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Lecture16 PDF
Lecture16 PDF
b2 - a2
y = 2 xy (7.16)
b + a2
represents the warping function for an elliptic cylinder with semi-axes a and b under torsion.
The value of polar moment of inertia J is
ò ò (x + y 2 + Ax 2 - Ay 2 )dxdy
2
J= (7.17)
1
Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
J = (A+1)Iy+(1-A)Ix (7.18)
pab 3 pa 3b
where Ix = and Iy =
4 4
Substituting the above values in (7.18), we obtain
pa 3b 3
J=
a2 + b2
Mt M
But q = = t
GI P GJ
Therefore, Mt = GJq
pa 3b 3
= Gq
a2 + b2
M t a2 + b2
or q=
G pa 3 b 3
The shearing stresses are given by
æ ¶y ö
tyz = Gq çç + x ÷÷
è ¶y ø
a + b æ b2 - a2
2 2
ö
= Mt 3 3 ç 2
ç + 1÷÷ x
pa b è b + a 2
ø
2M t x
or tyz =
pa 3b
2M t y
Similarly, txz =
pab 3
Therefore, the resultant shearing stress at any point (x, y) is
[ ]
1
2M t
t = t yz2 + t xz2 = b4 x2 + a4 y 2 2 (7.19)
pa b
3 3
x2 y2
+ = 1,
a2 b2
or x2 = a2 (1-y2/b2)
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
[ ]
1
2M t 2 4
and t= a b + a 2 (a 2 - b 2 ) y 2 2
pa 3b 3
Since all terms under the radical (power 1/2) are positive, the maximum shear stress occurs
when y is maximum, i.e., when y = b. Thus, maximum shear stress tmax occurs at the ends of
the minor axis and its value is
2M t
tmax = (a 4 b 2 )1 / 2
pa b
3 3
2M t
Therefore, tmax = (7.20)
pab 2
For a = b, this formula coincides with the well-known formula for circular cross-section.
Knowing the warping function, the displacement w can be easily determined.
M t (b 2 - a 2 )
Therefore, w = qy = xy (7.21)
pa 3 b 3 G
The contour lines giving w = constant are the hyperbolas shown in the Figure 7.4 having the
principal axes of the ellipse as asymptotes.
3
Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
4
Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
Similarly, the components of the forces Fdx acting on face AB and CD are
¶z é ¶z ¶ ¶z ù
-Fdx and Fdx ê + ( )dy ú
¶y ë ¶y ¶y ¶y û
Therefore, the resultant force in z-direction due to tension F
¶z é ¶z ¶ 2 z ù ¶z é ¶z ¶ 2 z ù
= - Fdy + Fdy ê + 2 dx ú - Fdx + Fdx ê + 2 dy ú
¶x ë ¶x ¶x û ¶y ë ¶y ¶y û
æ ¶2z ¶2z ö
= F çç + 2 ÷÷dxdy
è ¶x ¶y ø
2
But the force p acting upward on the membrane element ABCD is p dxdy, assuming that the
membrane deflection is small.
Hence, for equilibrium,
æ ¶2z ¶2z ö
F çç 2 + 2 ÷÷ = -p
è ¶x ¶y ø
¶ 2z ¶ 2z
or + = -p/F (7.22)
¶x 2 ¶y 2
Now, if the membrane tension F or the air pressure p is adjusted in such a way that p/F
becomes numerically equal to 2Gq, then Equation (7.22) of the membrane becomes identical
to Equation (7.8) of the torsion stress function f. Further if the membrane height z remains
zero at the boundary contour of the section, then the height z of the membrane becomes
numerically equal to the torsion stress function f = 0. The slopes of the membrane are then
equal to the shear stresses and these are in a direction perpendicular to that of the slope.
Further, the twisting moment is numerically equivalent to twice the volume under the
membrane [Equation (7.14)].
Table 7.1 Analogy between Torsion and Membrane Problems
Membrane problem Torsion Problem
Z f
1 G
S
P 2q
¶z ¶z t zy ,t zx
- ,
¶x ¶y
2 (volume Mt
beneath membrane)
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
The membrane analogy provides a useful experimental technique. It also serves as the basis
for obtaining approximate analytical solutions for bars of narrow cross-section as well as for
member of open thin walled section.
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
Figure 7.7 Cross section of a thin-walled tube and torque due to shear
Consider the torque of the shear about point O (Figure 7.7).
