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A methodology to determine Transient Recovery Voltage in short-line fault

Conference Paper · November 2016

DOI: 10.1109/ROPEC.2016.7830591

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 2016 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC 2016). Ixtapa, Mexico
A Methodology to Determine Transient Recovery
Voltage in Short-Line Fault
Daniel Pérez Dorantes
Instituto Nacional de Electricidad y Energías Limpias
daniel.perez@iie.org.mx
Abstract— This paper presents a methodology to determine
the appropriate parameters to establish the capability of
Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) of a 145kV circuit breaker.
The methodology involves the combination of a simulation
procedure in the Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP)
and an analytical technique based on the IEEE C37.06 and IEC
62271-100 standards to evaluate the effect of the source side
voltage and line side voltage on the TRV in a short-line fault
(SLF). The results obtained on TRV of the circuit breaker
capability by simulation and analytical calculatión, acording to
the IEEE and IEC standards, are compared using the Matlab
program.
Keywords—TRV, RRRV, Circuit Breaker, SLF, ATP, Matlab.
I. INTRODUCTION
The circuit breaker is an electromechanical device whose
function is to connect and disconnect electrical circuits under
normal or failure operating conditions of the electrical power
network. These devices should be selected according to the
electrical infrastructure used, as the generator type, line,
transformer, capacitor or reactor. Because of its important
work and the large number of power switches used in electric
network, it is essential to have a methodology to determine the
TRV correctly. For example, transmission network of the
Federal Electricity Commission (CFE) in Mexico uses around
of 7093 power switches, installed in 399 substations of 230
kV and 400 kV [1].
The increase and complexity of the electrical network of the
CFE and the occurrence of faults derived from the reduced
limits in some parameters in the circuit breaker selection, as
the transient recovery voltage and the Rate of Rise of
Recovery Voltage (RRRV), makes it necessary to carry out,
for the circuit breaker diverse applications, an evaluation
using digital simulation to check and to verify the safety
margins of the switches during the operation. In addition for
the cause-root faults analysis tool of power switches, digital
simulation methodology allows to calculate the typical
parameters of the TRV and compare them with the established
parameters using the international procedure IEEE
C37.06.2009 [2] and IEC 62271-100 [3].
According to the faults statistics of CFE, the faults index is
major in circuit breakers installed in transmission lines. The
978-1-5090-3794-0/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
Máximo Hernández Ángeles
Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia
Oscar Figueroa Cruz
Instituto Tecnológico de Lázaro Cárdenas
Short-Lines Faults (SLF) appear with major percentage of
faults occurrence. When the Short-Lines Faults are liberated
by the circuit breaker, the TRV in the circuit breaker terminals
is characterized by a large raised change in the RRRV. If the
capability of the circuit breaker to support high changes of
voltage is not enough, it can provoke arc reignitions in the
circuit breaker contacts provoking a fault in the thermal region
operation and dielectric capability to support the TRV.
Therefore, it is essential to know the correct TRV limits of the
circuit breaker to use. In reference [4] the effect of the TRV is
evaluated in short-line faults, explains the procedure to
evaluate the TRV parameters based on the IEEE C37.04
standard, and in the references [5] and [6] is presented a
methodology to evaluate the TRV envelope based on the IEC
62271-100 standard.
IEEE C37.06.2009 and IEC 62271-100 international standards
present a similar methodology for the calculation of the of
TRV capability parameters, they only differ on the mentioned
references, in the terms names to classify the TRV and in
voltage limits values. For the classification, exist a trend for
the homologation of the above-mentioned standards.
The present paper proposes a methodology to determine the
appropriate parameters to establish the capability of Transient
Recovery Voltage based on a simulation procedure in ATP
and an analytical technique that uses the IEEE and IEC
standards to evaluate the effect of the source side voltage and
line side on the TRV in a short-line fault. For the application
of developed methodology, it is considered the release of a
single-phase fault presented in an 115kV transmission line of
CFE network, located in the State of Mexico. Results of the
evaluation of the TRV parameters are presented, considering
the IEEE and IEC procedure to determine the cause-root of the
circuit breaker fault.
II. METHODOLOGY TO DETERMINE TRV CAPABILITY OF THE
CIRCUIT BREAKER FOR SHORT-LINE FAULTS
Fig. 1 shows the single-line diagram of the circuit where is
located the line of 115kV where the fault of the circuit breaker
73040 was presented. The specifications of the 73040 circuit
breaker are: rated voltage = 145kV, rated current =2000A and
rated current of short circuit = 40kA. Using IEEE C37.04 [2]
and IEC 62271-100 [3] standards, the Table I shown the
parameters of the TRV for the 145kV circuit breaker.
 2016 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC 2016). Ixtapa, Mexico

