Chemistry

Marks Distribution
Some Basics – 3 marks Structure of atom – 6 marks

Classification of element – 4 marks Chemical bonding – 5 marks

States of matters – 4 marks Thermodynamics – 6 marks

Equilibrium – 6 marks Redox Reaction – 3 marks

Hydrogen – 3 marks S Block Elements – 5 marks

P Block Elements – 7 marks Organic Chemistry –

Hydrocarbon – 8 marks Environment Chemistry

Some Basics Concept of Chemistry

Elements – same types of atoms

Compounds – two or more different types of atoms

Laws of Chemical Combination

1) Law of Conservation of Mass : It states that during a chemical reaction mass can neither be
created nor destroyed.

2H2 + O2 --------------------> 2H2O

4 32 2[2 + 16] = 2 X 18 = 36

C + O2 ------------------> CO2 N2 + 3H2 ----------------------------> 2NH3

12 32 12 + 32 = 44 28 6 2[14+3] = 2 X 17= 34

Example 1) : 4.2 g of sodium bicarbonate is allowed to react with 10.0 g of acetic acid. It is also that
2.2 g of carbon dioxide is released and the residue is 12.0 g. Show that law of conservation of mass is
obeyed.
Solution : NaHCO3 + CH3COOH -----------------> CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
Mass of reactant = 4.2 g + 10.0 g = 14.2 g
Mass of product = 12.0 g + 2.2 g = 14.2 g
Since, mass of reactant = mass of product. Law of Conservation of Mass is obeyed.

Example 2) : 9.8 g of KClO3 is heated where 5.92 g of KCl was formed. Find the mass of oxygen gas
formed.
Solution: 2KClO3 --------------> 2KCl + 3O2
9.8 g 5.92g x
According to law of conservation of mass,
Mass of reactant = Mass of product
5.92 + x = 9.8 g
=> x = 9.8 g – 5.92 g = 3.88 g

2) Law of Definite Proportion : A chemical compound always consist of same elements combine
together in same fixed ratio by mass whatever be its source.

Example 1) : 3 gram of ethane burns in oxygen to give 8.8 g of carbon and 5.4 g of water. Find the
mass of oxygen required for the reaction.

2C2H6 + 7O2 ---------------------------------> 4CO2 + 6H2O

3g x 8.8g 5.4g

According to Law of Conservation of Mass : mass of reactant = mass of product

3 + x = 8.8 + 5.4

=> x = 14.2 – 3

= 11.2 g

Example 2) : What mass of barium chloride will react with 2.36 g of sodium sulphate in solution so as
to produce 3.88 g of barium sulphate and 1.94 g of sodium chloride in solution?

Solution : BaCl2 + Na2SO4 --------------------------> BaSO4 + 2NaCl

x 2.36g 3.88g 1.94g

Using law of conservation of mass

x + 2.36g = 3.88g + 1.94g

=> x = 5.82 – 2.36 = 3.46 g

Example 3) : Coppper Oxide is obtained from two different sources and analysed as follows.

Mass of copper oxide Mass of Cu Mass of Oxygen

Case 1 2.750 2.196 0.554
Case 2 2.954 2.358 0.594

Show that the results illustrate law of definite proportion.

Solution : Mass of Cu / Mass of Oxygen

Case 1 2.196 / 0.554 = 3.96

Case 2 2.358 / 0.594 = 3.969

Since, the ratio of the mass of the solution is same, the law of definite proportion is obeyed.
Example 4) : A sample of calcium sulphide contains 55.55 % calcium. If 5.00 g of calcium is allowed to
react with sulphur. Calculate the amount of sulphur required in the reaction.

Solution :

Mass of Calcium Sulphide Mass of calcium Mass of sulphur

Case 1 100 % 55.55% (100 – 55.55) %
Case 2 ‘x‘g 5.00 g ?

Let x be the total mass of calcium sulphide.

We have,

55.55/100 of x = 5.00

=> x = 5.00 X 100/55.55

= 9.0009 g is the total mass of Ca and S

Now, (100-55.55) % = 44.45%

44.55/100 X 9.009 = 4. 009 g is the sulphur required in the reaction.

Also,

Mass of Ca Mass of S
Case 1 55.55 % 44.45 % 55.55 / 44.45 = 1.25
Case 2 5.00 g ‘x’

Let ‘x’ be the mass of sulphur. According to law of definite proportion.

