APPENDICES

Conceptual framework

National authorities’
perception
-Law and Regulation
Local authorities -Strategy, Policy and Plan
-Management & plan
-Monitoring
-Technical facility
-Human capacity

Socio-economic
Agriculture
-Local people
-Rice and Fruit
-Migration
-Forest tree
-Livelihood M
P
Cat Ba A
Biodiversity Conversion
Island or Ha
Long Bay
Tourism
Fisheries
-Management
-Coastal culture
-Capacity
-Marine ranching
-Goods
-Capture MPA System
-Service

Current information gaps and possible Future MPA

conflicts guidelines

Coordination Schema: (see more detailed in appendix)

Objectives/ Parameters/ Complex Specific variables Measures
G Br variables (Simple (D
u oa Variables) at
i d a
d as so
e pe ur
l cts ces
i )
n
e
s

f
o
r

M
P
A

1. To -Current - Renovation - Regulation - Ministries

review the national - Management - Master plan and other
national strategy, - Action plan - Coordination institutions
policy and policy and MPA perception - Network concerned
perception plan - Participation - Trade with MPA
related to intervention -Water territory/common - Review
MPA for MPA access secondary
-Boundary (land, Land- data
water) - Key
- Access to information informant
- Communication interview
- Type activities of
participation Questionnair
- Central and Local e (if
authority Relationship possible)
-Real figures
2. To -Geo- - Boundary - Mapping & siting - Primary
assess the physical - Environment - Fish pond pollution, and
exploiting factor and its quality Rice field secondary
and using - Sediment, Erosion and data
status of Run off - Key
agriculture - Solid waste and informant
, fishery wastewater interview
resources - Land based activities and
and tourist e.g. shrimp farm, fish questionnaire
activities - Seedling & processing, chemical form.
-Experiment Rearing - Tourist impacts: Coral - Field
-Experience - Maintenance walking observation:
& Skills - Disasters transect walk
- Equipment - Boat ride
-Facility - Transportation - Survival rate and Risk -Real figures
 facility - Percentage of legal &
-Training and Illegal fishing gears
-Support fiscal
- Forest, tourist - Rehabilitation area
- fisheries… - Seasonal calendar
Coordination - Resource map
- Agriculture equipment - Secondary
and review
- Biodiversity - Phone, PC, Boat…..
- Distribution - Building, port landing -FAO
- Biological - Diversification sites… technical
factor - Impacts -Times & quality… papers
- Number of visitors
- Evaluation and - Kind of tourist (e.g. - RIMP,
monitoring Ecotourism) NIO, HIO
- Targets for - Kind of Linkage documents
Conservation - Mangrove area
and - Estuary, Lagoon
development - Seagrasses
- Coral reef -SEAFDEC
paper and
- Fishing ground and report
fishing gears
- Farming system
- Aquamarine ranching
(pond, cage, floating…)
3. To - Socio- - Economic - Fishing/land-use right - Primary
evaluate economic impacts changes and
impacts to aspect and - Householder economy secondary
local conflict impacts data
livelihood among - Total income loss - Key
if natural - Expenditure on health, informant
conversion source users education and house… interview,
into MPA. - Saving/investment observation,
- Loan and credit Questionnair
- Funding support e form and
- Market opportunities discussion
- Social impacts - Supply and demand group
- Ideographic - Price and middlemen -Transect
- information if - Labor age walk
Community- conversion to - Occupation -Real figures
based MPA - Level of education
resource - Expertise
management -Living status of - Population density - Documents
local people - Gender equity of Institute
- Opportunity job of social-
- Extension services economic
- Migration and
- Incentive planning,
- Alternatives or VN
 changing job
- Empowerment - Eco-Tourism
and recognition - Religious
of conflicts - Responsibility
- Discussion and
- Education negotiation
-Training & - Decision making
meeting - Control over income
- Sharing resources
- Network - TV, media
- Quality, Quantity,
duration of training
- School for children
- Types of Internal &
external employment
-Grassroot associations
-Bottom-up demand - MoSTE,
- International, NGO & MoFi,
Volunteer support MARD…
documents

