Republic of the Philippines

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Architecture and Fine Arts
Department of Architecture
NDC Bldg., Anonas St. cor. Pureza St. Sta. Mesa, Manila

Project Title:

Pembarya, Pembahay:

A Badjao Resettlement Water Community Resettlement

Community forthe Badjao Nomads in Metro Manila with
an Alternative Sanitation System

By:

Aliah Gabrielle M. Santos

Pauline B. Deka Paz
Bachelor of Science in Architecture III-2

Ar. Allan Lompot

Design 6 Professor

SY. 2017-2018

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

A Chapter I : Introduction
Background of the Study 4

Statement of the Problem 5

Goal and Objectives 6

Scope and Delimitations 7

Definition of Terms 9

Acronyms 13

B Chapter II : References
Review of Related Literature 14

Case Study 20

C Chapter III : Data Presentation and Analysis

Macro Site Analysis 36

Socio Economic Profile 39

Micro Site Analysis 41

Site Analysis 44

User Analysis 50

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D Chapter IV : Environmental Systems
Structural System 53

Electricl System 55

Sanitary System 55

F Chapter VI : Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusion 61

Recommendation 62

Bibliography 63

Addenda 67

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 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

“It’s as if the government had killed us if it forces us to relocate away from where we want

to resettle.” (Antonio, 2013)

Abdusalam Antonio, 60, one of the Badjao residents displaced by the three-week siege of

the city by followers of Moro leader Nur Misauri appealing to the government not to uproot them

from their traditional habitat --the sea. Also known as “sea gypsies,” the Badjao/Bajau spend

most of their lives on boats, diving to catch fish and shellfish to eat. But over the decades, wars,

Islamic extrimism, piracy, discrimination, fishing, environmental issues, and other regional

instability (Lagsa, 2015). Government organizations such as DSWD and NHA relocates Badjao

families to hinter-lands, which is far from the sea. The Badjao are more vulnerable to economic

hardship when they cannot fish or gather seaweed to sell, which is the primary source of their

earnings on Cawa-Cawa. Their culture is also deeply connected with a seafaring tradition (Jose,

2014).3 With all these government housing and relocation projects being offered to them, the

Badjao have always wanted one thing, to return to the sea, but the government would not let

them.

Gentle and peace-loving in nature, the tribe had no choice but to keep on moving to avoid

conflict; thus, they are drawn in the comforts of highly developed urban areas such as Metro

Manila (Soriano, n.d.). The underdevelopment of areas in their native provinces and the

domination of corporate fishing in their native waters lead the Badjao community to beg and live

in the streets in other urban areas. The ineffectiveness of the government due to the

marginalization of the Badjaos results in extreme poverty and threats in cultural extinction.

4
In recognition, promotion and protection of the rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities and

Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/IPs), the Philippines has enacted the Indigenous Peoples’Rights Act of

1997 (IPRA).In the case of the Badjaos and other indigenous groups in conflict ridden areas, it is

highly important that IPRA also recognizes their rights during armed conflicts. (Navarro, 2015)

The researchers came up with an idea of a government project proposal. A water community for

the Badjao where they could live up their livelihood, culture, and tradition.

In water communities found in the Philippines, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia and other

neigbouring countries, there are no affordable sanitation options available. (Brown, Sodaneath,

Smith, Hagan, 2010) Although their drinking water is usually treated, they usually urinate and

defecate directly into their environment, contaminating the water source for drinking, washing,

bathing,swimming and fishing. Families face health risks, children are especially vulnerable

water bourne, water washed, water based, and insect vector diseases.(Brown et al, 2010) This

leaves not just the people but also the sea in serious danger and distraction.

B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Even though the Badjao have already mastered adapting to their surroundings, further

technological development and innovations are necessary. The traditional Badjao dwelling lacks

appropriate sanitation facilities (The Badjao, n.d.) their human waste and greywater coming from

the process of cooking, washing the dishes and clothes, and other activities that includes water

also go directly to the sea, thus threatens both the people and the sea. Children of this community

are particularly susceptible to water borne illness.

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 With the absence of development and innovation in indigenous communities such as the

Badjao, the researcher would like to give possible design development to the following:

 Lack of sanitation facilities to reduce open water defecation and environmental

degradation;

 The deficiency in educational and income generating facilities denying the Badjaos to

literacy and knowledge, furthermore, disabling them to find a job and/or livelihood;

 The lack of communal facilities such as public recreational spaces and institutional

structures;

 Environmental issues such as tides, storm surges and floods; and

 Possibility of producing a traditional yet quality architecture for the Badjao community.

C. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

This project is focused on developing an innovative sanitation solution that is affordable for

implementation and design a fully functioning, appropriate, and environmentally viable

resettlement community for the Badjao. Specifically, it aims to achieve the following:

 To gather data regarding the behaviour and cultural proxemics of the Badjao tribe in

order to fully understand their living circumstances and propose a suitable dwelling

place.

 To determine what current sanitation system/s they hsve been using and come up with
an improved sanitation by generating social, economic and environmental dividends for

the Badjao community to be able to provide a proper sanitation and facility for the people

and avoid the defecation of the sea.

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 To design an educational, income-generating and communal facilities that is traditional
but quality, sustainable, and practical architecture that would emphasize aesthetics,

human comfort, quality and suitability, respect for ecology and natural systems to

improve the Badjao way of living.

D. SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

The research will focus only in the development and innovation of the Badjao

architecture and community planning. It will cover all the architectural features and elements

of the whole community, the traditional dwelling unit and its basic spaces. The scope of

analysis of sanitation is not limited to the operational definition of proper disposal of human

waste and the construction of latrines. The study encompasses other elements such as

disposal of wastewater and solid waste, community hygiene and health, and environmental

conditions. The research will prove how is this sustainable, environmentally viable,

affordable, and appropriate for the Badjao. The researchers would also introduce communal

facilities such as public recreational spaces and institutional structures that could improve

the way of living of the Badjao which considers their livelihood, culture, and tradition and

leaving these factors untouched, well maintained, and even making it more well defined to

rise up the tribe’s culture and identity in an aesthetically pleasing but practical way.

Government organizations involved will also be introduced to show what organizations are

responsible and/or in power for the executions of projects like this. Lastly, the research will

also consider factors such as tides, storm surges in building a water community.

The study shall not be concern to certain aspects like:

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 1. Waste and wastewater treatment systems like composting, dehydration, chemical

treatment, incineration and other ecological science related concern were not

sufficiently explored and discussed.

2. The research detests the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines, for indigenous

and isolated and poor communities like Badjao, designing an alternative sanitary

facility is the main concern for it attests humanity and provides what the people

could only afford.

3. The study will only analyze the architectural characteristics of the Badjao, it

delimits the features and other archt’l elements of their new chosen site of

resettlement.