( %) = ( 100) (1)
( %) = ( 100) (2)
( %) = ( 100) (3)
( %) = ( 100) (4)

The approximate values of the TRV rated envelope of the

circuit breaker for the short-circuit current level, at which is
realized the operation, allows the comparison of the actual
envelope that exists in the system with the TRV operation
capability values. Thus it is evaluated accurately if the system
TRV overcomes or not the circuit breaker TRV capability.
Fig. 1. System diagram of 115kV and the location of the circuit breaker73040.
Table III shows the short circuit capability and the three-phase
TABLE I. PARAMETERS FOR THE 145KV CIRCUIT BREAKER Thevenin equivalent of the DOG 115kV bus.
Parameter Value
Ur 145kV TABLE III. SHORT CIRCUIT CAPABILITY OF THE DOG 115KV BUS.
ISC 40kA Description Value
kpp 1.3 Three-phase short circuit current (A) 38668
kaf 1.4
ω 377 rads/s Single-phase short circuit current (A) 33482
RRRV 2kV/µs Positive sequence impedance( Ω) 0.09261+j1.815
Zero sequence impedance(Ω) 0.2891+j2.657
Where the obtained values for the envelope, corresponding to
100% (T100) of its fault current capability, are:
To determine the TRV related capability envelope to the
= = 0.75 × × × 2/3 = 115.43 short-circuit current that operates the circuit breaker (73040)
in a single-phase fault, there is realized the calculation of the
= = 57.72 parameters of the TRV considering the capability of short
= = × × × 2/3 = 215.47 circuit of the bus DOG of 33.482 kA. The rated short circuit
= 4 × = 230.86 current of the circuit breaker 73040 is of 40kA.

Where: From where:

Ur=V Rated voltage T%=(33.482/40)*100=83.7%
ISC=I Rated short circuit current
kpp=kf First-pole-to-clear factor The factors for T% = 83.7%, calculated by linear
kaf=ka Amplitude factor interpolation, are:
E1=U1 First reference voltage
_ _
t1 Time to reach E1 _ . = × (83.7 − 60) + _ =1
% %
Uc=E2 TRV peak value _ _
_ . = × (83.7 − 60) + _ = 0.86
t2 Time to reach Uc % %
_ _
RRRV Rate of rise of recovery voltage _ . = × (83.7 − 60) + _ =1.028
% %
_ _
_ . = × (83.7 − 60) + _ = 0.79
The values of the multiplication factors Ku1, Kuc, Kt1 and Kt2 % %
for testing and fault current levels of 60%, 30% and 10% are
established on the standard IEEE C37.011-2011 [7], as shown Using (1) to (4), the parameters for T=83.7% are:
in Table II.
( %) = 215 3 × 1.0285=221kV
TABLE II. MULTIPLICATION FACTORS TO CALCULATE THE TRV ( %) = 115 3 × 1 = 115
ENVELOPE OF CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH RATED VOLTAGE.
( %) = 58 × 0.86 = 52
Percent of interrupting capability Ku1 Kt1 KuC Kt2
100% 1 1 1 1 ( %) = 231 × 0.79 = 185
60% 1 0.67 1.07 0.5
30% 2.05 0.82 1.1 0.21 The short-line faults present a high value in the RRRV that is
10% - - 1.26 - increased by the line side voltage. The procedure to calculate
the start of the TRV envelope is described in the IEEE
For short-circuit current values different from those C37.011-2011 standard for short-line fault, as follows:
established in [7], the multiplication factors are calculated by
linear interpolation and the new parameters are obtained by: = + (5)
= (1 − ) 2/3 (6)
 2016 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC 2016). Ixtapa, Mexico

=2 ( − ) (7) parameters calculated above. In the methodology proposed in

= √2 × 10 (8) this paper, this envelope is compared with the TRV of the
system that is obtained by means of digital simulation by
= (9) ATP. The following section presents the analytical procedure
/
to evaluate the TRV for short-line fault.
Where: 5
x 10
2.5

UT First peak value of TRV (kV) UC, t2

UL Line side contribution to TRV (kV) 2

US Source side contribution to TRV (kV)

dUL/dt Rate of rise of recovery voltage (kV/µs)
1.5

Voltage (V)
tL Time to peak (µs) 1 U1, t1
d Amplitude factor is 1.6
M Ratio of the fault current to the rated short-circuit 0.5

current UT, tL
td Time delay of recovery voltage on the source side 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
(2µs) Time (s) -4
x 10

Ur Rated voltage (kV) Fig. 2. TRV capability envelope for a 145kV circuit breaker at 83.7% of its
Zeff Line surge impedance=450Ω rated fault current, for short-line faults.