Research checklists and questionnaires

1. National Policy, Plan and perception related to MPA

1.1. Personal information:(2-3 representatives at each institutions will be
interviewed)

Name of Officer: Tel:

Sex and Age: Professional and Educational Level:
Number of Working years:
Number of years in this location
Title of position and Institution:
Interviewed Date:

1.2. Discussion about the MPA policy involvement

What do you think about the conversion of Ha Long Bay and Cat Ba island into MPA?
Who has the key responsibility for these MPA? Key agencies?
What is the access policy?
How can national policy be improved and applied well?
What are national policies of scientific investigation technology improvement and
enhancement of human capacity to protect ecosystem and preserve biodiversity?
How are financial sources invested or funded to MPA system? Who are in charge?
Are there policies to give economic sectors assistance to dependent upon island
resources if it is converted to MPA?
What are national policies to support people at MPA?
What are the national policies for MPA in international cooperation?
What are policies still missing or insufficient for MPA issues?
1.3. Discuss about MPA Plan and organization mechanism and management

Who prepared National Plan for MPA establishment and management?

Who are involved and What are their responsibilities?
How can you select and decide that an area can be considered a suitable site?
How long does it take to complete MPA establishment?
What are the mainly criteria in MPA to be focused/prioritized?
How to make a model/mechanism of MPA management?
How to reduce conflicts among marine resource users at MPA?
What do you think about Guidelines for MPA management?

1.4. Discuss about Socio-economic development and MPA conservation

What is the suitable size and number of an MPA (km2)?

What are the kinds of impact if conversion?
How to solve these problems?
Which economic sectors will be Negatively/Positively impacted if conversion?
How do these economic sectors keep growth in the future? Solution?
What targets/choices will be replaced if conversion?
What are your expecting from MPA will support/offer to local people
What do you suggest/ recommend/ forward your proposals/ideas to government of
Vietnam to support MPA processes?

The following institutions should be interviewed for MPA issues

Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MoSTE)

Ministry of Fisheries (MoFI)
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development (MARD)
General Corporation of Vietnam Tourism’s
Officers’DANIDA and Other international Agencies involved MPA issues

2. Provincial institutions concerned MPA establishment and Management

2.1. Personal information: (Expectation 4-6 people in each institution will be
interviewed)

Name of Officer: Tel:

Sex and Age: Profession and Education Level:
Number of Working years:
Number of year in present position:
Title of position and Institution:
Interviewed Date:

2.2. Discuss about detailed Policy and Implementation for MPA

What is institutional policy, plan towards Islands and Bay conversion into MPA?
What are your institution roles in MPA processes?
Do you have any guideline for MPA selection, establishment and management?
What types of Nature/Biodiversity do you want protected at MPA?
How many staffs are there in your institution? Their salary? What is impact if
conversion?
What do you think about human capacity in MPA conservation? How to solve it?
What are conflicts between communities at MPA? What do you suggest/recommend to
solve them?
How to apply these approaches in MPA Planning, Assessing, Monitoring?
How to encourage the community-based resource management? Are there any
solutions?
Where can you find out about funding sources to implement MPA processes?
What is provincial policy towards professional alternatives for their staff and various
local persons if they loose their job?

2.3. Discussion about the plan/program/project

Is your institution involved in MPA system building-up and establishing?

Why do you plan this conversion?
Is it a realistic possibility?
Still under study or the decision is already made?
When could begin the conversion?
How long would it take to complete?
What do you expect to be in the MPA, what will it look like? Mapping? Area of land &
water body?
Will you organize a referendum amongst MPA residents? Or public meeting?
Do you plan to convert/use whole island and water bodies surrounded into a MPA?
Do you have a drawing/map of the future MPA?

