Study Guide [terminologies]

WARLITO ZAMORA CANOY·SUNDAY, MARCH 11, 2018

 Ashfall or tephra fall - are showers of airborne fine- to coarse-grained volcanic particles
that fallout from the plumes of a volcanic eruption

 Ballistic projectiles - are volcanic materials directly ejected from the volcano’s vent with
force and trajectory

 Biological factors - include flora and fauna in environment, health, diseases, etc

 Biological hazards - include outbreaks of epidemic diseases, plant or animal contagion,

insect or other animal plagues and infestations.

 Creep are generally slow, involve soil, and travel short distances

 Debris avalanche or volcanic landslide - massive collapse of a volcano, usually

triggered by an earthquake or volcanic eruption

 Disaster - a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving

widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts which
exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

 Disaster Risk - factors are variables that either aggravate or mitigate the effects of
hazards, affecting the degree or scope of a disaster.

 Disasters - are often described as a result of the combination of: the exposure to a hazard;
the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and insufficient capacity or measures to
reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences

 Dissolution sinkholes - occur where there is little soil or vegetation over the soluble rock

 Earthquake - induced landslide - failures in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an

earthquake
 Earthquake - is a feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced by the
sudden displacement of rocks or rock materials below the earth’s surface. There are two
types of earthquakes: tectonic and volcanic earthquakes

 Earthquakes induced by rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes are called
volcanic earthquakes

 Economic factors - include assets and liabilities, income, economic class, etc

 Fault - refers to a fracture, fissure or a zone of weakness where movement or

displacement has occurred or may occur again

 Geological hazards - include internal earth processes, such as earthquakes, volcanic

activity and emissions, and related geophysical processes such as mass movements,
landslides, rockslides, surface collapses, and debris or mudflows.

 Ground deformation - refers to surface changes on a volcano, such as subsidence

(sinking), tilting, or bulge formation, due to the movement of magma below the surface

 Ground rupture - displacement on the ground due to movement of fault

 Ground shaking- disruptive up-down and sideways movement or motion experienced

during an earthquake

 Hazard - a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may

cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and
services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

 Hazard Maps - are maps that show different hazards that may affect a certain area

 Hydrometeorological hazards - include tropical cyclones (also known as typhoons and

hurricanes), thunderstorms, hailstorms, tornados, blizzards, heavy snowfall, avalanches,
coastal storm surges, floods including flash floods, drought, heatwaves and cold spells.

 Intensity - is the strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by people in a certain

locality. It is a numerical rating based on relative effects to people, objects, environment
 and structures in the surroundings. The intensity is generally higher near the epicenter. It
is represented by Roman Numerals (ex. II, IV, IX)

 Lahars - are rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments (from the pyroclastic
materials) and water, usually triggered by intense rainfall during typhoons, monsoons and
thunderstorms

 Landslides - are a downward movement of geological materials such as soil and rock

 Lava Flows - are stream-like flows of incandescent molten rock erupted from a crater or
fissure

 Liquefaction - is a process that transforms the behavior of a body of sediments from that
of a solid to that of a liquid when subjected to extremely intense shaking

 Magnitude of an earthquake - refers to the amount of energy released, measured by the

amount of ground displacement or shaking. It is calculated based on record of the
earthquake (seismograph). It is represented by Arabic numbers (ex. 4.8, 9.0)

 Natural hazards - are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or
slow onset events which can be geophysical (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and
volcanic activity), hydrological (avalanches and floods), climatological (extreme
temperatures, drought and wildfires), meteorological (cyclones and storms/wave surges)
or biological (disease epidemics and insect/animal plagues).

 Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) for volcanoes - is an delineated and identified where no
permanent habitation is recommended due to the possible impact of various hazards at
any time

 Physical factors - would pertain to tangible objects or infrastructure, like the availability
of fire exits, or the sturdiness of the building, or the presence or absence of objects that
can harm you or help you, etc

 Political factors - include government structure, diplomatic issues, etc

 Psychological factors - include state of mental capacity and health (e.g. are we dealing
with babies? Kids? Adults? People with special needs?), perception of self (e.g. self-
assessment of capability to respond to disasters, fear), etc. actors would pertain to
tangible objects or infrastructure, like the availability of fire exits, or the sturdiness of the
building, or the presence or absence of objects that can harm you or help you, etc

 Pyroclastic flows and surges - are turbulent mass of ejected fragmented volcanic
materials (ash and rocks), mixed with hot gases (200oC to 700oC to as hot as 900oC) that
flow downslope at very high speeds (>60kph)

 Risk - the possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as an injury or a loss) will
happen

 Rockfall and topples - involve rocks, are very to extremely rapid and can travel great
distances

 Sinkholes - are depressions or openings in the ground surface. They are generally formed
as the result of a collapse in the ceiling of an underground cavity or cavern

 Slumps - can involve both soil and rock, travel short distances and vary from slow to
very rapid

 Socio-cultural factors - include religion, social status, traditions, perception by society,

etc

 Storm surges - (wind-generated waves on the surface of the sea) are not tsunamis
(undersea earthquake-generated)

 Technological hazards - include industrial pollution, nuclear radiation, toxic wastes, dam
failures, transport accidents, factory explosions, fires, and chemical spills.

 Technological or man-made hazards - (complex emergencies/conflicts, famine,

displaced populations, industrial accidents and transport accidents) are events that are
caused by humans and occur in or close to human settlements. This can include
environmental degradation, pollution and accidents.
 Tectonic earthquakes - are those generated by the sudden displacement along faults in
the solid and rigid layer of the earth

 Tsunami - is a series of giant sea waves commonly generated by under-the-sea

earthquakes and whose heights could be greater than 5 meters

 Tsunamis - are difficult to categorize; although they are triggered by undersea

earthquakes and other geological events, they are essentially an oceanic process that is
manifested as a coastal water-related hazard.

 Volcanic hazards - are phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose potential
threat to persons or property in a given area within a given period of time