The procedure for calculating initial TRV envelope for short- III. ANALYTICAL TRV CALCULATION TECHNIQUE FOR SHORT
line fault is presented below. LINE FAULT
The calculation of TRV parameters of the system DOG of 115
The contribution of side line voltage in TRV is calculated kV to a single-phase fault in a short line is carried out using
considering that the initial voltage at the power circuit breaker the IEEE C37.011-2011 Reference Guide [7].
terminals is:
The single-phase fault occurs at 4.6km from the DOG bus. For
= (1 − ) 2/3 transmission lines 73040 and 73190 of the 115kV system, Fig.
1, it is assumed normalized (3 x ACSR 795 kCM + 2 x AG9)
= =
.
= 0.837 individual circuits in H structure with a ground resistance of
100 Ω/m. The positive sequence and the zero sequence line
= (1 − 0.837) × × 145 = 19.29 inductances are L1=1.223mH/km and L0=3.81mH/km
respectively. The positive sequence reactance of the Bus DOG
115kV side and the zero sequence reactances are X1=1.815Ω
The voltage on the line side is, using (6): and X0=2.657Ω respectively.

= = 1.6 × 19.29 = 30.87 The single-phase fault current can be determined by:
=
The rate of rise of TRV of the line side voltage, by (8) is:

Where the voltage line to ground is:

= √2 × 377 × 0.837 × 40 × 450 × 10 = 8.032kV/μs
= = = 66.39
√ √
The voltage peak value occurs at the time, by (9):
The reactance of the line at the fault point of 4.6km from the
=
.
= 3.83μs Bus DOG 115 kV is:
. X1=L1/ω=0.4611Ω/km X2=L2/ ω =1.25Ω/km
= (2( ) + )/3= 3.3258 Ω.
Source side voltage is:
The source reactance:
= 2 × 0.837(3.83 − 2) = 3.06 Xs= (2(X1) +X0)/3=2.09 Ω
Then the single-phase fault current at 4.6 km from the bus
The total TRV voltage is: DOG is:
= 30.87 + 3.06 = 33.93 .
= = 12.25
RRRV=UT/tL=33.93/3.83=8.85 kV/μs . .

Fig. 2 shows the TRV capability envelope of the 145kV From (5), the rise of rate of line side TRV is:
circuit breaker for a single-phase fault established with the
 2016 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC 2016). Ixtapa, Mexico

The TRV maximum peak is Uc = 113kV and occur at the time

= √2 × 377 × 12.25 × 420 × 10 = 2.74kV/μs of 34 µs. Then the rate of rise is:

The initial voltage at the circuit breaker terminals is: RRRV=113/34= 3.32 /μs

= 3.32 × √2 × 12.25 = 57.51 The rated RRRV that is calculated for the 145kV circuit
breaker is of 8.85 kV/µs for single-phase of short line fault.
Then the line side voltage is given for: Then, 8.85 kV/µs is the limit of the envelope, and the TRV
initial slope must not exceed this capability limits. The
= = 1.6 × 57.51 = 92 analysis and comparison of the TRV capability of Fig. 3 with
the TRV determined by simulation means, using ATP, is
The time when the peak voltage occurs is: presented in the following section.

