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Algebra PDF
ENVIRONMENT
Mathematics
Basic Algebra
1. Operations and Expressions
2. Common Mistakes
3. Division of Algebraic Expressions
4. Exponential Functions and Logarithms
5. Operations and their Inverses
6. Manipulating Formulae and Solving Equations
7. Quadratic Equations – A Reminder
8. Simultaneous Equations – A Reminder
Tutorial Exercises
Dr Derek Hodson
Basic Algebra
You will already be familiar with various forms of mathematical expressions. It is important
that you are confident in handling and manipulating such expressions, so this section should
refresh your memory regarding some basic algebraic concepts and techniques.
In mathematical expressions, numbers and / or variables (i.e. unknowns) are combined using
the arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation
(i.e. squaring, cubing, etc.), along with brackets to group or separate terms. If an expression
contains only sums and differences, or contains only multiplications and divisions, then the
operations can be dealt with from left to right. For example,
9 + 4 − 3 + 6 = 13 − 3 + 6 = 10 + 6 = 16 ;
2× 4 ÷3×5 = 8 ÷3×5 = 8
3 ×5 = 40
3 .
For more involved expressions, we use the BODMAS principle to determine the order of
evaluation:
Division ⎤
⎥ third priority
Multiplication ⎦
Addition ⎤
⎥ fourth priority.
Subtraction ⎦
For example:
(B) 4 + 6 ( 3 + 5)2
(O) = 4 + 6 × 82
(M) = 4 + 6 × 64
(A) = 4 + 384
= 388
1
Another example:
(1 + 3 ) 2
(B) − 6
2
42
(O) = − 6
2
16
(D) = − 6
2
(S) = 8 − 6
= 2
b) Indices (Powers)
The simple use of powers or indices to represent repeated multiplication should be familiar,
for example
a2 = a × a
a3 = a × a × a
an = a × a × a . . . × a [n terms] ,
but you must also be clear on the wider interpretation of indices. The lines below collate the
important aspects of indices:
• a0 = 1
1 1
• a −n = and −n
= an
an a
• a = =
1 1
2
a and a m m a
• an am = a n+m
an
• m
= a n−m
a
• ( an )m = a mn
• ( a b )m = am bm
m
⎛a⎞ am
• ⎜ ⎟ = m
⎝b⎠ b
These results will be needed in both the expansion and simplification of algebraic
expressions.
2
Example 1
(a) Expand ( 3 x 2 + 7 y 2 ) ( 5 x 2 − 6 y 2 ) .
(3 x2 + 7 y2 )(5 x2 − 6 y2 ) = 3 x2 (5 x2 − 6 y2 ) + 7 y2 (5 x2 − 6 y2 )
= 15 x 4 − 18 x 2 y 2 + 35 y 2 x 2 − 42 y 4
= 15 x 4 + 17 x 2 y 2 − 42 y 4
(b) Expand ( x + 4 ) 3 .
( x + 4 )3 = ( x + 4 ) ( x + 4 )2
= ( x + 4 ) ( x 2 + 8 x + 16 )
= x ( x 2 + 8 x + 16 ) + 4 ( x 2 + 8 x + 16 )
= x 3 + 8 x 2 + 16 x + 4 x 2 + 32 x + 64
= x 3 + 12 x 2 + 48 x + 64
15 x ( y z 2 ) 3
(c) Simplify .
3 x4 y2 z8
15 x ( y z 2 ) 3 15 x y 3 z 6
=
3 x4 y2 z8 3 x4 y2 z8
= 5 x − 3 y1 z − 2
5y
=
x3 z 2
3
2) Common Mistakes
Here are just a few common mistakes to avoid when manipulating algebraic expressions:
8
• ( 2 x )3 = 2 x3 :
9
( 2 x )3 = 23 x 3 = 8 x 3
• ( x + y )2 = x2 + y 2 : ( x + y )2 = x2 + 2 x y + y 2
a+b a b a+b a b
• = + : = +
c+d c d c+d c+d c+d
• a m+n = am + an : a m+n = am an
1 1 1 −3
• = 2 x −3 : = x
2 x3 2x 3
2
Providing the denominator (i.e. the bottom bit) of a division contains no +’s or −’s, the
division itself is usually straightforward to carry out.
