THE COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MEDICINE

SOCIETY AND MEDICINE

LIBRARY SESSION FOLLOW UP ASSIGNMENT

FIRST YEAR PRE-MED 2019

GROUP TWO.

TUTOR: MISS VIRGINIA HAMWEELA

TOPIC: PREVELANCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING AMONG SCHOOL-

GOING ADOLESCENTS IN ZAMBIA.

DUE DATE: 29TH April, 2019.

SUB-GROUP MEMBERS

NO. NAME STUDENT NUMBER SIGNATURE

1. MUBANGA ALICK K. 18121421
2. MUCHAPE MERVIS 18124338
3. MUDENDA CHILUBWA JANE 17110780
4. MUHANDU KAVUYI 18123295
5. MUHAU NALUCHA 18120540
6. MUHOLWA JANICE 18127347
7. MUKE PATIENCE 18123185
8. MUKENA OLIVER KAWISHA 18124072
9. MUKOBE KOMBE 18123050
10. MUKOMPA NAOMI 18121947
11. MUKUKA FLOYED 18122434
12. MUKWASIYO CHRISTINE 18121611
13. MUKWIZA RITA 18122608
14. MULEBA MULIMO 18122974
15. MULENGA CHOTA 18121760
 PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING AMONG SCHOOL-GOING
ADOLESCENTS IN ZAMBIA.

Smoking is an activity or habit of drawing into the mouth the smoke of cigarettes. The prevalence of
smoking is relatively high in school-going adolescents. Prevalence refers to the wide spread or distribution
of a disease or condition in a given statistical population at a given time, but in this case refers to the
widespread or distribution of smoking. It may be caused by a multiplicity of factors, and according to the
oxford dictionary of English, factors are defined as several things that cause or influence something; in this
case smoking.

Smoking is the leading cause of chronic morbidity as well as the most important preventable morbidity
and mortality from cancer and cardio vascular diseases. As analyzed by Rudatsikira, Muula and The
Ministry of Health, “the distribution of male to female adolescent current smokers is 10.4% to 6.2% in
Kafue, Zambia. This prevalence is due to having pocket money and friends or parents who are smokers.” 1,2
In as much as smoking is done globally, according to West, “an estimate of tobacco smoking prevalence in
Africa is in the ratio of 23% to 3% male to female and 13% overall.” 3

Nevertheless, it is as well important to note some other causes or factors associated with this prevalence
amongst school going adolescents in Zambia or Africa at large where smoking is concerned. Firstly, Muula
and Mpabulungi explain that “tobacco-related advertisement through billboards, news and anti-smoking
messages with a prevalence of 5.6% and 6.2% in Kampala and Lilongwe respectively” 4 are among the
factors whereas Siziya et al. included the history of having engaged in sexual intercourse and less
supervision by parents during free time with a prevalence of 37.2% and 39.5% among males and females
respectively.5

Adolescents, being in a period of adventure and self-discovery, tend to engage in different activities. It is
sad to find that positive perception towards smoking is one of the factors associated with smoking having
2,175 students participating.6 Furthermore, these are not the only factors associated with prevalence of
smoking among adolescents in Zambia, but also the “affordability of cigarettes and less primary
education”7 were 80% of participants went for low price of single cigarette purchase as they are too low to
motivate smokers to quit. The Saving Lives Department’s aim is to reduce smoking among adolescents
from 13% to 9%.8

The research carried out was based on male and female adolescents in particular. It is reasonable that
health systems in Zambia and Africa at large focus on communicable conditions but it is just as important
to focus on the growing epidemic of cigarette use among adolescents in our developing world. As this will
result in the decrease of the morbidity and mortality rate as well as an increase in a productive generation
of youths.

1 Rudastsikira and Muula, Cigarette Smoking, 75-78

2 World Health Organisation, Situation Analysis Adolescent Health in Zambia, 22
3 West, Tobacco Smoking: Health Impact
4 Muula and Mpabulungi, Cigarette Smoking Prevalence,45-49
5 Siziya et al., Cigarette Use
6 Muula and Siziya, Prevalence and Determinant, 246-252
7 Salloum et al., Cigarette Price and Other Factors
8 Peckham and Alison, Public Health Ethics and Practice, 67-68
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.bioline,org.br/pdf?mm0717

https://www.who.int

Muula, Adamson S, and Lillian Mpabulungi. 2007. "Ciggarette Smoking Prevalence Among School-going
Adolescents in Two African Capital Cities; Kampala Uganda and Lilongwe Malawi." African Health
Services 7(1): 45-49. https:www.ajol.info/index.php/ahs/article/view/6990