2.4. Discuss about Socio-economic impacts

Do you think that provincial economics will decrease (Agricultural, tourism, fisheries)
revenues if conversion into MPA?
Where and how many budgets are for implementation, management and maintenance of
the MPA?
Do you think that the access will be restricted at core, buffer and economic zone of
MPA?
Is this loss of some financial consequence for District Authorities?
What about financial impact on Fisherman. Farmers, and other local people?
Can you evaluate and estimate the income of local people in the past, present and future
per Seasonal, yearly? How do you know that? Which are evidences/ Document/
Statistics or whatever?

The following institutions should be interviewed for MPA issues

Senior officers/Chairman of Quangninh and Haiphong Authorities

Research Institute of Marine Products
Sub-Branch Institute of Oceanography
Halong fish-can and processing Companies
Department of Provincial Fisheries, Agriculture, Transportation, Financial, Urban Plan,
Science Technology and Environment; Tourism
Officers’ Ha Long Bay, Catba District Authorities
Officers/ Director of Catba National Park
Officers/ Head of UNESCO Heritage Ha Long Bay
Chairman’s commune leadership at study location

3. Research checklist for interviewing

at institute, district, commune and village level

General information of socio-economy General information about:

Seasonal calendar: Environmental factors
 For culture  Pollution and waste
Which species for which seasons Kind of main waste and pollution
Duration of culture Problem and potential
 For capture Source of them
Which species for which seasons Where they come from
How often harvested Oil spill and domestic waste
Yield/Month or year Local knowledge about those
Time of fishing What kind of them impact to local people
Fishing calendar How to measure and solve
 Agriculture and forest  Water quality and their indicator
Species Duration of rainy season
Main season Change of salinity: max & min at what
Culture and harvest calendar Month
Kind of Goods and service Average of rain fall annually
Production Average of temperature, max. &
Markets: min.Tidal system and their impacts
Market Water movement: current & wave action
Demands Sediment, turbidity
Price Dredging area & for what purposes
Middle men Salt intrusion
Processing What are impacts to drinking
Production water/agriculture
 Financial and extension services: Saltwater impacts to aqua-marine
Problems culture
Conflict between users Contamination of diseases in water
Percentage of legal & Illegal bodies
Credits, loans How important are various structural
Gender issues and hydrological factors
Alternative livelihood How to measure and solve those
 Tourism activities: Suggestion about those
Where are outstanding landscape How to control
Carrying capacity of these areas Biological aspects and activities
Domestic and/or foreign visitor concerning:
attraction Estuaries and lagoons: (Secondary data and
Categorizes/kind of visit tour field survey)
Average visitor per day and what main Size, area, depth, shape and whatever
season Number of species, value species
Always duration of Visitor’s stay Migrant species
Wonder-related activities; swimming, Red tides (algal bloom)
diving, fishing and tour-boat… Flooding
Souvenir-shopping: sale shell and coral What is fresh water discharges
How many tourism boat/ navy ship Time of spawning for what species
Way to reduce tourism garbage How to assess the biodiversity of those
Can get benefit or not How & who classified those/ research
Kind of goods and service method
Price and kind of offers Biological role & function
Infrastructure: building, port, landing Kind of fishery activities
site… Target species/ kind of fishing gear
Number of navy / patrol station Main production/productivity
Container for navy station How far from MPA
Transportation capacity Biological problem and issues
Problem/ conflicts and impacts What negative & positive impact to
Resolution and improvement MPA
Plan of future action How to improve/manage them
Local policy and management Mangroves and segrasses: (Secondary data
Source of investment and field survey)
Network and coordination Size, area
Annual meeting, negotiation & Is there any classification: ranking,
discussion priorities
Distribution and density
Technique and scientific approaches Belong to whom: village, district,
 For aquaculture province (relation to open access and
Knowledge and training property right)
Experiment and experience Number of species
