MARY JANE BOISER BSA-5 SOCOR SATURDAY 07:00 AM – 08:30 AM

1. What is ego identity?

Ego identity is the sense of identity that provides individuals with the ability to
experience their sense of who they are, and also act on that sense, in a way that
has continuity and sameness. The most influential theorist in this area, Erikson
(1968) described ego identity as a means for continuity of the person. Erikson
viewed ego identity as serving to protect individuals in the face of change produced
by sudden changes of personal or situational factors. Having a strong sense of
ego identity, e.g., means having the ability to synthesize different “selves” into one
coherent identity throughout time, creating an inner coherence and sameness. The
development of an effective sense of ego identity, then, is what laymen would
equate with possessing a strong sense of self.
Ego identity arguably is the key element in a person’s development, and the
adolescent period has been noted as a crucial time in shaping that development.
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-1695-
2_494
2. What are the psychosocial stages of human development according to Erikson?

Stage 1 - Trust vs. Mistrust

The first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development occurs between

birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. Because an
infant is utterly dependent, developing trust is based on the dependability and
quality of the child's caregivers. At this point in development, the child is utterly
dependent upon adult caregivers for everything that he or she needs to survive
including food, love, warmth, safety, and nurturing. Everything. If a caregiver fails
to provide adequate care and love, the child will come to feel that he or she cannot
trust or depend upon the adults in his or her life.

Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development takes place

during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of
personal control. At this point in development, children are just starting to gain a
little independence. They are starting to perform basic actions on their own and
making simple decisions about what they prefer. By allowing kids to make choices
and gain control, parents and caregivers can help children develop a sense of
autonomy.
Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt

The third stage of psychosocial development takes place during the preschool
years. At this point in psychosocial development, children begin to assert their
power and control over the world through directing play and other social
interactions. Children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to
lead others. Those who fail to acquire these skills are left with a sense of guilt, self-
doubt, and lack of initiative.

Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority

The fourth psychosocial stage takes place during the early school years from
approximately age 5 to 11. Through social interactions, children begin to develop
a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. Children who are
encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of
competence and belief in their skills. Those who receive little or no encouragement
from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their abilities to be successful.

Stage 5 - Identity vs. Confusion

The fifth psychosocial stage takes place during the often turbulent teenage years.
This stage plays an essential role in developing a sense of personal identity which
will continue to influence behavior and development for the rest of a person's life.
During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of
self. Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through
personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and
feelings of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs
and desires will feel insecure and confused about themselves and the future.

Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation

This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring
personal relationships. Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close,
committed relationships with other people. Those who are successful at this step
will form relationships that are enduring and secure.

Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation

During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and family.
Those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to
the world by being active in their home and community. Those who fail to attain
this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world.
 Stage 8 - Integrity vs. Despair

The final psychosocial stage occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting
back on life. At this point in development, people look back on the events of their
lives and determine if they are happy with the life that they lived or if they regret
the things they did or didn't do. Those who are unsuccessful during this stage will
feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual
will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair.

https://www.verywellmind.com/erik-eriksons-stages-of-psychosocial-
development-2795740

3. What is motivation according to Maslow?

Motivation refers to the psychological processes that stimulate excitement and

persistence of voluntary actions aimed at some goal. Because motivation can be
highly individualized, managers use a wide range of techniques to keep their
employees motivated and happy. Therefore, it is essential for managers to
understand the psychological processes involved in motivation so that they can
effectively direct employees towards organizational goals.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-needs-theory-motivating-employees-with-
maslows-hierarchy-of-needs.html

4. What is a need?

Needs are psychological or physiological insufficiencies that provoke some type

of behavioral response. The needs a person has can range from weak to strong
and can vary based on environmental factors, time and place.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-needs-theory-motivating-employees-with-
maslows-hierarchy-of-needs.html

5. What are the hierarchy of human needs?

Maslow proposed that motivation is the result of a person's attempt at fulfilling five
basic needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization.
According to Maslow, these needs can create internal pressures that can influence
a person's behavior.

1. Physiological needs are those needs required for human survival such as air,
food, water, shelter, clothing and sleep. As a manager, you can account for
physiological needs of your employees by providing comfortable working
 conditions, reasonable work hours and the necessary breaks to use the
bathroom and eat and/or drink.

2. Safety needs include those needs that provide a person with a sense of
security and well-being. Personal security, financial security, good health and
protection from accidents, harm and their adverse effects are all included in
safety needs. As a manager, you can account for the safety needs of your
employees by providing safe working conditions, secure compensation (such
as a salary) and job security, which is especially important in a bad economy.

3. Social needs also called love and belonging, refer to the need to feel a sense
of belonging and acceptance. Social needs are important to humans so that
they do not feel alone, isolated and depressed. Friendships, family and intimacy
all work to fulfill social needs. As a manager, you can account for the social
needs of your employees by making sure each of your employees know one
another, encouraging cooperative teamwork, being an accessible and kind
supervisor and promoting a good work-life balance.

4. Esteem needs refer to the need for self-esteem and respect, with self-respect
being slightly more important than gaining respect and admiration from others.
As a manager, you can account for the esteem needs of your employees by
offering praise and recognition when the employee does well, and offering
promotions and additional responsibility to reflect your belief that they are a
valued employee.

5. Self-actualization needs describe a person's need to reach his or her full

potential. The need to become what one is capable of is something that is highly
personal. While I might have the need to be a good parent, you might have the
need to hold an executive-level position within your organization. Because this
need is individualized, as a manager, you can account for this need by
providing challenging work, inviting employees to participate in decision-
making and giving them flexibility and autonomy in their jobs.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-needs-theory-motivating-employees-with-
maslows-hierarchy-of-needs.html