Muula, Adamson S, and Seter Siziya. 2007. "Prevalence And Determinant of Ever Smoked Cigarettes
Among School Going Adolescents in Lusaka, Zambia." African Health Sciences 7(4): 246-252.
http://ajol.info/index.php/ahs/article/view/7042

Peckham, Stephen, and Alison Hann, . 2010. Public Health Ethics And Practice. The Policy Press University
of Bristol,2010. 67-68. RA 427.25 Pub

Rudastsikira, Emmanuel, and Adamson S Muula. 2007. "Cigarette Smoking Among School-going
Adolescents In Kafue Zambia." Malawi Medical Journal (The Journal of Medical Association of
Malawi), June 2007: 75-78. http://www.bioline,org.br/pdf?mm0717

Salloum, Ramzi G, Fastone Goma, Grieve Chelwe, Xi Cheng, Richard Zulu, Susan C Kaai, Anne CK Quah,
James Thrasher, and Geoffrey T Fong. n.d. "Cigarette Price and Other Factors Associated With
Brand Choice and Brand Loyalty in Zambia; Finding From The ITC Zambia Survey."
http://login.research4life.org/tacsgr1tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/24/supply3/iii33.

Siziya, Seter, Adamson S Muula, Chola Besa, Babaniyi Olusegun, Peter Songolo, Kaukiza Njinga, and
Emmanuel Rudatsikira. "Cannabis Use and Its Socio-demographic Correlates Among in-school
Adolescents In Zambia." Italian Journal Of Pediatrics,2013 39:13
http:/ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1824-7288-39-13

West, Robert. 2017. Tobacco Smoking:Health Impact,Prevalence ,Correlates and Interventions. Pub Med
Central.

World, Health Organisation, and Government of Zambia. Situation Analysis Adolescent Health In
Zambia. Lusaka: Ministry Of Health. November 2009.22. GOV.ZAM.H4(02)2009/1A
 EXERCISES
After searching online from exercise one to exercise four according to the guidelines and key-words given, the
following are the findings.

Exercise 1 using Google

Smoking: 2, 240, 000, 000 results and no article citations.

Smoking and Prevalence and Factors and School-Going Adolescents: 3, 570, 000 results and 3 article citations.

Smoking and Prevalence and Factors and School-Going Adolescents and Zambia (or Africa): 710, 000 results and 3
article citations.

The web page found from the retrieved results is http://www.bioline,org.br/pdf?mm0717

Exercise 2 using Google Scholar

Smoking: 3, 520, 000 article citations

Smoking and Prevalence and Factors and School-Going Adolescents: 6, 260 article citations

Smoking and Prevalence and Factors and School-Going Adolescents and Zambia (or Africa): 761 article citations.

As observed, the numbers of articles in Google are many compared to the numbers of articles in Google Scholar.
This is because the material in Google Scholar cited and posted by qualified professionals whereas that in Google
they can be posted by even nonprofessionals. The selected articles are:

1. Cannabis Use and its Socio-demographic Correlates Among in-school Adolescents in Zambia.

2. Prevalence and Determinants of Ever Smoked Cigarettes Among School-going Adolescents in Lusaka, Zambia

Exercise 3 using Pubmed Central

Smoking: 1 to 266, 190 articles but only 3 archived articles and two articles that managed to open are

1. Tobacco Smoking: Health Impact, Prevalence, Correlates and Interventions and

2. The Association Between Smoking and Electronic Cigarette Use in a Cohort of Young People.

EXERCISE 4 using Hinari/Summon

Hinari Website: https://extranet.who.int/hinari/en/journals.php

Smoking: 973, 887 cited articles

Smoking and Prevalence and Factors and School-Going Adolescents: 618 citated articles

Smoking and Prevalence and Factors and School-Going Adolescents and Zambia (or Africa): 592 cited articles.

Articles selected:

1. Cigarette Price and Other Factors Associated with Brand Choice and Brand Loyalty in Zambia: Finding from the
ITC Zambia Survey. and

2. Cigarette Smoking Prevalence Among School-going Adolescents in Two African Capital Cities: Kampala Uganda
and Lilongwe Malawi.