The force acting on the elementary length dS of the tube = DF = t t dS = q dS
The moment arm about O is h and hence the torque = DMt = (qdS) h
Therefore, DMt = 2qdA
where dA is the area of the triangle enclosed at O by the base dS.
Hence the total torque is
Mt = S 2qdA+
Therefore, Mt = 2qA (7.23)
where A is the area enclosed by the centre line of the tube. Equation (7.23) is generally
known as the "Bredt-Batho" formula.
To Determine the Twist of the Tube
In order to determine the twist of the tube, Castigliano's theorem is used. Referring to Figure
7.7(b), the shear force on the element is t t dS = qdS. Due to shear strain g, the force does
work equal to DU
1
i.e., DU = (t tdS )d
2
1
= (t tdS )g .Dl
2
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
1 t
= (t tdS ).Dl. (since t = G g )
2 G
t 2 t 2 dSDl
=
2Gt
q dSDl
2
=
2Gt
q Dl dS
2
= .
2G t
M 2 Dl dS
DU = t 2 .
8A G t
Therefore, the total elastic strain energy is
M t2 Dl dS
8 A2G ò t
U=
Hence, the twist or the rotation per unit length ( Dl = 1) is
¶U Mt dS
q= =
¶M t 4 A G t
2 ò
2qA dS
4 A2G ò t
or q =
q dS
or q= ò
2 AG t
(7.24)
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
-t1 t1 Dl + t2 t2 Dl + t3 t3 Dl = 0
or t1 t1 = t2 t2 + t3 t3
i.e., q1 = q2 + q3
This is again equivalent to a fluid flow dividing itself into two streams. Now, choose
moment axis, such as point O as shown in the Figure 7.9.
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
Figure. 7.9 Section of a thin walled multiple cell beam and moment axis
The shear flow in the web is considered to be made of q1 and –q2, since q3 = q1 - q2.
Moment about O due to q1 flowing in cell 1 (including web) is
M t1 = 2q1A1
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
dS
Let a1 = ò t
for Cell 1 including the web
dS
a2 = ò t
for Cell 2 including the web
dS
a12 = ò t
for the web only
0.5
t2=0.006
t3 0.25
t1 0.01
0.012
t4=0.006
Membrane Surface
B C
p q=Shear Flow
A D
All Dimensions in metre
Figure 7.10
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
or q = 0.00696014 rad/m
Example 7.2
The figure below shows a two-cell tubular section as formed by a conventional airfoil
shape, and having one interior web. An external torque of 10,000 Nm is acting in a
clockwise direction. Determine the internal shear flow distribution. The cell areas
are as follows:
A1 = 680 cm2 A2 = 2000 cm2
The peripheral lengths are indicated in Figure
Solution:
dS
For Cell 1, a1 = ò t
( including the web)
67 33
= +
0.06 0.09
therefore, a1 = 148.3
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
For Cell 2,
33 63 48 67
a2 = + + +
0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08
Therefore, a2 = 2409
For web,
33
a12 = = 366
0.09
Now, for Cell 1,
1
2Gq = (a1 q1 - a12 q 2 )
A1
1
= (1483q1 - 366q 2 )
680
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
Therefore,
q1 = 147 N and q2 = 200 N
0.09cm
0.06cm
m
S=63c
S=48cm
S=33cm
m
67c Cell-2 q2
q1 S= 0.09cm
0.09cm
Cell-1 S=67cm
0.08cm
Figure 7.11
Example 7.3
A thin walled steel section shown in figure is subjected to a twisting moment T.
Calculate the shear stresses in the walls and the angle of twist per unit length of the
box.
t q2
t
a
A2 2a
A1
t
q1
t 2a
Figure 7.12
Solution: Let A1 and A2 be the areas of the cells (1) and (2) respectively.