=> 5.00 / x = 1.25

=> x = 4

Therefore, amount of sulphur = 4.00 g

3) Law of Multiple of Proportion : If two elements can combine to form more than one compound
the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in the ratio of
small whole number.

NO2 -------> 14 : 2 X 16 FeCl2 --------> 56 : 2 X 35.5

1:2 2:3

NO3 -------> 14 : 3 X 16 FeCl3 ---------> 56 : 3 X 35.5

Example 1) : The following data are obtained when dinitrogen and dioxygen react together to form
different compound.

Mass of dinitrogen N2 (g) Mass of dioxygen O2 (g)

i 14 g X 2 = 28 g 16 g X 2 = 32 g
 ii 14 g X 2 = 28 g 32 g X 2 = 64 g
iii 28 g 32 g
iv 28 g 80 g

The ratio of mass of O2 which combine with the fixed mass of nitrogen ( i.e. 28 g )

2 X 16 : 2 X 32 : 32 : 80

2 : 4 : 2 : 5 which is a simple whole number ratio. Hence, the law of multiple proportion is obeyed.

4) Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volume

2H2 + O2 (g) --------------> 2H2O (l)

When gases combine or reproduced in a chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio by volume
provided all gases are at same temperature and pressure.

Example 1) : What volume of oxygen would be required to burn completely 200ml of acetylene
(ethyn) and what would be the volume of carbon dioxide formed?

2C2H2 (g) + 5O2 (g) --------------> 4CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

C2H2 : O2 = 2 : 5

200 : x = 2 : 5

=> 200 / x = 2 / 5

=> x = 5 X 200 / 2 = 500 ml

Again,
C2H2 : CO2 = 2 : 4
200 : y = 2 : 4
200 / y = 2 / 4
=> y = 4 X 200 / 2 = 400 ml

Example 2) : If 6L of H2 is allowed to combine with 5.6 L Cl2 . What will be the composition by volume
of the resulting gaseous mixture?
Solution : H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) --------------> 2 HCl (g)
(x)
H2 : Cl2 = 1 : 1
x : 5.6 = 1 : 1
=> x = 5.6 L
Therefore, Volume of unreacted hydrogen is (6.0 -5.6) L = 0.4 L
Cl2 : HCl = 1 : 2
 5.6 / y = 1 / 2
=> y = 11.2 L
Therefore, Volume composition of the resulting mixture is 11.2 l of HCl formed and 0.4 L of
unreacted Hydrogen.

Avogadro Law : Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure should contain equal
number of molecules.

NA --------> 6.023 x 1023

Atomic mass : The present system of atomic masses is based on Carbon - 12 as the standard as
agreed on 1961. Here 12C is an isotope of carbon. In this system, 12C is assigned a mass of exactly 12
atomic mass unit (amu) and masses of all other atoms is given relative to this standard. One atomic
mass unit is defined as a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass of one Carbon - 12 atom.

One amu = 1.66056 x 10-24 g

∑na a1n1 + a2n2 + a3n3
Average Atomic Mass: Average atomic mass = ------- = --------------------------
∑n n1 + n2 + n3

Where, a1, a2, a3 are the atomic masses of an element and exist in the ratio of n1 : n2 : n3

Example 1) : Isotope Relative abundance % (n) Molar mass (a)

35
Cl 75.77 34.9689
37
Cl 24.23 34.9659

∑na a1n1 + a2n2

Average atomic mass = ------- = ------------------
∑n n1 + n2

75.77 x 34.9689 + 24.23 x 36.9659 2649.593 + 895.683

= ----------------------------------------------- = -----------------------------------
75.77 + 24.23 100

= 3545.276 / 100 = 35.45 u

Example 2) Use the data given in the following table to calculate the molar mass of naturally
occurring argon isotopes.

Isotope Relative abundance (n) Molar mass (a)

36
Ar 0.337 % 35.96755 g mol-1
38
Ar 0.063 % 37.96272 g mol-1
40
Ar 99.600 % 39.9624 g mol-1

𝑛1 𝑎1 + 𝑛2 𝑎2 + 𝑛3 𝑎3
Solution : Average atomic mass =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛3
0.337 x 35.96755+0.063 x 37.96272+99.600 x 39.9624
=
0.337+0.063+99.600
3994.7279
=
100
= 39.947 = 39.95 g mol-1

