ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY REMAINING NOTES-17/7/2018

Advantages 3- phase power supply over single phase supply

(i)The KW rating of motors is greater than those of single phase machines of similar size

(ii) Power in single phase pulsates while in three phase pulses combine to give constant

power output.

(iii) A balanced 3-phase system uses about 75% of conductors that would be required by

single phase system for similar load capacity and distance.

(iv) KVA rating of the alternators is greater than those of single phase machines with similar sizes

factors that affect the magnetic force acting on a wire carrying current through a magnetic
field.
1. The magnetic flux density ( B ) is directly proportional .
2. Length of the wire ( l ) is directly proportional .
3. The electric current intensity ( I ) is directly proportional .
4. Sine the angle between the wire and the direction of the flux ( sin θ ) is directly
proportional .

A wire of length 6 cm makes an angle of 200 with a 3 mT magnetic field. Calculate the current
needed to cause an upward force of 1.5 x 10- 4 N (3mks)

Examples:

1. A sinusoidal voltage source has a peak value of 14V, determine the

rms voltage of this supply.

In this case we need to find the rms voltage so we use the

formula:

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 Vo 14 14
Vrms     9.90V
2 2 1.414
or
Vrms  0.707Vo  0.707  14  9.90V

2. An a.c. power supply has an rms voltage of 6V. What is the peak
voltage from the power supply.

In this case we need to find the peak voltage so we use the

formula:

Vo  2  Vrms
 1.414  6
 8.49V  8.5V

Now it’s time for you to have a go:

Student Exercise 1:

1. A sinusoidal voltage source has a peak value of 20V, determine

the rms voltage of this supply.

2. An a.c. power supply has an rms voltage of 9V. What is the peak
voltage from the power supply.

3. An a.c. power supply has an rms voltage of 12V. What is the peak
voltage from the power supply.

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4. A sinusoidal voltage source has a peak value of 31.1V, determine
the rms voltage of this supply.

5. An a.c. power supply has an rms voltage of 120V. What is the peak
voltage from the power supply.

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS FOR A RESISTOR, INDUCTOR, AND A CAPACITOR

RLC CIRCUITS EXAMPLE

A series RLC circuit with L =160 mH , C = 100 μF , and R = 40.0Ω is connected to a sinusoidal
voltage V (t) = 40.0 V sin ωt , with ω = 200 rad/s .

(a) Determine the impedance of the circuit (3mks)

(b) Let the current at any instant in the circuit be 𝐼(𝑡)=I0 sin (𝜔t−∅) Find I0 (2mks)

(c) Calculate the phase angle φ (3mks)

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SYMBOLS OF SOME ELECTRONIC DEVICES

a) Diode

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b) Symbol for the NPN Transistor

c) Symbol for the PNP Transistor

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

A. Wind

ADVANTAGES

1. Wind is Renewable and free of cost

2. Pollution free
3. Can be installed in remote villages, thus reducing costly transmission lines

DISADVANTAGES

1. Capital cost is very high

2. Large area of land is required
3. Maintenance cost is very high

B.solar

ADVANTAGES

1. Renewable source of energy

2. Pollution free
3. After the capital cost, the cost of power generation is quite low
4. Wide range of applications, powering street lights to satellites

DISADVANTAGES

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 1. Capital cost is very high
2. Large area of land is required
3. Large number of solar panels are required
4. Affected by seasons.

C. TIDAL

ADVANTAGES

1. It is inexhaustible source of energy

2. No problem of pollution
3. The cost of power generation is quite low
4. High output can be obtained compared to solar or wind energy

DISADVANTAGES

1. Capital cost is very high

2. As the head is not constant, variable output is obtained
3. As the head is low, large amount of water is necessary for the turbine
4. It will not operate when the available head is less than 0.5m

D. GEOTHERMAL

ADVANTAGES

1. Geothermal energy is cheaper

2. Used as space heating for buildings
3. Used as industrial process heat
4. Geothermal energy is inexhaustible

DISADVANTAGES

1. Low overall power production efficiency (about 15%)

2. Large areas are needed foe exploitation of geothermal energy

OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION DIAGRAM

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Sketch of two types of moving-iron instruments

a permanent magnet moving coil instrument

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MAIN ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF AN INDUCTION TYPE
INSTRUMENT

Advantages
(i) a full scale deflection can be obtained giving long and open scale
(ii) the effect of stray magnetic field is small;
(iii) damping is easier and effective.

Disadvantages
(i) The greater deflection causes more stresses in the control springs.

(ii) Variation in supply frequency and temperature may cause serious errors unless

compensating device is employed.

(iii) These instruments are costlier and consume more power

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