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Iso 9000
Iso 9000
ISO 9000 is
maintained by ISO, the International Organization for Standardization and is
administered by accreditation and certification bodies. The rules are updated, as the
requirements motivate changes over time. Some of the requirements in ISO 9001:2008
(which is one of the standards in the ISO 9000 family) include
Although the standards originated in manufacturing, they are now employed across
several types of organizations. A "product", in ISO vocabulary, can mean a physical
object, services, or software.
The first use of barcodes was to label railroad cars, but they were not commercially
successful until they were used to automate supermarket checkout systems, a task in
which they have become almost universal. Their use has spread to many other roles as
well, tasks that are generically referred to as Auto ID Data Capture (AIDC). Other
systems are attempting to make inroads in the AIDC market, but the simplicity,
universality and low cost of barcodes has limited the role of these other systems. It costs
0.5¢ (U.S.) to implement a barcode, while passive RFID still costs about 7¢ to 30¢ per
tag.[1]
ABC analysis provides a mechanism for identifying items that will have a significant
impact on overall inventory cost, [1] while also providing a mechanism for identifying
different categories of stock that will require different management and controls.[2]
When carrying out an ABC analysis, inventory items are valued (item cost multiplied by
quantity issued/consumed in period) with the results then ranked. The results are then
grouped typically into three bands[3]. These bands are called ABC codes.
ABC Analysis is similar to the Pareto principle in that the "A class" group will typically
account for a large proportion of the overall value but a small percentage of the overall
volume of inventory.[4]
Another recommended breakdown of ABC classes[5]:
Functions
In the United States, value engineering is specifically spelled out in Public Law 104-106,
which states “Each executive agency shall establish and maintain cost-effective value
engineering procedures and processes." [2]
VE follows a structured thought process that is based exclusively on "function", i.e. what
something "does" not what it is. For example a screw driver that is being used to stir a
can of paint has a "function" of mixing the contents of a paint can and not the original
connotation of securing a screw into a screw-hole. In value engineering "functions" are
always described in a two word abridgment consisting of an active verb and measurable
noun (what is being done - the verb - and what it is being done to - the noun) and to do so
in the most non-prescriptive way possible. In the screw driver and can of paint example,
the most basic function would be "blend liquid" which is less prescriptive than "stir
paint" which can be seen to limit the action (by stirring) and to limit the application (only
considers paint.) This is the basis of what value engineering refers to as "function
analysis".[3]
Value engineering uses rational logic (a unique "how" - "why" questioning technique)
and the analysis of function to identify relationships that increase value. It is considered a
quantitative method similar to the scientific method, which focuses on hypothesis-
conclusion approaches to test relationships, and operations research, which uses model
building to identify predictive relationships.
1. Preparation
2. Information
3. Analysis
4. Creation
5. Evaluation
6. Development
7. Presentation
8. Follow-up
• Information gathering - This asks what the requirements are for the object.
Function analysis, an important technique in value engineering, is usually done in
this initial stage. It tries to determine what functions or performance
characteristics are important. It asks questions like; What does the object do?
What must it do? What should it do? What could it do? What must it not do?
• Alternative generation (creation) - In this stage value engineers ask; What are the
various alternative ways of meeting requirements? What else will perform the
desired function?
• Evaluation - In this stage all the alternatives are assessed by evaluating how well
they meet the required functions and how great will the cost savings be.
• Presentation - In the final stage, the best alternative will be chosen and presented
to the client for final decision.
Measure
Analyze
Generate
Evaluate
7.Present ideas
Sell alternatives
1. Purchase Requisition: A form known as Purchase Requisition is commonly used as a formal request to
the purchasing department to buy materials specified therein. The requisition is received from certain
authorised persons. They are storekeeper, purchase planner, plant engineer, department heads.
c. It provides date for reference i.e., date when materials are required.
Dates are important in case responsibility for stoppage in production due to shortage of materials is to be
determined.
2. Selecting the Supplier: When the purchase department receives a duly authorised purchase requisition,
the department invites tenders for the supply of materials. A comparative statement known, as ‘schedule of
quotation’ should be prepared so that supplier may be selected. The important rule here is to buy best
quality materials at the lowest possible price after giving due consideration to delivery dates and other terms
of purchase.
3. Purchase order: When the supplier is identified, the most common procedure is the preparation of a
purchase order. The purchase order is the form used by the purchase department authorising the supplier to
supply the specified materials at an agreed price and terms.
4. Receipt of Materials: Receiving Department receives all incoming materials. When the packages are
received, the receiving official gets them and makes a detailed verification of the contents. The details of the
materials received are entered in a Goods received note. Five copies of the note are prepared. Receiving
department keeps one copy. The remaining copies are routed to the purchase department, the department
originating the purchase requisition, the stores department and the accounting department.
5. Checking and Passing of Bills for Payment: Invoice gives details of goods supplied and the amount to
be paid. Account department receives the invoice from the purchase department. Then, account department
checks the authenticity as well as the arithmetical accuracy. The quantity and the price mentioned in the
invoice are checked with reference to goods received note and the purchase order respectively. The
inspection report and goods returned note should be compared with the invoice. It is also necessary to
check extensions and totals. After comparing these documents with the invoice, if it is found that the invoice
is in order, the purchase manager will sign it and pass it to the accounts department for payment.