TOEFL Skills Good

TOEFL
ITP & LOCAL & PAPER

For Room Number SIX
Special Thanks to: MS. Nora Nabil
Mohamed Ateaa
Third Issue
2009 / 2010 / 2011
For any further information:

Mohamed.ateaa@gmail.com
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TOEFL
Contents
Introduction
Part one (Listening)
i. Listening Skills (Longman).

ii. Thirty Common English Idioms
iii. Idioms (TOEFL secrets).
iv. Idioms (speak English like an American).
v. Idioms & Usage (4000 vocabulary).
vi. Phrasal verbs list (Improve your skills).
Part Two (Structure)
i. Structure Skills (Longman).

ii. List of irregular verbs.
iii. List of irregular Plural Forms (The dictionary).
iv. Prepositions.
v. Word ending – Formation.
Part Three (Reading)
i. Reading Skills (Longman)

ii. prefixes & Suffixes
iii. 400 Words for TOEFL
Part Four (Writing)
i. Writing Skills (Longman) ASAP
References
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Introduction
The TOEFL ITP test consists of four separate sections. Questions in each section are in multiple-choice format
with four answers per question. Two answers are irrelevant and are called distracters and the other two can be
although the questions are different on all editions of the test.
- Section 1(listening comprehension) measures the ability of the test-taker to understand spoken North Americans English.
- Section 2(structure and written expression) tests the examinee’s ability to recognize correct written English.
- Section 3(reading comprehension) examine the student’s skill at reading and understating written passages similar in
topic and style to those found in north American colleges and universities .
- Section 4(Test of Written English) demonstrate their ability to produce correct, organized, and meaningful English.
Examinees must write an essay on a given topic in thirty minutes.
TOEFL ITP (140 Questions – 145 minutes)
Section No. Questions Admin. Time Score Scale

Listening comprehension 50 questions 35 minutes 31-68
Structure and written expression 40 questions 25 minutes 31-68
Reading comprehension 50 questions 55 minutes 31-67
Test of Written English (TWE) 1 essay question 30 minutes -----------
TOTAL 140 questions,1essay 145 minutes 217-667
The listening section
There are three types of questions:
1- Short conversations.
2- Long conversations and class discussions.
3- Lectures.
The structure section
There are two different types of problems:
1- Incomplete sentence.
2- Sentence with underline words and phrases.
The reading section
There are many different types of problems (about 5 passages followed by 10 questions for each passage)
The writing section
There is one essay question
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Part one (Listening)
I- Listening Skills (Longman)
Types of listening questions:
a. Short dialogues: are two-line dialogues between two speakers each followed by a multiple choice question. the
30 short dialogues and 30 questions about them make up part A of the test
b. Long conversations: are 60-90 second conversations on casual topics between students each followed by a
number of multiple choice questions. The two conversations and the seven to nine questions that accompany
them make up part B of the test.
c. Talks: are 60-90 second talks about school life or on academic subjects, each followed by a number of multiple
questions. The three lectures and the 11-13 questions that accompany them make up part C of the test.
General strategies for listening comprehension:
1- Be familiar with the directions.

2- Listen carefully to the passage.
3- Know where the easier and the more difficult questions are generally found.
3- Be familiar with the pacing of the test. (You have 12 seconds between each question on the recording. so you
must answer within 12 seconds and then prepared for the next question.
4- Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet.
5- Use any remaining time to look ahead the answers to the question that follow.
Short dialogues
Very important notes
1- As you listen to each dialogue, focus on the second line of the conversations. The answer to the question is
generally found in the second line.
2- Keep in mind that the correct answer is probably a restatement of a key word or idea in the second line of the
dialogue. Think of passable restatements.
3- Keep in mind that certain structures and expressions are tested regularly in the short dialogue. listen for these
structure and expressions :
a. Structure (passive, negatives, wishes, conditions)
b. Functional expressions (agreement, uncertainly, suggestion, surprise)
c. Idiomatic expressions (two-part verbs, three-part verbs , idioms)
4- Keep in mind that these questions generally progress easy to difficult. This mean that questions 1 through 5 will
be easiest and questions 26 through 30 will be the hardest.
5- Read the answers and chose the best answer to each question. Remember to answer each question even if you
are not sure of the correct response. Never leave any answers blank.
6- Even if you do not understand the complete dialogue, you can still find the correct answer :
a. If you only understand a few words or ideas in the second line, chose the answer that contains a
restatement of those words or ideas.
b. If you do not understand anything at all in the second line of the conversation, chose the answer that
sounds that sounds the most different from what you heard.
c. Never choose an answer because it sounds like what you heard in the dialogue.
7- Be prepared for the next question. You have only 12 seconds between questions.
A- Listening Part A : short conversations
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(1)- Strategies
Skill 1: focus on the last line
Strategy skill 1: Focus on the last line

1- The last line of the dialogue probably contains the answer to the question.
2- Listen to the first line of the dialogue. If you understand it, that’s good. If you don’t understand it, don’t worry
because it probably does not contain the answer.
3- Be ready to focus on the last line of the dialogue because it probably contains the answer. Repeat the last line in
your mind as you read through the answer in the text
Skill 2: choose answers with synonyms
Strategy Skill 2: choose answers with synonyms

1- As you listen to the last of the dialogue, focus on key words in that line.
2- If you see any synonyms for key words in a particular answers, then you have probably found the correct answer
Skill 3: avoid similar sounds
Strategy Skill 3: avoid similar sounds

1- Identify key words in the last line of the dialogue.
2- Identify words in the answers that contain similar, and not chose these answers.
(2)- Who, what, where
Skill 4: draw conclusions about who, what, where
draw conclusions about who, what, where

It is common for you to be asked to draw one of the following conclusions in the short dialogues:
1- WHO is probably talking?
2- WHAT will s/he probably do next?
3- WHERE does the dialogue probably take place?
Skill 5: listen for who and what in passive
Passive statement
1- If the dialogue contains a passive statement, the answer to the question is often an active statement.
2- If the dialogue contains an active statement, the answer to the question is often a passive statement.
NOTE: check carefully who or what is doing the action in these questions.
Skill 6: listen for who and what with multiple nouns
who and what with multiple nouns

When there are multiple nouns in a sentence, it is common for the answers to confuse which noun does what.
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(3)- Negatives
Skill 7: listen for negative expressions
Types of negative expressions

Expressions Example Correct answer
Regular negative: not or n’t Tom is not sad about the results Not sad = happy
Other negatives: nobody , none, Nobody arrived on time Nobody … on time = late
nothing, never Sal never works hard Never works hard = lazy
Negative prefixes : in-, dis- The patient was insane Insane = not sane = crazy
Skill 8: listen for double negative expressions
Double negative
Situation Example Meaning
Negative word (not, no, none) and a He didn’t like the unclean office Did not like unclean office
negative prefix (in, un, dis) = liked clean office
Two negative verbs It isn’t snowing so they aren’t going to Implies that they would go if it were
the mountains snowing
Neither or not …. Either Sue, didn’t like the movie, and neither Both did not like the movie
did mark
Skill 9: listen for “almost negative” expressions
Common almost negative Expressions

Meaning Expressions Example
Almost none Hardly There is a hardly any food in the
Barely refrigerator
Scarcely
Only
Almost never Rarely He rarely drives to work
Seldom
Skill 10: listen for negative with comparatives
Comparatives with negative

Comparatives Example Meaning
More No one is more beautiful than she is She is the most beautiful
-er He couldn’t be happier He is extremely happy
(4)- Functions
Skill 11: listen for expressions of agreement
expressions of agreement
Agreement with positive statements Agreement with negative statements
So do I. Neither do I.
Me, too. I don’t either
I’ll say!
Isn’t it!
You can say that again!
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Skill 12: listen for expressions uncertainty and suggestion
expressions uncertainty and suggestion

uncertainty suggestion
..Isn’t it (tag)? Why not….?
As far as I know. Let’s …..
As far as I can tell.
Skill 13: listen for emphatic expressions of surprise
Expressions of emphatic surprise

Verb Emphatic form Example Meaning
Be Be, with emphasis Then he is here! I thought he was not here
Modal Modal, with emphasis Then you can go I thought you could not go
Present tense Do(es), with emphasis Then you do play tennis I thought you did not play Tennis
Past tense Did, with emphasis Then she did read it I thought she had not read it
Perfect tense Have, with emphasis Then he has gone there I thought he had not gone there
(5)- Contrary Meanings
Skill 14: listen for wishes
Key information about wishes

Point Example Meaning
1- An affirmative implies a negative realty. I wish I had time to help = no time to help
2- A negative wish implies an affirmative realty. I wish I did not have not time to help = time to help
1- A past tense verb implies a present realty. I wish he were at home * = is not at home
2- A past perfect tense implies a past realty. I wish he had been at home = was not at home
*note: remember that were is used instead of was in wishes. I wish I were going
Skill 15: Listen for untrue conditions
Key information about untrue conditions

Point Example Meaning
1- An affirmative implies a negative realty. If she were at home, she could do it = at home
2- A negative wish implies an affirmative If she weren’t at home, she could do it = at home
realty.
1- A past tense verb implies a present realty. If I had money, I would buy it = do not have money
2- A past perfect tense implies a past realty. If I had had money, I would have bought it = did not have money
He can be used without if Had I had money have bought it = did not have money
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(6)- Idiomatic language
Skill 16: Listen for two-and three- parts verbs
Verb Meaning Verb Meaning

Cut down Decrease it Cut off Stop supply of
Cut it out Stop it Get ahead Advance
Get along Be friendly Get at Imply
Get back Get revenge from Get by Mange
Get over Recover from Get rid of Throw away

Brush it off Not let it effect Brush up Review, relearn
Come across Unexpectedly find Come down with Get sick with
Look after Take care off Look into Investigate
Look it over Look at it briefly Pick on Bother
Pick out Choose Pick up Come and get

Call on Visit Call off Cancel
Call for Request, suggest Call up Telephone
Give away Donate Give back Return
Give up Surrender Put off Delay
Put on Dress in Put up with Tolerate

Break into Unlawfully enter Break off end
Carry it off Succeed Carry on Continue
Hold off Postpone Keep it up Continue
Lay off Fire Run into Unexpectedly meet
Run out of Fully use the supply of Wear out tire