4. The study will not cover engineering system such as detailed cost estimate,

structural computations, and other non architectural analaysis regarding the aspect

in terms of detailing.

Community engagement through the design process is also considered important to

successful designs. The project seeks to be a demonstrator of innovative sanitation solution for

indigenous communities such as the Badjao.

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E. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Operational:

Badjao - defined as “Sea Gypsies” which means “fisherfolk” as per Llamzon 1978, refers to

the peoplewho live on the seas or shores of the Sulu archipelago, which consists of Sulu

province,Tawi-Tawi, and southern Palawan.

Floating community/school - a building or cluster of houses located in direct proximity to

water.

Greywater - the relatively clean waste water from baths, sinks, washing machines, and other

kitchen appliances as per collins dictionary

Indigenous community - As per RA 8371, indigenous community refer to a group of people

or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by other, who have

continuously lived as organized community on communally bounded and defined territory,

and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed

customs, tradition and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through resistance to

political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and culture,

became historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos.

Islamic Extrimism - has been defined by the British government as any form of Islam that

opposes "democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of

different faiths and beliefs.

MNLF - defined as The Moro National Liberation Front, is an Islamic separatist

organization based in the southern Philippines. It seeks an independent Islamic state or

9
autonomous region for the Filipino Muslim minority, known as the Moro people, who live

primarily in the Philippines' Mindanao region as per Stanford University definition.

Moro - a member of any of several Muslim peoples of the southern Philippines.

Sanitation - disposal systems; either sewerage (pipe networks to off site treatment and

disposal or sanitation on site facilities)

Sea Gypsies - or sea nomads refer to an ethnic group who maintain a nomadic, sea based

culture.

Tausug - also defined as “people of the current” refers to a regional tribe in the province of

Sulu in the Philippines, in the eastern area of the state of Sabah, Malaysia, and in North

Kalimantan, Indonesia

Water community - A cluster of houses on stilts in direct proximity to water.

Contextual:

Community - the people with common interests living in a particular area; broadly : the

area itself as per Merriam Webster Dictionary.

Defecate - to discharge feces from the bowels; to discharge from the anus as per Merriam

Webster Dictionary.

Ecological Science - The scientific study of the processes influencing the distribution and

abundance of organisms, the interactions among organisms, and the interactions between

organisms and the transformation and flux of energy and matter.

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Hinterland - a region lying inland from a coast as per Merriam Webster Dictionary.

Housing - dwellings provided for people as per Merriam Webster Dictionary.

Latrine - a receptacle for use as a toilet as per Merriam Webster Dictionary.

Insect-vector disease - diseases caused by infectious agents (insects like mosquito, lice, fleas,

etc) as per World Health Organization definition.

Indigenous - originating in and characteristic of a particular region or country; native.

Marginalization - to assignto an unimportant or powerless position within a society or group

as per Merriam Webster Dictionary.

Native - being the place or environment in which a person was born or a thing came into

being as per Merriam Webster Dictionary.

Piracy - an act of robbery on the high seas; an act resembling such robbery as per Merriam

Webster Dictionary.

Proxemics - the study of the nature, degree, and effect of the spatial separation individuals

naturally maintain (as in various social and interpersonal situations) and of how this

separation relates to environmental and cultural factors as per Merriam Webster Dictionary.

Relocation - to transfer, establish, or lay out in a new placeas per Merriam Webster

Dictionary.

Resettlement - the act or instance of settling or being settled in another place as per Merriam

Webster Dictionary.

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Storm surge - Storm surge is an abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above

the predicted astronomical tides. Storm surge should not be confused with storm tide, which

is defined as the water level rise due to the combination of storm surge and the astronomical

tide as per National Hurricane Center of Miami.

Tides - the alternate rising and falling of the surface of the ocean and of water bodies as per

Merriam Webster Dictionary.

Traditional - adhering to past practices or established conventions; handed down from age to

ageas per Merriam Webster Dictionary.

Tribe - any aggregate of people united by ties of descent from a common ancestor,

community of customs and traditions, adherence to the same leaders, etc. as per Merriam

Webster Dictionary.

Water-borne disease - Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms which

are directly transmitted when contaminated fresh water is consumed as per IWA Publishing.

Water-washed disease - Disease that spreads owing to poor personal hygiene, the lack of

water and the absence of proper waste removal facilities as per World Health Organization

definition.

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 ACRONYMS

ALS - Alternative Learning System

BCV - Badjao Community Village

DepEd - Department of Education

DSWD - Deparment of Social Welfare and Development

ICC - Indigenous Cultural Communities

IP - Indigenous People

IPRA - Indigenous Peoples’Rights Act of 1997

MNLF - Moro National Liberation Front

NHA - National Housing Authority

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 CHAPTER II: REFERENCES

A. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1) The Badjao in Zamboanga: Victims of War and Relocation

By Coleen Jose
Published: April 21, 2014

Back in 2013 the government constructed bunkhouses for families displaced by the

Zamboanga siege, but the Badjao families faced another problem; they have to live by the

sea for it is where their livelihood is, but the government would not let them. Actual

interview of some Badjao natives were conducted. “We want to go, (bunkhouses) but there’s

no sea there,” said Rufaida Marrudin, a Badjao grandparent residing along the shorelinne of

Cawa-Cawa Boulevard. “How can we make a lving?” Marrudin added as she asked the

government’s plans of transferring them from their shelters to another temporary site while

the construction of the bunkhouses are being held. Traditional homelands of the tribe were

the entry points used by the MNLF rebels during the siege, thus declaring the parts as “no

build zones.” Thousands of internally displaced persons (IDPs) mostly belonging to the

Badjao tribe were moved temporarily to evacuation centers. With the Badjao being moved

away from the sea, they are more vulnerable to economic hardship when they cannot fish or

gather seaweed to sell, which is the primary source of their earnings on Cawa-Cawa. Their

culture is also deeply connected with a seafaring tradition. With that being said, their way of

life is not being taken into account by the government. With the current situation of some

Badjao nomads begging in the streets of Metro Manila, this proves that the Badjao people

14
 are having difficulties in surviving away from the sea where they traditionally live and make

a living.

2) Manuel’s Story: A neglected protection

By Erwin Rapiz Navarro
Published: November 2015

Manuel a Badjao, is one of the few who were still relying on fishing when most of them

were now local market laborers. Due to tides of time, the BCV grew and so as the population

of Bongao. The civil war brought changes, Manuel said that during the height of the war,

more and more of them fled from Sulu to Tawi-Tawi, making the Tausug community larger.

