2005. By
April 2006, the water level had already risen three meters, and the water was less salty. The northern part
of the Aral Sea may soon be a much healthier place to live for both fish and people.
I

406 words Time taken

Part г 1Б1
 Reading Comprehension

1 Before the 1960s, how many lakes in the world were larger than the Aral Sea?
a. two
b. three
c. four
d. five

2 What caused the Aral Sea to become much smaller?

a. Water was removed for cotton farming.
b. Salt water evaporated more quickly than fresh water.
c. The fishing industry drained water from the sea.
d. The water from the Northern Sea flowed to the south.

3 According to the article, why were chemical pesticides and fertilizers used near the Aral Sea?
a. The chemicals killed the fish in the Aral Sea.
b. The Soviet Union had huge amounts of these chemicals.
c. The fields were naturally dry.
d. The salt water from the sea made soil in the cotton fields unproductive.
4 Which of the following health problems is not mentioned?
a. cancer
b. death of babies
c. heart disease
d. kidney disease

5 The dam that was built _____.

a. keeps river water out of the lake

b. removes water from the Syr Dar’ya river
c. keeps river water in the lake
d. increases the need for irrigation

6 Kazakhstan borrowed money from the World Bank,

a. to replace a damaged dam
b. to build an earthen dam
c. to create jobs for people who lived nearby
d. to reduce the level of water in the lake

7 The Kok-Aral dam will probably not _____ .

a. raise the water level of the northern part of the Aral Sea
b. improve the health of the people who live nearby
c. decrease the saltiness of the northern part of the Aral Sea
d. raise the water level of the southern part of the Aral Sea