Play up Increase the significance of Pull it off Succeed
Show off Try to attract attention Show up Arrive
Take place Happen Take turns Alternate
Take up Begin Turn down Refuse
Turn in Submit Turn into become
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Skill 17: listen for idioms
Idiom Meaning
Burn the candle at both ends Doing too much
Put the car before the horse Doing something in the wrong order
Put his foot in his mouth Saying embarrassing things
Beat around the bush Speaking indirectly
Look for a needle in a haystack Doing something difficult
Play with fire Doing something dangerous
Bark up the wrong tree making a mistake
Look out for number one Thinking only about himself
Take forever and a day Talking a really long time
Kill two birds with one stone Accomplishing two things at once
Miss the boat Missed an opportunity
Jump out of the frying pan and into the fire Going from bad to worse
Between a rock and a hard place Without any good options
Head and shoulders above the rest The best
All in a day’s work Nothing out of the ordinary
Jack of all trades Accomplished at many things
Like trying to swim upstream Really difficult or frustrating
One in a million Really wonderful
Off the hock Not responsible any longer
All in the same boat In the same situation
Like two peas in a pod Exactly alike
A chip off the old block Just like his father
On her last legs Very tired
On the tip of my tongue An idea that is not in words
two heads are better than one It’s good to work together
You could hear a pin drop it was really quit
Six of one , half dozen of the other It doesn’t matter
To each his own Everyone has a different opinion
Just my luck I’m not so fortunate
No sooner said than done It will be done immediately
His bark is worse than his bite His words are worse than his actions
Where there’s a will , there’s a way If you want something , you can do it
So far , so good It’s been going well up to now
Every cloud has a silver lining Bad things are accompanied by good
Rome wasn’t built in a day Everything takes time
two heads are better than one You always want what you don’t have
turn over a new leaf start over again
Don’t count your chickens before they hatched Depend on something you don’t have
Stand on my own two feet Do it myself
Strike while the iron is hot Take advantage of a good opportunity
Hit the nail right on the head Were exactly right
Look before you leap Think before you act
Sink her teeth into Get really involved in
Dot all the I’s and cross all the t’s Pay attention to every detail
Run around like a chicken with its head cut off Act overly nervous and excited
Be a piece of cake Be extremely easy
Let sleeping dogs lie Leave something alone
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Have been born with a silver spoon in his mouth Be spoiled
B- Listening Part B : Long conversations
1- If you have time, preview the answers to the questions. While you are looking at the answers, you should try to
do the following:
a. Anticipate the topics of the conversations you will hear.
b. Anticipate the questions for each of the groups of answers.
2- Listen carefully to the first line of the conversation. The first line of the conversation often contains the main
idea, subject, or topic of the conversation, and you will often be asked to answer such questions.
3- As you listen to the conversation, draw conclusions about the situation of the conversation: who is talking,
where the conversation takes place, or w hen it takes place. You will often be asked to make such inferences
about the conversation.
4- As you listen to the conversation, follow along with the answers in your test book and try to determine the
correct answers. Detail questions are generally answered in order in the conversation, and the answers often
sound the same as what is said on the recording.
5- You should guess even if you are not sure. Never leave any answers blank.
6- Use any remaining time to look ahead at the answers to the questions that follow.
Before listening
Skill 18: Anticipate the topics
It is very helpful to your overall comprehension if you know what topics to expect in the long conversion. You should
therefore try to anticipate the topics you will be hearing. For example, are the conversions about some aspect of school
life, or some type of social issue, or a trip someone is planning? A helpful strategy is therefore to look briefly at the
answers in the test book, before you actually hear the conversion on the recording, and try to determine the topics of
the conversion that you will hear.
Skill 19: Anticipate the questions
It is very helpful to your ability to answer individual questions with the long conversion if you can anticipate what the
question will be and listen specifically for the answers to those questions.
While listening
Skill 20: Determine the topic
As you listen to each long conversion, you should be thinking about the topic (subject) or main idea for each conversion.
Since the first one or two sentences generally give the topic, you should be asking yourself what the topic is while you
are listing carefully to the first part of the conversion.
Skill 21: Draw conclusions about who, what, when, where
As you listen to each long conversion, you should be trying to set the situation in your mind. You should be thinking the
following thoughts:
 Who is talking?
 When does the conversion probably take place?
 Where does the conversion probably take place?
 What is the source of information for the conversion?
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On the recording you will hear:
(Man) why do you have so many books?
(Women) I need them for my paper on Gorge Washington. Do you know how I can check them out?
(Man) Yes. You should go downstairs to the circulation desk and fill out a card for each book.
You think:
Who is probably talking? (Two students)
Where are they? (in the library)
What course are they discussing? (American History)
Skill 22: Listen for answers in order
There are two possible methods to use while you listen to a long conversion:
 You can just listen to the conversion (and ignore the answers).
 You can follow along with the answers while you listen.
Some students prefer to just listen to the conversion while it is being spoken, and if that method works well for you, then
that is what you should do. Other students find that they ca n answer more questions correctly if they read along with
the answers while the conversion is being spoken. Because the detail questions are answered in order, it is possible to
read along whole you listen to the conversion on the recording.
C- Listening Part C : Long Talks
Three talks, each followed by a number of multiple-chaise questions, appear in Part C of the Listening Comprehension
section of the test. You will hear the talks and the questions on a recording, they are not written in your test book. Like
the conversion in Part B, the talks are often about aspect of school life or topics currently in the news. It is also very
common for the talks to be shortened versions of lectures from courses taught in American colleges and universities.
1- If you have time, preview the answers to the questions. While you are looking at the answers, you should try to
do the following:
 Anticipate the topics of the talks you will hear.
 Anticipate the questions for each of the groups of answers.
2- Listen carefully to the first line of the talk. The first of the line often contains the main idea, subject, or topic if
the talk and you will often be asked this type of question.
3- As you listen to the talk, draw conclusions about the situation of the talk: who is talking, where or when the
talks place, which course this might be given in. you will often be asked to make such inferences about the talk.
4- As you listen to the talk, follow along with the answers in your test book and try to determine the correct
answers. Detail questions are generally answered in order in the talks, and the answers often sound the same as
what is said on the recording.
5- You should guess even if you are not sure. Never leave any answers blank.
6- Use the remaining time to look ahead at the answers to the questions that follow.
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Before listening
Skill 23: Anticipate the topics
It is very helpful to your overall comprehension if you know what topics to expect in the long talks. You should therefore
try to anticipate the topics that you will be hearing (as you did with the long conversions). For example, are the talks
about American history, or literature, or some aspect of school life? A helpful to look briefly at the answers in the test
book, before you actually hear the talks on the recording, and try to determine the topics of the talks that you will hear.
Skill 24: Anticipate the questions
It is very helpful to your ability to answer individual questions with the long talks if you can anticipate what questions
what the questions will be listen specifically for the answers to those questions (as you did with the long conversions).
While listening
Skill 25: Determine the topic
As you listen to each long talk, you should be thinking about the topic (subject) or main idea for the talk (as you did with
the long conversions). Since the first sentence is generally a topic sentence, you should be asking yourself what the topic
is while you are listening carefully to the first part of the talk.
On the recording, you hear:
(Man) the major earthquake that occurred east of Los Angeles in 1971 is still the economy of the area today.
You think: The topic of the talk is the effect of the 1971 earthquake on Los Angeles today.
Skill 26: Draw conclusions about who, what, when, where
As you listen to each talk, you should be trying to set the situation in your mind (as you did with the long conversations).
You should be thinking the following thoughts:
 Who is talking?
 When does the talk probably take place?
 Where does the talk probably take place?
 What course is the talk concerned with?
 What is the source of information for the talk?
Skill 27: Listen for answers in order
There are two possible methods to use while you listen to the talks.
 You can just listen to the talk (and ignore the answers).
 You can follow along with the answers while you listen.
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II -Thirty Common English Idioms
1 24/7 all the time; constantly My little sister irritates me 24/7!
2 A short fuse A quick temper Jamie is known for his short fuse; just a few days ago he
screamed at his coach for not letting him play
3 A taste of your Bad treatment deservedly received After constantly being prank-called, Julian decided to give
own medicine for treating other people badly Juan a taste of his own medicine and ordered twenty-seven
pizzas to be delivered to Juan’s house
4 Butterflies in my To be nervous Liam had butterflies in his stomach before he went on stage
stomach to play the violin
5 Cat got your Can’t you speak? (Usually said to I just saw you kissing my boyfriend. What’s the matter? Cat
tongue? embarrass the other person) got your tongue?
6 Down for the Tired; giving up; unable or No, you can’t take my dog for a walk – she’s down for the
count unwilling to participate any longer count after chasing cats all day.
7 Draw the line to know the point where something Now I draw the line at speaking in front of 34,000 people
goes from okay to not okay
8 Easier said than Not as easy as it appears to be. You want me to come to work at 6:00 AM? Easier said than
done done!
9 Every cloud has You can find good in every bad Even though you just got fired, remember that every cloud
a silver lining situation has a silver lining – at least you don’t have to work for that
grouchy boss anymore
10 Finding a needle Virtually impossible to find Trying to get a new job these days is like trying to find a
in a haystack needle in a haystack.
11 Fish out of To be out of place Tom felt like a fish out of water at the Star Trek convention
water his new girlfriend begged him to attend
12 Get something to admit something you have I have to get this off my chest – I copied your answers from
off your chest done wrong the test. Thanks for the “D” by the way
13 Give it a whirl To try something I’ve never gone kite-boarding, but I’m prepared to give it a
whirl!
14 In the fast lane A life filled with excitement When Curtis turned forty, he decided he needed to live life in
the fast lane, so he quit his job as a dentist and decided to
tour Europe by motorcycle
15 In the nick of Almost too late You came to pick me up in the nick of time – my teacher just
time saw me skipping class and was on his way to give me
detention
16 Let the cat out Tell a secret Brady’s surprise party is going to be great if you don’t let the
of the bag cat out of the bag.
17 Lose your To go crazy; insane Our professor has really lost his marbles; he assigned us
marbles seven essays this week!
18 Once in a blue Rarely In Florida, the temperature drops below freezing only once in
moon a blue moon.
19 Plain as day Obvious; clear It’s plain as day that you’re in love with her, so just admit it.
20 Play second To be less important I hate playing second fiddle to my sister; she always does
fiddle things better than I do!
21 Put your foot in Saying something you shouldn’t Jessica really put her foot in her mouth when she asked
your mouth have about John’s job right after he lost it.
22 Sick and tired To be bothered or annoyed by She is sick and tired of her dog chewing up her shoes every
day
23 Sleep on it To think about something for a Don’t tell me whether you’ll move to Texas with me or not
while before making a decision today. Sleep on it, and get back to me tomorrow
24 Snug as a bug in Warm and cozy; content That baby looks as snug as a bug in a rug cuddled up next to
a rug his mother
25 Stick your nose To interfere Sharon always sticks her nose into everyone else’s business.
into something
26 Straight from Directly from the person involved Listen to the news straight from the horse’s mouth; we’re all
the horse’s getting bonuses this week!
mouth
27 Take it easy Relax I know you’re not feeling well, so try to take it easy today
28 Tip of the The small easily visible part of a The fact that Carrie is dating a member of the mafia is just
iceberg larger problem the tip of the iceberg; she’s also smuggling contraband into
the country.
29 To not see the To be so involved with the details She always argues about the silliest things; it’s like she can’t
wood for the that you don’t get the most see the wood for the trees
trees important facts
30 Up a creek ”: In an unlucky/bad situation If you don’t have any money to pay for the repairs we just
without a paddle made to your car, I guess you’re up a creek without a paddle
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because you can’t have your car back.
III- Idioms (TOEFL secrets)
Idiom Meaning
Ace make am 'A' on a test , homework assignment , project , etc
Antsy tired of waiting
As easy as pie very easy
At the eleventh hour at the last minute , always too late
Bad mouth say unkind , embarrassing and probably untrue about someone
Be a piece of cake be very easy
Be all ears be eager to hear what some has to say
Be in and out be at and away from a place during a particular time
Be on the go : be very busy
Beat around the bush avoid giving a direct answer
Beat one's brain out try very hard to understand or do something
Beats me have no idea
Before long soon
Bent out of the shape need Lesley worried about something
Blabber mouth a very talkative person
Blow one's top become extremely angry
Boom box CD cassette player
The bottom line the most essential information
Break a leg good luck
Bug annoy , bother someone
Bull-headed stubborn , inflexible
A bundle a lot of money
Burn the midnight oil study/work all night or until very , very late at night
Bushed very tired
By the skin of one's teeth barely succeed in doing something
Call it a day stop work for the day
Can't make heads or tails of something can't understand something at all
Catch one's eyes attract one's attention / interest
Catch some Zs sleep for a while , take a nap
Chicken cowardly
Chow down eat
A chinch something that is very easy to do
Cost (someone) an arm and a leg cost a lot , be very expensive
Couch potato someone who spend too much time watching TV
Cram try to learn as much as possible in a very short time
Crash course short course designed to give a lot of knowledge in a very short time .
Cut it out stop doing something (that's annoying)
Dicey uncertain , taking too much of a chance
Ditch class skip class / play hooky
Do a bang-up job do a very good job , do very well at something
Down in the dumps depressed , blue
Drop someone in a line write to someone
Drag one's feet delay , take longer than necessary to do something
An eager beaver a person who is always willing to volunteer or do extra work
Easy does it be vary carful , don't do anything too fast or too hard
An egghead a very intelligent person
Elbow grease hard work , effort
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Every other alternately , omitting the second one in each group of two
Idiom Meaning
Far-fetched difficult to accept , difficult to believe
Feel puny feel unwell , ill
Fender – bender automobile accident
Get a kick out of something find something amusing
Get a move on hurry
Get one's wires crossed be confused or mistaken about something
Get out of hand Become out of control , become badly managed
Get up and go Energy
A (real) go – getter A (very) ambitious , hard – working person
Go with the flow Take things as they come
Grab a bite Get something to eat
Green Inexperienced
Hard headed Stubborn , inflexible , unwilling to change
Have one’s hands full Be extremely busy
Have / has (‘ve/’s) got Have / has
Have something down pat Know / understand something completely and thoroughly
Hit the books Study
Hit the hay / sack Go to bed , go to sleep
How come? Why ? (statement word order)
In the black Profitable , not showing a financial loss
In the red Un profitable , showing a financial loss
Jump all over someone Severely criticize / find fault with someone
Jump the gun Do something before it’s time to do it
Keep an eye on Check something regularly
Keep an eye out for Watch for
Keep / stay in touch (with someone) Remain informed (about someone) / in a contact by writing , etc
Keep one’s fingers crossed Hope for the best
Kind of Rather , more or less , a little
Know something inside out Know / understand something thoroughly
Leave well enough alone Do nothing (because doing something would make things worse)
A let down A disappointment , something that’s very disappointing
Live from hand to mouth Survive on very little money , have only enough money
Live and let live Don’t unnecessarily make things difficult
Lousy Terrible , very bad
Nosh Snack
Not on your life Absolutely not , (a strong no)
Now and then / Once in a while Occasionally , from time to time
Nuke Heat in a microwave
Nuts Crazy
On the cutting edge Using the most recent technology
Plastic Credit cards
Pretty (adv) Rather , somewhat
Pull an all nighter study or work all night without getting any sleep
Pull someone’s leg Tease someone by trying to make her/him believe something untrue
R and R Rest and relaxation (a vacation)
Rain or shine No matter what weather is
Rub someone the wrong way Irritate someone , bother or annoy someone
Rub down Not well , weak , needing repair
Sleep on it Take at least a day to think about something before making a decision
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A snap Something that’s very easy to do
Idiom Meaning
Sooner or later Eventually
So – so Fair , not
State of the art Using the latest technology
Step on it Hurry up
Toss something Throw something away , put something in the trash
There , there Expression of comfort
Two faced Deceitful , someone who pretends to be a friend but isn't
Under the weather ill , sick , unwell
Until hell freezes over Forever
Until you're blue in the face Forever
Inside down With the bottom part on top part on bottom
Used to (+ V) An action that was true in the past but is not true now
Was my face red I was very embarrassed
Wear out one's welcome Make someone uncomfortable by visiting too long
What for? Why?
What's up? What's new? , what's happening?
A yes man Someone who tries to get approval by agreeing with every one
You don't say Really, is that really true?
You've got to be kidding You can't be serious
Yucky Terrible , distasteful , very unpleasant
Yummy Delicious
Zilch Nothing
Zip your lip Keep something secret
Tell a white lie Say something that untrue in order not to hurt someone
Take it easy Relax
Sort of Rather, somewhat
Read someone’s mind Know what someone is thinking
pooped Very tired
Pop quiz Short quiz
On time At the scheduled
On the dot Exactly at a given time
Ok Yes, so-so, well, approve (verb)
Tough Difficult
Take it easy Relax
Tricky Easily confused or misunderstood
Be broke No money
Bucks Dollars
Fire Dismiss
Get it Understand
Be over Finish
Cool it Calm down
For ages Long time
Get lost Go away
Be on the road Travel
Blue Sad
Get going Leave
Be up and running Ready
With bells on Very eagerly
Page | 15
Wishy-washy Without an opinion of one’s own
IV- Idioms (speak English like an American)
Idiom Meaning Idiom Meaning

# About to Ready to , on the verge of After all Despite everything , the fact
At least Anyway , the good thing is (to) break the news To make something known
Dead end job A job that won't lead to anything else Let's face it Accept a difficult reality
give one the creeps To create a feeling of horror Give someone the ax To fire someone
Lose one's temper To become very angry No point in No reason to
Put up with To endure without complaint Real flop or flop Failure
(to) save the day To prevent a disaster Sharp as a tack Very intelligent
Talk over To Discus Top dollar A lot of money
# easier said than done More difficult than you think Got canned (slang) To get fired
Hang in there To preserve , to not give up Keep one's chin up To stay positive
If worse comes to worst In the worst case Last resort Last solution
Make ends meet To mange one's okay Out of work Unemployed
Right hand man Helpful assistant or employer Set eyes on To look at
Stab in the back To betray someone Thank goodness I'm grateful
Think big To set high goals When pigs fly Never
# beside the point Not important Blow something To spoil
Buckle down Start working seriously Can't stand To hate
Cut class To miss class without an excuse Lost cause Something hopeless
(to) not give a hoot To not care about Slack off To waste time
(to) stand a chance To have the possibility of success Over one's head Beyond one's understanding
#drive one crazy To annoy someone very much Get into To enter a profession
Hit the nail on the head To be right Pay a complaint To give someone complaint
Shake in one’s show To be afraid Way to go Good work
# Crazy about To like very much Drop by To pay time idly
Hang out To spend out Under one’s breath Quietly, in a whisper
# cheer someone up To make someone happy Good thinking Good idea
Have a heart of gold To be very kind and giving Make a bundle To make a lot of money
Just what the DR order Exactly what was needed To be on edge Nervous
#bright and early Early in the mooring Fat chance Definitely not
To give it a shot To try something Needless to say Obviously
Not have a clue To know nothing about Work like a dog To work very hard
#dime a dozen Common To make splash To win popularity fast
Pipe dream An unrealistic hope That’s the breaks When something happened
#by far By a great difference It’s deal I agree
Kid around To joke around #don’t mention it You are welcome
#From the scratch From the beginning Go nuts To be crazy
Roll up one’s sleeves To prepare to work Sit tight To wait patiently
You can say that again I agree with you Make a pig of oneself To eat too much
#can’t complain I am fine Crunch numbers To perform calculations
Drive a hard bargain T to be tough in negotiating an deal Get the ball rolling To get started
How’s it going How are you? Now you’re talking You say right things
Take it or leave it Accept or reject an offer Make a living To earn money
Sweeten the deal To make an offer more attractive On the question Impossible
# for heaven’s sake Expressing emotions such surprise Get going To leave
Help out To give assistance Like crazy With great speed
Like pulling teeth Very difficult Never mind It doesn’t matter
Pitch in To help Run around To move about quickly
Page | 16
Things are looking up Things are improving Pick up To learn
V- Idioms & Usage (4000 vocabulary)
Idiom Usage Examples

Accept means "to agree to" or "to receive". We will accept (receive) your manuscript for review.
Accept / Except
Except means "to object to'' or "to leave out" No parking is allowed, except (leave out) on holidays.
When explaining something, the correct idiom We had to account for all the missing money.
is account for
Account for–to
When receiving blame or credit , the correct You will have to account to the state for your crimes
idiom is account to
Adapted to means "naturally suited for". The polar bear is adapted to subzero temperatures.
Adapted to-for-
Adapted for means "created to be suited for". For any new orders it must be adapted for anything.
from
Adapted from "changed to be suited for". Lucas's latest release is adapted from the B-movie.
Effect is a noun meaning " a result" Increased fighting will be the effect of the peace
Affect / Effect
Affect is a verb meaning "to influence" The rain affected their plans for a picnic
All ready vs. All ready means "everything ready"
Already Already means "earlier"
A lot vs. A lot A lot is nonstandard , a lot is the correct form
Between should be used when referring to The young lady must choose between two suitors.
Among / two things.
Between Among should be used when referring to The fault is spread evenly among the three
more than two things. defendants
(Faulty) being that darkness was fast approaching we
Being that vs. Being that is nonstandard and should be had to abandon the search.
Since replaced by since. (Better) Since darkness was fast approaching, we had
to abandon the search.
Adding an S to beside completely changes its We sat beside (next to) the host.
Beside /
meaning: beside means "next to". Besides Besides (in addition), money was not even an issue in
Besides
means "in addition". the contract negations.
(Faulty) the dispute centers around the effects of
Center vs. Center around is colloquial. It should not be undocumented workers.
Center around used in formal writing. (Correct) the dispute centers on the effects of
undocumented workers.
Confirm to (not Stewarts's writing does don confirm to
with) standard literary conventions.
Consensus of Consensus of opinion is redundant: consensus
opinion mean "general agreement".
The penalty does not correspond to the severity of
Correspond Correspond to means "in agreement with" the crime.
to/With Correspond with means "to exchange letters" He corresponded with many of the top European
leaders of his time.
Different from / The preferred form is different from. Only in The new Cedillas are very different from the imported
Different than rare cases is different than acceptable. luxury cars.
(Faulty) scarcely nothing was learned during the
Double seminar.
negatives (Correct) scarcely anything was learned during the
seminar.
(Faulty) I doubt whether his new business will
Doubt that vs. succeed
Doubt whether is nonstandard
Doubt whether (Correct) I doubt that his new business will succeed
Farther / Use farther when referring to distance, and They went no further (degree) than necking.
Page | 17
further use further when referring to degree He threw the discs farther (distance) than the top
Idiom Usage Examples
Use fewer when referring t a number of items. In the past, we had fewer options.
Fewer / Less Use less when referring to a continuous The impact was less than what was expected
quantity.
Identical with This bid is identical with the one submitted by you
(not to)
In contrast to In contrast to the conservative attitudes of her time,
(not of) mae west was quite provocative.
Independent of The judiciary is independent of the other branches of
(not from) government
(Faulty) Peterson is not only the top salesman in the
Not only … but In this construction, but cannot be replaced department and also the most proficient
also with and (Correct) Peterson is not only the top salesman in the
department but also the most proficient
(Poor) On account of his poor behavior, he was
On account of Because is always better than the
expelled
vs. Because circumlocution on account of.
(Better) Because he behavior poorly, he was expelled
The members of the basketball team (more than two)
Each other should be used when referring to
One another / congratulated one another on their victory.
two things and one another should be used
Each other The business partners (two) congratulated each other
when referring to more than two things.
on their successful first year.
(Faulty) His contributions to this community are
Do not use plus as a conjunction meaning considerable, plus his character is beyond reproach.
and. (Correct) His contributions to this community are
Plus / And
(NOTE) plus can be used to mean and so long considerable, and his character is beyond reproach.
as it is not being used as a conjunction. (Acceptable) His generous financial contribution plus
his donated time has made this project a success.
(Faulty) In regards to your letter, we would be
Regard vs. Unless you are giving best wishes to someone, interested in distributing your product.
Regards you should use regard. (Correct) In regard to your letter, we would be
interested in distributing your product.
Regardless means "not withstanding". Hence,
Regardless vs.
the "IR' in irregardless is redundant .regardless
Irregardless
is the correct form.
Retroactive to The tax increase is retroactive to February.
The correct idiom is retroactive to.
(not from)
To speak to someone is to tell them We spoke to Jennings about the alleged
something. embezzlement.
Speak to/With
To speak with someone is to discuss Steve spoke with his friend Dave for hours yesterday.
something with them.
(Poor) the reason why I could not attend the party is
This structure is redundant. Equally common
The reason is because I had to work.
and doubly redundant is the structure the
because (Better) I could not attend the party because I had to
reason why is because.
work.
(Poor) The United Nations has not deiced as to
Whether vs. As The circumlocution as to whether should be whether to authorize a trade embargo.
to whether replaced by whether. (Better) The United Nations has not decided whether
to authorize a trade embargo.
Whether vs. If Whether introduce a choice. If introduces a (Faulty) He inquired if we had decided to keep the
condition. A common mistake is to use to gift.
present a choice. (Correct) He inquired whether we had decided to
Page | 18
keep the gift.
VI- Phrasal verb list
Verb Meaning Example Verb Meaning Example

I asked around but
Ask someone Brain asked Judy out to Ask many people the
Invite on date Ask around nobody has seen my
out dinner and a movie same question
wallet
You'll have to back up
Add up to Your purchases add up to Back
Equal Reserve your car so that I can
something 205.32$ something up
get out
My wife backed me up The racing car blew up
Back
Support over my decision to quit Blow up Explode after it crashed into the
someone up
my job fence
Our car broke down at
Blow We have to blow 50 Stop functioning
Add air Break down the side of the highway
something up balloons up for the party (machine)
in the snowstorm
Break Our teacher broke the
The women broke down Divide into smaller
Break down Get upset something final project down into
when police told her that parts
down 3 parts
The fireman had to
Force entry to a Somebody broke in last Break
Break in Enter forcibly break into the room to
building night and stole our stereo something in
rescue the children
The TV station broke in to Wear something a few I need to break these
Break
Break in Interrupt report the news of the times so that it shoes in before we run
something in
president's death doesn’t look new next week
My boyfriend and I broke The kids just broke up
End a Start laughing
Break up up before I moved to Break up as soon as the clown
relationship (informal)
America started talking
The prisoners broke out
Break out in Develop a skin I broke out in a rash
Break out Escape in a rash after our coming
something condition after our camping up
trip
Bring My grandparents
This sad music is bringing Bring someone
someone Make unhappy Raise a child brought me up after y
me down up
down parents died
My mother walks out of He drinks so much that
Bring Start talking Bring
the room when my father Vomit he brought his dinner
something up about a subject something up
brings up sports up in the toilet
Phone many We called around but we I called the company
Call someone
Call around different weren't able to find the Return a phone call back but the office were
back
places/people car part we needed closed for the weekend
Jason called the wedding
Call Call on Ask for an answer or The professor called on
Cancel off because he wasn't in
something off someone opinion me for question 1
love with his fiancé
Give me your phone
We called on you last
Call on Call someone number and I will call
Visit someone night but you weren't Phone
someone up you up when we are in
home
town
You are still mad. You Not care for
Relax after being I don't care for his
Calm down need to calm down someone/som Not like (formal)
angry behavior
before you drive the car ething
Get to the same You'll have to run faster
Arrive and register at a We will get the hotel
Catch up point as than that if you want to Check in
hotel or airport keys when we check in
someone else catch up with Marty
Check
You have to check out of someone Look at carefully, The company checks
Check out Leave a hotel
the hotel before 11 AM /something investigate out all new employees
out
Page | 19
Check out She cheered up when
Look at Check out the crazy hair
someone Cheer up Become happier she heard the good
(informal) on that guy!
/something news
Cheer If everyone chips in we
I brought you same
someone Make happier Chip up Help can get the kitchen
flowers to cheer up
happy painted by soon
Please clean up your I came across these old
Clean Come across
Tidy, clean bedroom before you go Find unexpectedly photos when I was
something up something
outside tidying the closet
The top and bottom come Come down My nephew came down
Come apart Separate apart if you pull hard with Become sick with chicken pox this
enough something weekend
Volunteer for a The women came
Come from The art of origami
Come forward task or to give forward with her Originate in
somewhere comes from Asia
evidence husband's finger prints
Count on I am counting on you to Please cross out your
Cross
someone Rely on make dinner while I am Draw a line through old address and write
something out
/something out your new one
My doctor wants me to We had to cut the old
Cut back on Cut something Make something fall
Consume less cut back on sweets and tree in our yard down
something down to the ground
fatty foods after the storm
Your father cut in while I Pull in too closely in
The bus driver got angry
Cut it Interrupt was dancing with your Cut in front of another
when that car cut in
uncle vehicle
Start operating The air condition cuts in The doctors cut off his
Cut something Remove with
Cut in (of an engine or when the temperature leg because it was
off something sharp
electrical device) gets to 22 C severely injured
The phone company cut My grandparents cut
Cut Cut someone
Stop providing off our phone because we Take out of a will my father off when he
something off off
didn’t pay the bill remarried
Remove part of
Cut Do someone He's lucky to be alive.
something I cut this ad out of the
something /something Beat up His shop was done over
(usually with newspaper
out over by a street gang
scissors)
My teacher wants me to
It's time to do away
Do something do my essay over because do away with
Do again Discard with all of these old tax
over she doesn't like my something
records
topic
Do your coat up before It's a fancy restaurant so
Do something
Fasten, close you go Dress up Wear nice clothing we have
up
Outside. It's snowing! to dress up
Andrea dropped back to I might drop in/by/over
move back in a drop come without an
drop back third place for tea
position/group in/by/over appointment
when she fell off her bike sometime this week
Take
Drop I have to drop my sister I dropped out of
someone/somet
someone/so off at work Drop out Quit a class, school etc Science because it
hing somewhere
mething off before I come over was too difficult
and leave them
I don't feel like cooking We ended up renting a
Eat at a Eventually
Eat out tonight. End up movie instead
restaurant reach/do/decide
Let's eat out of going to the theatre
The picture that you
hung up last
My new dress fell apart in
fall apart break into pieces fall down fall to the ground night fell down this
the washing machine
morning
Page | 20
(of hair, teeth)
The money must have His hair started to fall
separate from an become loose and
fall out fallen out of fall out out when he
interior unattached
my pocket was only 35
I need to figure out how Please fill in the form
figure to write information in
understand, find to fit the fill something with your
something blanks
the answer piano and the bookshelf in name, address, and
out
in this room phone number
to write
The form must be filled I always fill the water
fill something information in fill something
out in fill to the top jug up when it
out blanks up
capital letters is empty
We tried to keep the
We don't know where he
time of the
lives. How find something
find out discover discover party a secret, but
Can we find out? out
Samantha found
it out
I was surprised how
communicate, I tried to get my point
well my new
get something make across/over
get along/on like each other girlfriend and my sister
across/over understandable to the judge but she
got
wouldn't listen
along/on
We worked so hard this
My grandfather can get
year that we
get around have mobility around fine get away go on a vacation
had to get away for a
in his new wheelchair
week
do without
Jason always gets away We got back from our
get away with being noticed or
with get back return vacation last
something punished
cheating in his math tests week
My sister got back at
receive Liz finally got her Science me for
get something get back at
something you notes retaliate, take revenge Stealing her shoes. She
back someone
had before back from my room-mate stole my
favorite hat
become
We're going to freeze
interested in I finally got back into my
get back into get on out here if
something novel and step onto a vehicle
something something you don't let us get on
again finished it
the bus
recover from an The company will have
I just got over the flu and
get over illness, loss, get over to close if it
now my overcome a problem
something difficulty something can't get over the new
sister has it
regulations
I don't know when I am
going to get Let's get together for a
get round to finally find time meet (usually for
round to writing the get together BBQ this
something to do social reasons)
thank you weekend
cards
You should get up and
I got up early today to
give the
get up get out of bed study for my get up stand
elderly man your seat.
exam
reveal hidden My father gave me
give someone His wife gave him away to give someone take the bride to the
information away at my
away the police away altar
about someone wedding
Page | 21
give something to
give My little sister gave the give The library was giving
someone for
something ruin a secret surprise something away old
free
away party away by accident away books on Friday
I have to give these skates My boyfriend didn't
give reluctantly stop
return a back to want to go to
something give in fighting or
borrowed item Franz before his hockey the ballet, but he finally
back arguing
game gave in
give to many They were giving out free
give I am giving up smoking
people (usually perfume give
something quit a habit as of January
at no samples at the something up
out 1st
cost) department store
My math homework was My brother tried to go
go after
give up stop trying too follow someone after the
someone
difficult so I gave up thief in his car
We are going against
I went after my dream
go after try to achieve go against the best
and now I am compete, oppose
something something someone soccer team in the city
a published writer
tonight
I have to go back home
Please go ahead and eat
and get my
go ahead start, proceed before the go back return to a place
lunch.
food gets cold
Jesse has been going
leave home to
We're going out for go out with out with Luke
go out go on a social date
dinner tonight someone since they met last
event
winter
I haven't seen Tina for a
Please go over your
go over long time. I
review answers before go over visit someone nearby
something think I'll go over for an
you submit your test
hour or two
My best friend and I
When I was young, we
go without suffer lack or stop being friends grew apart
went without grow apart
something deprivation over time after she changed
winter boots
schools
When Jack grows up he
My roses grew back this
grow back re grow grow up become an adult wants to be
summer
a fireman
Elizabeth needs a new
This bike is too big for
pair of shoes
grow out of grow into him now, but
get too big for because she has grown grow big enough to fit
something something he should grow into it
out of her
by next year
old ones
hand give something I handed my old comic I have to hand in my
hand
something used to books down to submit essay by
something in
down someone else my little cousin Friday
The police asked the
hand We will hand out the hand
to distribute to a give (usually man to hand
something invitations at something
group of people unwillingly) over his wallet and his
out the door over
weapons
. I'm sure you'll find a wait a short time While I grab my coat
hang in stay positive hang on
job very soon (informal) Hang on and Shoes!
Instead of going to the
spend time He didn't say goodbye
party we are
hang out relaxing hang up end a phone call before he
just going to hang out at
(informal) hung up
my place
Page | 22
I had to hold my dog back
hold hold Jamie held back his
prevent from because
someone/so something hide an emotion tears at his
doing/going there was a cat in the
mething back back grandfather's funeral
park
hold firmly using your
Please hold on while I hold onto Hold onto your hat
hands or
hold on wait a short time transfer you someone/som because it's very
arms
to the Sales Department ething windy outside
hold A man in a black mask Keep on stirring until
keep on doing
someone/so rob held the bank continue doing the liquid
something
mething up up this morning comes to a boil
keep
We kept our relationship keep Try to keep the wet dog
something
not tell from our someone/som stop from entering out of the
from
parents for two years ething out living room
someone
If you keep those results I need you to be on
keep continue at the let someone fail to support or help,
up you will time. Don't let
something up same rate down disappoint
get into a great college me down this time
Can you let the cat in look after I have to look after my
let someone
allow to enter before you go someone/som take care of sick
in
To school? ething grandmother
Ever since we stole that
look for I'm looking for a red
look down on think less of, chocolate
someone/som try to find dress for the
someone consider inferior bar your dad has looked
ething wedding
down on me
We are going to look
look forward be excited about I'm looking forward to the look into
investigate into the price
to something the future Christmas break something
of snowboards today
be careful,
Look out! That car's going look out for Don't forget to look out
vigilant, and take be especially vigilant
look out to hit you! someone/som for snakes
notice for
ething on the hiking trail
search and find
look Can you look over my We can look her phone
look information in a
something check, examine essay for number up on
something up reference book or
over Spelling mistakes? the Internet
database
My little sister has always Josie made up a story
look up to have a lot of make invent, lie about
looked up about
someone respect for something up something
to me why we were late
We were angry last night, My sisters made me up
forgive each make
make up but we apply cosmetics to for my
other someone up
made up at breakfast graduation party
I mixed up the twins' His uncle passed away
mix confuse two or
names again! pass away die last night
something up more things
after a long illness
The professor passed
It was so hot in the
pass give the same thing to the textbooks
pass out faint church that an
something out many people out before class.
elderly lady passed out
I passed up the job Thanks for buying my
pass decline (usually pay someone
because I am return owed money ticket. I'll pay
something up something good) back
afraid of change. you back on Friday.
be punished for That bully will pay for I picked out three
pay for pick
doing something being mean to choose sweaters for you
something something out
bad my little brother to try on
Page | 23
put what you are
point I'll point my boyfriend out You can put the
indicate with put something holding on a
someone/so when he groceries down on
your finger down surface or floor
mething out runs by the kitchen counter
The students put the We are putting off our
insult, make
put someone substitute teacher down put something trip until
someone feel postpone
down because his pants were off January because of the
stupid
too short hurricane
put The neighbors put the fire I have to put the crib
put something
something extinguish out before the firemen assemble together
together
out arrived before the baby arrives
put
put up with I don't think I can put up Don't forget to put on
put something clothing/accessories
someone/so tolerate with three your new
on on your
mething small children in the car earrings for the party
body
run into I ran into an old school- run over drive a vehicle over a I accidentally ran over
meet
someone/so friend at the someone/som person or your bicycle
unexpectedly
mething mall ething thing in the driveway
The child ran away from
run Let's run over/through
leave unexpectedly, home and
over/through rehearse, review these lines one more time run away
escape has been missing for
something before the show.
three days
My letter got sent back
We ran out of shampoo send
return (usually by to me
run out have none left so I had to something
mail) because I used the
wash my hair with soap back
wrong stamp
Our boss set a meeting up The police set up the
set something arrange, set someone
with the trick, trap car thief by
up organize up
president of the company using a hidden camera
act extra special for
I want to shop around a He always shows off on
people
shop around compare prices little before show off his
watching (usually
I decide on these boots skateboard
boastfully)
stay somewhere You should sleep over
We need to sort the
for the night tonight if the sort organize, resolve a
sleep over bills out before
(informal) weather is too bad to something out problem
the first of the month
drive home
continue doing
You will lose weight if you The light's too bright.
stick to something, limit switch stop the energy flow,
stick to Could you
something yourself to one something off turn off
the diet switch it off
particular thing
We heard the news as I take after my mother.
switch start the energy take after resemble a family
soon as we We are
something on flow, turn on someone member
switched on the car radio both impatient
take He took the car breaks take I have to take our new
purposely break
something apart and something return an item TV back
into pieces
apart found the problem back because it doesn't work
remove something Take off your socks and
My plane takes off in five take
take off start to fly (usually shoes and
minutes something off
clothing) Come in the lake!
take Can you take the garbage pay for someone to go My grandparents took
remove from a take someone
something out to the somewhere us out for
place or thing out
out Street for me? with you dinner and a movie
I tore up my ex- When I think back on
tear remember (often + to,
rip into pieces boyfriend's letter sand think back my youth, Iwish I had
something up sometimes+ on)
gave them back to him studied harder
Page | 24
I'll have to think this job We threw our old
think throw
offer over furniture away
something consider something dispose of
before I make my final when we won the
over away
decision lottery
decrease the
turn Please turn the TV down turn I turned the job down
volume or
something while the something refuse because I
strength
down guests are here down don't want to move
(heat, light etc)
Your mother wants you to
It's too dark in here.
turn stop the energy turn the turn start the energy,
Let's turn
something off flow, switch off TV off and come for something on switch on
some lights on
dinner
increase the Our cat turned up after
Can you turn the music
turn volume or we put
up? This is turn up appear suddenly
something up strength posters up all over the
my favorite song
(heat, light etc Neighborhood.
I'm going to try these I am going to try this
try something try something
sample clothing jeans on, but test new brand of
on out
I don't think they will fit detergent out
The kids used all of the
We have to wake up
use toothpaste
finish the supply wake up stop sleeping early for work
something up up so we need to buy
on Monday
some more
warm You can warm your feet I always warm up by
increase the prepare body for
someone/so up in front warm up doing sit-ups
temperature exercise
mething up of the fireplace before I go for a run
Most of my make-up I work out at the gym
wear off fade away wore off work out exercise three times a
before I got to the party week
work out be successful Our plan worked out fine
Page | 25
Part two (structure)
I- Structure Skills (Longman)
Types of structure questions:
a. Structure (questions 1-15) consists of fifteen sentences in which part of each sentence has been replaced with
a blank. Each sentence is followed by four answer choice. You must choose the answer that completes the
sentence in a grammatically correct way.
b. Written expressions (questions 16-40) consist of twenty-five sentence in which four words of group of words
have been underlined. You must choose the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
General strategies for structure and written expressions:
1- Be familiar with the directions. The directions on every paper test are the same, so it is not necessary to spend
time reading the directions carefully when you take the test. You should be completed familiar with the
directions before the day of the test.
2- Begin with questions 1 through 15. Anticipate that questions 1 through 5 will be the easiest. Anticipate that
questions 11 through 15 will be the most difficult. Do not spend too much time on questions 11 through 15.
There will be easier questions that come later.
3- Continue with questions 16 through 40. Anticipate that questions 16 through 20 will be the easiest. Anticipate
that questions 36-40 will be the most difficult.
4- If you have time, return to questions 11-15.
5- Guess to complete the section before time is up. There is no penalty for guessing, so it can only increase your
score to guess the answers to questions that do not have time to complete.
6- Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet.
A- Part A: The structure questions (15 question per 9 minutes)
(1)- Sentences with one clause
Skill 1: be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb.
subject and verb

A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb
Skill 2: be careful of objects of propositions.
objectives of prepositions
A preposition is followed by a noun, pronoun, gerund or noun clause that is called an object of the preposition. if a word is an object
of a preposition, it is not the subject
Skill 3: be careful of appositives.
Appositives
An appositives is a noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally set from the noun with commas. If
a word is an Appositives, it is not the subject. The following Appositives structures are both possible in English.
Tom , a really good mechanic , is fixing the car
S, APP, V,
a really good mechanic , Tom is fixing the car
APP, S, V,
Page | 26
Skill 4: be careful of present participles.
present participles
A present participle is the –ing form of the verb. The present participles can be (1) part of the verb or (2) an
adjective. It is part of the verb when is accompanied by some form of the verb be. It is an adjective when it is not
accompanied by some form of the verb be.
1- The boy is standing in the corner.
2- The boy standing in the corner was naughty.
Skill 5: be careful of past participles.
past participles
A past participle often ends in –ed, but there are also many irregular past participles. For many verbs including –
adverbs, the simple past and past participles are the same and can be easily confused. the –ed form of the verb can
be (1) the simple past ,(2) the past participles of a verb , or (3) an adjective .
1- She painted this picture. 2- She has painted this picture.
3- The picture painted by Karen is now in a museum.
(2)- Sentences with multiple clauses

Skill 6: use coordinate connectors correctly.
coordinate connectors
And But Or SO Yet
S. V. coordinate connectors S V
She laughed, But she wanted to cry
Skill 7: Use adverb time and cause connectors correctly.
Adverb time and cause connectors

Time Cause
After As soon As once when As now that
As before since whenever Because since
As long as by the time until while Inasmuch as
S. V. Adverb connector S. V.
Teresa went inside because it was raining
Adverb connector S. V. S. V.
Because it was raining Teresa went inside
Skill 8: use adverb connectors correctly.
Other adverb connectors

Condition Contrast Manner Place
If Although As Where
In case Even though In that Wherever
Provided Though
Providing While
Unless Whereas
Whether
S. V. adverb connector S V
Bob went to school even though he felt sick
adverb connector S. V. S V
even though Bob went to school he felt sick
NOTE: a comma is often used in the middle of the sentence with a contrast connector
The smith arrived at 2:00 , while the Jones family arrived an hour later
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(3)- More Sentences with multiple clauses
Skill 9: use noun clause connectors correctly.
noun clause connectors