Having a conflict between the tribe of Badjao and Tausug, they have found difficulties

because of the Tausug stopping them from going to the sea, taking their fishes and threatens

them. For some nomadic societies, their apparent failure to keep control of their own

production systems was a consequence of the success of their neighbors in alienating crucial

resources for their own use (Rekdal and Blystad, Broch-Due and Anderson , 1991). Most

men left their boats and fishing nets for labor jobs in the public market. On the other side,

the government commisioned housing programs for the BCV, but nobody moved into any of

the houses. Why? Manuel stated the following reasons:

1. They don’t want to live where the houses were built for the Tausug surrounds it. It means

danger to them and their families.

15
2. The houses have wall inside and they cannot see the seawater beneath the floor.

(According to locals, a Badjao house should not have walls. It has an empty common space

where they can gather, eat food and sleep at night)8

On the other hand, the housing project did not made any remarkable impact to the

welfare of Manuel and his family. In his words, the housing project couldn’t provide their

security needs.Sumangat added that the housing units were not patterned to their cultural

needs. Proving and stating another government project not taking into account and

consideration the way of living of the BCV. Thus, the housing project was a type of

‘adaptation and response’ form of sedentarization.

Figure 2.1 housing units commisioned for the BCV

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3) Japan Donates Badjao Floating School
By Tony Rimando
Published: November 2012

The Western Mindanao State Univeristy (WMSU) received a bigger and more durable

floating school for Badjao children through a grant provided by the Japanese government.

This replaced the old wooden one donated by Japan. The grant also carried a financial aid of

approximately P4 million for the purchase of safety and navigation equipemnt, including life

boats, life vests, and fire extinguishers. The floating school adopted the Department of

Education’s (DepEd) Alternative Learning System (ALS), formerly known as Non-Formal

Education. Somblingo of WMSU’s Department of Extension Services said that the floating

school, after the 10-month period, will sail to another coastal or island villages of

Zamboanga to provide basic literacy lessons to Badjao children. The project provided the

Badjao community an educational facility near them and easily accessible, giving them the

chance to learn and achieve literacy.

4) Safe toilet help flush out disease in Cambodia’s floating communities\

By Michael Brown
Published: October 2012

Open defecation in water communities contributes to sickness, pollution and drownings.

A pathogen-filtering toilet presented in Cambodia looks set to change lives. In a village in

Cambodia, specifically Phat Sanday, nearly every struture floats. Thus leaving them boats as

their primary mode of transporting more than 1,100 families. A village-wide sanitation

17
 system is what the village lacks of. Residents, whose livelihoods depend largely on fishing,

defecate in the open or in latrines affixed to their floating houses, where waste is deposited

directly into the water below. The lake and river are a major source of income for hundreds

of thousands of people. As a result of the open defecation, diarrhoea is common, in a country

where Unicef estimatesdiarrheal disease is one of the leading causes of death for children

under five. And there are other health risks. In 2009, Taber Hand, founder and director of

Wetland Works began designing HandyPod, a simple, two-container system that filters

pathogens out of wastewater. The system is gravitational. Although it will be some time

before the team can ascertain the true ecological benefits, it indicates the system could have

a future in riparian communities in Cambodia and beyond. A lot began to gain interest to the

alternative system, spreading good hygiene and sanitation in the community. WaterAid

Cambodia is working to engage the government and its people in water, sanitation and

hygiene issues so it is prioritised at a national level to sav the water and also the people from

health risks.

5) Improving Sanitation in Coastal Communities with Special Reference to Puerto

Princesa, Palawan Province, Philippines

By Rachelle Navarro
Published: No date

The thesis focuses on improving sanitation in coastal and waterfront communities and

communities in low-lying areas. In these communities, health and environmental problems

are attributed to the lack of sanitary means of disposing of human waste. This assumption

18
raises the following issues: How can human waste be properly and safely disposed of in

coastal and waterfront communities? Among the available low-cost sanitation systems

identified for developing countries, are there systems appropriate for these communities?

Which have been used in these communities? What are the problems met in their application?

If there are no appropriate systems, what are the limiting factors? What are the guiding

factors to determine the appropriate system for these communities?

In this context, appropriate technology is considered as that which provides the most

socially and environmentally acceptable level of service at the most economic cost. More

recent studies on actual sanitation projects show that sanitation is more than simply a

technical and economic approach. In the case of the coastal communities, what specifically

are these environmental, social and economic factors influencing the selection of sanitation

systems? How are these factors to be determined? The study encompasses other elements

such as water supply, disposal of wastewater and solid waste, community hygiene and health,

and environmental conditions. It is beyond the scope of this study to recommend the most

appropriate technology for the coastal community analyzed since detailed economic analysis

and institutional requirements are not included in the research. It focuses on the selection

process involved and the issues relevant to the provision of sanitation systems for the

community.

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 B. CASE STUDIES

LOCAL

1) Vintahanan: Laguna Lake Floating Village

By GMA News
Published: February 09, 2016

The first floating houses in the Philippines specially address major concerns on flooding.

Built by Vista Land in a barangay in Sucat, Muntinlupa along the shorelines of Laguna Lake, the

floating village is also called “Vintahanan”, derived from the words “vinta”, a traditional boat in

Southern Mindanao and “tahanan”, a Filipino word for “home”. The village includes 4 22-square

meter bungalow residential units, an information center office, and an event center that will serve

as a venue for various functions and activites.

The technology used – particularly developed in the Netherlands, uses Styrofoam-like

materials that will help the structure float on water and stay afloat when waters rise due to

typhoons or high tides. The structure is fastened to a 15-foot long mooring posts with sliding

rings (“Vista Land Inaugurates Floating Village”, 2016), allowing it to float upwards and

preventing it from drifting away. Moreover, the village is equipped with a proper waste

management system, an assurance that the project is considerate of its environment.

How much weight would a Vintahanan unit can bear is undefined as far as the references

are concerned, leading to the question how many families would be able to live in this village?

Since the project came from an international innovation, the project cost due to the latest

technology and equipment used will also define the demography of the community. Researching

for alternatives in material use for the project is a way to minimize the cost and promote

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low-budget housing in which people from low-income families will be able to afford its rent and

maintenance.

2.) Improving Sanitation in Coastal Communities in Puerto Princesa, Palawan

By Rachelle Navarro
Published: No date

The terms "coastal and waterfront communities" refer to settlements built along the

seacoasts, estuaries, mangrove swamps, lakeshores, riverbeds and in most cases extended right

above the surface waters. Communities built on low-lying areas include those on swampy

sites, marshlands and other flood prone areas. In such communities, disposal of human wastes

are prevalent without a proper water treatment. This has become unhygienic for in some areas

where water for household use is also a source for potable drinking water. A field study

conducted in the water communities of Puerto Princesa, Palawan has shown similar findings,

where the disposal of wastes is done in mudflats and bays. For this reason, the researcher has

derived key considerations such as the community’s environmental, physical, social and

cultural factors into recommending approaches towards an innovative alternative in the

disposal of wastes in water communities.