Molecular Mass : Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of the element present in a molecule.
It is obtained by multiplying the atomic mass of each element by the number of its atoms and adding
them.
Calculate the molecular mass if the following.
i) H20 = 2 x 1 + 1 x 16 = 18 u ii) CO2 = 1 x 12 + 2 x 16 = 12 + 32 = 44 u
iii) NH3 = 1 x 14 + 3 x 1 = 17 u iv) C6H12O6 = 6 x 12 + 12 x 1 + 6 x 16 = 72 + 12 + 96 =
180 u
v) Na2SO4 = 2 x 23 + 1 x 32 + 4 x 16 vi) CaCl2 = 1 x 40 + 2 x 35.5 = 40 + 70 = 110 u
= 46 + 32 + 64 = 142 u
vii) NH2CONH2 = 1 x 14 + 2 x 1 + 1 x 12 + 1 x 16 + 1 x 14 + 2 x 1 = 14 + 2 + 12 +16 + 14 + 2 = 60 u
viii) FeSO4 = 1 x 56 + 1 x 32 + 4 x 16 = 152 u
ix) NaHCO3 = 23 + 1 + 12 + 48 = 84 u x) CH3COOH = 12 + 3 + 12 + 16 + 16 + 1 = 60 u

Mole Concept :
One mole is the amount of a substance that contain as many particles or entities as there are atoms
in exactly 12 g of the 12C isotope.
The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called its molar mass. Molar mass of NH3 = 14 + 3x1
=17
n = w/M = N/NA = V/22.4
where, ‘n’ = number of moles
w = mass of a substance M = molar mass N = no. of particles (molecules or atoms)
NA = Avogadro Number V = volumes of a gas (in L at STP)
Example 1) : Calculate the no. of mole in (a) 4.4 g of CO2 (b) 34 g of NH3 (c) 6.023 x 1022
molecules of SO2 (d) 11.2 L of O2 at STP

a) n = w/M = 4.4/44 = 0.1 mol b) n = w/M = 34/ 17 = 2 mol

c) n = N/NA = 6.023 x 1022 / 6.023 x 1023 = 1 / 10 = 0.1 mol
d) n = V/22.4 = 11.2 / 22.4 = 1 / 2 = 0.5 mol

Example 2) : Calculate the mass of

(a) 3 mols of SO3 n=w/M => w = n x M = 3 x 80 = 240 g
(b) 0.5 mol of C6H12O6 => w = n x M = 0.5 x 180 = 90 g
(c) 1 atom of He => w/M = N/NA => w = N x M / NA => 1 x 4/ 6.023 x 1023 = 0.66 x 10-23 g
(d) 2.24 L of N2 at STP => w/M = V/ 22.4 => w = V x M / 22.4 => 22.4 x 28 / 224 = 627.2/224 =
2.8 g

Percentage Calculation
Mass of the element in 1 mol of the compound X 100
Mass % of an element in a compound = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molar mass of the compound

Example 1) : Calculate the mass percentage of various elements present in the following compounds.
i) CO2
Molar mass = 12 + 2 x 16 = 44
% of carbon in CO2 = 12 x 100 / 44 = 27.27 %
% of oxygen in CO2 = (100 – 27.27) % = 72.73 %

ii) Na2SO4
Molar mass = 142 u
% of Na in the compound = (23 x 2) X 100 / 142 = 32.39 %
% of S in the compound = 32 x 100 / 142 = 22.53 %
% of O in the compound = { 100 – (32.39 + 22.53) } = 100 – 54.92 = 45.08 %

iii) Calculate the mass % of Na2CO3 FeSO4 C6H12O6 NH2CONH2

Empirical Formula
An empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms present in a
compound.

Molecular formula = (empirical formula)n

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑀𝐹𝑀)

where, n =
𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝐸𝐹𝑀)

MFM = 2 x EFM (vapor density)

Example 1) To find the empirical formula of the compound Zn= 47.8 % and Cl= 52.2 % (Zn=65)

Element Percentage % Atomic mass Relative no. of Simples ratio

atoms

Zn 47.8 65 47.8 / 65 = 0.73 0.73 / 0.73 = 1

Cl 52.2 35.5 52.2 / 35.5 = 1.47 1.47 / 0.73 = 2

Therefore, Zn : Cl = 1 : 2 => Empirical Formula (EF) = ZnCl2

Example 2) : An organic compound has oxygen 26.24 % , hydrogen 4.92 % . Find its empirical
formula.