92
= = 33.5μs IV. TRV DETERMINATION OF THE 145KV CIRCUIT BREAKER FOR
2.74 SHORT LINE FAUL BY SIMULATION WITH ATP

The line side voltage obtained at 33.5 µs is: For the study case in this work, the release maneuver of
transmission line SE-GD 73040 in the 115kV system, Fig. 1,
Up=57.51-92= -34.49kV. is analyzed when a single-phase fault occurs on phase C due
to dielectric failure at 4.6km from the DOG bus. The circuit
The source side voltage, assuming capacitance can be diagram where the line SE-GD 73040 is located is
neglected, is as follows: implemented with ATP, as shown in Figure 4.
SE DOG

= 1− + V

LCC

Where: 73190

= 115 − √2 = 93.89 − 57.51 = 36.38 UI V LCC LCC

73040
0.0055
= = = 39.28
140

Therefore:
= 36.38 1 −
The source side voltage, line-side voltage and TRV are shown
in Fig. 3. Where the TRV is the sum of the terminal source
side and line side voltages of the power circuit breaker:
Fig. 4. ATP model of the 145kV system, under study.
. + 57.51
The load is assumed as constant RL impedance with floated
neutral, for it calculation is used the sum of the demands
registered in the 73040 and 73190 lines, as shown in Table IV.
TABLE IV. LOAD IN THE 73040 AND 73190 LINES.

= + . Line Active Power (MW) Reactive power (MVar)

73040 13.3 0.008
4
x 10
4
Source side voltage 73190 3.14 1.6
Line side voltage
2
TRV

0
According to fault information, the fault current was released
-2 when the differential protection bus operate, which opened all
switches associated with the bar 2 of bus 115kV of the SE
Voltage(V)

-4

-6
DOG. The registered fault parameters and sequence are.
-8
• Ratings voltage and currents from the beginning of
-10 X: 3.4e-05
Y: -1.131e+05 fault up to 3.5 cycles.
-12
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time(s)
3 3.5 4 4.5
-5
5 • Overcurrent and depression voltage in phase C from
x 10

Fig. 3. TRV of the 145kV circuit breaker for short-line fault. cycle 3.5.
 2016 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC 2016). Ixtapa, Mexico

• Circuit breaker opening occurs 3.75 cycles after the

5
x 10
1

start of the fault, extinguishing the currents of phases 0.8

A and B, while maintaining the phase C conduction. 0.6

• The fault current is 12kA. 0.4

0.2

Voltage(V)
Figures 5 to 10 show the obtained results when simulated 0

a single-phase fault in the transmission line SE DOG- -0.2

73040 at 4.6 km from the bus DOG, following the above -0.4

registered sequence. Due to the fault current, the circuit -0.6

breaker 73040 opens satisfactory phases A and B; -0.8

however, the phase C of the circuit breaker does not -1

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time(s)
0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

extinguish the fault current and kept leading up to total Fig. 7. Phase to ground voltages on line GD-73040.
disconnection of the 115kV bus. Fig. 5 shows the currents
abc and in Fig. 6 are observed the phase to ground The results of the simulation are consistent with those
voltages in the 115kV bus. recorded in the information of the fault, validating the model
used in ATP, and it only remains to evaluate the transient
recovery voltage appearing between circuit breaker terminals.
4
x 10
2

1.5
ia The voltages between the circuit breaker contacts are
ib
ic
displayed in Fig. 8 for abc phases.
1

5
0.5 x 10
1
Current(A)

TRV A
0 TRV B
TRV C
0.5
-0.5

-1
0
Voltage(V)

-1.5

-2 -0.5

-2.5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-1
Time(s)
Fig. 5. Currents across the circuit breaker 73040.
-1.5
0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06

5
Time(s)
x 10
1
Fig. 8. Voltage across circuit breaker terminals.
0.8

0.6
The comparison of TRV calculated according to the IEEE
0.4
standard C37.011-2011 and the envelope of rated capability is
implemented in Matlab and is shown in Fig. 9. As seen in
Voltage(V)

0.2

0
figure, the TRV which was obtained in the simulated single-
-0.2
line release fault in Phase C at a distance of 4.6km from the
-0.4
bus, is more severe than the 145kV circuit breaker must
-0.6
support, according to the envelope calculated for capability
operation of 83.7% of the short-circuit rated current of the
-0.8

circuit breaker.
-1
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time(s)

Fig. 6. Phase to ground voltages on 115kV Bus DOG. x 10

5

0
System TRV
Phase voltages to ground on the side of the DOG-73040 line TRV related capability envelope

are shown in Fig. 7. -0.5

-1
Voltage(V)

-1.5

-2

-2.5
0.0361 0.0362 0.0362 0.0363 0.0363 0.0364 0.0364 0.0365
Time(s)
Fig. 9. Comparison of the obtained TRV, by simulation and by IEEE Norm.
 2016 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC 2016). Ixtapa, Mexico