The provision of communal toilets is one of the recommended approaches to reduce

human waste disposal into the waters. For the local government, this provision is simple and

practical; however, the convenience of the families residing in the water community is a

concern. A suggested solution is the further research of strategically placing these communal

toilets in close proximity and easy access to the users. Determining the most strategic location

21
will cut extra costs and increase the convenience for the residents. On the other hand, the

provision of individual toilets is considered more complex, as it depends on the conditions

that vary on every zone.

Another recommendation is to look for other sanitation systems, such as the double pit

and raised pit latrines; the cesspool as used in the klong settlements of Bangkok, Thailand; and

the Vietnamese composting toilets. The sanitation systems, identified as options based on the

preliminary considerations developed in this thesis, cannot be considered completely feasible

in any coastal or waterfront site. Since sanitation program is on a project-to-project basis,

special considerations and modifications of options may be necessary, depending on the

requirements of a specific community. From this preliminary selection phase, community

specific economic, social, cultural and institutional requirements should be considered before

the final selection is made and before the selected option is implemented.

The best alternative for a problem is where the users will be able to benefit and be

comfortable with the proposed solution. The convenience of the users must be sufficed above

all, without neglecting the entire project’s budget.

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INTERNATIONAL

1) Sanitation Technology for a Safe Environment in Floating Communities in Tonle Sap

Lake, Cambodia

By Khon, Tep, Kim, Allen, Chakraborty, and Hand

Published: 2014

Families living in a water community of Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia face hygiene and

health risks due to the lack of a proper sanitation system, in addition to the residents’ improper

use of the lake water. In this project, a technology called the “Handy Pod” was introduced as an

alternative for expensive and complex plumbing systems, nevertheless, providing the same

efficient results. The Handy Pod is a natural wastewater system yet a simple structure designed

to treat household waste, as well as contribute to the ecosystem through the limited use of

harmful chemicals and materials. It consists of an anaeorobic digester used to generate biogas for

electricity and heat (“What is Anaerobic Digestion”, n.d.), and an open floating pod with water

hyacinth, a plant with a wastewater treatment capacity (Gupta, Roy, Mahindrakar, 2012) (See

Figure 3.1). An aquatic Handy Pod is inserted under a floating house’s toilet, capturing the raw

sewage and treating it within the Pod using microbial and other ecological communities enabled

by the plants and their root systems. The Pod was successfully tested in the floating village for

over three years, leading to a product that isolates and treats wastewater efficiently with no

aesthetic problems in terms of smell or ‘visuals’, no mosquitoes, no chemicals, and basically no

maintenance. (See Fig 3.2)

23
 Figure 3.2 Actual Handy Pod on a floating house Figure 3.3 A concept design for the Handy Pod

A well-developed sanitation system like the Handy Pod also has contributed in the

aspect of aesthetics, with the maintenance and promotion of a green environment. This

project is an evidence of an efficient simple structured system without complicated

engineering knowledge. A variation of the Handy Pod may be a viable solution not only for

floating communities, but also seasonally flooded communities.

2) Sanitation in Floating Communities in Cambodia

By Michael Brown
Published: October 2012

Another alternative solution to Tonle Sap Lake’s sanitation problems was done in a different

approach, yet sharing the same expectations and goals. This project did not only focus on the

sanitation system itself, rather the whole community’s facilities. Anthropometrical, ergonomics,

proxemics, economic and cultural factors are some of the considerations taken by the

engineering and design team. Part of their research methodology is the involvement of the water

community residents; as they were interviewed regarding the common sanitation problems they

24
face in their everyday living. Opinions and suggestions

were taken from different age groups, in order to

determine one’s level of comfort and satisfaction.

The introduction of “floating” latrines was proposed

as a holistic solution to the sanitation problem in the local

water community. The proposed floating latrine was to be

Figure 3.4 Floating Latrine Prototype

made from local Cambodian materials, as an option for a new livelihood for the residents.

Moreover, the weight and dimensions as well as the storage for the toilet’s human wastes were

limited to a few constraints, including allocated space for the proposed latrine’s measurements.

Several prototypes were also created and went under trial by residents in order to gather

feedback and further suggestions.

Aside from the approach of the floating latrine, a waste management cycle was also

developed, as part of their proposed sanitation system. A waste treatment station where human

wastes from the floating latrines are turned into fertilizer and biogas gives the users another

option to cultivate another livelihood. A floating garden comes after the waste treatment station,

a productive innovation for families having limited access to land for most of the year, which

reduces opportunities to for growing vegetables and crops.

The involvement of the community residents plays a big role on designing innovations for a

challenge-driven community. The approach towards efficient solutions lies on the water

community families’ firsthand everyday living. This project had solved and gone beyond the

sanitation problem, by providing solutions as well to the residents’ livelihood and accessibility,

still with respect to their tradition and culture.

25
 CHAPTER III: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

A. MACRO SITE DATA

I. Brief Profile

NAVOTAS City

Navotas is a highly urbanized city that is known as the Fishing Capital of the

Philippines. The city has the Navotas Fish Port Complex which is the premier fish

center of the country and is one of the largest fish ports in the Asian region.

Although established in 1827, it was only declared as higly urbanized city in 2007.

With its geographical characteristics, water has been an integral part of the city’s culture

and economy.

Navotas wass initially a contigious part of Malabon. It was not separated from

Malabon by a body of water either. However, the turbulent waters of Manila Bay caused

the erosion of a weak strip of land between the town, now called Navotas, and the

district of Tondo in Manila. The town of Navotas was initially comprised of only four

barrios. These are the barrios of San Jose, Bangkulasi, Tangos, and Tanza.

26
 II. Physical Profile

Location

Located on the extreme

northwest shore of Metro Figure
Manila of NCR. It is an 3.2
elongated island strip
having an aggregate
shoreline of approx. 4.5
kilometers

Figure
3.3

Land area

Has a total land area of

10.69 sq km or 1,069 has.
Figure
3.4
Figure 3.1 Location Map LOCATION MAP

Boundaries

Bounded on the north

by Obando, Bulacan. On
the east, bounded by a
system of riverways. On
the south bounded by the
The Site VICINITY MAP
city of Manila and on the
west by Manila Bay.
Figure 3.5 Site Location Figure 3.6 Vicinity Map

27
Zoning Map

The Site

The site is located near

the fish pond area of

Navotas. In the mangrove

area along the shoreline of

Navotas City

Figure 3.7 Navotas Zoning Map 28

 TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPE

The City of Navotas is a flat and

narrow strip of highly urbanized

coastal area with an aggregate

The Site shoreline of 12.5 kilometers lying

along the Manila Bay. It has a slope

range of 0-3% with an elevation of 2

meters above sea level. See figure

0-3% slope
range
3.8 on the left.

