POPULATION

CHANGE
AWASDFGHJHGFDS
AWASDFGHJHGFDS
Pratik Pandya
AWASDFGHJHGFDS
AWASDFGHJHGFDS
AWASDFGHJHGFDS
AWASDFGHJHGFDS
Reference
OVERPOPULATION
● When the number of people in a country is greater than the available resources
necessary to maintain a reasonable standard of living, the country is said to be
Overpopulated.
● Resources may include =Food,jobs,technology ,services ,energy
Example – Nigeria,
● 3% land of Africa but home to ~15 % of Population
● India
● Germany 8.2cr, but not overpopulated because the country has adequate
resources to fulfill the needs of people
 ● CONSEQUENCES OVERPOPULATION
○ +
i. High Human Resource
ii. High demand for industrial products
● Expanding industries
● Increase competition lead to cheaper products
iii. High manpower in military
iv. May Attract more Foreign Direct Investment
○ -
i. In equal distribution of resources
● Poverty
● food scarcity and malnourishment
ii. Communicable diseases spread easily
iii. Overcrowded cities
iv. Unemployment
v. Pollution
○ There can be more reasons beyond this.Students can mention their personal logical
ideas too.
UNDER POPULATION
● When there are not enough people to make full use of the available resources, the
country is said to be Under populated
○ Canada – underpopulated
■ Population density~4/sqkm
■ Population 3.67cr
■ Area:9.9 msqkm
■ Country can further increase the population and make better use of
resources.
○ Australia
i. CONSEQUENCES UNDER POPULATION
● +
○ No Congestion
○ Better employment opportunity
○ Per capita incomes high
i. Standard of living high
○ Availability of idle resources
○ May have Comparatively less environmental issue
● -
○ Under utilization of Resources:
○ Lack of low skilled labourers
○ Sparse distribution of people
○ Lack of Adequate Manpower to guard the borders
○ May develop Racial conflicts as immigrants may be willing to work at
lower wages.
 Optimum Population
If a country is making the best use of its resources so that it’s population can enjoy a
high quality of life, than it’s said to be having Optimum Population

E.g. –America
● Area 9.8 Msqkm
● Population 32.6 cr
BIRTH RATE
Crude Birth Rate indicates number of live births born every year
per 1000 of mid year Population.
● CBR= b/p *1000
○ b= births in a year
○ p=total mid year population
● 2000 births, city 2,50,000 birth rate:8.
○ Birth rate is 8/1000
● Crude as it avoids age or sex difference among population.
● Mid year population = mean population ( avoiding fluctuations due to
migration)
● World 18.9/1000 (2016)
● India 19/1000,
DEATH RATE
i. Crude Death Rate indicates number of deaths per year per 1000 of mid year population

● Deaths/1000 people

● CDR=d/p*1000
○ d = death in a year
○ P =total mid year population
ii. Crude death rate of 9.5(per 1000 people)in a population of 1 million would imply 9500

deaths per year in entire population

iii. India 7.3/1000,

iv. World 7.6/1000,

○ Reasons for fall
● Birth rates
○ Contraception
○ Family planning
○ Social change
i. Female education
ii. Working women
iii. Price rise
iv. People intending to live single
○ Political influence
○ Less need of children as labour source
● Death rates
○ Improvement in health care
i. Better Infrastructure
ii. Medicines and doctors
○ Availability of Quality food and water
○ Improved sanitation
○ Less wars
 DEMOGRAPHY
It includes both quantitative and
● Demography is the study of qualitative aspects of human
human populations – their size, population.
composition and distribution
across space – and the process Quantitative aspects include
through which populations composition, density, distribution,
change. growth, movement, size, and
● Births, deaths and migration structure of the population.
are the ‘big three’ of
Qualitative aspects are the
demography, jointly producing
sociological factors such as
population stability or change.
education quality, crime .
● It’s an analysis of the dynamic
nature of population.
Demographic transition
Demographic transition is the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and
death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic
system
Dem
FOR DRAWING
CRUDE NET MIGRATION
i. This rate illustrates the change in the population as it is affected by people moving in
and out of a country .
ii. For calculation both the number of people that immigrated to (moved in) a country and
the number of people that emigrated from (moved out of) a country

Crude net migration rate = I – E / P * 1,000

where:

I is the number of immigrants or in-migrants

E is the number of emigrants or out-migrants
P is the total midyear population of the country or designated area.