Culture species Migrant species
Culture method/Production Who are classify or involve/ research
Feed method
Cage dimension Types of fisheries
Density Target species
Growth rate What kind of regulation in which
Hang/ Pole/Pond What kind of permission to exploit
Duration of culture Kind of impact to fishery development
Disease What is situation now
Treatment Local regulation/enforcement/incentive
Impact to environment Natural impacts/ diseases
Seed (origin, price, quality, fertilizer) Under any research project/program
Advantage and disadvantage Main kind of goods and services
Land use’s right Biological problem and issue
Problem/ conflicts and incentives What is kind of plan to rehabilitate
Solution How to reduce/solve/improve
Plan of action and management How to manage them
How to be sustainable development Coral: (secondary data and field survey)
 For capture Size/ area/ depth/ distribution
Enforcement of regulation/law Number of coral genus/species (if
Type of gear possible)
Number of gears/boat Number of key ornamental fish
Mesh size Study /research method/map
Fishing ground Any classification/taxonomy
Cost of Gear Coral biodiversity
Number of boat Research project/program to protect
Ownership of boat them
Number of fishermen on boat Local regulation/ enforcement
 Engine Power
Kind of operation in water bodies
Way to reduce impact to marine
habitats
 For agriculture and forest
Area
Productivity
Amount/Kind of main fertilizer,
Pesticide, insecticide
Diseases and fire, drought and flooding
Wells, fresh water and saltwater intrusion
What kind of impact when conversion to
MPA
Alternative new jobs and incentives
Participation in replanting forest
Compensation for moving out core zone
Social aspects at local level
Number of people
Growth Rate
Education level/ number of school
Number of training courses/ for what
topic
Training duration/quality/satisfaction
Number of
employment/unemployment: Average
capita/profit making/ amount of saving
and investment/expenditure for house,
school
Role of women/children/householder
Extension services: types & their
availability
How to control over income
Community based management:
decision making if conversion into MPA/
alternative jobs/
Acceptance of new employment: by
family and by rural power structure.
Acceptance to hygienic utilizes
drinking water and sanitary latrine.
4.1.Field note (form) to record what observe at the field
Location Time Distance Weather
1 8.15. Km 4
Private assessment on coral ecosystem
Current activities on coral reef
Kinds of conflict and identification
Number of fishers living nearby coral
reef
What are kinds of exploitation: diving,
skeleton coral for construction, chemical,
and explosive…
Kinds of fishing on coral reef/ fishing
gear
Impacted by tourism, Navy and
construction
Natural/human impacts
Potential/problem and issues
How to reduce/mitigate/ control
 Management issues at the Ha Long
heritage site and Cat Ba national
park.
Area, size
Number of officer and staff
Role, structure and function
Annual budget from VN government
and international agencies.
Human capacity/ education and trained
level
Equipment and offices
Facility: PC, Phone line, Boat, Canoes,
station
Scientific, study project/program on
what
How many training courses to local
Policy/ master plan for those
Number of visitors/season or year
Kind of tourist model
Landscape /beaches/hotel potentials
Number of hotel/guesthouse
Kind of owners’ right (state or private)
Average cost of hotel/guesthouse per
day
What are situation, now
Possible negative impacts
Problem and constraint
How to reduce/solve and improve in
terms of management.
Observation Individual comments
Mangrove…. New area = 200
 m2….
2 10.30 Km 7 Coral…. Heavy damage = all
reef…
3 13.15 Km8 Beach Tourist density….
4.2.Seasonal calendar for agricultural and forest activities
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Items
Replant
areas
Yield
Species
Working
hours
Manual
Machine
Irrigation
Fertilizer
Pesticides
Chemical
4.3.Seasonal calendar for fishery activities
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Items.
Species
Gear
Mesh size
Length of net
Width of net
Horsepower
engine
F. ground
How far
No of haul
Yield/haul or
day
N of fishing
day
N of day for
repairing net
N of fisher on
boat
Supply
Demand
Market
Value/day

4.4.Seasonal calendar for tourist activities

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Items.
Foreigner
Domestic
Destination
Type of
tourism
Possible
impacts
Stay
duration
Average
expenditure
/trip
Attractive
site