pa 2
\ A1 =
2
A2 = (2a ´ 2a ) = 4a 2
For Cell (1),
ds
a1 = ò (Including the web)
t
æ pa + 2a ö
a1 = ç ÷
è t ø
For Cell (2),
ds
a2 = ò
t
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
2a 2 a 2a 2 a
= + + +
t t t t
æ ö
8 a
\ a2 = ç ÷
è t ø
For web,
æ 2a ö
a12 = ç ÷
è t ø
Now,
For Cell (1),
2Gq =
1
(a1q1 - a12 q2 )
A1
2 é (pa + 2a ) æ 2a ö ù
= 2 ê
q1 - ç ÷q 2 ú
pa ë t è t ø û
=
2a
[(2 + p )q1 - 2q2 ]
p ta 2
\ 2Gq =
2
[(p + 2)q1 - 2q2 ] (1)
p at
For Cell (2),
2Gq =
1
(a 2 q 2 - a12 q1 )
A2
1 é 8a 2a ù
= 2 ê
q2 - q1 ú
4a ë t t û
=
2a
[4q2 - q1 ]
4a 2 t
\ 2Gq =
1
[4q2 - q1 ] ( 2)
2at
Equating (1) and (2), we get,
2
[(p + 2)q1 - 2q 2 ] = 1 [4q2 - q1 ]
pat 2at
or
2
[(p + 2)q1 - 2q2 ] = 1 [4q2 - q1 ]
p 2
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
4
[(p + 2)q1 - 2q2 ] = [4q 2 - q1 ]
p
4(p + 2 ) 8
\ q1 - q 2 - 4q 2 + q1 = 0
p p
é 4(p + 2 ) ù é8 ù
ê p + 1ú q1 - ê + 4ú q 2 = 0
ë û ëp û
é 4(p + 2 ) + p ù é 8 + 4p ù
ê ú q1 - ê úq2 = 0
ë p û ë p û
or (4p + 8 + p )q1 = (8 + 4p )q 2
æ 5p + 8 ö
\ q2 = ç ÷q1
è 4p + 8 ø
But the torque due to shear flows should be equal to the applied torque.
i.e., T = 2 q1 A1 + 2 q2 A2 (3)
è 2 ø è 4p + 8 ø
æ 5p + 8 ö
= pa 2 q1 + 8a 2 ç ÷q1
è 4p + 8 ø
\T = ê
(
é a 2 p 2 + 12p + 16 ù )
( ) ú q1
ë p + 2 û
\ q1 = 2 2
(p + 2 )T
a (p + 12p + 16 )
Now, from equation (1), we have,
2 é
(p + 2) 2 (2p + 2)T (p + 2)T
æ 5p + 8 ö ù
2Gq = - 2ç ÷ 2 2
ê
pat ë (
a p + 12p + 16 ) ú
è 4p + 8 ø a p + 12p + 16 û( )
Simplifying, we get the twist as q = ê
é (2p + 3)Tù
( ú
ë 2Ga t p + 12p + 16 û
3 2
)
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
Example 7.4
A thin walled box section having dimensions 2a ´ a ´ t is to be compared with a solid
circular section of diameter as shown in the figure. Determine the thickness t so that the
two sections have:
(a) Same maximum shear stress for the same torque.
(b) The same stiffness.
2a
a t . a
Figure 7.13
Solution: (a) For the box section, we have
T = 2qA
= 2.t .t. A
T = 2.t .t.2a ´ a
T
\t = 2 (a )
4a t
Now, For solid circular section, we have
T t
=
Ip r
Where Ip = Polar moment of inertia
T t
\ =
æ pa ö æ a ö
4
çç ÷÷ ç ÷
è 32 ø è 2 ø
32T 2t
or 4 =
pa a
æ 16T ö
\t = ç 3 ÷ (b)
è pa ø
Equating (a) and (b), we get
T 16T
= 3 \ 64a 2 tT = pa 3T
4 a t pa
2
pa
\t =
64
(b) The stiffness of the box section is given by
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
q ds
q=
2GA ò t
T
Here T = 2qA \q =
2A
T é a 2a a 2a ù
\q = + + + ú
4GA 2 êë t t t t û
6aT
=
4GA 2 t
6aT
=
( )
4G 2a 2 t
2
6aT
\q = (c)
16a 4Gt
The stiffness of the Solid Circular Section is
T T 32T
q= = = (d )
GI p æ pa ö G pa 4
4
G çç ÷÷
è 32 ø
Equating (c) and (d), we get
6aT 32T
=
16a Gt Gpa 4
4
6a 32
=
16t p
6pa
\t =
16 ´ 32
3 æ pa ö
\t = ç ÷
4 è 64 ø
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
Example 7.5
A two-cell tube as shown in the figure is subjected to a torque of 10kN-m. Determine
the Shear Stress in each part and angle of twist per metre length. Take modulus of
rigidity of the material as 83 kN/mm2.