* what, when, where, why, how * whatever, whenever * whether, if * that
S v noun clause object s v
I know what you did
noun clause object S v v
what you did was wrong
Skill 10: use noun clause connectors/subjects correctly.
noun clause connectors/subjects

Who what which Whoever whatever whichever
I know what happened
What happened was great
Skill 11: use adjective clause connectors correctly.
adjective clause connectors

Whom Which That
For people For things For people or things
I liked the book which you recommended
The book which you recommended was interesting
Skill 12: use adjective clause connectors/subjects correctly.
adjective clause connectors/subjects

Who Which That
For people For things For people or things
She needs a secretary who types fast
A sectary who types fast invaluable
(4)- Sentences with reduced clauses
Skill 13: use reduced adjectives clause correctly.
reduced adjectives clause

With a be-verb in the adjective clause reduced adjectives clause (who-which-that) (be)
With no be-verb in the adjective clause reduced adjectives clause ( who-which-that) (verb+ing)
Skill 14: use reduced adverb clause correctly.
reduced adverb clause

With a be-verb in the adverb clause We omit ( subject) + (be)
With no be-verb in the adverb clause We omit ( subject) only (verb + ING)
Time Condition Contrast Place
Reduce in active After before If unless whether Although though
since while
Reduce in passive Once until If unless whether Although though Where
when wherever
whenever
Page | 28
(5)- Sentences with inverted subjects and verbs
Skill 15: invert the subject and verb with question words.
invert the subject and verb with question words

Who what when where why how
When the question word introduces a question, the subject and verb are inverted.
What are they?
When the question word connects two clauses, the subject and verb that follow are not inverted
I know what they are.
Skill 16: invert the subject and verb with place expressions.
invert the subject and verb with place expressions

When a place expression at the front of the sentence is necessary to complete the sentence, the subject and verb that
follow are inverted.
In the classroom were some old desks.
When a place expression at the front of the sentence contains extra information that is not needed to complete the
sentence, the subject and verb that follow are not inverted.
In the classroom I studied very hard
Skill 17: invert the subject and verb with negatives.
invert the subject and verb with negatives

No not never neither nor
Barely hardly only rarely scarcely seldom
When a negative expression appears in front of a subject and a verb (at the beginning of a sentence or in the middle of a
sentence) the subject and verb are inverted.
Rarely were they so happy
Skill 18: invert the subject and verb with conditionals.
invert the subject and verb with conditionals

Had should were
When the verb in the conditional clause is had, should or were, it is possible to omit if and invert subject and verb
(Omitted if) were he here , he would help
It is also possible to keep if. Then the subject and verb are not inverted.
If he were here , he would help
Skill 19: invert the subject and verb with comparisons.
invert the subject and verb with comparisons

The subject and verb may inert after a comparison. The following structure are both possible.
S v comparison s v
We were more prepared than the others performers were.
S v comparison v s
We were more prepared than were the others performers .
Note: a subject-verb inversion after a comparison sounds rather formal.
Page | 29
B- Part B: The written expression questions (25 question per 16 minutes)
Very important notes:
1- First look at the underline words or group of words. You want to see if you can spot which of the four answers
choices is not correct.
2- If you have been unable to find the error by looking only at the four underlined expressions, then read the
complete sentence. Often an underlined expression is incorrect because of something in another part of the
sentence.
(1)- Problems with subjects/verb agreement
Skill 20: make verbs agree after prepositional phrases.
Subjects/verbs agreement with prepositional phrases

S (prepositional phrase) v
When a prepositional phrase comes between the subject and the verb, be sure that the verb agrees with the subject
Skill 21: make verbs agree after expressions of quantity.
Subjects/verbs agreement after expressions of quantity

( ALL MOST SOME HALF)of the (Object) v
When an expression of quantity is the subject, the verb agrees with the object.
Skill 22: make inverted verbs agree.
Subjects/verbs agreement after inverted verbs

( Question Negative Place Condition (If) Comparison) v s
After question words, negative expressions, place expression, conditions without if, and comparisons, the verb agrees
with the subject, which may after the verb.
Skill 23: make verbs agree after certain words.
Subjects/verbs agreement after certain words

These words or expressions are grammatically singular, so they take singular verbs:
Anybody everybody nobody somebody each (+NOUN)
Anyone everyone no one someone every (+NOUN)
Anything everything nothing something
(2)- Problems with parallel structure
Skill 24: use parallel structure with coordinate conjunctions.
parallel structure with coordinate conjunctions

(same structure) (AND)(same structure)
(BUT)
(OR)
(same structure) , (same structure) (AND) (same structure)
(BUT)
(OR)
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Skill 25: use parallel structure with paired conjunctions
parallel structure with paired conjunctions

(BOTH) (same structure) (AND) (same structure)
(EIEHER) (OR)
(NEITHER) (NOR)
(NOT ONLY) (BUT ALSO)
Skill 26: use parallel structure with comparisons
parallel structure with comparisons

(same structure) (more ….. then) (same structure)
(-er …… than)
(less …… than)
(as ….. as)
(The same ……. As)
(similar ……… to)
(3)- Problems with comparatives and superlatives
Skill 27: form comparatives and superlatives correctly.
The form comparatives and superlatives correctly

Comparative More (long adjective) + than
Short adjective –er + than
Superlative The most (long adjective) maybe in,of,that
Short adjective -est
Skill 28: use comparatives and superlatives correctly.
The uses comparatives and superlatives

The comparative is used to compare two equal things.
The superlative is used to show which one of many is in some way the most outstanding.
Skill 29: use the irregular –er, -er structure correctly.
The -er structure

The -er (same structure) , the -er (same structure
more more
This type of sentence may or may not include a verb.
(4)- Problems with the form of the verb
Base form Present Present participle Past Past participle

Walk Walk (S) Walking Walked Walked
Hear Hear (S) Hearing Heard Heard
Cook Cook (S) Cooking Cooked Cooked
Sing Sing (S) Singing Sang Sung
Come Come (S) Coming Came come
Begin Begin (S) Beginning Began begun
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Skill 30: after have, use the past participle.
After have, use the past participle

Have , has , had + Past Participle
Skill 31: after Be using the present participle or the past participle.
Verbs forms after Be

Be + (1) present participle
(2) past participle
Skill 32: after will, would, or other modals, sue the base form of the verb.
Verbs forms after modals

Modal + base form of the verb
(5)- Problems with the use of the verb
Skill 33: know when to use the past with present. (√)
Skill 34: Uses have and had correctly.
Using have (+ p.p) and had (+ p.p)correctly

Tense Form Meaning Use
Present prefect Have + past participle Past up to now Now with a past tense
Past perfect Had + past participle Before past up to past Not with a present tense
Except when the time expression since is part of the sentence
Skill 35: use the correct with time expressions.
Using correct tenses with time expressions

Past perfect Simple past Present perfect
By (1920) (two years) ago Since (1920)
Last year lately
In (1920)
Skill 36: use the correct tense with will and would.
Using correct tenses with will and would

Verb Meaning Use
Will After the present Do not use with past
Would After the past Do not use with present
Note: there is a different modal would that is used to make polite requests. This type of world is often used with the
present tense.
I would like to know if you have a pencil that I could borrow
(6)- Problems with passive verbs
Skill 37: use the correct form of the passive.
The form of the passive

BE + past participle (by) object
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Skill 38: recognize active and passive meanings. (√)
(7)- Problems with nouns
Skill 39: use the correct singular or plural nouns.
Key words for singular or plural nouns

For singular nouns Each Every Single One A
For plural nouns Both Two Many Several Various
Skill 40: distinguish countable and uncountable nouns.
Key words for countable and uncountable nouns

For countable nouns Many Number Few Fewer
For uncountable nouns Much Amount Little Less
Skill 41: recognize irregular plural of nouns.
Irregular plurals
Vowel change Man / men foot / feet goose / geese
Woman / women tooth / teeth mouse / mice
Add –en Child / children ox / oxen
Same as singular Deer / deer salmon / salmon trout / trout
Fish / fish sheep / sheep
-is…..-Es Analysis / analyses diagnosis / diagnoses synthesis / syntheses
Axis / axes hypothesis / hypotheses thesis / theses
Crisis / crises parenthesis / parentheses
Ends in –A Bacterium / bacteria datum / data criterion / criteria
Curriculum / curricula phenomenon / phenomena
-Us…… -I Alumnus / alumni fungus / fungi stimulus / stimuli
Bacillus / bacilli nucleus / nuclei syllabus / syllabi
Cactus / cacti radius / radii
Skill 42: distinguish the person from the thing.
Person or thing
It is common to confuse a person with a thing in written expression questions on the TOEFL test
(8)- Problems with pronouns
Skill 43: distinguish subject and object pronoun. (√)
Skill 44: distinguish possessive adjective and pronouns. (√)
Skill 45: cheek pronoun reference for agreement. (√)
(9)- Problems with adjectives and adverbs
Skill 46: use basic adjectives and adverbs correctly. (√)
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Skill 47: use adjectives after linking verbs.
adjectives and adverbs after linking verbs

Subject + (regular verb) + (adverb)
A regular verb is followed by an adverb. The adverb describes the verb.
Subject + (linking verb) + (adjectives)
A linking verb is followed by adjective. The adjective describes the subject.
Subject + (linking verb) + adverb + adjective
It is possible that a linking verb is followed by an adverb and an adjective. The adverb describes the adjective, the
adjective describes the subject.
Linking verbs appear feel seem
Be look smell
Become prove taste
Skill 48: position adjectives and adverbs correctly.
The position adjectives and adverbs

Adjectives A one word adjective comes before the noun it describes. It does not come directly after.
Adverbs An adverb can appear in many positions. It cannot be used between a verb and its object
(10)- More problems with adjectives
Skill 49: recognize –LY adjectives.
–LY adjectives
Costly likely daily quarterly northerly early lively hourly weekly easterly
Friendly lonely monthly yearly southerly kindly manly nightly lovely westerly
Skill 50: use predicate adjectives correctly.
Predicate adjectives
predicate adjectives Forms used in front of a noun
Alike Like, similar
alive Live, living
alone Lone
afraid frightened
asleep sleeping
A predicate adjective appears after a linking verb such as be. It cannot appear directly in front of the noun that it
describes.
Skill 51: use –ED and –ING adjectives correctly.
–ED and –ING adjectives

Type Meaning Use Example
-ING Active It does the action of the verb. The happily playing children
(the children ply)
-ED Passive It receives the action of the verb The frequently played record
(someone plays the record)
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(11)- Problems with articles
Skill 52: use articles with singular nouns. (√)
Skill 53: distinguish A and An. (√)
Skill 54: make articles agree with nouns. (√)
Skill 55: distinguish specific and general ideas.
specific and general ideas

Article Meaning Uses
A or An General idea Use when there are many and you do not know which one it is.
Use when there are many and you do not care which one it is.
The Specific idea Use when it is the only one.
Use when there are many and you know which one it is.
(12)- Problems with propositions
Skill 56: recognize incorrect prepositions. (√)
Skill 57: recognize when prepositions have been omitted.(√)
(13)- Problems with usage
Skill 58: distinguish make and do. (√)
Skill 59: distinguish like, alike and unlike.
like, alike and unlike

Grammar Meaning Use
Like Adjective Similar As an adjective, like is used before a noun.
Alike Adjective Similar As an adjective, alike is used after a linking verb.
Like Preposition Similar Both Prepositions are followed by objects. They can both be used
Unlike Preposition different in many positions, including at the beginning of the sentence.
Skill 60: distinguish other, another, and others.
Singular Plural
Indefinite I have another book (ADJ) I have other books. (ADJ)
I have another. (PRO) I have others. (PRO)
Definite I have the other book. (ADJ) I have the other books. (ADJ)
I have the other. (PRO) I have the others. (PRO)
II- List of irregular verbs
Infinitive Present Past Past participle Present participle Arabic