Element Percentage % Atomic mass Relative no. of atoms Simplest ratio

O 26.54 16 26.24 / 16 = 1.64 1.64 / 1.64 = 1

H 4.92 1 4.92 / 1 = 4.92 4.92 / 1.64 = 3

C 100 – (26.24 + 4.92) 12 68.84 / 12 = 5.74 5.74 / 1.64 = 3.5

= 68.84

Therefore, O : H : C = 2 : 6 : 7 which was obtained upon multiplying the simplest ratios obtained with
2 to get the nearest simple whole ratio.

Empirical formula (EF) = O2H6C7

Example 3) : A hydrocarbon contains 17.2 % hydrogen. If vapour density is 29. Find the molecular
formula.

Element Percentage % Atomic mass Relative no. of atoms Simplest ratio

H 17.2 1 17.2 / 1 = 17.2 17.2 / 6.85 = 2.5

C 100 – 17.2 = 82.8 12 82.8 / 12 = 6.85 6.85 / 6.85 = 1

C:H2:5

EF = C2H5

Empirical Formula Mass (EFM) = 2 x 12 + 5 x 1 = 29

Molecular Formula Mass (MFM) = 2 x EFM => 2 x 29

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑀𝐹𝑀)

n=
𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝐸𝐹𝑀)

2 x 29
=
29

=2

Since, Molecular Formula = (EF)n

= (C2H5)2
= C4H10

Example 4) : A solution of common salt when added to silver nitrate solution yields a precipitate of
silver chloride ( 0.28 g ). Find the mass of sodium chloride in the solution and also the sodium nitrate
formed. ( Ag - 108 )
NaCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) -----------> NaNO3 (aq) + AgCl (s)

23 + 35.5 23+14+3 x 16 108 + 35.5

= 58.5 g / mol = 85 g / mol = 143.5 g / mol

a) Unitary Method

To calculate the mass of NaCl required. 143.5 g / mol of AgCl is obtained from 58.5 g of NaCl.

58.5 x 0.28
Therefore, 0.28 g ………………………………………… = 0.114 g
143.5
b) Ratio Method

NaCl : AgCl = 58.5 : 143.5

=> x : 0.28 = 58.5 : 143.5

𝑥 58.5
or, =
0.28 143.5

58.5 x 0.28
or, x = = 0.114 g
143.5

NaNO3 : AgCl = 85 : 143.5

=> y : 0.28 = 85 : 143.5

85 x 0.28
=> y = = 0.17 g
143.5

Example 5) Determine the empirical formula of an iron oxide which has 69.9 % iron and 30.1 %
oxygen by mass. Also find the molecular formula.

Solution:

Element Percentage % Atomic mass Relative no. of atoms Simplest ratio

Fe 69.9 56 69.9 / 56 = 1.25 1.25 / 1.25 = 1

O 30.1 16 30.1 / 16 = 1.88 1.88 / 1.25 = 1.5

Empirical Formula = Fe2O3

Empirical Formula Mass = 2 X 56 + 3 x 16 = 112 + 48 = 160 u

Molecular Formula Mass = 2 X EFM = 2 X 160 = 320

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑀𝐹𝑀) 320

Now, n = = =2
𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝐸𝐹𝑀) 160

Molecular Formula = (EF)n = (Fe2O3)2 = Fe4O6

Example 6) : Find the mass of lead formed by the reduction of 342.5 g of red lead (Pb3O4) in a current
of hydrogen. Also find the volume of hydrogen used up at STP (Pb-207)

Pb3O4 + 4H2 ------------> 3Pb + 4H2O

3 x 207 + 4 x 16 = 685 3 x 207 = 621

(a) To calculate the mass of Pb formed.

Pb3O4 : Pb = 685 : 621

=> 342.5 : x = 685 : 621

621 x 342.5
=> x = => 310.5 g
685

(b) Volume of H2 required.

Pb3 : H2O = 685 : 4 x 22.4

=> 342.5 : y = 685 : 4 x 22.4

4 x 22.4 x 342.5
=> y = = 44.8 L at STP
685

Example 7) : If 16.4 g of calcium nitrate is heated. Calculate

(a) the volume of NO2 formed at STP

(b) the mass of calicium oxide formed.