IBS Review Unit 4

Vocabulary Indax
Unit1
Chapter 1
academic /aeka'demik/ aJj. related to studying
and learning: His academic work is exceilent
achieve /s^iiv/ v. to reach, to gain (success,
happiness, one’s goals, etc.): The movie star
achieved success and weaith. evaluate /I'vaelyuieit/
v. to study and make a judgment about: The
committee evaluated the reports and reached a
conclusion. limited /Чшийс!/ adj. restricted in
extent or amount: He is old and has limited use of
his legs. measure /'тезэг/ v. to find the size,
weight, speed, etc., of something: / measured the
size of the floor for a new rug. memorize /'memaraiz/
v. to remember
something exactly, to learn something by
heart: Students memorize the verb forms of a
new language.
proficiency/pra'fijsnci/ n. skill, ability in
doing something: That student has a
proficiency for mathematics.
reform /ri'fo:rm/ v. to change something, to My departure for Los Angeles is at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow.
improve something that exists, especially destination /desta'neijan/ n. the place where
government: A new president reformed the someone is going or something is being sent:
nation's health-care system.
Chapter 2
activate /'aektiveit/ v. to put in motion, to start:
She activated the machine by pressing a button.
component /кэш'роипэпг/ n. a part of a whole:
Tires, the engine, the body, and the seats are
components of a car. effective /a'fektiv/ adJ. having
the result that one wants, productive: The
medication is quite effective; it relieves pain quickly.
make an effort /meik эп 'efsrt/ phr. v. to try, to
attempt: Most students made an effort to improve their
test scores. sense /sens/ n. one of the five feelings
of the body—sight, hearing, taste, smell, and
touch: He smokes so many cigarettes that he has
lost his sense of taste. technique /tek'ni;k/ n. a method,
a procedure by which something is performed:
Surgical techniques have developed so that only small cuts
are needed for many operations. to look (something)
up Лэ luk лр/ phr. v. to try to find something in a
dictionary or other reference: Look up the number in
the telephone book.
transfer /'traensf3;r/ v. to move from one place,
vehicle, etc., to another: We transferred our
bags from the bus to the car.
Unit 2
Chapter 1
assume /a'sjuim/ v. to believe something is true
without knowing: / assume that the moving van will be
here this morning. departure /di'pcirtfar/ n. a leaving:
The destination of our trip is San Francisco.
expire /ik'spair/ v. to stop being valid: My driver’s
license expires in June. local /'loukal/ adj. located
nearby, as in a neighborhood, town, or area: We
have plenty of local stores to choose from. precaution
/рп'ко:^эп/ n. a step taken in advance to prevent
harm: She took the precaution of bringing a sweater in
case it got cold on the boat trip. prescription
/pri'skripjan/ n. an order for medicine: Her doctor
wrote her a prescription for blood pressure medicine.
sincere /sm'si:r/ adj. honest in one’s thought and
action, true: Her love for you is sincere; she will stay with
you in bad times.
1БЗ
 Chapter 2
accommodation /skDmd'deiJsn/ л. rooms,
especially in a hotel; The accommodations at that
hotel are first-class. amazing h'meaiq/ аЩ. surprising
and wonderful: That meal was amazing! exhausting
/eg'zostn/ very tiring: I’ve had an exhausting day,
so I'm going to bed. fabulous/’faebjalas/e^f. great,
wonderful: И/е had a fabulous time on our vacation!
fantastic /faen'txstik/ adj. wonderful, fabulous:
We had a fantestic time on our vacation in the Rocky
Mountains.
possession /pa'zejsn/ n. a piece of property, a
belonging; Her most valuable possession is a
car worth $40,000.
unique /jui'nidc/ adj. one of a kind: Each person in
the world has a unique personality. variety /va'rajati/
n. different types of things: That store carries a
wide variety of merchandise, fmm clothes to furniture.
Units
Chapter 1
credits /'kredits/ n. a list of people who made a
movie, etc.: The movie star’s name was first in
the credits.
director/da'rektar/ n. artistic manager and
guide: The director of the film was Steven
Spielberg.
disappear /diss'pii/ v. to go out of sight: The little
dog was just here, then he disappeared.
precise /pra'sais/ adj accurate: / need the precise
street address of the doctor’s office.
scene /si:n/ n. a piece of a film or play, usually
showing one situation: There is a very
exciting chase scene in that movie.
script /sknpt/ n. the written words for a speaker
or actor (in a film, play, etc.): The actors