4.5. Resource use matrix form

Gender Wealth Provenance of user

Men Women Richer Average Poor Village Neighboring Strange
village
Cropland
Kitchen
garden land
Tree wood
Tree leaves
Medicine
plant
Grasses

4.6. Conflict matrix form

Within Within Within neighboring With With the
householder village village strange local
authority
Fishing gears
Fishing
ground
Cropland
Land use
Common
water
Forest tree
 4.7. Evaluation of operational rules of governing resource use

Rules Source of rule Working/ non- Sanction/ other

working observations
Relation to fisheries
Relation to forestry
Relation to agriculture
Relation to tourist

4.8. Information gathered in transect walk/ boat ride

Zone Forest Agriculture Fishery Tourism Villagers

Occupation of
space
Sources
Density
Kind of
activity
Possible
impacts

Questionnaire form to people at commune level within study

location
(This form could be updated and modified less or more after pre-test to be convenient)
A/ Personal information
Full name: Sex: Male Female
Date of Birth or Age:
Married status: single Married Number of child
Address of resident: Group, commune, District, Province,
Telephone number (if possible):

B/ Part of questionnaire and answers: (please, thinking and select only one choice that is
the most convenient and then tick into below box or write your recommendation in point
lines)
1.What is your Job?
Aquaculturist Marine ranching Fishing Manager
Worker or Staff Farmer Hotel owner’s Servant Others
2.How long have you/your family been living in this area/commune?
 Less than 3 year
 From 3 to 6 year
 From 7 to 12 year
 From 13 to 25 year
 From 26 to 50 year
 More than 50 year
3. How many persons are living in your house?
There are……. Persons living in my house.
4. How many key working person(s) is (are) there in your house?
There is (are) …….. person(s).
5. How many Hours do you work per day? How many Days do you work per Month?
Working:………Hours/day and ……….day/Month
6.How much total income/Month does your family usually get? What is income
capita/Month for each member in your family?
Total income is…………..VND/…persons, so per capita income… ..VND/Month.
7. Have you ever passed any professional training course concerned to your job?
Yes No
( If yes, Please give more detail of information of the training course you attended)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
8.Where do you operate your business?
……………………………………………………………
9. Have you ever intended to change current job to another new job?
Yes No
Why ………………………………………………………………………………………...
What kind of job is? Please give detail of your intent if possible …………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
10.Do you get any credit/loan from the bank? Yes No
11. How long can you pay back to the bank? Return in Month or Year
12. Do you have any problems during conduct your business, which come from credit/
loan?………………………………………………………………………………………
13.Have you ever heard about marine protected area (MPA)? Yes No
14. Have you ever seen any kind of MPA on Television? Yes No
15.Please give some your knowledge about MPA?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
16.What do you think about MPA?
Good for you Bad for you Do not care
17.What do you think about fishery resource around your fishing ground?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
18.What do you think about the significance of Mangrove for your and village livelihood?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
19.What do you think about coral reef fish in and around your village?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
20.Can you mention the main pollution for above marine resources?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
21.What the most important thing are you considering in an MPA? Please, give some
suggestion
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
22. Are you going to get some benefit from MPA activities? Yes No
23. What are kinds of benefit that you intend to get them?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
24.What kinds of current competition/conflicts are going to increase after this area
conversion to MPA?
Land use Aquaculture Mari-culture Fishing ground
Tourism Transportation Market Forest
25.How to reduce/ mitigate them?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
26.Could you suggest any thing to participate at MPA in terms of community-based
resource management?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
27.How to improve management in MPA to be better and better?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Questionnaire form to officer, who are in involving institutional level

such as scientist, fisheries, agriculturist, tourist, national park or
heritage management unit within study location (This form could be
updated and modified less or more after pretest to be convenient).