2 Ca(NO3)2 -----------------------> 2 CaO + 4NO2 + O2

2 [40+2x14+6x16] 2 [40 + 16] = 2 x 56

2 x 164 = 112

a) To calculate volume of NO2 at STP

Ca(NO3)2 : NO2 = 2 x 164 : 4 x 22.4

=> 16.4 : x = 2 x 164 : 4 x 22.4

4 x 22.4 x 16.4
=> x = = 44.4 L at STP
2 x 164

CaO : Ca(NO3)2 = 112 : 2 x 164

=> y : 16.4 = 112 : 2 x 164

112 x 16.4
=> y = = 5.6 g
2 x 164
Example 8) : How many moles of methane are required to produce 2.2 g of carbon dioxide after
combustion ?
CH4 --------------------> CO2 + 2H2
12 + 4 x 1 = 16 12 + 32 = 44
x : 22 = 16 : 44
16 x 22
=> x =
44
=> x = 8 g

Number of moles of methane

n=w/M = 8 /16 = 0.5 mol

Limiting Reagent
In a reaction,
A + B2 -----------> AB

Example 1) : Dinitrogen and Dihydrogen reacts with each other to produce ammonia according to
the following chemical equation.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ---------------> 2NH3 (g)
i) Calculate the mass of ammonia produced if 2.00 x 103 g of nitrogen reacts with 1.00 x 103 g of
dihydrogen.
ii) Will any of the two reactants remain unreacted.
iii) If yes, which one and what would be its mass.

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ---------------> 2NH3 (g)

2 x 14 3 [2 x 1] 2 [ 14 + 3]
= 28 =6 = 34

N2 : H2 = 28 : 6
=> 2.00 x 103 : x = 28 : 6
6 x (2.00 x 103 ) 3 x 103
=> x = = = 0.428 x 103 g
28 7
Since, H2 present is more than required. Therefore, N2 is the limiting reagent.
(i) N2 : NH3 = 2 x 14 : 2 x 17
=> 2.00 x 103 : y = 14 : 17
7 x (2.00 x 103 )
=> y = = 2.43 x 103
14

(iii) Mass of excess H2

= (1.00 x 103 – 0.428 x 103)
= 0.572 x 103 g

Example 2) : 50.0 kg of N2 and 10.0 kg of H2 (g) are mixed to produce NH3 (g). Calculate the NH3
formed. Identify the limiting reagent in the production of NH3 in this situation.
N2 + 3H2 --------------> 2NH3
28 6 34

N2 : H2 = 28 : 6
=> x : 10 x 103 = 28 : 6
28 x (10 x 103 )
=> x = => 46.67 x 103
6
Since, N2 present is more than required. Therefore, H2 is the limiting reagent.
H2 : NH3 = 6 : 34
=> 10 x 103 : y = 6 : 34
34 x (10 x 103 )
=> y = => NH3 = 56.67 x 103 g
6

Solution

A homogenous mixture of two or more component which do not react chemically is known as
solution.

A solution having two components is known as a binary solution.

Solute – The component which is present in lesser quantity in solution and usually changes its state
is known as solute.

Solvent – The component which is present in larger quantity in solution is called solvent.

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐱 100

Mass % of solute (m/w) =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Mole fraction – It is the number of moles of a particular component to the total number of moles of
the solution.
Let substance ‘A’ dissolve in substance ‘B’ and their number of moles are nA and nB respectively, then
mole fraction of A and B are given as

𝑛A
χA =
𝑛A + 𝑛B
𝑤A
𝑀A 𝑤
= 𝑤A 𝑤 [∵ n = ]
+ B 𝑀
𝑀A 𝑀B

Similarly,
𝑛B
χB =
𝑛A + 𝑛B
𝑤B
𝑀B
= 𝑤A 𝑤
+ B
𝑀A 𝑀B

𝑛A 𝑛B
Also, χA + χB = +
𝑛A + 𝑛B 𝑛A + 𝑛B
𝑛A + 𝑛B
=
𝑛A + 𝑛B

=1

Therefore, we can also write χA = 1 - χB

Molarity (M) : It is defined when one mole of a solute is dissolved in 1L of solution, then the
concentration is known as molar. SI unit of molarity is mol L--1

𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

M=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑛B
=
𝑉 (𝑖𝑛 𝐿)
𝑤B
𝑀B
= V ( 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝐿 )
1000

𝑤B 1000
Therefore, M = x (in cc or mL)
𝑀B 𝑉
Where, 𝑤B = mass of solute 𝑀B = molar mass of solute