men.orized the script
1Б4 Vocabulary Index
special effects /spejal afeks/ n. (in film, radio,
TV, etc.) sights and sounds created by
people to seem real, such as things
disappearing, strange monsters walking
around, etc.: You should see the dinosaurs and other
special effects in that new movie! studio ystuidiou/ n.
a place where an artist works: We take lessons at
a ballet studio.
Chapter 2
academy /a'kaedemi/ n. a private school or
college: My daughter attends the police (military,
naval, etc.) academy. audience /'aidians/ n. the
people who gather to listen to and watch an
event: The audience at the rock concert was very
enthusiastic. conflict /'konflikt/ n. a difference, a
disagreement: There is a conflict between what you
are saying and what the contract says. eidest /'eldast/
adj oldest: She is the eldest child in the family.
permanent /'рз:гтэпэп1/ adj lasting, or meant to
last, forever or for a long time: They hoped their
marriage would be permanent. screenplay /'skrimplei/
n. the script for a movie—like a play but
written for film: A Hollywood producer asked the
writer to put a car chase in the screenplay. successful
/ssk'sesfsl/ adj with success: No one likes the
new movie; it’s not successful. to be set in Лэ bi: set
эп/ phr. v. (a movie, book, play, etc.) taking
place in a particular time or place: That movie is
set in 14th century Venice.
Unit 4
Chapter 1
enthusiastic /9n0u:zi'aestik/ adj eager, excited:
She is enthusiastic about beginning her new job.
establish /g'staeblij'/ v. to found, to create: The
English established a colony in Africa. extend
/ek'stend/ v. to make longer in space or time;
We’re extending our vacation from two to three weeks.
league /li:g/ n. a group of sports teams that
compete against each other: Our local team
belongs to the National Football League. professional
/pra'fejanal/ adj. related to a profession (e.g.,
medicine or law) or a person who makes his
or her living as an artist or athlete; Professional
football players must train hard. regulation /regialeijan/
n. a rule, a statement about what can be done
and what cannot: The state board of health makes
many regulations about the food, water, and
cleanliness in restaurants and food stores. season
/'siizan/ n. a time for a certain activity:
In some states the hunting season begins
September 1.
supporter/sa'posrtar/ n. a person or group that
provides support: The politician’s supporters
held a dinner in his honor.
Chapter 2
adjust/a'cfeAst/ V. to feel comfortable; / adjusted to
the increased workload when my coworker went
on vacation.
championship /’Jaempionj'ip/ n. the last in a
series of contests, the winner of which
will be champion: He won the championship
in golf.
coach /kou^/ n. a person who leads, teaches,
and trains people in sports or in acting,
singing, etc.: That school has a good football
coach.
enroll /en'roul/ v. to join officially: / enrolled in
college this autumn; I will graduate in four years.
extremely /ak'striimli/ adv. very: That movie was
extremely funny (violent, sad, etc.).
record /’rekoa-d/ n. the best time, distance,
etc..
in an athletic event: She holds the world record
for the 100-meter dash. sense of humor /sens av
hjimnar/ phr. n. ability to find things funny, not
always being serious: He has a great sense of humor.
youth /ju:0/ n. young people: The youth of today are
worried about jobs.
Units
Chapter 1
breathe ^ri;б/ v. to take air into and out of the
lungs: She breathes deeply and slowly while she
sleeps.
clinic /'klmik/ n. a medical facility: In that health
clinic, doctors treat patients who go back home
afterwards.
complex /'kompleks/ adj. having many parts or
details that make something hard to
understand or deal with: Finding a cure for
cancer involves complex scientific research.
digest /dai'cfeest/ v. to process in the stomach:
He can’t digest milk.
illness yilnas/ n. sickness, disease: Her illness kept
her out of work for a month.
poison /'poisan/ m any substance that harms or
kills people, animals, or plants If it is
swaliowed or touched: She almost died when
she drank poison by mistake.
suffer fsAfar/ v. to experience pain, loss,
hardship, etc.: His wife suffered when her mother
died.
treatment /'triitmant/ n. medical attention, cure:
She went into the hospital for treatment.
Chapter 2
cope /коир/ V. to face difficulties and try to
overcome them: He coped with the pain of cancer and
finally got well again. demonstrate /'demanstreit/ v. to
show (how something works, its advantages,
etc.): I’ll demonstrate how our new computer works.