Example 2
4 a 3 − 10 a 2 + 6 a 4 a3 10 a 2 6a
(a) = − +
2a 2a 2a 2a
= 2a2 − 5a + 3
8 x 2 y 3 − 24 x 3 y 2 8 x2 y3 24 x 3 y 2
(b) = −
4 x y2 4 x y2 4 x y2
= 2 x y − 6 x2
= 2 x( y − 3x)
When the denominator does contain +’s and / or −’s, we may require polynomial division.
An exponent is another name for a power or index. Exponents can be used to create
exponential functions:
y = ax , ( a > 0 : a ≠ 0 , 1) .
In this context, a is called the base of the exponential function. Commonly used bases are
10 and the exponential constant e ≈ 2.71828 :
y = 10 x ;
y = ex .
The function with the exponential constant e as its base is so important in mathematics,
science and engineering that it is referred to as the exponential function, all others being
subordinate.
N = ax ,
Note that because of the importance of the exponential constant, logarithms to base e are
given the special name of natural logarithms and denoted by ln ( ) .
Example 3
(c) 64 = 2 6 → log 2 ( 64 ) = 6
The definition can be extended to fractional powers with logarithms to base 10 and base e
obtainable from calculators:
Example 4
(a) log10 (500) = 2.698970 (to 6 decimal places)
5
Because logs are by definition indices, we can use the rules for combining indices to
determine the so-called laws of logarithms:
⎛ R⎞
• log a ⎜ ⎟ = log a R − log a S [L2]
⎝ S ⎠
Example 5
⎛ x3 y 4 ⎞
(a) Expand log10 ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ .
⎝ z ⎠
⎛ x3 y 4 ⎞
log10 ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ = log10 ( x 3 y 4 ) − log10 ( z 2 ) [L2]
⎝ z ⎠
4 ln ( x ) + 6 ln ( y + z ) − 3 ln ( y ) = ln ( x 4 ) + ln [ ( y + z ) 6 ] − ln ( y 3 ) [L3]
= ln [ x 4 ( y + z ) 6 ] − ln ( y 3 ) [L1]
⎡ x 4 ( y + z )6 ⎤
= ln ⎢ ⎥ [L2]
⎣ y3 ⎦
6
5) Operations and their Inverses
Each basic arithmetic operation that we may encounter (with a few exceptions) has associated
with it a corresponding inverse operation. An operation and its inverse, when applied in
sequence, effectively cancel out one and other. For example, suppose we start off with x . If
we now add a and then subtract a , we are back to x again. That is,
x + a − a = x .
We can say that the inverse of adding a is subtracting a (and also vice versa!).
ax
= x .
a
The table below shows operations and their inverses, including the exponentials and logs from
the previous section, and some others you may already be familiar with:
x + a − a = x x − a + a = x
ax x
= x a = x
a a
a
This is a special case of the entry above. Multiplying by b is
b a
a b x = x the same as multiplying by a and dividing by b. Hence the
b
inverse operation is multiplying by a .
x2 = x or ( x2 )
1
2
= x ( x ) 2
= x or ( x 2 )2 = x
1
3
x3 = x or ( x3 )
1
3
= x ( 3 x ) 3
= x or ( x 3 )3 = x
1
n
xn = x or ( xn )
1
n
= x ( n x ) n
= x or ( x n )n = x
1
e ln x = x ln ( e x ) = x
7
6) Manipulating Formulae and Solving Equations
The operation / inverse operation effect described in the previous section provides the key to
manipulating formulae and solving equations.
• C = 5
9 ( F − 32 )
• V = 4
3 π r3
• d = ut + 1
2 at2
• v = u + at
• v = iR
In each of these formulae, the quantity on the left is called the subject of the formula. Often,
when working with a formula, we want to change the subject to one of the other quantities.
For example:
v
v = iR → i = - i is now the subject.
R
This is a very simple example. However, the manipulation of formulae is an aspect of algebra
that can pose difficulties for students.
Consider the formula in the above list that relates temperature in degrees Celsius to
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit:
C = 5
9 ( F − 32 ) .