Page | 35
Abide Abide(S) Abided Abided Abiding ‫يبقي‬
Arise Arise(S) Arose Arisen Arising ‫ينهض‬
Awake Awake(S) Awoke/Awaked Awaked/Awoken Awaking ‫يستيقظ‬
Be Am-Is-Are Was-Were Been Being ‫يكون‬
Bear Bear(S) Bore Borne Bearing ‫يعطي‬
Beat Beat(S) Beat Beaten Beating ‫يضرب‬
Become Become(S) Became Become Becoming ‫يصبح‬
Begin Begin(S) Began Begun Beginning ‫يبدأ‬
Bite Bite(S) Bit Bitten Biting ‫يعض‬
Break Break(S) Broke Broken Breaking ‫يكسر‬
Bet Bet(S) Betted bet Betting ‫يراهن‬
Blow Blow(S) Blew Blown Blowing ‫يصفر‬
Bring Bring(S) Brought Brought Bringing ‫يحضر‬
Build Build(S) Built Built Building ‫يبني‬
Buy Buy(S) Bought Bought Buying ‫يشتري‬
Catch Catch(S) Caught Caught Catching ‫يمسك‬
Choose Choose(S) Chose Chosen Choosing ‫يختار‬
Come Come(S) Came Come Coming ‫ياتي‬
Cost Cost(S) Cost Cost Costing ‫يثمن‬
Cut Cut(S) Cut Cut Cutting ‫يقص‬
Do Do(ES) Did Done Doing ‫يفعل‬
Dig Dig(S) Dug Dug Digging ‫يحفر‬
Drink Drink(S) Drank Drunk Drinking ‫يشرب‬
Draw Draw(S) Drew Drawn Drawing ‫يرسم‬
Drive Drive(S) Drove Driven Driving ‫يقود‬
Eat Eat(S) Ate Eaten Eating ‫ياكل‬
Fall Fall(S) Fell Fallen Falling ‫يسقط‬
Feed Feed(S) Fed Fed Feeding ‫يطعم‬
Fight Fight(S) Fought Fought Fighting ‫يقاتل‬
Feel Feel(S) Felt Felt Feeling ‫يشعر‬
Find Find(S) Found found Finding ‫يجد‬
Fit Fit(S) Fit Fit Fitting ‫يناسب‬
Fly Fly(S) Flew Flown Flying ‫يطير‬
Forget Forget(S) Forgot Forgotten Forgetting ‫ينسي‬
Forgive Forgive(S) Forgave Forgiven Forgiving ‫يسامح‬
Freeze Freeze(S) Froze Frozen Freezing ‫يثلج‬
Get Get(S) Got Gotten Getting ‫يجد‬
Give Give(S) Gave Given Giving ‫يعطي‬
Go Go(S) Went Gone Going ‫يذهب‬
Grow Grow(S) Grew Grown Growing ‫ينمو‬
Have Has Had Had Having ‫يمتلك‬
Hear Hear(S) Heard Heard Hearing ‫يسمع‬
Hide Hide(S) Hid Hidden Hiding ‫يخفي‬
Hit Hit(S) Hit Hit Hitting ‫يضرب‬
Hold Hold(S) Held Held Holding ‫ينتظر‬
Hurt Hurt(S) Hurt Hurt Hurting ‫يجرح‬
Know Know(S) Knew Known Knowing ‫يعرف‬
Keep Keep(S) Kept Kept Keeping ‫يحفظ‬
Infinitive Infinitive Past Past participle Infinitive Arabic
Lead Lead(S) Led Led Leading ‫يقود‬
Leave Leave(S) Left Left Leaving ‫يترك‬
Page | 36
Lend Lend(S) Lent Lent Lending ‫يسلف‬
Let Let(S) Let Let Letting ‫يدع‬
Lose Lose(S) Lost Lost Losing ‫يخسر‬
Make Make(S) Made Made Making ‫يصنع‬
Mean Mean(S) Meant Meant Meaning ‫يقصد‬
Meet Meet(S) Met Met Meeting ‫يقابل‬
Pay Pay(S) Paid Paid Paying ‫يدفع‬
Prove Prove(S) Proved Proven Proving ‫يبرهن‬
Put Put(S) Put Put Putting ‫يضع‬
Quit Quit(S) Quitted quit Quitting ‫يخرج‬
Read Read(S) Read Read Reading ‫يقرا‬
Ring Ring(S) Rang Rung Ringing ‫يرن‬
Rise Rise(S) Rose Risen Rising ‫ينهض‬
Ride Ride(S) Rode Ridden Riding ‫يقود‬
Run Run(S) Ran Run Running ‫يجري‬
Say Say(S) Said Said Saying ‫يقول‬
See See(S) Saw Seen Seeing ‫يري‬
Sell Sell(S) Sold Sold Selling ‫يبيع‬
send send(S) Sent Sent Sending ‫يرسل‬
Shoot Shoot(S) Shot Shot Shooting ‫يقذف‬
Show Show(S) Showed Shown Showing ‫يشاهد‬
Shut Shut(S) Shut Shut Shutting ‫يغلق‬
Sing Sing(S) Sang Sung Singing ‫يغني‬
Sink Sink(S) Sank Sunk Sinking ‫يغرق‬
Sit Sit(S) Sat Sat Sitting ‫يجلس‬
Sleep Sleep(S) Slept Slept Sleeping ‫ينام‬
Speak Speak(S) Spoke Spoken Speaking ‫يتكلم‬
Spend Spend(S) Spent spent Spending ‫ينفق‬
Still Still(S) Stood Stood Stilling ‫يبقي‬
Steal Steal(S) Stole Stolen Stealing ‫ ينسب‬/ ‫يسرق‬
Swim Swim(S) Swam Swum Swimming ‫يسبح‬
Take Take(S) Took Taken Taking ‫ياخذ‬
Teach Teach(S) Taught Taught Teaching ‫يعلم‬
Tear Tear(S) Tore Torn Tearing ‫يدمع‬
Tell Tell(S) Told Told Telling ‫يخبر‬
Think Think(S) Thought Thought Thinking ‫يعتقد‬
Throw Throw(S) Threw Thrown Throwing ‫يقذف‬
Undo Undo(ES) Undid Undone Undoing ‫يبطل‬
Wear Wear(S) Wore Worn Wearing ‫يرتدي‬
Win Win(S) Won Won Wining ‫يفوز‬
Wake Wake(S) Woke Woken Waking ‫يصحو‬
Wet Wet(S) Wetted Wetted Wetting ‫يبلل‬
Wind Wind(S) Wound Wound Winding ‫يلف‬
Withdraw Withdraw(S) Withdrew Withdrawn Withdrawing ‫يسترجع‬
Withhold Withhold(S) Withheld Withheld Withholding ‫يكبح‬
Withstand Withstand(S) Withstood Withstood Withstanding ‫يقاوم‬
Wring Wring(S) Wrung Wrung Wringing ‫ينتزع‬
write write(S) Wrote Written writing ‫يكتب‬
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III- List of irregular Plural Forms
Singular Plural Alternate pl. Arabic mean. Singular Plural Alternate pl. Arabic mean.
Addendum Addenda ‫اضافة‬ Adieu Adieus Adieux ‫الوداع‬
Alga Algae ‫الطحلب‬ Alto Altos ‫اللتو‬
Alumna Alumnae ‫الخريجون‬ Alumnus Alumni ‫الخريج‬
Analysis Analyses ‫التحليل‬ Antelope Antelopes Antelope ‫الظبي‬
Apex Apexes Apices ‫القمة‬ Appendix Appendixes Appendices ‫الملحق‬
Aquarium Aquariums Aquaria ‫حوضالسمك‬ Archipelago Archipelagos Archipelagoes ‫الرخبيل‬
Automaton Automatons Automata ‫النساناللي‬ Axis Axes ‫المحور‬
Bacillus Bacilli ‫العصوي‬ Bacterium Bacteria ‫البكتيريا‬
Banjo Banjoes Banjos ‫البانجو‬ Basis Bases ‫القاعدة‬
Buffalo Buffalos Buffaloes ‫الجاموس‬ Bureau Bureaus Bureaux ‫المكتب‬
Cactus Cacti Cactuses ‫الصببار‬ Calf Calves ‫العجل‬
Cargo Cargoes Cargos ‫الشحن‬ Cello Cellos ‫التشيلو‬
Chamois Chamois Chamoix ‫الشمواة‬ Chassis Chassis ‫الهيكل‬
Cherub Cherubs Cherubim ‫الملك‬ Child Children ‫الطفل‬
Codex Codices ‫المخطوطة‬ Commando Commandos Commandoes ‫المغوار‬
Concerto Concertos Concerti ‫القطعةالموسيقية‬ Contralto Contraltos ‫كونترالتو‬
Corpus Corpora ‫المجموعة‬ Crisis Crises Criterions ‫الزأمة‬
Datum Data Datums ‫الحقيقة‬ Deer Deer ‫الييل‬
Diagnosis Diagnoses ‫التشخيص‬ Dwarf Dwarfs Dwarves ‫القزأم‬
Dynamo Dynamos ‫الموبلد‬ Elf Elves ‫جنى‬
Embryo Embryos ‫الجنين‬ Faux pas Faux pas ‫الهفوة‬
Fish Fish Fishes ‫السمك‬ Flounder Flounder Flounders ‫سمكموسى‬
Focus Focuses Foci ‫البؤرة‬ Foot Feet ‫القدم‬
Formula Formulas Formulae ‫الصيغة‬ Fungus Fungi Funguses ‫الفطر‬
Ganglion Ganglia Ganglions ‫العقدة‬ Genesis Geneses ‫التكوين‬
Genus Genera ‫الجنس‬ Goose Geese Gooses ‫الوبزأة‬
Half Halves ْ‫صف‬ ‫النن ص‬ Halo Halos Haloes ‫الهالة‬
Herring Herrings Herring ‫الرنغة‬ Hoof Hoofs Hooves ‫الحافر‬
Hypothesis Hypotheses ‫الفرضية‬ Index Indexes Indices ‫الدليل‬
Kibbutz Kibbutzim ‫الكيبوتزأ‬ Kilo Kilos ‫الكيلو‬
Knife Knives ‫السكين‬ Lady Ladies ‫السيدة‬
Larva Larvae ‫اليرقة‬ Leaf Leaves ‫الورقة‬
Libretto Librettos ‫نصكلماتالوبرا‬ Life Lives ‫الحياة‬
Loaf Loaves ْ‫الرغيف‬ Locus Loci ‫المكان‬
Louse Lice ‫القملة‬ Man Men ‫الرجل‬
Matrix Matrices Matrixes ‫المصفوفة‬ Medium Mediums Media ‫الوسط‬
Money Moneys Monies ‫المال‬ Moose Moose ‫البيل‬
Motto Mottoes Mottos ‫الشعار‬ Mouse Mice ‫الفأر‬
Nemesis Nemeses ‫العدو‬ Ovum Ova ‫البيضة‬
Ox Oxen Oxes ‫الثور‬ Quiz Quizzes ‫الختبار‬
Scarf Scarfs Scarves ‫الوشاح‬ Self Selves ‫النفس‬
Series Series ‫السلسلة‬ Sheaf Sheaves ‫الحزأمة‬
Sheep Sheep ْ‫خراف‬‫ال ن‬ Shelf Shelves ْ‫ف‬
‫الر ب‬
Silo Silos ‫المستودع‬ Solo Solos ‫العزأفالمنفرد‬
Soprano Sopranos ‫السوبرانو‬ Standby Standbys ‫البديل‬
Swiss Swiss ‫السويسريون‬ Syllabus Syllabuses Syllabi ‫المنهجالدراسي‬
Tango Tangos ‫التانجو‬ Thesis Theses ‫الطروحة‬
Thief Thieves ‫ص‬
‫الل ب‬ Tobacco Tobaccos ‫التبغ‬
Tooth Teeth ‫السبن‬ Trout Trout Troutes ‫السلمون‬
Ultimatum Ultimatums Ultimate ‫النذارالنهائي‬ Volcano Volcanoes Volcanos ‫البركان‬
Vortex Vortexes Vortices ‫الدبوامة‬ Wharf Wharves Wharfs ‫رصيفالمرفأ‬
Wife Wives ‫الزأوجة‬ Wolf Wolves ‫ذئب‬
Woman Women ‫المرأة‬ Zero Zeros Zeroes ‫صفر‬
Page | 38
IV- Prepositions
Prepositions
About Behind Except On Under
Above Below For Onto Underneath
Across Beneath From Outside Unlike
After Beside In Over Until
Against Between Inside Past Up
Along Beyond Into Since Upon
Among By Like Through Versus
Around Despite Near Throughout With
As Down Of To Within
At During Off Toward without
Prepositions: Locators in Time and Place

A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence. In itself, a word like "in" or "after" is rather meaningless
and hard to define in mere words. For instance, when you do try to define a preposition like "in" or "between" or "on," you invariably
use your hands to show how something is situated in relationship to something else. Prepositions are nearly always combined with
other words in structures called prepositional phrases. Prepositional phrases can be made up of a million different words, but they
tend to be built the same: a preposition followed by a determiner and an adjective or two, followed by a pronoun or noun (called the
object of the preposition). This whole phrase, in turn, takes on a modifying role, acting as an adjective or an adverb, locating
something in time and space, modifying a noun, or telling when or where or under what conditions something happened.
Consider the professor's desk and all the prepositional phrases we can use while talking about it.
You can sit before the desk (or in front of the desk). The professor can sit on the desk (when he's being informal) or behind the desk,
and then his feet are under the desk or beneath the desk. He can stand beside the desk (meaning next to the desk), before the desk,
between the desk and you, or even on the desk (if he's really strange). If he's clumsy, he can bump into the desk or try to walk
through the desk (and stuff would fall off the desk). Passing his hands over the desk or resting his elbows upon the desk, he often
looks across the desk and speaks of the desk or concerning the desk as if there were nothing else like the desk. Because he thinks of
nothing except the desk, sometimes you wonder about the desk, what's in the desk, what he paid for the desk, and if he could live
without the desk. You can walk toward the desk, to the desk, around the desk, by the desk, and even past the desk while he sits at
the desk or leans against the desk.
All of this happens, of course, in time: during the class, before the class, until the class, throughout the class, after the class, etc. And
the professor can sit there in a bad mood [another adverbial construction].
Those words in bold blue font are all prepositions. Some prepositions do other things besides locate in space or time — "My brother
is like my father." "Everyone in the class except me got the answer." — but nearly all of them modify in one way or another. It is
possible for a preposition phrase to act as a noun — "During a church service is not a good time to discuss picnic plans" or "In the
South Pacific is where I long to be" — but this is seldom appropriate in formal or academic writing.
You may have learned that ending a sentence with a preposition is a serious breach of grammatical etiquette. It doesn't take a
grammarian to spot a sentence-ending preposition, so this is an easy rule to get caught up on (!). Although it is often easy to remedy
the offending preposition, sometimes it isn't, and repair efforts sometimes result in a clumsy sentence. "Indicate the book you are
quoting from" is not greatly improved with "Indicate from which book you are quoting."
Based on shaky historical precedent, the rule itself is a latecomer to the rules of writing. Those who dislike the rule are fond of
recalling Churchill's rejoinder: "That is nonsense up with which I shall not put." We should also remember the child's complaint:
"What did you bring that book that I don't like to be read to out of up for?"
Is it any wonder that prepositions create such troubles for students for whom English is a second language? We say we are at the
hospital to visit a friend who is in the hospital. We lie in bed but on the couch. We watch a film at the theater but on television. For
native speakers, these little words present little difficulty, but try to learn another language, any other language, and you will quickly
discover that prepositions are troublesome wherever you live and learn. This page contains some interesting (sometimes
troublesome) prepositions with brief usage notes. To address all the potential difficulties with prepositions in idiomatic usage would
require volumes, and the only way English language learners can begin to master the intricacies of preposition usage is through
practice and paying close attention to speech and the written word. Keeping a good dictionary close at hand (to hand?) is an
important first step.
Page | 39
Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in
We use at to designate specific times.
The train is due at 12:15 p.m.
We use on to designate days and dates.

