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GSM
GSM
Second-Generation Third-Generation
Second-Generation Third-Generation
ITU
3GPP: Third Generation Partnership Project
IMT-2000
EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
IMT-2000
IS-136 IS-136+
EDGE
HSCSD
GSM
UMTS UMTS+
GPRS
?
PDC
2G evolved 2G 3G evolved 3G 4G
max 28.8 kbps max 144 kbps max 2 Mbps max 20 Mbps max 100 Mbps?
1979: the first analog mobile system (Advanced Mobile Phone Service, AMPS)
went pre-operational in Chicago, USA, based on the cellular concept developed
by the Bell Laboratories
Early 1980s: several incompatible analog mobile cellular systems were
operational in Western Europe (NMT, TACS, C-450, ....)
1982: the main governing body of the European PTTs (CEPT) set up a
committee known as Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) to define a digital mobil
cellular system that could be introduced across Europe by the 1990s. The CEPT
allocated the neccesary duplex radio frequency in the 900 MHz region.
1987: the main transmission techniques are chosen based on prototype evaluation
1990: the Phase 1 GSM900 specifications are frozen, DCS1800 adaptation begins
1992: GSM (renamed Global System for Mobile Communications) went
operational in various European countries
At present: more than 200 million subscribers in 130 countries use GSM-based systems
BSC
EIR VLR HLR AuC
BTS
Cell
BTS BSC MSC
MS BTS
BSS
BTS OMC
GMSC External
MS Network
BTS
BSC MSC
BTS
MS BTS
VLR
BSC
Switching and
Radio Subsystem Operation Subssytem External Network
PSTN/ISDN
MS BTS
MS BSC
MS MSC GMSC
BS
Um Abis A PSDN/CSDN
(air interface)
data network
OMC VLR
MS: Mobile Station MSC: Mobile Switching Centre AuC: Authentication Centre
BTS: Base Transceiver Station GMSC: Gateway MSC EIR: Equipment Identity Register
BSC: Base Station Controller OMC:Operation&Maintenance Centre HLR: Home Location Register
BS: Base Station VLR: Visitors Location Register
Fig. 1.2b GSM reference model (network elements)
Chapter 1 Dr. R. Mann Pelz Page 5
Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems
Mobile TA
TE MT
Station
Um
(air interface)
VLR HLR
Switching
Subsystem MSC GMSC
A
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC): coordination and setting up of calls to and
from GSM users (e.g. signalling for connection establishment, release,
management and handover). Ordinary ISDN exchange.
Home Location Register (HLR): static subscriber information relevant to the
provision of services (e.g. phone number, device data, security key, services)
independently of the actual location of the subscriber.
Visitors Location Register (VLR): temporarily subscription data for those
subscribers currently situated in the service area of the corresponding MSC(s),
as well as location information.
Gateway MSC (GMSC): routing of incoming calls to the MSC, to which the
subscriber is currently associated to.
Chapter 1 Dr. R. Mann Pelz Page 8
Operating &
Maintenance BSC MSC GMSC
Subsystem
OMC
CM
RR
Basic functions
message segmentation and reassembly
data framing
error control (LAPDm uses "Stop-and-Wait" ARQ protocol)
support of unacknowledged and acknowledged mode
CM CM
MM Transfer Functions MM
Layer 3
Transfer Functions RR BSSAP BSSAP
RR
RR' BTSM BTSM SCCP SCCP
Group Channel Service Net bit rate Gross bit rate Interleaving Remarks
[kbit/s] [kbit/s] [#bursts]
TCH TCH/F Speech 13 22.8 8 BS↔MS
(Traffic TCH/H 5.6 11.4 4
Channel) TCH/F9.6 Data 12 22.8 19 BS↔MS
ISDN B TCH/F4.8 (user) 6 22.8 19
TCH/F2.4 3.6 22.8 8
TCH/H4.8 6 11.4 19
TCH/H2.4 3.6 11.4 19
BCCH FCCH Data 0.782 1.932 4 Frequency Correction
(Broadcast SCH (control) “ “ “ Synchronisation
Control BS→MS
mobile- Channel)
specific CCCH PCH Data 0,782 1.932 4 Paging, BS→MS
(Common RACH (control) 0.034 0.084 1 Random Access, MS→BS
Control AGCH 0.782 1.932 4 Access Grant, BS→MS
Channel)
DCCH SDCCH Data 0.782 1.932 4 Stand-Alone (SMS)
(Dedicated SACCH (control) 0.382 0.95 4 Slow Associated (HO meas. data)
ISDN D Control FACCH 9.2 22.8 8 Fast Associated (TCH, HO
Channel) command)
BS↔MS
f124 0 7
f2 0 7
f1 0 7 200 kHz
60/13 ms~4.615 ms
Power TDMA
95 MHz
75 MHz 75 MHz
1710 1785 1805 1880 MHz
80 MHz
60 MHz 60 MHz
1850 1910 1930 1990 MHz
PCS1900 MS-BS BS-MS
(USA)
3 h 28 min 53 s 760 ms
Hyperframe 0 1 i 2047
6.12 s
Superframe
(e.g. TCH/F) 0 1 i 50
120 ms
Multiframe
(e.g. TCH/F) 0 1 i 25
4.615 ms
TDMA Frame 0 1 i 7
577 µs
TS: Training Sequence (channel estimation) SF: Stealing Flag (user/control data)
TB: Tail Bits (MLSE) GP: Guard Period
Fig. 1.7 GSM frame hierarchy and slot structure (normal burst)
Chapter 1 Dr. R. Mann Pelz Page 17
Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems
Frame #0 ... Frame #11 SACCH Frame #12 ... Frame #23 Idle
Information
K bit
(user/control data)
Channel Encoding
(code rate R=K/N)
N bit
Channel coded information
(user/control data)
Interleaving
(I: interleaving depth (#bursts), i N
∋
Class Ia PB Class Ib TB
50 bit 3 bit 132 bit 4 bit
Convolutional Code
(R=1/2, m=4)
488 bit
Puncturing (488-32)
456 bit
Data
184 bit
Data PB TB
184 bit 40 bit 4 bit
456 bit
carrier
frequency
f0
Pulse GSMK
Binary shaping FM signal
data signal filter
Gaussian
Lowpass
(f3dBT=0.3)
Sender
TB TS GP
Antenna
Receiver
... ...
