Solutions

How Solutions Form

 Definitions

 Solution - homogeneous mixture

Solute – substance
being dissolved

Solvent – substance
doing the dissolving,
present in greater
amount
 Definitions

Solute - KMnO4 Solvent - H2O

 Types of Solutions

 Based on state of solvent.

 All solid-liquid-gas combos are
possible.
 EX: dental amalgam (alloy of silver,
mercury, etc.)
• liquid solute, solid solvent
• solid solution
 Bell Ringer

 What is a solution?

 What is a solute?

 What is a solvent?
 Types of Solutions

 Unsaturated – not holding all the solute

it can, will dissolve more.
 Saturated- holding all the solute it can,
won’t dissolve any more.
 Supersaturated- holding more than
theoretically possible, very unstable
• Seed Crystal
 Dissolving

 Solvation
• occurs at the surface of the solute
• solvent particles surround solute
particles (+/- attraction)
• solute particles are pulled into solution
 Dissolving

NaCl dissolving in water

 Rate of Solution

 Solids dissolve faster...

• more stirring
• small particle size
(increased surface area)
• high temperature
 Rate of Solution

 Gases dissolve faster...

• no shaking or stirring
• high pressure
• low temperature
 Solutions

Solubility & Concentration

 Concentration

 Concentrated solution
• large amount of solute

 Dilute solution
• small amount of solute
 Concentration

 % by Volume
• usually liquid in liquid
• EX: 10% juice = 10mL juice + 90mL water

 % by Mass
• usually solid in liquid
• EX: 20% NaCl = 20g NaCl + 80g water
 Concentration

UNSATURATED SATURATED SUPERSATURATED

SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
more solute no more solute becomes unstable,
dissolves dissolves crystals form

concentration
 Solubility

 Solubility - maximum grams of solute

that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a
given temperature
• varies with temperature
• based on a saturated solution
 Solubility

 Solubility Curve -
shows the
dependence of
solubility on
temperature
 Solubility

 Solids are more soluble at...

• high temperatures.

 Gases are more soluble at...

• low temperatures.
• high pressures
(Henry’s Law).
 Bell Ringer

 What is a saturated solution?

 What is a supersaturated solution?
 What is solubility?
 What factors can affect solubility?
 Solutions

Particles in Solution
 POLAR MOLECULE

 A molecule that has electrically charged

areas.
 Also called a polar substance or polar
compound.

+ DURACELL _
NON-POLAR SUBSTANCES

 Non-polar substances do not have

charged ends

DURACELL
 Aqueous (Water) Solutions

 Water dissolves ionic compounds and

polar covalent molecules very well.
• Salt is ionic- makes salt water.
 The rule is: “like dissolves like”
 Polar dissolves polar.
 Nonpolar dissolves nonpolar.
 Oil is nonpolar.
• Oil and water don’t mix.
STRUCTURE OF WATER

H H

1 molecule of water is
made up of 2 hydrogen atoms
bonded with 1 oxygen atom
Water is Very Polar

+ H H +
O

-
 Universal Solvent

Why is water so good at dissolving things?

 Because water is a polar molecule and
is shaped like a wedge, it is able to
break up substances into smaller pieces
(dissolve).
• Water 1) breaks the + and - charged
pieces apart, and 2) surrounds them.
How Ionic solids dissolve in water

These ions have been pulled away from the

main crystal structure by water’s polarity.
H

H
H
H
H
These ions have
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= been surrounded
VTmfQUNLlMY by water, and are
now dissolved!
 Bell Ringer

 What is a polar molecule?

 Why is water called the universal

solvent? Hint: 2 parts to this answer
 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

 Electrolytes- compounds that conduct

an electric current in aqueous solution,
or in the molten state
• all ionic compounds are electrolytes
because they dissociate into ions
(they are also called “salts”)
NaCl Na1+ and Cl1-
• Must have charged particles that can
move.
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

 Do not conduct? = Nonelectrolytes.

• Most are molecular materials,
because they do not have ions
 Not all electrolytes conduct to the
same degree
• there are weak electrolytes, and
strong electrolytes
• depends on: the degree of ionization
Electrolytes- conduct electricity

- + - + - +

salt acetic acid sugar

Weak Non-
Electrolyte Electrolyte Electrolyte
solute exists as solute exists as solute exists as
ions only ions and molecules
molecules only
 Colligative Properties

 Colligative properties - properties of

solutions that depend only on solute
concentration

 Freezing Point Depression

• solutes lower the f.p. of a solvent

 Boiling Point Elevation

• solutes raise the b.p. of a solvent
Colligative Properties

Freezing Point Depression

Colligative Properties

Boiling Point Elevation

Solute particles “get in the way.”

 Colligative Properties

 Effect increases as the solute

concentration increases.

 Uses:
• antifreeze
• making ice cream
• salting icy roads
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVL24HAesnc&list=PL
8dPuuaLjXtPHzzYuWy6fYEaX9mQQ8oGr&index=23