Vacabulanj Index 1Б5
 determination /datairma'neij'an/ «. strong will: She
has great determination to succeed. endurance
/en'duirons/ n. the ability to function (work, run, swim,
etc.) properly over a long period of time: Olympic athletes
have great endurance.
recover/гэ'клуэг/ v. to regain one’s health: He
recovered from his illness and is well again. resilient
/ra'ziljsnt/ adj. able to restore one’s energy, recover from
difficulty: The children are tired now, but they are
resilient and will have more energy soon. severe
/sa'viir/ adj. very strong: The severe storm blew down
a tree. strain /strein/ v. to stretch a part of one’s body
until there Is pain or damage: / strained a muscle in my
back playing baseball.
Unite
Chapter 1
decorate /'dekareit/ v. to beautify, to make festive: Ш
decorated our house for the holidays.
define /ds'fain/ v. to explain the meaning of: Dictionaries
define words.
display /diis'plei/ v. to place in a position to be seen: The
store displays merchandise in glass cases.
precious /'prejas/ adj. extremely valuable, costly: Precious
metals include gold and platinum.
preserve /pra'z3;rv/ v. to guard, to protect from harm or
change: The government preserves the rights of
the individual person.
supplies /sa'plaiz/ n. a quantity of goods of a specific kind
necessary for an operation: That farm buys Its
supplies of feed and grain from the local feed
store.
to throw (something) away /taBrouawei/ v. to discard, to
get rid of: He threw away the old newspapers.
universal /juina'vairsal/ adj. found or practiced 1ББ
Vocabulary Index
everywhere: Poverty is a universal problem all
over the world.
Chapter 2
chore ф:г/ n. a boring but necessary act: / have to do the
chores at home, like taking out the garbage and
washing the dishes. commute /ka'mjuit/ v. to travel to and
from one’s work or school regularly: He commutes between
his house in the country and his office in the city every
day. conduct /kan'ckkt/ v. to do something: That store
conducts business from 9:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.
hectic /'hekti:k/ adj. rushed, fast-paced: / had a very
hectic week; I worked late every night, and my
child was sick.
pursue /par'su:/ v. to work hard at something: She is
pursuing a college degree. pursuit /par'suit/ n. a career, an
occupation: Her current pursuit is a career in advertising.
rank /гаег)к/ v. to have a certain place or position in an
ordered group: An admiral ranks above a captain in the
navy. well-being /wel bii'ir)/ «. one’s mental and physical
condition: He telephones his sick mother daily, because
he is worried about her well-being.
Unit?
Chapter 1
adapt /a'dspt/ v. to change, to function in a new way, to
adjust: She adapted quickly to her new job.
appealing /s'pidig/ adj. pleasing and attractive: Your
suggestion sounds very appealing.
diverse /di'vairs/ adj. varied, different from each other: New
York City has a diverse population, including
many Aslans, African- Americans, and Puerto
Ricans.
genre /'зопгэ/ n. a specific type of literature.
 art, or music grouped according to a
style or subject: Comedy and horror
movies are different genres.
influence /'mfluiens/ v. to change someone’s
mind, to have an effect on; Lenin’s ideas
influenced the Russians during the 1917
Revolution.
lyrics /'links/ n. the words of a song: The lyrics to
that song are clever.
rhythm /'пбэт/ n. a regular beat, especially in
music or movement: A symphony conductor
keeps the rhythm for the orchestra.
roots /ru:ts/ n. the place or culture that
something or someone comes from: The
roots of the problem go back hundreds of years.
Chapter 2
classic /'klaesik/ «, something regarded as an
example of the best of something: That 1950
Mercedes is a classic. emigrate /'emagreiit/ v. to
leave one’s country to live In another: My
parents emigrated from Vietnam before I was born.
incorporate /m'koirpsreit/ v. to include, to
contain: The spending agreement incorporates ideas
from both political parties.
infectious /m'fektfas/ iuij. easily spread from
person to person: You should stay home if you
have an infectious illness. make a living
/meika'livir/phr. v. to make money to live on: He
makes a living as a cook. struggle /'strAgal/ n. a
difficult time or task using much effort and
energy: He has had a struggle all his life with bad
health. tempo /'tempou/ n. rate of speed of a
piece of music: That song has a fast tempo. track
/Ггшк/ n. one piece of music on a CD or
record: The last track on that album is fantastic.
Units
Chapter 1