Figure 3.8 Slope Map

GEOLOGICAL PROPERTY

Active Tidal Flats

The landform of Navotas primarily consists of active

tidal flats. Active tidal flats also can be found in the nearby

city of Malabon and the municipalities of Paombong and

Hagonoy that are situated north of Navotas. The common

Figure 3.9 Navotas Fish Port Complex land uses for active tidal flats are fishponds, salt ponds,

urban areas and sometimes rain fed paddy rice. The soils are composed mainly

of tidal mudflats, with mucky and peaty materials and alluvial sediments. The

29
 active tidal flat area is submerged and flushed with sea water during high and

low tides.

Soil Map

Meanwhile, the Obando fine sandy loam

occurs in nearly level, broad landscape position

adjacent to and slightly above the active tidal

flats with silty clay loam surface texture. It is

formed from recent coastal deposits in which

The Site the surface soil is colored brown, fine, sandy

loam, gritty, loose, and having no structure. It

has a depth ranging from 10-30 cm with the

Obando Fine Sandy Loam
subsoil characterized to be gray sand mixed

Figure 3.10 Soil Map with marine shells. It is mostly found in

Barangays Daanghari, San Jose, San Roque, Tangos, and Tanza. A total of 805.13 hectares falls

within this particular soil type or about 75.32% of the total area of Navotas.

Coastal Erosion

For coastal erosion, this is usually brought about by the combined action of wind

and waves. Especially if there are no barriers or structure to stabilize such areas

30
 III. Natural resources

Land resources and Classification

The total land resource od

Navotas is 1,069 hectares
including the 0.67 sq. km. of
reclaimed area used as the
Philippine Fisheries Development
Authority (PFDA) Complex. 50%
are considered alienable and The Site

disposable while the other 50%

are agricultural land compost
mostly of unclassified public
Legends:
lands such as those with
Alienable and Disposable
mangroves and those areas V
VGovernment Property
devoted for fishponds. See fig, v
Forestlands (fishponds)
Forestlands (Mangroves)
3.10 on the right.

Figure 3.11 Land Classification Map

Coastal/Bay Resources

Accordingly, Navotas has a total of 12.5 km shoreline fronting the Manila Bay. As

such, it is considered as a coastal city. 12 out of its 14 barangay ar situated along the

coastline of Manila Bay. Manila Bay is a shallow body of water with relatively flat

bottom contour. It was known for the pelagic and demersal fish population that once

abounds in the area. Data showed that the following fishes could still be found in the

waters of Navotas: tunsoy, asohas, bicao, malakapas, sapsap, and salinas as well as

some shrimps (hipon and alamang).

31
 WATER SUPPLY

The waiter source is the La Mesa Dam, where water is filtered and treated before it

was distributed to the entire franchise area. Almost all barangays of Navotas are covered

by distribution lines of Maniwal Water Company. The supply of water in the city is

administered by Maynilad Water Services, Inc

IV. Climate

Navotas belongs to the Type I climate. It is characterized by two pronounced seasons,

dry during the months of November to April and rainy or wet the rest of the year. The

maximum rain period is during the months of June-September. The dry season is further

subdivided into (a) the cool dry season, from December to February; and (b) the hot dry

season, from March to May. The Philippine Climate Map is shown in the figure 3.12 below.

The Site The Site

Figure 3.12 Tropical Cyclone Map Figure 3.13 Climate Map

32
 frequency of tropical occurency in the Philippines is highest during the southwest

monsoon season from the months of June-September. On the annual average, about 20

tropical cyclones affect the country. Most of it occur in the month of November. The

frequency of occurence in Navotas is 5 in 3 years as shown in the map in figure 3.11 above.

RAINFALL

Navotas City experiences

rainfall, which is heaviest from

June to September, but the

month of August is the wettest

month with an average monthly

Figure 3.13 Average Rainfall Graph

rainfall of 526.8 mm. The driest

month is February with less

than 8.9 mm of mean monthly

rainfall. The mean annual total

rainfall in the Port area is

2,531.8 mm. The highest

Figure 3.14 Average Rainy Days Graph
24-hour rainfall recorded since

1961 at the Science Garden station was 472.4 mm.

33
 FLOOD STORM SURGE

Navotas is one of the flood prone areas in Metro Navotas is less susceptible to storm

Manila die mainly to perennial tidal inundations. with a mean wind speed of 60-140

The proximity of Navotas to Manila Bay has also km/hr. See figure 3.16 below.

aggravted flooding. See figure 3.15 below.

The Site The Site

Low Flood Susceptibility 60-100

V Vv
Mild Flood Susceptibility
V
High Flood Susceptibility
V
VVery High Flood
v Susceptibility

Figure 3.15 Flood Susceptibility Map Figure 3.16 Storm Surge Mean Wind Speed

34
 TSUNAMI

The Site
The city of Navotas has high

potential of tsunami due to Historical Tsunami;

V v
historical tsunami attacks. See Potentially high

figure 3.17 on the right. Potential Locally

V
Generated

Potential Local
V
And Foreign Generators

Figure 3.17 Tsunami

35
 V. 3 KM RADIUS CATCHMENT AREA

The Site

School/Educational Facility
Barangay Hall
Health Center
Fire Station
Police Station

Informal Settlements
Fishpond
Shipyard
Residential/Mixed Use
Dumpsite
Ressetlement Are

Figure 3.18 Image Map of Catchment Area

Schools/Educational Facilities

There are 15 public elementary schools in Navotas, 6 are located in District 2 near the

location of the site. There are 3 public schools also around the site offering secondary

36
education and 2 colleges in the city and a manpower-training center which offers different

courses that could be possible facilities to bring education to the people of the project.

Barangay Hall/Health Center/Police Station

For every barangay of the city there is one barangay hall. Mostly 2-storey with its office

space on the second floor. Ground floor is usually occupied by a health center and a day care

center. This would provide health guidance for every citizen of every barangay. The

protective services sector maintains the security and and public order in the locality.

Informal Settlements

Informal settlements along the coastline is the main cause of the pollution along the bay.

The improper sanitation and waste disposal of the residents caused the defecation of the

waters of the city that could affect its main livelihood which is the fishing industry.

Fishpond

Technically, fishpond is the largest land use in Navotas. The fishpond located near the

site in Tanza comprise almost half of the land area of Navotas at 44.5%.This would give a

huge oppurtunity in livelihood for the residents of the project.

Dumpsite

Navotas has developed a sanitary landfill located at Barangay Tanza. This is a

controlled disposal facility in the city that could possibly bring foul odor in the site.