My brother is coming on Monday.
We're having a party on the Fourth of July.
We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.

She likes to jog in the morning.
It's too cold in winter to run outside.
He started the job in 1971.
He's going to quit in August.
Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in

We use at for specific addresses.
Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham.
We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.

Her house is on Boretz Road.
And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents).
She lives in Durham.
Durham is in Windham County.
Windham County is in Connecticut.
Prepositions of Location: in, at, and on and No PrepositionIN
IN AT ON NO PREPOSITION
(the) bed* class* the bed* downstairs
the bedroom home the ceiling downtown
the car the library* the floor inside
(the) class* the office the horse outside
the library* school* the plane upstairs
school* work the train uptown
* You may sometimes use different prepositions for these locations.
Prepositions of Movement: to and No Preposition

We use to in order to express movement toward a place.
They were driving to work together.
She's going to the dentist's office this morning.
Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to express movement. These are simply variant spellings of the same word; use
whichever sounds better to you.
We're moving toward the light.
This is a big step towards the project's completion.
With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use no preposition.
Grandma went upstairs
Grandpa went home.
They both went outside.
Prepositions of Time: for and since
We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years).
He held his breath for seven minutes.
She's lived there for seven years.
The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.
We use since with a specific date or time.

He's worked here since 1970.
She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty.
Prepositions with Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs.
Page | 40
Prepositions are sometimes so firmly wedded to other words that they have practically become one word. (In fact, in other
languages, such as German, they would have become one word.) This occurs in three categories: nouns, adjectives, and verbs.
NOUNS and PREPOSITIONS

approval of fondness for need for
awareness of grasp of participation in
belief in hatred of reason for
concern for hope for respect for
confusion about interest in success in
desire for love of understanding of
ADJECTIVES and PREPOSITIONS

afraid of fond of proud of
angry at happy about similar to
aware of interested in sorry for
capable of jealous of sure of
careless about made of tired of
familiar with married to worried about
VERBS and PREPOSITIONS

apologize for give up prepare for
ask about grow up study for
ask for look for talk about
belong to look forward to think about
bring up look up trust in
care for make up work for
find out pay for worry about
A combination of verb and preposition is called a phrasal verb. The word that is joined to the verb is then called a particle. Please
refer to the brief section we have prepared on phrasal verbs for an explanation.
Idiomatic Expressions with Prepositions
Agree to a proposal, with a person, on a price, in principle
Argue about a matter, with a person, for or against a proposition
Compare to show likenesses, with to show differences (sometimes similarities)
Correspond to a thing, with a person
Differ from an unlike thing, with a person
Live at an address, in a house or city, on a street, with other people
Unnecessary Prepositions
In everyday speech, we fall into some bad habits, using prepositions where they are not necessary. It would be a good idea to
eliminate these words altogether, but we must be especially careful not to use them in formal, academic prose.
She met up with the new coach in the hallway.

The book fell off of the desk.
He threw the book out of the window.
She wouldn't let the cat inside of the house. [or use "in"]
Where did they go to?
Put the lamp in back of the couch. [Use "behind" instead]
Where is your college at?
Prepositions in Parallel Form
(Click HERE for a definition and discussion of parallelism.) When two words or phrases are used in parallel and require the same
preposition to be idiomatically correct, the preposition does not have to be used twice.
You can wear that outfit in summer and in winter.
The female was both attracted by and distracted by the male's dance.
However, when the idiomatic use of phrases calls for different prepositions, we must be careful not to omit one of them.
The children were interested in and disgusted by the movie.
It was clear that this player could both contribute to and learn from every game he played.
He was fascinated by and enamored of this beguiling woman.
V- Word ending – Formation
Page | 41
Words endings
1- Noun (thing) ending (-ism ,- nce ,- ness ,-ion ,-ment ,-ty ,-age ,-ship)
Word Noun Meaning Word Noun Meaning

Member Membership ‫علقاة‬ Kind Kindness ‫ حنان‬/ ‫كرم‬
Real Realty ‫حقيقة‬ Move Movement ‫حركة‬
Human Humanity ‫انسانية‬ Elect Election ‫انتخاب‬
Break Breakage ‫كسر‬ Intelligent Intelligence ‫ذكاء‬
Alcohol Alcohol ‫ادمان الخمر‬ Permanent Permanentness ‫دوام‬
Mile Mileage ‫تعويض ميلي‬ Confuse Confusion ‫ارتباك‬
Leader Leadership ‫قايادة‬ Sudden Suddenness ‫مفاجاة‬
Improve Improvement ‫تحسين‬ Equal Equality ‫مساواة‬
Social Sociality ‫مخالطة‬ Excellent Excellence ‫امتياز‬
Beau Beauty ‫جمال‬ Marry Marriage ‫زواج‬
2- Noun (persons) ending (-er , -or , -ist , -cian)
Word Noun Meaning Word Noun Meaning

Teach Teacher ‫مدرس‬ Type Typist ‫كاتب‬
Beauty Beautician ‫مجمل‬ Ideal Idealist ‫مثالي‬
Invent Inventor ‫مخترع‬ Clinic Clinician ‫طبيب سرير‬
Special Specialist ‫اختصاصي‬ Ranch Rancher ‫مربي ماشية‬
Perfection Professor ‫بروف‬ Program Programmer ‫مبرمج‬
Electricity Electrician ‫كهربائي‬ Invest Investor ‫مانح‬
Build Builder ‫باني‬ Advice Adviser ‫ناصح‬
Mathematics Mathematical ‫رياضي‬ Natural Naturalist ‫طبيعي‬
3- Adjective endings (-ent ,-ant, -ful, -ic, -less, -ive, -ous, -al, -able, -ible)
Word adjective Meaning Word adjective Meaning

Heart Heartless ‫جبان‬ Nature Natural ‫فطري‬
Athlete Athletic ‫رياضي‬ Mystery Mystic ‫سري صوفي‬
Help Helpful ‫مساعد‬ Impress Impressible ‫حساس‬
Intelligence Intelligent ‫ذكي‬ Comfort Comfortable ‫مريح‬
Courage Courageous ‫شجاع‬ Use Useful ‫نافع‬
Enthusiasm Enthusiastic ‫متعصب‬ Motion Motionless ‫ساكن‬
Tradition Traditional ‫تقليدي‬ Change Changeable ‫متقلب‬
Permanence Permanent ‫دائم باق‬ Attract Attractive ‫جذاب‬
4- Verb endings (-en , -ate , -ize , -ife)
Word Verb Meaning Word Verb Meaning

dark Darken ‫يظلم‬ Final Finalize ‫ينجز‬
Just Justify ‫يملء‬ Separation Separate ‫يفصل‬
Short Shorten ‫يقصر‬ Intense Intensify ‫يقوي‬
Investigation Investigate ‫يتقصي‬ Industrial Industrialize ‫يصنع‬
Different Differentiate ‫يميز‬ Identity Identify ‫يماثل‬
Light Lighten ‫يضيئ‬ Glamour Glamorize ‫يسحر‬
Person Personate ‫يمثل‬ Sweet Sweeten ‫يلطف‬
Liberal Liberate ‫يحرر‬ Demonstration demonstrate ‫يبرهن‬
Soft Soften ‫يلين‬ People Populate ‫يحتل‬
Memory Memorize ‫يحفظ‬ Note notify ‫يعلم‬
5- Adverb ending (-ly)
Page | 42
Word Adverb Meaning Word Adverb Meaning
Final Finally ‫اخيرا‬ Careful Carefully ‫بحرص‬
Obvious Obviously ‫بوضوح‬ Recent Recently ‫موخرا‬
Strong Strongly ‫شديد‬ Perfect Perfectly ‫على نحو تام‬
Fearful Fearfully ‫مخيف‬ Quick Quickly ‫بسرعة‬
Complete Completely ‫باكتمال‬ Eager Eagerly ‫بشغف‬
Absolute Absolutely ‫بدون شك‬ Correct Correctly ‫بنحو صحيح‬
Sudden Suddenly ‫فجاءة‬ Doubtful Doubtfully ‫بشك‬
Regular Regularly ‫بانتظام‬ Great Greatly ‫بعظمة‬
Formation
Tense Active passive

He writes many letters Many letters are written by him
He wrote many letters Many letters were written by him
He has written many letters Many letters have been written by him
He had written many letters Many letters had been written by him
He would write many letters Many letters would be written by him
He would have written many letters Many letters would have been written by him
He is writing many letters Many letters are being written by him
He was writing many letters Many letters were being written by him
He will write many letters Many letters will be written by him
He will have written many letters Many letters will have been written by him
He is going to write many letters Many letters are going to be written by him
He should write many letters Many letters should be written by him
Page | 43
Part Three (Reading)
I- Reading Skills (Longman)
1- Skim the reading passage to determine the main idea and the overall organization of ideas in the
passage. You do not need to understand every detail in each passage to answer the question correctly.
It is therefore a waste of time to read the passage with the intent of understanding every single detail
before you try to answer the questions.
2- Look ahead at the questions to determine what language skills are being tested in the questions.
3- Find the section of the passage that deals with each question. The language skill tells you exactly
where to look in the passage to find correct answers.
a. For Main idea questions, look at first line of each paragraph.
b. For directly and indirectly answered detail questions, choose a key word in the question, and
skim for that key word (or related idea) in order the passage.
c. For pronoun questions, the question will tell you where the pronoun is located in the passage.
d. For transition questions, look at the beginning or the end of the passage.
e. For vocabulary questions, the question will tell you where the word is located in the passage.
f. For where in the passage questions, the answer choices give you four possible locations of the
correct answer.
g. For tone, purposes, and course questions, look at the first line of each passage.
4- Read the part of the passage that contains the answer carefully. The answer will probably be in a very
predictable place in the passage.
5- Choose the best answer to each questions from the four choices listed in you test book. You can
choose the best answer according to what is given in the appropriate section of the passage, eliminate
definitely wrong answers, and mark your best guess on the answer sheet.
(1)- Questions about the ideas of the passage
Skill 1: answer main idea questions correctly.
Main Idea Questions

What is the topic of the passage?
What is the subject of the passage?
What is the main idea of the passage?
How to identify the questions
What is the author's main point in the passage?
With what is the author primarily concerned?
Which of the following would be the best title?
The answer to this type of questions can generally be determined by looking at the first
Where to find the answer
sentence of each paragraph
1- Read the first line of each paragraph
2- Look for a common theme or idea in the first lines
3- Pass your eyes quickly over the rest of the passage to check that you have
How to answer the question
really found the topic sentences
4- Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the
remaining choices
Page | 44
Skill two: recognize the organization of ideas.
Organization Of Ideas
How is the information in the passage organized?
How to identify the questions How the information in the second paragraph related to the information in the first
paragraph?
The answer to this type of questions can generally be determined by looking at the first
sentence of appropriate paragraph
1- Read the first line of each paragraph
How to answer the question 2- Look for words that show relationships among the paragraphs
3- Choose the answer that best expresses the relationship
(2)- Directly answered questions
Skill 3: answer stated detail questions correctly.
Stated Detail Questions

According to the passage …..
It is stated in the passage …..
The passage indicates that ….
Which of the following is true …?
Where to find the answer The answer of these questions are found in order in the passage
1- Choose a key word in the question
2- Skim in the appropriate part of the passage for the key word or idea
How to answer the question 3- Read the sentence that contains the key word or idea carefully
4- Eliminate the definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the
remaining choices
Skill 4: find unstated details.
Unstated Detail Questions

Which of the following is not stated?
Which of the following is not mentioned?
Which of the following is not discussed?
All of the following are true except?
Where to find the answer The answer of these questions are found in order in the passage
2- Scan the appropriate place in the passage for the key word (or related idea)
3- Read the sentence that contains the key word or idea carefully
4- Look for answers that definitely true according to the passage. Eliminate those
answers
5- Choose the answer that is not true or not discussed in the passage
Skill 5: find pronoun reference.
Unstated Detail Questions

How to identify the questions The pronoun " " in line X refers to which of the following?
The line where the pronoun is located is given in the question. The noun that the
pronoun refers to is generally found before the pronoun
1- Locate the pronoun in the passage
2- Look before the pronoun for nouns that agree with the pronoun
How to answer the question 3- Try each of the nouns in the context in place of the pronoun
remaining choices
Page | 45
(3)- Indirectly answered questions
Skill 6: answer implied detail questions correctly.
Implied Detail Questions

It is implied in the passage that ….
It can be inferred from the passage that ….
It is most likely that …
What probably happened …?
Where to find the answer The answers to these questions are generally found in order in the passage
2- Scan the passage for the key word (or a related idea0
3- Carefully read the sentence that contains the key word
4- Look for an answer that could be true, according to that sentence
Skill 7: answer transition questions correctly.
Transition Questions
The paragraph preceding the passage probably …
What is most likely in the paragraph following the passage?
The answers can generally be found in the first line of the passage for a preceding
questions. The answer can generally be found in the last line for a following question
1- Read the first line for a preceding question
2- Read the last line for a following question
3- Draw a conclusion about what comes before or after
4- Choose the answer that is reflected in the first or last line of the passage
(4)- Vocabulary question