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Fig. 1.15b HSCSD data rates vs. number of coallocated traffic channels
Chapter 1 Dr. R. Mann Pelz Page 30
VLR
PSTN/
MSC GMSC ISDN
BS EIR
MS HLR AUC
MS
MS
MS MS GR
Um
PDN
SGSN
MS GGSN
MS (IP/X.25)
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node GR: GPRS Register
IP/X.25
Layer 3 GMM/SM Network Layer
SNDCP
LLC
Logical channels
Physical channels
Logical Link Control (LLC): provides a reliable logical link between the
MS and its assigned SGSN (adapted LAPDm)
Radio Link Control (RLC): provides a reliable link between the MS and the
BSS
Information (Layer 2): BC: Block Encoder TB:Tail Bits CC: Convolutional Encoder
RLC Header + RLC Data PUSF (DL): Pre-coded Uplink State Flag (Mux of up to 7 MS (UL))
support of
circuit switched services (Enhanced Circuit Switched Data, ECSD)
packet switched services (Enhanced GPRS, EGPRS)
Im{.}
011
3π/8
Re{.}
E-TCH/F28.8
29 kbit/s RB RS TB CC Puncturing Int.
580 bit (4) (85,73)8 (6) (R=1/2, m=6) (1372-4) (I=19)
R=686/1368∼0.501
E-TCH/F32.0
32.0 kbit/s RS TB CC Puncturing Int.
640 bit (92,80)8 (6) (R=1/2, m=6) (1484-116) (I=19)
R=742/1368∼0.542
E-TCH/F43.2
43.5 kbit/s TB CC Puncturing Int.
870 bit (6) (R=1/2, m=6) (1752-384) (I=19)
R=876/1368∼0.640
68.4 kbit/s=
1368/20 ms
Note: 57.6 kbit/s service with 2 TS x 28.8 kbit/s instaed of 4 TS x 14.4 kbit/s
TB:Tail Bits RB: Repetition Bits RS: Reed-Salomon Encoder CC: Convolutional Encoder Int.: Interleaver
Fig. 1.22 ECSD channel coding schemes (8-PSK)
Chapter 1 Dr. R. Mann Pelz Page 39
Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems
* RLC/MAC payload
Note: MCS-9 yields the highest throughput, while MCS-1 yields the most reliable connection
Fig. 1.23a EGPRS channel coding schemes
Chapter 1 Dr. R. Mann Pelz Page 40
BC BC BC
(R=0.25) (R=0.77) (R=0.93)
USF PB RLC/MAC H.' PB TB Data (incl. E/FBI) PB TB
3 bit 9 bit 28 bit 8 bit 6 bit 176 +2=178 bit 12 bit 6 bit
CC CC
(R=1/3, m=6) (R=1/3, m=6)
108 bit 588 bit
456/20ms=22.8 kbit/s
Fig. 1.23b EGPRS channel coding (MCS-1 DL, GMSK)
Chapter 1 Dr. R. Mann Pelz Page 41
Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems
RLC/MAC Block
USF RLC/MAC H.' Data (incl. E&FBI) 448/20ms=22.4 kbit/s
3 bit 25 bit 448+2=450 bit
BC BC BC
(R=0.08) (R=0.75) (R=0.97)
36 bit RLC/MAC H.' PB TB Data (incl. E/FBI) PB TB
25 bit 8 bit 6 bit 450 bit 12 bit 6 bit
CC CC
(R=1/3, m=6) (R=1/3, m=6)
Puncturing: P1, P2
(1404-156)
SB 36 bit 100 bit 1248 bit
8 bit
1392/20ms=69.6 kbit/s
Fig. 1.23c EGPRS channel coding (MCS-5 DL, 8-PSK)
Chapter 1 Dr. R. Mann Pelz Page 42
In the case of a decoding failure (errors are detected after error correction)
subblocks punctured with P2 and P3 are additionally transmitted (successive
repetition of the same data block but with different redundancy)
Note: incremental redundancy does not rely on information about the radio link
quality; it adapts automatically to it
S: Speech, D: Data