37
 VI. ACCESS SYSTEM

The city is served by a

network of roads mostly

\
concrete and provides

access within the city to

all the barangays. Several

roads serve as linkages of

The Site the city to the rest of

Metro Manila. The site is

slightly isolated from the

rest of the city. Possible

Major Road (Metro Manila) construction of bridge to

Major Road (Navotas)
link “Pulo” to the rest of
Minor Road (Navotas)
the city is still unplanned
Bridge to Tanza

Passenger Boat to Pulo (the site) and passenger boats are

the only way to reach the

site.

Figure 3.19 Circulation Map

38
 VII. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

Navotas’ fishing industry is the predominant economic sector and the city’s main source of

livelihood for its coastal barangays. Its 3 major economic sectors contributing to the growth of

the city’s industries are the following:

a. Primary Sector

The primary sector covers the activities that involve the direct utilization and production

of the goods such as fishing, agriculture, forestry, etc. Navotas, given its large municipal

water, are primarily engaged in fishing production. Based on 2011 SEP, Tanza is one of

the barangays, along with San Jose and Tangos, which have the most number of fishing

boats, both motor-driven and “de-sagwan”.

b. Secondary Sector

The secondary sector

encompasses the activities that

involve the processing and

manufacturing of the materials

coming from the primary

sector. These include the food Figure 3.20 Establishments related to the city’s
economic sectors.
manufacturing industry, shipyards and the fishpond industry. Figure 3.21 details the

active economic activities of Navotas city, 8% of which include the different industries

under the secondary economic sector.

c. Tertiary Sector

39
 The tertiary sector deals with the activities regarding the provision and execution of

services to the public. This covers the wholesale and retail businesses, transportation,

storage and communication, finance, real estate, personal and community services, and

tourism. This includes the Navotas fish port complex, one of the largest fish markets in

Asia.

FISH INDUSTRIES

The Site

40
 Navotas is very rich when it comes in the fishing industry, it is consist of several

businesses and fish related retails that could give opportunity and source of income to

the residents of the project. Although Navotas already has a fishport that serves as the

center of the industry, competition in the field may vary but enough resources are

provided for Navotas is the premier fish center of the country and is considered as one

of the largest fishing industry in the Asian region. (See brief profile of the city in page

B. MICRO SITE DATA

The site is located at District 2 of Navotas city.

Barangay Tanza which has a total of 46% land area of

Navotas.

Vegetation Figure 3.22 Barangay Tanza

The living ecosystems in the bay of Tanza include rivers,mangroves, seagrasses/seaweeds,

coral reefs, and swamplands. Mangroves are already deforested, where the area is now cleared,

with few trees and a lot of stumps remaining (Perez, Amadore, and Feir, 2012). These remaining

trees are comprised of Bugalon and Bakauan species that accordingly were planted to protect

areas from coastal water intrusion and aother weather elements. According to local sources, the

mangroves in the area were harvested for firewood and other domestic uses.

41
 Old mangrove forest, now a
deforested and unused land.

The Site
Figure3.23Mangrove
Figure 3.21 MangroveMap
Map

Slope and Topography

The whole city of Navotas is relatively flat. It has a slope range of 0-3% with an

elevation of 2 meters above sea level. (See Figure 3.8)

Soil

Obando fine sandy loam occurs in nearly level, broad landscape position adjacent to and

slightly above the active tidal flats with silty clay loam surface texture. It is formed from

recent coastal deposits in which the surface soil is colored brown, fine, sandy loam, gritty,

loose, and having no structure. It has a depth ranging from 10-30 cm with the subsoil

characterized to be gray sand mixed with marine shells/

Active Tidal Flats

The landform of Tanza primarily consists of active tidal flats. The common land uses

for active tidal flats are fishponds, salt ponds, urban areas and sometimes rain fed paddy

rice. The soils are composed mainly of tidal mudflats, with mucky and peaty materials

42
 and alluvial sediments. This kind of soil are actual poor drained but it can still be

planted with selected plants and trees that don’t mind wet feet.

Environmental Factors

Tides

The bay experiences a tidal regime ranging from –0.475 m to a high level of 0.529

m based on CGSD records (Perez, et al. 2012)

Storm Surge

Coastal floods can be experienced due to phenomenon of rising water commonly

associated with low pressure weather systems such as tropical cyclones and strong

extratropical cyclones.

Tsunamis

The city of Navotas has high potential of tsunami due to historical tsunami attacks.

See figure 3.17.

Foul odor from Informal settlers and the Dump site

Informal settlers Controlled Dump Site

The Site
The Site
Figure3.24
Figure 3.22Informal
InformalSettlers
SettlersLocation
LocationMap
Map Figure
Figure3.23
3.25Dump
DumpSite
SiteLocation
LocationMap
Map

43
 Due to located informal settlers and dump site around the site’s vicinity, foul odors

can possibly be experienced by the people.

C. SITE ANALYSIS

STRENGTH

Figure 3.26
A. Has a direct
proximity to a
huge land area
The Site of fish pond.

Figure 3.27

B. Apart from the rest

of the city.

Figure 3.29

D. In direct
proximity to the Figure 3.28

C. Mudflats in the
sea.
shoreline of the site.

44
 WEAKNESSES

A.Nearly
Figure 3.30 deforested vicinity
due to charcoal
Figure 3.34
making.

The Site

Figure 3.33 Southeast Monsoon

Figure 3.31

B. Absence of
educational facility
andother
Figure 3.32
community anchors
D. Low land that is highly Figure 3.28 in the site
susceptible to natural
occurences. C. Low and poor
drained land

45
 OPPORTUNITIES

H. Fish farming

in fish ponds

Figure 3.26
Figure 3.40
A.children’s access
G. Ease in Figure 3.35
to education from
waste disposal nearbyschools/
The Site universities
F. Introduction
ofwater
communities
in the country
Figure 3.39

Figure 3.36
B. Isolation from
the informal settlers
and their wastes.
Figure 3.32

E.Future
Figure 3.38
government D. Enough distance from the C. Access to the
projects for city to be isolated but still be
Figure 3.37 trading/fishing
unused fish able to delliver and trade goods industry.
ponds. easily. Easy access in education
and other government
services/facilities.

46
 THREATS

\ A. Pollution, wastes,
and foul odor from the
informal settlers.

Figure 3.40

E. Foul odor
The Site
coming from the Figure 3.41

dump site.

Figure 3.39
D. Structural
challenges.
Durability of
the structure
during natural Figure 3.42

Figure 3.43 B.Competition in the

C. Natural cccurences such
fishing industry.
as ttides, tsunamis, and
typhoons

47
SWOT ANALYSIS

Figure 3.26

Figure 3.31

Figure 3.40

The Site

Figure 3.35

Figure 3.43

Figure 3.41

Figure 3.29

Figure 3.29
Figure 3.42

The site is located in an isolated island caled “Pulo” in barangay Tanza, Navotas City.