Example: In 2002, a central African nation had 8,320 immigrants and 7249 emigrants,
according to their international arrivals and departure statistics. The total population (June
2002) was estimated as 1,258,000. The NMR is (8,320-7249)/1258000 * 1000 = 0.85
NATURAL POPULATION CHANGE
● Subtracting crude death rate from crude birth rate provides rate of natural
increase/natural population change.
i. Gives Natural Population Change/1000
ii. For % increase divide by 10.

OVERALL POPULATION CHANGE

○ The deduction/ addition of net migration rate from natural population change.
i. Gives Natural Population Change/1000
ii. For % increase divide by 10
iii. Conveys the idea about the overall Population variation in a country

A negative and positive natural/overall Population Change indicates that the country’s Population is
reducing and increasing respectively
CALCULATIONS
Country Birth Rate/1000 Death Net Migration Calculate Calculate Calculate Calculate
Rate/1000 Natural Natural Overall Overall
Population Population Population Population
Change/1000 Change % Change/1000 Change %

A 18.7 4.8 -3.7

B 9.9 10.3 -0.5

C 10 10.7 +1.2

D 8.9 10.9 +2.3

E 20.2 7.3 -0.1

 POPULATION
PYRAMID
Population Pyramid are ideal for
detecting variations in population
patterns .
● Rate of natural increase, birth and death
rates, life expectancies affect population It shows distribution of various age
structure. groups in a population.
● However population data is pretty huge
and difficult to comprehend. Pyramid Shape can be used to
● For easy comprehension of complex interpret Population Structure .
data,visual tool is pretty effective.
● Population pyramid is one such tool.
ASPECTS INCLUDED IN PYRAMID
● Cohorts
○ Individuals with similar characteristics
■ 8%male and 8% female belong to
the age group 0-4
● Increments
○ 5 year increment
■ 0-4
■ 5-9
● Reproductive groups
○ 0-14:Pre Reproductive
○ 14-44:Reproductive
○ 45 and above:Post Reproductive

● Why age and gender as parameters ?

○ Social scientist and policy experts need to
frame policies wrt age and gender.
TYPES/SHAPES Expansive
1. Nigeria,
2. Kenya,
3. Afghanistan

Stationery
1. Netherlands ,
2. USA
3. France,
4. Finland

Constrictive-
1. Japan,
2. Germany,
3. Italy

Check
Populationpyramid.net
INDIA AMERICA JAPAN
POPULATION PYRAMIDS OF LEDC & MEDC
NIGERIA POLICY
Nigeria’s population is currently estimated to be between 190m-195m, with another estimation putting that figure at some 230m by
2022, and almost 400m by 2050. Nigeria is thus projected to be the third most populous country in the world in about 30 years

********
The 2004 population policy was a revised edition of the 1988 population policy

Achievements

Awareness Creation and the Use of Contraceptives for Fertility Control

Contraceptive use in the country before the year-2004 was 6.0% (NDHS, 1990). This percentage increased to 15% in 2013,

Maternal Health
Three-fifths of the mothers (61 percent) consulted a skilled health provider such as a doctor, nurse, midwife, for at least once for
their antenatal care during pregnancy.

Awareness about AIDS

According to NPC & ORC (2004), nearly all men (97%) and a majority of women (86%) have heard of AIDS. Conversely, only few
know how to prevent the transmission of the AIDS virus. Men are better informed than women. For instance, 63% of men and 45% of
women know that condoms are used to protect against HIV/AIDS

The estimated infant mortality rate in 2003 was 100 deaths per 1,000 live births (NDHS, 2003), which decreased to 75 deaths per
1,000 live births in 2008 (NDHS, 2008). This further decreased to 69 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2013 (NDHS, 2013).
Other Policy target

1. Fertility rate reduction

2. Reduction in Pregnancy to Mothers below 18 Years

3. Reduction in Rural-Urban Migration

4. Improving child Education and reducing dropout ratio.