V = volume of solution

1
Since, (molarity) M∝ and V ∝ T
𝑉
1
∴M ∝ T

Also, Molarity
10 𝑥 𝑑
M= [ ‘x’ = mass percentage of solute and ‘d’ = density of solution in g cc-1 ]
𝑀B

M1V1 = M2V2

Where, M1 = intial molarity

V1 = initial volume

M2 = final molarity

V2 = final volume

Molality (m) : When one mole of a solute is dissolved in 1kg of solvent then the concentration is
known as one molal. Unit of molality is mol kg-1

𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

m=
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝑛B
=
𝑤A (𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔)
𝑤B
𝑀B
= 𝑤A
1000
(𝑖𝑛 𝑔)

𝑤B 1000
m= x (in g)
𝑀B 𝑤A
Problems

1) Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6H6) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22g of benzene
is dissolved in 122g of tetrachloride.

2) Calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol (C6H6O2) in a solution containing 20% w/w C6H6O2 .
Also find mole fraction of water.

3) Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 5g NaOH in 450 mL of solution.

4) Calculate molarity of 2.5g of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) in 75g of benzene.

Solutions:

1) Given,

Mass of solute (C6H6) , wB = 22g

Mass of solvent (CCl4) , wA = 122g

Mass of solution, wA + wB = 22g + 122g = 144g

22
Mass % of solute (C6H6 ) = x 100 = 15.28 %
144

Mass % of solvent (CCl4) = (100 – 15.28) % = 84.72 %

2) Given,

Mass of solute (C6H6O2) , wB = 20g

Mass of solvent (H2O) , wA = (H2O - wB) = (100 – 20)g = 80g

Molar mass of solute (C6H6O2) , MB = 12 x 6 + 1 x 6 + 16 x 2 = 62 g mol-1

Molar mass of solvent (H2O) , MA = 1 x 2 + 16 = 18 g mol-1

Mole fraction of solute is given by,

𝑛B
χB =
𝑛A + 𝑛B
𝑤B 20
𝑀B 62 0.32
= 𝑤A 𝑤 = 80 20 =
+ B + 4.44 + 0.32
𝑀A 𝑀B 18 62

0.32
= = 0.067
4.76
Now,

χB = 1 - χB = 1 - 0.067 = 0.933
3) Given,

Mass of NaOH, wB = 5g

Volume of solution, V = 450 mL

Molarity = ?

Molar mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40

We know,
𝑛B
Molarity (M) =
𝑉 (𝑖𝑛 𝐿)

𝑤B 1000
Or, M= x
𝑀B 𝑉

5 1000 1
= x = = 0.28 mol / L
40 450 36

4) Given,

Mass of CH3COOH, wB = 2.5g

Mass of solvent C6H6 wA = 75g

Molar mass of CH3COOH, MB = 60 u

We know,
𝑛B
Molality =
𝑤A (𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔)
𝑤B 1000
Or, m= x
𝑀B 𝑤A
2.5 1000
= x = 5/9 = 0.55 mol / kg
60 75

Problems :

1) A sample of drinking water was found out to be severely contaminated with chloroform (CHCl3).
The level of contamination was 15 ppm by mass.

a) Express this in % by mass.

b) Determine the molality of solution.

2) An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and 200g of water.
Calculate the molality of the solution. Also, calculate the molarity if density of the solution is 1.072
g/mL

Solutions : (a)

Mass of the solute CHCl3 , wB = 15g

Mass of the solution, w = 106 g

Mass of solvent, wA = w – wB

= 106 – 15 = 106 g

Molar mass of solute, MB = 12 + 1 + 3 x 35.5

= 119.5 g / mol
𝑤B
% of CHCl3 by mass = x 100
𝑤
15
= x 100 = 15 x 10-4 = 1.5 x 10-3
106

𝑤B 1000
(b) Molality, m= x
𝑀B 𝑤A
15 1000
= x
119.5 106

= 1.25 x 10-4 mol / kg

2) Given,

Mass of solute (C2H6O2), wB = 222.6 g

Mass of solvent (H2O), wA = 200 g

Mass of C2H6O2 , MB = 62 g/mol

Density of solution (d) = 1.072 g

𝑤B 1000
Molality m= x
𝑀B 𝑤A
222.6 1000
= x
62 200
= 17.95 mol / kg
 𝑤B 1000 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Molarity M= x V=
𝑀B 𝑉 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
222.6 1000 200 + 222.6
= x =
62 394.2 1.072
= 9.107 mol / L = 407.64 mL

= 9.11 mol / L