48
Bridge connecting the island from the rest of the city can be proposed in the design project to

provide easy and direct access of the users to the city and its services and facilities. It is in direct

proximity to water and a huge fish pond area that could be a possible source of livelihood by

breeding and culturing saltwater species. A controlled sanitary landfill is also nearby the site that

could be both a strength and a weaknes. Waste disposal would be easy but foul odor from the

dump site may be experienced. The site has a poorly drained soil that is very susceptible to flood

and since it is located in the coastline, natural occurences is surely expected. Structural and

architectural innovations will be presented in the project to adapt on places where flooding and

tides are the major concer to protect and preserve the community during natural occurences.

Proper selection of plants and trees that can withstand wet feet could bring back the almost

deforested area around the site. The isolation of the site from the rest of the city keeps it away

from the pollution and by the informal settlers along the coastal and the rivers of the city.

Opportunities such as engagement in the fishing industry is just around the city but competition

cannot be prevented. Placement of income generating communal facilities that would help the

community will be placed. To prevent further defecation of the sea, alternative sanitation will be

presented. Since ahuge part of the Pulo is left unused, future government projects are being

planned that could help and compliment with the proposed community on the vicinity and help

the Badjao engage and adjust more in a new and urbanized environment.

49
 D. USER ANALYSIS

The Badjaos are historically known as nomadic, seafaring people as they live in

houseboats or build homes on water, where their livelihood depends upon fishing (Besembun &

Cortado, n.d.). Due to the marginalization of the tribe, the Badjaos have scattered throughout

different territorial waters of the Philippines, far reaching up to Manila, where they beg for a

living, thus imposing a census problem in their population count. Foreign non-government

organizations have placed the Badjao population at 26,400 in Eastern Visayas, Northern Samar,

San Bernardino Strait, Capul Island, San Isidro Island and in Manila (Maulana, 2015). There is

no definite number of the tribe’s population in Metro Manila; however, according to DSWD’s

National Capital Region Office, about 80 percent of the mendicant Badjao find refuge in

Paranaque, Taguig and in Ermita, Manila. About 225 families were also identified by the

DSWD-NCR in the year 2015; furthermore, at least 130 Badjaos in NCR benefitted from a cash

for work program held by a non-government organization, enabling them to find a stable source

of income and sending their children to school. (Maulana,2015).

The residents of the proposed Badjao community will be the mendicant Badjao currently

staying in Metro Manila. Moreover, these include the homeless Badjaos who make a living

through begging. The target number of families for the project for will be 95-125 families,

assuming all are nomads as per statistical data.

50
 ORGANIZATIONAL

STRUCTURE

Fig. 3.44 Badjao Community Organizational Structure

Shown in Fig. 3.23 is the organizational structure for the proposed Badjao water community.

The proposed community enables them to practice their traditional lifestyle and culture, with the

additional support and security of the local government.

51
BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS

GOES FISHING
STAYS AT CHILDCARE & OTHER Provide
HOME HOUSEHOLD CHORES flexible
spaces
HOUSEBOATS
LOOKS FOR A NEIGHBOR
HOBBY INTERACTION

Provide a
mooring RECREATION
place & ARTS, MUSIC &
CRAFTS Interconnecting
repair
walkways &
dock
common
areas/huts Floating
garden

Fig. 3.45 Badjao Community Organizational Structure

52
 CHAPTER IV: ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM

A. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

1. Stilt Construction

Due to the the community’s

environmental location and livelihood

demands from its users, elevation of the

community structures is done through stilt

construction. A construction method Badjaos

Figure 4.1 House on stilt have been using in their traditional homes in

Mindanao. Stilt housing use poles or wood pilings that stand underneath the structure,

allowing it to stand at a distance above the ground (see figure 4.1). It is commonly used

in flood prone areas, as well as water communities as protection from typhoons, tides,

and other situation. For the design project, the pilings to be used would be fibe

2. Fiberglass Piling

For the design project, the pilings to be

used would be fiberglass (see figure 4.2).

Many cosmetically in tact pilings hid

internal weaknesses from rot or organism

damage (see figure 4.3). Some structures

pull straight out of the top of pilings when Figure 4.2 Fiberglass Piling

storm surge raised water levels. Fiberglass pilings seemed to weather the storm with far

greater success. While more expensive than traditional wood, fiberglass pilings can last

53
 generations, because they will not rot, crumble, or rust. The piling will be used as a

mooring post, to prevent movement of the structure caused by the water current.

Figure 4.3 Piling defects

3. Plastic Barrels

When the structure is detached to its mooring post or anchor, plastic barrels (see

figure 4.4) attached under the base of the structure would allow it to rise and fall during

change of sea level, storm surge, and tides. Barrels at the center shall be fill up with

water to balance the whole structure.

BASE

BARRELS

Figure 4.5 Base on Plastic Barrels

54
B. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

1. Solar Energy

Aside from the consideration for natural lighting and

ventilation of the community structures, renewable energy

like the solar power is an alternative for othe electrical

systems as the community is located on water. Solar

power is produced by collecting sunlight and converting it

Figure 4.6 Solar-Powered Bulb
into electricity. Badjaos aren’t used to have electricity in their homes, absence of

appliances isn’t a problem but lights are. They would pay five pesos (P5.00) per jar of

oil in order to light their house in the evening that goes from 7pm to 10pm. They have to

sleep early and stop all their activities by the time their light runs out. Children suffers

because they have to work their assignments using dim light. They hardly focus on

studying their subjects because of lack of electricity (Flestado, 2014). Since the design

of their houses have less walls and divisions, they have an easy access to direct sunlight.

With this, solar-powered light bulbs (see figure 4.6) would be essential to help the

Badjao work not just in the day but also in the night.

C. SANITARY SYSTEMS

1. Floating latrines

Due to space, weight, and process constraints, a urine diverting option has been

designed (see figure 4.7). This method separates faeces from urine, and wash water.

55
 Treatment based on a desiccation process that

incorporates drying of faeces, with increased pH

through the addition of wood ash. This type of waste

disposal has already been adapted by several

schools and villages in Cambodia and excellent

Figure 4.7 Floating Latrine Prototype

feedback was received from Floating Latrine users.

2. Waste Management System

A waste management system station will be proposed. Waste

Management Station is to treat the waste and turn it to a safe and marketable product, such

as fertiliser. Start to treat the waste from the toilets by simply storing and drying the waste.

This Floating Community Waste Management Station aims to address part two of the Waste

Management Cycle by:

• Capturing harmful human waste from the floating toilet before it can degrade water quality

of the community.

• Treating waste using appropriate technologies and techniques for return to the

environment.

• Where feasible, safely reuses and recycles waste thereby conserving nutrients.

• Providing a platform for the development of new and innovative technologies and

management practices for the floating communities.

56
 • Providing solutions for waste management that are culturally appropriate, reliable,

economically efficient and environmentally viable into the future.