125
5 2.5
q2
2.5
150
Mt
q1 2.5
125
100
All dimensions in mm
Figure 7.14
Solution: For Cell 1
Area of the Cell = A1= 150 ´ 100 = 15000mm 2
ds
a1 = ò (including web)
t
150 100 150 100
= + + +
5 5 2 .5 5
= 130
For Cell 2
Area of the cell = A2 =
1
´ 150 ´ (125)2 - (75)2
2
= 7500mm2
ds
\ a2 = ò (including web)
t
150 125 125
= + +
2 .5 2 .5 2 .5
\ a 2 = 160
For the web,
150
a12 = = 60
2 .5
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
2Gq =
1
(a1q1 - a12 q 2 )
A1
\ 2Gq =
1
(130q1 - 60q2 ) (a )
15000
For Cell (2)
2Gq =
1
(a2 q2 - a12 q1 )
A2
=
1
(160q2 - 60q1 ) (b)
7500
Equating (a) and (b), we get
1
(130q1 - 60q2 ) =
1
(160q2 - 60q1 )
15000 7500
Solving, q1 = 1.52 q2 (c )
Now, the torque due to shear flows should be equal to the applied torque.
i.e., M t = 2q1 A1 + 2q 2 A2
10 ´ 10 6 = 2 q1 (15000) + 2 q2 (7500) (d )
Substituting (c) in (d), we get
10 ´ 10 6 = 2 ´ 15000(1.52 q2 ) + 2 q2 (7500)
\ q 2 = 165.02 N
\ q1 = 1.52 ´ 165.02 = 250.83N
Shear flow in the web = q 3 = (q1 - q 2 ) = (250.83 - 165.02 )
\ q3 = 85.81N
q1 250.83
\t 1 = = = 50.17 N / mm 2
t1 5
q 165.02
t2 = 2 = = 66.01N / mm 2
t2 2 .5
q3 85.81
t3 = = = 34.32 N / mm 2
t3 2 .5
Now, the twist q is computed by substituting the values of q1 and q2 in equation (a)
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
i.e., 2Gq =
1
[130 ´ 250.83 ´ 60 ´ 165.02]
15000
1 22706.7
\q = ´ = 1.824 ´ 10 -5 radians / mm length
15000 83 ´ 1000
or q = 1.04 degrees/m length
Example 7.6
A tubular section having three cells as shown in the figure is subjected to a torque of
113 kN-m. Determine the shear stresses developed in the walls of the section.
254 254
q2 0.8 q3
q4 q5 q6
12
254
7
(2)
0.8 (3)
(1)
1.3 1.0
0.6
q1
q2 q3
All dimensions in mm
Figure 7.15
Solution: Let q1 , q 2 , q 3 , q 4 , q 5 , q 6 be the shear flows in the various walls of the tube as
shown in the figure. A1 , A2 , and A3 be the areas of the three cells.
p
\ A1 = (127 )2 = 25322mm 2
2
A2 = 254 ´ 254 = 64516mm 2
A3 = 64516mm 2
Now, From the figure,
q1 = q2 + q4
q2 = q3 + q5
q3 = q6
or q1 = t 1t1 = t 2 t 2 + t 4 t 4
q 2 = t 2 t 2 = t 3t 3 + t 5 t 5
(1)
q3 = t 3t 3 = t 6 t 6
Where t 1 , t 2 , t 3 , t 4 , t 5 andt 6 are the Shear Stresses in the various walls of the tube.
Now, The applied torque is
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju
Module 7/Lesson 2
M t = 2 A1q1 + 2 A2 q 2 + 2 A3 q 3
= 2( A1t 1t1 + A2t 2 t 2 + A3t 3t 3 )
Now, considering the rotations of the cells and S1 , S 2 , S 3 ,S 4 , S 5 and S 6 as the length of cell
walls,
We have,
t 1 S1 + t 4 S 4 = 2GqA1
- t 4 S 4 + 2t 2 S 2 + t 5 S 5 = 2GqA2 (3)
- t 5 S 5 + 2t 3 S 3 + t 6 S 6 = 2GqA3
Here S1 = (p ´ 127 ) = 398mm
S 2 = S 3 = S 4 = S 5 = S 6 = 254mm
\ (3) can be written as
398t 1 + 254 S 4 = 25322Gq
- 254t 2 + 2 ´ 254 ´ t 2 + 254t 5 = 64516Gq (4)
- 254t 2 + 2 ´ 254 ´ t 3 + 254t 6 = 64516Gq
Now, Solving (1), (2) and (4) we get
t 1 = 40.4 N / mm 2
t 2 = 55.2 N / mm 2
t 3 = 48.9 N / mm 2
t 4 = -12.7 N / mm 2
t 6 = 36.6 N / mm 2
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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju