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Notes For SSC Science: NO. Name of Chapter Pages Marks
Notes For SSC Science: NO. Name of Chapter Pages Marks
Notes For SSC Science: NO. Name of Chapter Pages Marks
Prepared by,
Vijay Balu Raskar
SSC- Science
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Prepared by Vijay Balu Raskar (MBA-Operation & B.E.Electrical)
1. SCHOOL OF ELEMENTS
DOBEREINER’S TRIADS:-
Group of elements shows similar properties. These groups
were called as Triads.
In triads, atomic mass of the middle element was
approximately the mean of the atomic masses of other two
elements.
Element Atomic Mass
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Sulphur (S) 32
Selenium (Se) 79
Tellurium (Te) 128
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Metals are present on the left hand side of the periodic table.
Non-metals are present on right hand side of the periodic
table.
Group 1 and group2 are on left side. Group13 to froup17 are
on right side of the periodic table. Such groups are called as
normal elements. Their one outermost is incomplete.
Group3 to group12 in the middle of the periodic table are
called as transition elements. Their two outermost is
incomplete.
Group18 is on right hand side which contains inert gases.
Their outermost shell contains eight electrons.
Bottom elements are called as inner transition elements.
Bottom elements contain two series of elements lanthanides
and actinides.
Elements are classified on the basis of their electronic
configuration.
Elements are divided into four blocks. S-block, p-block, d-
block and f-block.
Group1 and group2 are included in s-block.
s-block elements are metals and contain 1 or 2 electrons.
Group 13 to group 17 and 0 group are included in p-block.
p-block elements are metals, non-metals and metalloids. And
contain 3 or 8 electrons.
s-block and p-block elements are called as normal elements.
Outermost shell incomplete except 0 group.
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PERIODIC PROPERTIES:-
The properties which shows gradual variation in a group and
in a period. They are repeat themselves after a certain
interval of time.
VALENCY:-
It is determined by number of valence electrons present in the
outermost shell of an atom.
All elements of a group have same number of valence
electrons.
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CORROSION:
The slow process f decay or destruction of metal due to
the effect of air, moisture and acids on it is known as
corrosion.
Prevention of corrosion is always necessary.
It will not only save the money but also prevent from
accidents, damages etc
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POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE:
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Where,
V = Voltage or Potential difference = Unit: Volt
I = Current = Unit: Ampere
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RESISTIVITY:
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SOLENOID:
A coil of many turns of insulated copper wire wrapped in
the shaped of cylinder is called a solenoid.
Diagram:
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USES OF DC MOTOR:
1) They are used for domestic appliances and industries like
Mixers.
Blenders.
Refrigerator.
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Washing machines.
Electric fans.
Hair dryers.
Record players.
Tape recorders.
Blowers.
Electric cars.
Rolling mills.
Electric cranes.
Electric lifts.
Electric trains.
FLEMING’S RIGHT HAND RULE:
“Stretch the thumb, forefingers and middle finger of the right
hand so that they are perpendicular to each others. If the
forefingers indicates the direction of the magnetic field and
thumb shows the direction of motion of the conductor. The
middle finger shows the direction of induced current.”
DC VS AC:-
Direct current Alternating current
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ELECTRIC GENERATOR:
It is an electric device which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
Diagram:
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1) Armature coil:
In the figure, ABCD is an armature coil.
It is a large number of turns of a insulated copper wire.
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1) Armature coil:
In the figure, ABCD is an armature coil.
It is a large number of turns of a insulated copper wire.
It is wound on iron core in rectangular shape.
Armature coil placed in between two poles.
2) Strong magnet:
There are two poles i.e. South and North Pole
This magnet provides a strong magnetic field.
3) Split ring commutator:
In the figure, there are two metallic slit rings R1 and R2 .
Ends of the armature coils are connected to the rings.
Rings are rotates along with the armature coil.
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4) Brushes:
In the figure, there are two brushes i.e. B1 and B2 .
They are used to press the commutator.
5) Bulb:
Bulb is connected across carbon brushes.
The output is shown by glowing bulb.
WORKING:
When coil of DC generator rotates in the magnetic field.
Then potential difference is induced in the coil.
This gives the rise to the flow of current.
Current flows in the same direction of rotating magnetic field.
Brushes are always contact with the arm of the armature coil.
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SHORT CIRCUIT:
If the live wire and neutral wire touch each other then
short circuit happens.
At short circuit, resistance is very small.
High current is passing during short circuit.
Short circuit provides large amount of heat.
Temperature will be increases and circuit catches fire.
OVERLOADING:
Large amount of current will flow beyond the
permissible value of current.
This causes the fire.
At the same time, many appliances are switched ON,
overloading is happened.
Overloading can be avoided by not connecting many
appliances at same time.
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MIRROR FORMULA:-
1 1 1
f v u
Where, f = Focal Length
u = Object Distance
V = Image Distance
MAGNIFICATION FORMULA:-
image( Height ) h v
Magnification = Object =
( Height ) h
2
M
u
1
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For example:
ADDITION REACTION:
It is the reaction in which two molecules react to form a single
product is known as addition reaction.
Addition reaction occurs only in unsaturated compounds.
Double bond or triple bond compounds.
For example:
SUBSTTUTION REACTION:
It is reaction in which one or more atoms are substitute in a
molecule for another atom.
For example:
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ETHANOIC ACID:
Ethanoic acid is also known as acetic acid.
Ethanoic acid = C2 H 4O2
It is a weak acid.
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Green plants synthesize their food during the process of
photosynthesis.
They taken in carbon dioxide and water then converted
into carbohydrates (Glucose) in the sunlight, chlorophyll.
The carbohydrates are provides energy.
Carbohydrates are stored in the starch.
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RESPIRATION PROCESS:
It is the complex process.
An aquatic animal living in water uses oxygen dissolved
in water.
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INHALATION:
When the muscular diaphragm of the body relaxes then
volume of the thoracic cavity increases.
When volume of the thoracic cavity increases ten air
pressure inside the cavity decreases.
The outside air enters in the lungs through the nostrils.
EXHALATION:
When the diaphragm contracts or become covex the
thoracic cavity decreases in volume.
Lungs come to their original size.
Forcing the air outside the lungs trough the same path
but opposite direction.
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HEART:
Diagram:
It is a muscular organ.
Heart pumps blood.
Heart is covered by pericardial membrane.
Its weight is nearly 360gm.
Heart have two chambers, left and right chamber.
Chambers are used to prevent mixing of bloods.
Separation of blood is essential for high energy.
It is used to maintain body temperature.
Each chamber is divided into two chambers. Upper and
lower
Upper chamber is called atrium.
Lower chamber is called as ventricle.
Human heart has four chambers.
CIRCULATION OF BLOOD WITHIN THE HEART:
1) The muscles of the atria are relaxed.
2) Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different
organs via large veins.
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Co-ordination:-
All multi-cellular organisms have various tissue system and
organ system.
There should be perfect co-ordination between systems or
organs.
Co-ordination means orderly execution of the activities.
This is for proper growth and development of an organism.
Plants absorb water in which minerals are dissolved from the
soil with the help of roots.
There is loss of water for this process.
This loss of water is known as transpiring.
Transpiring is done by transpiring organs.
Co-ordination in plants:-
Plants are without nervous system or muscular system.
The movements of plants are different than animals.
The movements exhibited by plants in response to the
stimulus.
This response to stimulus is called as seismonastic
movement.
There is no growth.
The movement of a seeding is because of growth.
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RELEX ACTION:-
Any sudden action in response to some happening in
the environment is called as reflex action.
Without getting any sense or feelings we react.
Sensation of pains.
Reflex arcs are formed in the spinal cord, although the
massages reach the brain.
Nervous from all over the body meeting in a bundle
such connection is called as spinal cord.
Reflex arcs are evolved in animals.
Thinking process is bit slows.
Reflex arcs to more efficient for quick responses.
DRAW :- NEURON
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Vas Deferens:-
It is the passage for sperms towards urethra.
Seminal vesicle and Prostate glands:-
They produce ejaculatory fluid which helps the sperm
in transport and provides nutriention.
Penis:-
It delivers the sperms for fertilization.
Sperms:-
It consists of one head, one mitochondria and one
tail.
Head is upper part.
Head carries genetic information.
Mitochondria is middle part.
Mitochondria for energy production.
Tail is lower part.
Tail helps for movements towards female germ cells.
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FERTILIZATION:-
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EVOLUTION:-
Varieties of organs are nearby.
Organisms changes with organs with times.
Every plants or organs are well adapted by environment.
Organisms have some salient features to acclimatize to
their environment.
Organisms are dying if they are unable to adjust with
surroundings.
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DETERMINATION OF SEX:-
There is a genetic or chromosomal mechanism for
determination of sex.
Some animals se are depend on environment. Therefore they
fertilized eggs for temperature.
Sex determination in the human being is genetically.
Sex can be determined by genes.
In human being, there are 46 chromosomes.
23pairs out of which 22 pairs are autosomes and 1 is sex
chromosomes.
In male, longer “X” chromosomes and shorter “Y”
chromosomes are presents.
In female, two similar chromosomes are presents.
Child is depends on both male or female 50%
All children inherit “X” chromosomes from their mother.
Sex of the offspring is determined by chromosomes inherit
from father.
If it is “X” then daughter and if “Y” then it will be son.
Draw figure from book:-
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