advantage /sd'vasnts^/ n. a good feature, a benefit:
The house is new and near a good school. It has many
advantages. balance /'baelsns/ n. in equal strength,
weight, etc.: When his mother died, he tried to keep his
emotions in balance. benefits /‘benafits/ n. money or
other perks that come with your job: The job
benefits include free dental and medical insurance. client
/'klaiant/ n. a customer of someone who provides
a professional service, such as a lawyer, tailor,
hairdresser, etc.: He likes to take his clients to lunch.
co-worker /kouwsa-kar/ n. a person one works with:
One of my co-workers was on vacation, so I had to deal
with his customers as well as my own.
invest /m'vest/ v. to put money into a business
idea or activity in the hope of making more
money if it is successful: We invested in a hamburger
restaurant and became rich when it expanded to Europe.
salary /'saelariy n. a regular payment from a
business or organization for work done:
My salary increased 5 percent this year. schedule
/'skedjuil/ n. a list of timed, planned activities or
events: On the airline schedule,
I saw that there was a flight to Osaka at
seven o'clock.
Chapter 2
analyze /'asnalaiz/ v. to examine something to
understand what it is and means, to study:
A scientist analyzed data from a study of cancer
patients.
detail /'diiteil/ n. a small point: There is one detail in
the plan (contract, agreement, etc.) that is unclear to
me.
emotional /э'тои|эпэ1/ M/J- full of strong feelings,
excited with emotion: When he disagrees
Vocabulary Index IB7
 with you, he becomes quite emotional. interact
/mtg'raekt/ v. to communicate with someone
through conversation, iooks, or action: The
couple interacted wordlessly with their eyes.
investigate /m'vestigeit/ v. to look at
something carefully, to examine; My car
was stolen last week; the police are investigating.
persuade /pair'sweid/ v. to lead a person or
group to believe or do something by arguing
or reasoning with them: / persuaded my friend to
join me on vacation. self-confident /selfkDnfadsnt/
adj. sure that one’s actions are good and
right: He has a self-confident way of speaking, with a
strong voice and definite opinions. solve /solv/ V. to
find an answer or solution for something; We
solved the problem by reading the directions.
Unit 9
Chapter 1
adopt /a'dDpt/ v. to copy: The boy adopts the same
way of talking that his father has. consume
/kan'suim/ v. to eat and drink: That big guy
consumed six bottles of beer and three hamburgers.
cultivation /kAlts'veiJsn/ ». preparation of land,
such as plowing, planting seed, etc., for
growing: The cultivation of bananas is one of the
island's main industries. currency /Wansi/ n. the
money used to pay for goods and services in
a country: The currency in the United States is made
up of dollar bills and coins. ingredient /m'griidiant/ n.
a food item in a recipe: Flour, milk, butter, and
yeast are some ingredients in bread. invade /m'veid/ v.
to enter by force: Napoleon’s armies invaded
Russia. remain /гэ'тет/ v. to continue to be a
certain way: That writer’s books have remained
1БВ Vocabulary Index
popular for many years.
ritual /'ritfuaiy n. a ceremony performed to mark
a serious or sacred event or day: A
common ritual at a wedding is giving and
receiving wedding rings.
Chapter 2
addicted /'aedikt/ adj. physically or emotionally
dependent on a substance, such as a
drug; a fan: He is addicted to golf; he plays
every day.
chemicals /'kemikslz/ n. substances produced in
chemical processes, i.e., by combination and
change in different kinds of matter: Some
chemicals that are added to food can be harmful in large
quantities. contribute /kan'tribjurt/ v. to participate
positively in something: Everyone on the team
contributed to winning the game. distinctive /da'stiriktiv/
adj. different from others, special: Spices give that
dish its distinctive flavor.
equivalent /a'kwivalant/ adj. equal, the same: The two
computers are equivalent in speed. nutrition /nui'trijan/
n. the processes by which the body uses food:
The body requires proper nutrition in order to maintain
itself. release /rii'liis/ v. to let something go, to set
free: He releases his pet birds from their cage each day.
stimulate /'stimjudeit/ v. to increase energy or
activity: Her love for him stimulates his
creativity.
Unit 10
Chapter 1
behavior ^э'heIvjэг/«. a way of acting: She refused
to work closely with anyone and was fired for bad
behavior.
devise /da'vaiz/ v. to create, to develop, to invent:
She has devised a plan for company expansion.