A/Personal information:

Name of Officer: Tel:

Sex and Age: Professional and Educational Level:
Number of working years:
Number of years in this location
Title of position and Institution:
Date:
B/ Part of questionnaire and answers: (please, thinking and select only one choice that is
the most convenient and then tick into below box or write your recommendation in point
lines)
1.What is your Job?
Aquaculturist Marine ranching Fishing officer Manager
Worker or Staff Farmer Hotel owner’s Servant Others
2.How many staffs are there in your company/institute/ farm/boat/hotel/management unit?
There are …….. persons.
3.How many Hours do you work per day? How many Days do you work per Month?
Working:………Hours/day and ……….day/Month
4.How much total income/day or Month do you usually get?
Income/day is…………..VND/day or Month (this is difficult, but we need to know
and estimate the income… ..VND/Month.
5. Have you ever passed any professional training course concerned to your job?
Yes No
(If yes, Please give more detail of information of the training course you attended)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
6.Have you ever heard about marine protected area (MPA)? Yes No
7. Have you ever seen any kind of MPA on Television? Yes No
8.Please, give some your knowledge about MPA?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
9.What do you think about MPA?
Good for you Bad for you Do not care
10.What are the most important thing you consider in an MPA? Please, give some
suggestion
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Are you going to get some benefit from MPA activities? Yes No
12. What are kinds of benefit that you intend to get them?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
13.What kinds of current competition/conflicts are going to increase after these areas
conversion to MPA?
Land use Aquaculture Mari-culture Fishing ground
Tourism Transportation Market Forest
14.How to reduce/ mitigate them?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
15.Could you suggest any thing to participate at MPA in terms of community-based
resource management?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
16.How to improve management in MPA to be better and better?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
17 From your knowledge, what do you think about fishery resource around Cat Ba Island?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. From your knowledge, what do you think about fishery resource in Ha Long Bay?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
19.What are the main impact to the fishery resources?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
20.Do you have to spend more time fishery to earn the same amount of money?
Yes No
21.Do you think you catch fewer fish now than some last few years?
Yes No
22.If yes, what do you think which reason bellow are the main:
Over-fishing Too many fishermen Pollution
Habitat destruction Climate change
23.Could you suggest any solution to enhance fishery resources in these areas
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
24.What do you think about the significance of Mangrove for ecotourism and livelihood?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
25.Do you know how big mangrove areas are?
In your village is……….ha; Total areas for Cat Ba island
is……………………………………ha or …………km2; Total areas around Ha Long
Bay…………………ha or………………….. km2
26.How big are they for replanting?
…………ha or……km2; survival rate……..(%) and they were replanted in………(proper
year)
27.What are the potential and current negative impacts?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
28.How to reduce these negative impacts?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
29.What do you think about coral reef fish?
a/in and around your village
………………………………………………………………………………………………
b/In and around Cat Ba Island
………………………………………………………………………………………………
c/In and around Ha Long Bay
………………………………………………………………………………………………
30.What do you mention about the main pollution for coral and reef system resources?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
31.What do you think about living coral fish and their activities related to their
aquarium/trade?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
32.Do you know any illegal fishing activities in coral reef?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
33.Where are these activities usually operated?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
34.How to mitigate and improve these problem?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
35What do you think about the impact of estuary in fishery culture and capture?Tourism?
Others?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
36. Do you suggest any negative and positive impacts of estuary relate to coastal socio-
economic development? (please, focus on issue relates to MPA)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
37.What kinds of pollution can they discharge and come from estuary?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
38.Do you suggest any solution to reduce them?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
39.Are there any seagrass meadow in your location?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
40.How big is it?…………………………..ha
..or ……………………………..……………………………………………………...km2
41.Do you know any their function in coastal areas?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
42.How to improve them and increase their coverage and areas?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
43.What kinds of marine resources above can attract the tourist activities?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
44.What are kinds of tourist operation that your business can get the most benefit?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
45.do you think that tourist capacity in these areas need to develop more or to be enough?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
46.What are the negative impacts to MPA, which maybe caused by tourism?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
47.Do you suggest any solution to improve the current circumstance?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
48.How to balance between tourist development and MPA conservation?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………