Furthermore, with a garden in the center of the community, this would give oppurtnity

to make a livelihood out of this station (see figure 4.8) through the use of the processed

waste turned fertilizers. This is also another option to cultivate crops and vegetables aside

from fishing and diving into the wate.

Figure 4.8 Waste Management Station Cycle

57
 CHAPTER V: DESIGN FRAMEWORK

A. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

Architect Matthias Hollwich's philosophy, New Aging or Social Architecture. It is

to simply promote a design philosophy that makes everyone more comfortable and

connected which draws from his work and research around aging, society, and designing

spaces fo different types of population. (Sisson, 2016)

“Find a way to focus on people’s interests, wants, and desires. Don’t try to re-educate

people, channel their social energy into the right direction.” (Hollwich, 2016)

Social architecture is the conscious design of an environment that encourages a desired

range of social behaviours. (CHMIELArchitects, 2016) Evolving from years of research by

Matthias Hollwich, his projects focus on enabling socially involved and culturally rich lives

within a multi-generational community. (Kim, 2012)

B. DESIGN CONCEPT

Culture defines one’s way of life which includes his beliefs and lifestyle. The Badjao is

the most marginalized ethnic group and one of the poorest tribes in the Philippines, and

whose traditional way of life has almost vanished, especially in the case of the Badjao

nomads in Metro Manila (Jong, n.d.). Designing facilities catering to the Badjao’s daily

activities as well as providing solutions for their lifestyle’s problems will preserve their

58
cultural identity in the modern society. As previous journals and articles mentioned in

Chapter 2, it only showed that the government commissioned projects for the Badjao that

lacks consideration and accountability to the actual wants and needs of the Badjao

community. (See RRLs 1,2, and 3)

C. CONCEPT DIAGRAM

The triangle symbol is a simple one, but is also one with a great amount of meaning

behind it. It is being used in various fields. (see figures 5.1-5.4) The symbolic idea here, is

that the vertical side represents one aspect, the horizontal side another aspect. As per our

design form concept, triangle being the most steady figure of all figures, it represents not

only the strength and immovability of the infrastructure for the Badjao but also considering

what the community really needs from smallest to biggest details; just how like the shape

goes. Complementing to our design concept holism, which is concerned with wholes and not

just a part.The form concept shows how the shape represents and offers the Badjao a

community that will lead them to sedentarization.

Figure 5.1 Social triangle

Figure 5.3 Triangle balance

Figure 5.2 Nutrition triangle

Figure 5.4 Pyramid

59
D. STYLE-GUIDING PRINCIPLES

Ethno Architecture

Stilt house indigenous to most of the lowland cultures of the Philippines. (Caruncho,

2015) Although there is no strict definition of the ethno architecture and styles of

construction vary throughout the Philippine archipelago, similar conditions in Philippine

lowland areas have led to numerous characteristics "typical" of examples. (Alojado,

2012) The traditional roof shape of the Bahay Kubo is tall and steeply pitched, ending in

long eaves. A tall roof created space above the living area through which warm air could

rise. The walls of the living area are made of light materials - with posts, walls, and

floors typically made of wood or bamboo and other light materials. (Caruncho, 2015)

See figures below as examples:

Figure 5.5 Nipa Hut Village, Bohol Figure 5.6 Bamboo House

Figure 5.7 Bamboo Home, Airbnb Figure 5.8 Bajau Stilt houses, Basilan

60
 CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. CONCLUSIONS

This study proposes a Badjao nomad resettlement water community, focusing on

addressing sanitation and proper human waste management. As mentioned in the goal,

the aim for this project is to design a community with fully functional systems and

facilities with innovative sanitation solutions that is affordable and appropriate for the

Badjao ethnic group. In the view of the goal and objectives of the study, the following

conclusions were made:

 The Badjao people’s behavioural patterns and culture were considered, hence, a

simple yet functional design can be created, with the use of sustainable methods

and indigenous materials such as bamboo. The use of electricity and maximizing

the natural air and sunlight reduces electricity costs as consideration for the

Badjaos’ limited expenses, as well as the practice of a culturally simple lifestyle.

 Floating latrines and water management stations are to be constructed for a cleaner

sanitation lifestyle for the Badjao people. Furthermore, these waste management

stations convert human waste into fertilizer which can be used in the floating

gardens, as part of the community’s aesthetic, as well as a hobby for the residents

who are unable to dive or fish, particularly women and children. This solution

addresses the problem of human waste and greywater coming for different

household activities that contaminate the water and degrade the surrounding

environment.

61
  Waste management stations convert wastes into fertilizer and biogas, which can be

sold or traded in the market, attending to the objective of providing income

generating facilities within the community. The floating garden enables the

residents to cultivate land crops on water, for their convenience and to save more

money for other expenses.

The project was successful as all objectives were achieved. The importance of the Badjao’s

way of life and needs were attended and altered into something more innovative, which has

improved their status in the society.

B. RECOMMENDATIONS

Due to the study’s scope and delimitations, further study regarding the proposed

innovative community is recommended, done by or with the help of experts in different

fields of science and mathematics. Cost-effective engineering systems with the

application of ecological science related matters could provide a better solution for the

community’s sanitation problem. In addition, further study about this concern could

possibly be useful to the future of residential and master planning.

The time concept of this proposed water community can be further developed, with the

consideration of the newer Badjao generations. There is a possibility that the newer

generations will be practicing a slightly different lifestyle than their traditional culture,

due to trends and socialization among other residents of the city where they were

resettled. The project’s ability for expansions is to be recommended, because of the

growing variety in culture within the future generations.

62
 C. BIBLIOGRAPHY

WEBSITE

Acero J. (2011) Maritime Commerce, Living Conditions and Literacy of Sama-Badjaos in

Davao City and its Intervention Program.
http://www.academia.edu/19602650/MARITIME_COMMERCE_LIVING_CONDITIONS_AND_
LITERACY_OF_SAMA BADJAOS_IN_DAVAO_CITY_AND_ITS_

INTERVENTION_PROGRAM Retrieved December 2017

Besembun Fr. E., Cortado C. (2012) The Journey of the Badjaos. https://selams.

wordpress.com/2011/09/18/the-journey-of-the-badjaos Retrieved December 2017

Bracamonte N., Boza A., Poblete T. (2011) From the Seas to the Streets: The Bajau in
Diaspora in the Philippines. http://www.ipedr.com/vol20/56-ICHSC2011- M10061.pdf Retrieved
December 2017

Brown M. (n.d.) Sanitation in Floating Communities in Cambodia.

https://www.globalgiving.org/pfil/6803/101217_Sanitation_in_Floating_Communities_in_Camb
odia_Report_for_MRD_small_size.pdf retrieved December 2017

Chmiel Architects (2016) Designing with Social Architecture in Mind.

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D. ADDENDA

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