global /'gloubal/ adj. relating to all the world,
worldwide: Ш have a global economy today.
logo /'lougou/ Я. a design symbol of a
business, an institution, or a product:
The company's logo, with Its silver streaks, Is
recognized the world over.
manufacture /msnja'fektfar/ v. to make
something for sale using machinery: Our
company manufactures furniture. put on /'put on/ V.
perform or organize (a show, play, event,
etc.): The band put on a free concert in the park.
tiny /'taini/ adj. very small: Cells are too tiny to see
with the bare eye; one needs a microscope to see them.
vehicle /'viiiksl/ n. a machine, such as a car or
truck, that travels to transport people or
goods: l^e took our vehicle to the mechanic for its
yearly safety inspection.
Chapter 2
aim /eim/ Я. purpose, target: Her aim is to go to
college.
desire /ds'zaiar/«. a wish, a want: She expressed a
desire to go on vacation. elegant /’ebgont/ adj.
stylish in appearance, graceful, refined: The
living room of the model apartment has elegant
furniture. image /'тэф/ n. one’s appearance to
others, reputation: She is very concerned about her
image as a good lawyer. product /'procLOct/ n.
anything produced with materials and labor,
goods and services: That store sells food
products. react /rii'aekt/ v. to act in a different
way because of someone or something: The
teacher reacted to the student's bad grades by giving
him more homework. slogan /'slwgsn/ n. a saying or
phrase that expresses a group’s or a
company’s main message: “Just do it” is one
company's well-known slogan.
vanity /vaenati/ n. conceit, too much concern
with one’s looks or importance: His vanity
about his appearance is ridiculous; he is always
looking at himself in the mirror.
Unit 11
Chapter 1
boost /bu:st/ V. to lift or push up, to improve one’s
emotions: He was feeling sad, so his friends
boosted his spirits by giving him a party.
concentration /konsan'treijan/ n. total attention to
something: He studies his textbook with complete
concentration.
generally /'c^enarali/ adv. by most people: The bad
news was generally accepted well, but some people
were unhappy.
heed Л1:(1/ v. to follow someone’s advice:
/ heeded my doctor's advice and stopped smoking.
lethargic /la'Gaa-^ik/ adj. sleepy, tired: Some
medicines make people lethargic.
mood /mu:d/ n. an emotional state or feeling, such
as happiness or sadness: She is in a good
mood today and smiles a lot.
saying Z'seiii)/ n. wise thought: There is a saying that
“you can't teach an old dog new tricks.”
wholesome /'houlsam/ adj. good for one’s health,
healthy: Our family eats wholesome food, such as
fresh fruits and vegetables.
Chapter 2
crop /кгор/ n. planting and harvesting of grain,
vegetables, or fruit: Farmers had a good crop of rice
this year. deficient /da'fijant/ adj. not enough,
insufficient: Her diet is deficient in protein.
efficient /a'fijant/ adj. productive, economical:
She performs her job well and quickly; she is
very efficient.
Vocabulary Indox 1Б9
estimate /'estsmeit/ v. to figure the amount or
extent of, to calculate: / estimated that the trip will
take about two hours. exclude /eks'kluid/ v. not to
include, to leave out: / put all but one Ingredient
into the soup; I excluded the hot peppers. expel
/sk'spel/ v. to force out: The volcano expels smoke.
livestock /'laiivstok/ n. farm animals, such as
cattle, sheep, and chickens: In winter, the farmer
keeps his livestock in the barn. vital /'vaital/ adj. most
important, absolutely necessary: Water is vital
to life.
Unit 12
Chapter 1
ambitious /asm'bijss/ adj. (of a plan) large- scale,
needing a lot of work to succeed: Jamie
Oliver's plan to improve school lunches across
the country was very ambitious.
enormous /I'noirmas/ adj. extremely big, huge:
The Sears Tower in Chicago is enormous; it’s
more than 100 stories tall!
participate /pairtisapeit/ v. to take part or have a
role in an activity or event: She likes to
participate in political campaigns.
pick up /р1к'лр/ V. to collect, to lift up: This room
is very untidy. Please pick up your clothes.
represent /repra'zent/ v. to act in the place of, to
act on behalf of: The U.S. Embassy
represents the United States in other countries.
restore /rs'stoir/ v. to make something look
like it did when it was new: We want to
buy an old house and live there while we
restore It.
specialize /'spefslaiz/ v. to study and work in a
specific subject: She specializes in AIDS
research.
volunteer /vDibn'tiir/ v. to agree to do
something of one’s own free will rather
170 Vocabulary Index
than by necessity: He volunteers his time at
the church.
Chapter 2
dwindle /'dwindl/ v. to lessen in number or
intensity: By the end of the boring football
game, the crowd had dwindled to a few fans.
endangered /an'dem^ard/ adj. an endangered plant
or animal is one whose population is so
low that it is in danger of extinction: We
give money to the wiidlife fund to protect
endangered species.
exceed /ik'si;d/ v. to be more than (what is
expected): Sales of the new product exceeded
our estimates.
major/'тегфг/Ц'. main, most important: The major
reason for working is to make money to live.
pharmaceuticals /fama'sudikl/ n. drugs or
medicines: Pharmaceuticals are sold through
drugstores.
shortage /'Joirtic^ n. a state of not having
enough, a lack of something: A shortage
of oil made gasoline more expensive.
solution /so'luijgn/ n. an answer to a problem, a
way of solving it: The police found the
solution to the mystery.
sustainable /sa'stemabl/ adj. used at a level that
won’t damage the environment: The wood
for this furniture is taken from a sustainable
source.
Maps: North & South America
Март: Еигарв & Africa