Skill 8: find detentions from structural clues.
Structural Clues
What is the meaning of "X" in line Y?
How to identify the questions The word "X: in line Y is closest in meaning to ….
The word "X" in line Y could best be replaced by
Punctuation Comma, parentheses, dashes
Types of clues Restatement Or, that is , in order words , i.e.
Examples Such as , for example , e.g.
Information to help you determine what something means will generally be found after
the punctuation clue, the restatement clue, or the example clue
1- Find the word in the passage
2- Locate any structural clues
How to answer the question 3- Read the part of the passage after the structural clue carefully
remaining choices
Skill 9: determine meanings from word parts.
A Short List of Words Parts

Part Meaning Example Part Meaning Example
CONTRA Against Contrast DIC Say Dictate
MAL Bad Malcontent DOMIN Master Dominant
MIS Error Mistake JUD Judge Judgment
SUB Under Subway MOR Death Mortal
DEC Ten Decade SPEC See Spectator
MULTI Many Multiple TERR Earth Territory
SOL One Solo VER Turn Divert
TRI Three Triple VIV Live Revive
Page | 46
Skill 10: use context to determine meanings of difficult words.
Vocabulary Questions Containing Difficult Words

The word "X" in line Y is closest in meaning to ….
Information to help you understand the meaning of an unknown word can often be
found in the context surrounding the unknown word
2- Read the sentence that contains the word carefully
3- Look for context clues to help you understand the meaning
4- Choose the answer that the context indicates
Skill 11: use context to determine meanings of simple words.
Vocabulary Questions Containing Simple Words

The word "X" in line Y could best be replaced by ….
Information to help you understand the secondary meaning of an simple word can
often be found in the context surrounding the word
2- Read the sentence that contains the word carefully
3- Look for context clues to help you understand the meaning
4- Choose the answer that the context indicates
(5)- Overall review questions
Skill 12: determine where specific information is found.
Questions About Where In The Passage

How to identify the questions Where in the passage …?
Where to find the answer The answer can be in any of the lines listed in the answers to the question
1- Choose a key word or idea in the question
How to answer the question 2- Skim the appropriate part of the passage looking for the key word or idea
3- Choose the answer that contains the key word or idea
Skill 13: determine the tone, purpose, or course.
tone, purpose, or course

Where to find the answer Tone Look for clues through the passage that show if the author is
showing some emotion rather than just presenting
Purpose Draw a conclusion about the purpose from the main idea and
supporting ideas.
Course Draw a conclusion about the course from the topic of the passage
and the supporting ideas.
How to answer the question Tone 1- Skim the passage looking for clues that the author is
showing some emotions.
2- Choose the answer that identifies the emotions.
Purpose 1- Study the main idea in the topic sentence and the derails
used to support the main idea.
2- Draw a conclusion about the purpose.
Course 1- Study the main idea in the topic sentence and the details
used to support the main idea.
2- Draw a conclusion about the course.
Page | 47
II- prefixes & Suffixes
When you are reading, you will come across unfamiliar words. It is often possible to guess their meanings if you
understand the way words in English are generally formed:
PREFIX - STEM - SUFFIXES

An English word can be divided into three parts: a prefix, a stem, and a suffix. Pre- means 'before. A prefix, therefore, is
what comes before the stem. Consider, as an example, the prefix de- (meaning 'reduce' or 'reverse') in a word like
demagnetize (meaning 'to deprive of magnetism'). A suffix is what is attached to the end of the stem. Consider, as an
example, the suffix -er (meaning 'someone who') in programmer ('a person who programmers').
Suffixes change the word from one part of speech to another. For example, -ly added to the adjective quick gives the
adverb quickly. Prefixes, on the other hand, usually change the meaning of the word. For example, un- changes a word to
the negative. Unmagnetizable means 'not capable of being magnetized'.
Let us now consider some prefixes, their usual meanings, and how they change the meanings of English words.
Part 1: prefixes
Prefixes:
Negative & positive Size Location Time & order Number
un- semi- inter- pre- mono-
non- mini- super- ante- bi-
in- micro- trans- fore- hex-
dis- ex- post- oct-
re- extra- multi-
peri-
Study these tables. Try and find additional examples using your dictionary:
1. Negative and positive prefixes:
Prefix Meaning Examples
Negative: un- Not Unmagnified
in- Not incomplete
im- Not impossible
il- Not illegal
ir- Not irregular, irrelevant
non- Not connected with non-programmable
mis- bad, wrong misdirect
mal- bad, wrong malfunction
dis- opposite feeling disagree
dis- opposite action disconnect
anti- Against antiglare, antistatic
de- reduce, reverse demagnetize, decode
under- too little underestimate
Positive: re- do again Reorganize
over- too much overload
2. Prefixes of size:
semi- half, partly Semiconductor
equi- Equal Equidistant
mini- Small Minicomputer
micro- very small microcomputer, microscopic
macro- large, great Macroeconomics
mega- large, great megabyte
Page | 48
3. Prefixes of location:
inter- between, among interface, interactive
super- over supersonic
trans- across transmit, transfer
ex- out exclude, extrinsic
extra- beyond Extraordinary
sub- Under subschema, subtraction
infra- below infra-red
peri- around peripheral, periscope
4. Prefixes of time and order:
ante- before antecedent
pre-- before prefix, preceding, precedent
prime- first primary, primitive
post- after postdated, post-natal
retro- backward retrograde, retroactive
5. Prefixes of numbers:
semi- half semicircle
Mono- one monochromatic
bi- two binary
post- after postdated, post-natal
tri- three triangle
quad- four quadruple
penta- five pentagon
hex- six hexadecimal
sept(em)- seven September
oct- eight octal
dec- ten decimal
multi- many, multiplexor multicolored
6. Other prefixes:
pro- before, in advance, forward programme, progress, procreation
auto self automatic
Co- together with co-ordinate, co-operate
con- together with connect
Part 2: suffixes
We have already seen how prefixes can change the meaning of a word. Let us now consider some suffixes, their usual
meanings, and how they change the meanings of English words:
Suffixes
Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs
-ance -ize -able -ly
-ence -ate -ible
-or -fy -less
-er -en -ic
-ist -ify -ical
-ish
-ive
Study these tables. Try and find additional examples using your dictionary:
Page | 49
1. Noun-forming suffixes:
Suffix Meaning Examples
- ance state performance
-ence quality of independence
-er, a person who programmer, operator, biographer
- or a thing which compiler, accumulator, processor, calculator
-ist, -yst a person who analyst, typist
-ian pertaining to electrician
-tion, -ation the act of compilation
-ness condition of readiness, cleanliness, happiness
-ion action/state conversion
-ing activity multiplexing
-ment state, action measurement, requirement
-ity state, quality electricity
-ism condition/state magnetism
-dom domain/condition freedom
-ship condition/state relationship, partnership
2. Verb-forming suffixes:
-ize/-ise to computerize
-ate automate, activate, calculate
-ify make simplify
-en harden, widen, lengthen, shorten
3. Adverb-forming suffix:
electronically, logically, comparably,

-ly in the manner of slowly, quickly, automatically, carefully
-
4. Adjective-forming suffixes:
-al having the quality of computational, logical
-ar circular, rectangular, cellular, regular
-ic magnetic, automatic
-ical electrical
-able capable of being comparable
-ble divisible
-ous like, full of dangerous, insidious, miraculous
-ful characterized by helpful, careful
-less without careless, meaningless
-ish like yellowish
-ed having the quality of computed, processed
-ive interactive
5. Words ending in -ing
Note that words ending in -ing are formed from verbs. The -ing form may be used as a noun, part of a noun phrase, or
part of a verb
1. Programming is an interesting job (noun)
2. Programming in C is interesting (part of a noun phrase)
3. He is working as a programmer (part of a verb)
III- 400 Words for TOEFL
Page | 50
Lesson 1 (food corps)
Word Meaning A. part of speech Arabic
Abandon v. To leave, to give up Abandonment N. ‫استسلم‬
Adversely (effect) Adv. In a harmful way Adversity N. ‫مؤذ‬
Aggregate Adj. Amounting to a whole Aggregate N. ‫كلي‬
Cultivation N. Preparing the land Cultivate V. ‫حراثة‬
Fertilize V. Supplying for plants Fertilization N. ‫تسميد‬
Intensify V. To increase in power Intensification N. ‫تقوية‬
Irrigation N. Add water to dry land Irrigate V. ‫ري‬
Obtain V. To gain possession Obtainment N. ‫تسويد‬
Photosynthesis N. A light action Photosynthesize v. ‫تمثيل‬
Precipitation N. Waterfalls earth precipitate ‫ترسيب‬
Lesson 2 (Disaster)
Anticipate V. To expect or sense Anticipation N. ‫حدس‬
Catastrophic Adj. Extremely harmful Catastrophe N. ‫فاجعة‬
Collide V. To come in opposite way Collision N. ‫تعارض‬
Eruption N. A sudden , often violent Erupt V. ‫بركان‬
Famine N. Severe hungry Famine N. ‫مجاعة‬
Flood N. An very extra water Flood V. ‫فيضان‬
Impact N. A strong influence Impact V. ‫تاثير‬
Preserve V. To keep going Persist V. ‫دأب‬
Plunge V. To go down suddenly Plunge N. ‫الغمر‬
Unleash V. To release a thing Unleash V. ‫يطلق‬
Lesson 3 (Evolution and Migration)
Adapt V. To make suitable Adaptation N. ‫تكيف‬
Diverse N. Showing a difference Diversify V. ‫تنوع‬
Evolve V. To develop Evolution N. ‫تطوير‬
Feature N. Part , characteristics Feature V. ‫هيئة‬
Generation N. A group born together Generational Adj. ‫جيل‬
Inherent adj. Naturally Inherently Adj. ‫فطري‬
Migration N. Movement from places Migrate V. ‫هجرة‬
Physical Adj. Related to the body Physically Adv. ‫مادي‬
Process N. A series of steps to result Process V. ‫عملية‬
Survive V. To continue living Survivor N. ‫النجاة‬
Lesson 4 (Petroleum Alternatives)
Constraint N. Constrain V. ‫القيد‬
Contamination N. Contaminate V. ّ‫التلووث‬
Deplete V. Depletion N. ‫إستنفذذ‬
Dispose of V. Disposal N. ْ‫صممذنه‬‫تخلو ذ‬
Elementally ADV. Element N. ‫جوهريا ا‬
Emission N. Emit V. ‫الشعاع‬
Extinction N. Extinct ADJ. ‫النقراض‬
Reservoir N. Reserve V. ‫الخزان‬
Shrink V. Shrinkable ADJ. ‫ش‬‫ينكم ذ‬
Stable ADJ. Stability N. ‫مستقر‬
References
Page | 51
1. Longman COMPLETE COURSE FOR THE TOEFL TEST, Preparation for the
computer and Paper Tests, by Deborah Phillips, New York, 2001.
2. Longman COMPLETE COURSE FOR THE TOEFL TEST, Preparation for the Paper
Tests, by Deborah Phillips, New York, 2003.
3. TOEFL Secrets Your key to TOEFL success, from the desk of Tom Paulson,
Director of test-talking strategy at TOEFL Secrets, May 2002.
4. SPEAK ENGLISH LIKE AN ANERICAN, Learn the idioms & expressions that will
help you speak like a native, AMY GILLETT, Printed in the United States of
America, 2004.
5. The 4000 Words Essential for an educated vocabulary, JEFF KOLBY.
6. Improve your skills, A PDF version published on the Internet, by Mohamed
Elgebly.
7. 400 must have words for the TOEFL, McGraw-Hill's.
Page | 52

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TOEFL

ITP & LOCAL & PAPER

For any further information:

Part one (Listening)

i. Listening Skills (Longman).

Part Two (Structure)

i. Structure Skills (Longman).

Part Three (Reading)

i. Reading Skills (Longman)

Part Four (Writing)

i. Writing Skills (Longman) ASAP

TOEFL ITP (140 Questions – 145 minutes)

Section No. Questions Admin. Time Score Scale

The listening section

There are three types of questions:

The structure section

There are two different types of problems:

The reading section

The writing section

There is one essay question

I- Listening Skills (Longman)

Types of listening questions:

General strategies for listening comprehension:

1- Be familiar with the directions.

Very important notes

A- Listening Part A : short conversations

Skill 1: focus on the last line

Strategy skill 1: Focus on the last line

Skill 2: choose answers with synonyms

Strategy Skill 2: choose answers with synonyms

Skill 3: avoid similar sounds

Strategy Skill 3: avoid similar sounds

(2)- Who, what, where

Skill 4: draw conclusions about who, what, where

draw conclusions about who, what, where

Skill 5: listen for who and what in passive

Skill 6: listen for who and what with multiple nouns

who and what with multiple nouns

Skill 7: listen for negative expressions

Types of negative expressions

Skill 8: listen for double negative expressions

Skill 9: listen for “almost negative” expressions

Common almost negative Expressions

Skill 10: listen for negative with comparatives

Comparatives with negative

Skill 11: listen for expressions of agreement

expressions uncertainty and suggestion

Skill 13: listen for emphatic expressions of surprise

Expressions of emphatic surprise

(5)- Contrary Meanings

Skill 14: listen for wishes

Key information about wishes

Skill 15: Listen for untrue conditions

Key information about untrue conditions

Skill 16: Listen for two-and three- parts verbs

Verb Meaning Verb Meaning

Verb Meaning Verb Meaning

Verb Meaning Verb Meaning