The start of the slope of the TRV does not exceed the limits of V. CONCLUSION
the envelope as expected according to the analytical
calculations, but the peak voltage TRV exceeds the nominal This paper presents a methodology to determine the TRV of
envelope, exceeding the limit of TRV capability slope. The circuit breakers, combining digital simulation in ATP and an
interruption in the thermal zone was unsuccessful and came up analytical method based on the IEEE and IEC standards,
with a restrike in the circuit breaker located in the 73040 line verifying and checking the safety margins during the
that led it to have the fault occurred in the electrical system. occurrence of short line faults. The comparison of the obtained
TRV is implemented in Matlab. In the case study it is
Fig.10 presents the voltages of line side, source side and the determined that the 145kV circuit breaker of CFE fails
TRV in the circuit breaker terminals and Table II presents the because the level of the slope of the rated capability is
values obtained by simulation and the calculated according to exceeded. The interruption in the thermal zone was
the reference Guide of the IEEE. unsuccessful and came up a restrike of the circuit breaker that
leads to have a dielectric failure. The fault is caused by a high
TABLE V. TRV PARAMETERS, CALCULATED AND OBTAINED BY RRRV that exceeded the capability of the circuit breaker and
SIMULATION it continues conducting a phase of the system.
Parameter Simulation ATP Calculation IEEE
U0 54.2 kV 57.51 kV REFERENCES
UL 88 kV 92 kV
tL 37 µs 33.5 µs [1] SUBDIRECCIÓN DE TRANSMISIÓN CFE, “SÍNTESIS DE FALLAS DE
INTERRUPTORES DE POTENCIA”, MÉXICO, D.F., 2014.
Uc 128 kV 113 kV
[2] Switchgear Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, “IEEE
RRRV 3.4 kV/µs 3.35 kV/µs
Standard for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breaker Rated on a Symmetrical
Current Basis- Preferred Ratings and Related Required Capabilities for
Voltages Above 1000V”, 2009.
[3] IEC working committee, “High voltage circuit breaker standard: IEC
4
x 10
4
Source side voltage
Line side voltage
62271-100", 2008.
2
TRV C [4] Grazia Todeschini, “Analysis of the effect of distance on the TRV
0 waveform for a Short-Line Fault, Transmission and Distribution
-2
Conference and Exposition”, 2012 IEEE PES.
[5] J.G Jamnani, Mrs S.A Kanitkar, “Design and simulation of 2-parameters
Voltage(V)

-4 TRV synthetic testing circuit for medium voltage circuit breakers”.

-6 International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering
ICECE 2006.
-8
[6] Vishal Kumar Gaur, H.R Jariwala, “Design and modeling of synthetic
-10 test circuit to generate four parameter TRV envelope”. Power India
International Conference PIICON, 2014 IEEE.
-12
[7] Switchgear Committee of the IEEE power Engineering Society, “IEEE
-14
0.036 0.036 0.0361 0.0361 0.0362 0.0362 0.0363 0.0364 0.0364 0.0364 0.0365
Guide for the Application of Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-
Time(s) Voltage Circuit Breakers”, 2011.
Fig. 10. TRV in short line fault, contribution of the source side and line side.
BIOGRAPHIES
Fig. 11 shows the flow chart diagram steps of the
M.C. Daniel Pérez Dorantes obtained his Bachelor’s Degree
methodology to determine transient recovery voltage in short- at Lazaro Cardenas Institute of Technology and earned a
line fault. Master's Degree in Science at the Technological Institute of
Morelia, in 2013. He is currently a researcher at the
Short circuit capability of the system. Electricity National Institute and Clean Energy of Mexico.

Specifications of the circuit breaker.

Dr. Máximo Hernández Ángeles, obtained Bachelor’s,
Master’s and Doctoral Degree in Electrical Engineering at
the ESIME-IPN. He currently works as a professor at the
Determine the TRV related capability Technological Institute of Morelia.
envelope to the short-circuit current that
operates the circuit breaker.

Determination by analytical calculation and

simulation of TRV parameters of the system. M. I. Oscar Figueroa Cruz, obtained Bachelor’s and Master’s
Degree in Electrical Engineering at the Universidad
Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo. He currently works as
a professor at the Technological Institute of Lazaro Cardenas.
Comparison of the TRV circuit breaker and
system TRV.

Fig. 11. Flow Chart diagram to determine TRV in short-line fault.

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