ITS
Maps: Asia & Oceania
Prefixes and Suffixes
Here is a list of prefixes and suffixes that appear in the reading passages of this book.

Meaning Example
best- most best-known, best-loved
bi two biathlon, bicyole
con, com with, together connect, communicate
cross- across cross-country, cross-cultural
dis not, negative disapprove
ex related to outside or away expense
im, in not, negative impolite, independent, insensitive, inconsistent
in related to inside, or inwards income
inter between two or more places or groups Internet, international

kilo a thousand kilometer

micro very small microphone
mid referring to the middle midnight
milli a thousandth milliliter, millimeter
mis badly or wrongly misunderstood
pre done before / in advance precaution, prepaid, predict
sub below, under submarine
tele far television, telephone
trans across transportation

un not, negative uncomfortable, unhealthy, unusual

uni one university, united
well- done well, or a lot well-known, well-liked

Suffix Meaning Example

able full of comfortable, valuable, knowledgeable
able able to be believable
al used to make an adjeotive from a noun additional, personal, national

an, ian relating to American, Canadian, Australian, Italian

ant one who does something applicant, occupant

ant/ent indicating an adjective important, independent
ate used to make a verb from a noun originate
ation/ution/ition used to make a noun from a verb combination, resolution, competition
dom state of being freedom
eer one who does something engineer

174
Suffix Meaning Example

en used to form verbs meaning to increase a harden, threaten, frighten

quality
ence added to some adjectives to make a noun excellence

ent used to make an adjective from a verb excellent

ent one who does something student

er, or
computer, air conditioner, ringer, reporter,
someone or something that does something competitor, learner, teacher
er (after an adjective) more faster, safer
ese relating to Taiwanese, Japanese
est (after an adjective) most closest, earliest, thinnest
ever any whatever
ful filled with harmful, useful, beautiful, colorful, forgetful
hood state or condition adulthood, childhood
ion, Sion, tion indicating a noun opinion, religion, permission, discussion, education,
invention
ine indicating a verb combine
Ish relating to British, Irish, foolish
ist one who does something terrorist

ity used to make a noun from an adjective personality, celebrity

ive indicating an adjective expensive, sensitive
ize used to make a verb from an adjective socialize
less without, not having hopeless
logy the study of biology, psychology, geology
ly used to form an adverb from an adjective carefully, frequently
mate companion roommate, classmate
ment used to make a noun from a verb movement, excitement, government
ness used to make a noun from an adjective foolishness
ous, lous relating to adventurous, dangerous, delicious, curious
-shaped in the shape of moon-shaped
some full of awesome, handsome
th indicating an order fifteenth, eighteenth
un not, negative unhealthy, unfortunate
ure indicating some nouns culture, temperature, candidature
У indicating an adjective healthy, flashy

PrefixES and SutfixES 175

 ring
Review Reading Rate
Time (words per
(minutes) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 minute)
1:00 400
1:15 320
1:30 267
1:45 229
2:00 200
2:15 178
2:30 160
2:45 145
3:00 133
3:15 123
3:30 114
3:45 107
4:00 100
4:15 94
4:30 89
4:45 84
5:00 80
5:15 76
5:30 73
5:45 70
6:00 67
6:15 64
6:30 62
6:45 59
7:00 57
7:15 55
7:30 53
7:45 52
8:00 50
8:15 48
8:30 47
8:45 46
9:00 44
9:15 43
9:30 42
9:45 41
10:00 wmmmmmm шттштвшт шттявтт 40

НваШпд Ijtmprehensian Chart

Review Reading
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 I
6
5 !
4
3
2
1
0
17Б