It is quite easy to make F the subject of this formula. How you would tackle this would
probably depend on methods brought from school. If you are thinking something like, “move
terms from one side of the equation to the other to get F on its own”, then please think again.
Although the “method” of “moving” terms will probably get you the correct answer in this
case, it is not a mathematically correct way of thinking and can cause problems in more
complicated formulae.
Let us now look at the correct way to manipulate a formula or equation. This will let you see
what is really happening when terms appear to “move” around an equation.
8
First, let us look at the formula as given and the mathematical operations within it:
C = 5
9 ( F − 32 ) .
• subtracting 32
• multiplying by 5
9 .
C = 5
9
( F − 32 )
When working with an equation, we must not upset the balance. This means that if we do
something to one side of the equation, then we must do the exact same thing to the other side.
This is the one and only rule of algebraic manipulation. [Note: We can, of course, swap the
sides around, but that is just like turning the scales around; it does not affect the balance.]
To change the subject of a formula, we apply carefully chosen operations to both sides of the
equation whose net effect is to isolate the new subject. These operations are the inverse
operations of the those within the original formula. That is:
• subtract 32
• multiply by 5
9
• multiply by 9
5
• add 32 .
These operations are now applied, in turn, to both sides of the equation.
9
The process in full is as follows:
C = 5
9 ( F − 32 )
9
5 C = ( F − 32 )
9
5 C = F − 32
9
5 C + 32 = F
Swap sides: F = 9
5 C + 32
Formula: C = 5
9
( F − 32 )
9
5
C = 9 5
5 9
( F − 32 )
Multiply both sides by 95 :
9
5
C = F − 32
9
5
C + 32 = F
Swap sides: F = 9
5
C + 32
10
In practice, we needn’t put in as much detail. For such a simple formula we might simply set
down the following lines:
C = 5
9 ( F − 32 )
Swap sides: F = 9
5 C + 32 .
This abbreviated version may give the impression that terms are moving around the equation,
but they are not. You must always keep in mind what is truly happening in the background.
Always think BALANCE.
Further Examples
Note: In the following examples, full details are shown. In practice, the level of detail you
show in you own working will depend on your own confidence and ability; as these
grow, you will naturally display less.
Example 6
For the formula y = 3 + 4 x 2 make x the subject.
[Note: This is the same as saying, solve for x .]
• square
• multiply by 4
• add 3
• subtract 3
• divide by 4
• square root
11
Apply inverse operations to formula:
Formula: y = 3 + 4 x2
Subtract 3 : y − 3 = 3 + 4 x2 − 3
y − 3 = 4 x2
y − 3 4 x2
Divide by 4 : =
4 4
y − 3
= x2
4
y − 3
x2 =
4
y − 3
Square root: x2 =
4
y − 3
x =
4
Formula: y = 3 + 4 x2
Subtract 3 : y − 3 = 4 x2
y − 3
Swap sides and divide by 4 : x2 =
4
y − 3
Square root: x =
4
12
Example 7
For the formula V = 4
3 π r 3 , make r the subject.
• multiply by 3
4π
Formula: V = 4
3 π r3
4π
V = 3 r3
4π
Multiply by 3
4π : 3
4π V = 3
4π 3 r3
3V
4π = r3
Swap sides: r3 = 3V
4π
r = ( )3V
4π
1
3
Shortened version:
4π
Formula: V = 3 r3
13
Example 8
For the equation y = a e 6 x , solve for x .
Note: For BODMAS purposes, you have to imagine brackets grouping the power
terms together, i.e. y = a e ( 6 x )
• multiply by 6
• e to the power ( i.e. e ( )
)
• multiply by a
• divide by a
• take natural log ( i.e. ln ( ) )
• divide by 6
Equation: y = a e 6x
y a e 6x
Divide by a : =
a a
y
= e 6x
a
ln ( e 6 x )
⎛ y⎞
Natural log: ln ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ a⎠
⎛ y⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ = 6x
⎝ a⎠
⎛ y⎞
Swap sides: 6 x = ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ a ⎠
6x 1 ⎛ y⎞
Divide by 6 : = ln ⎜ ⎟
6 6 ⎝ a ⎠
1 ⎛ y⎞
x = ln ⎜ ⎟
6 ⎝ a ⎠
14
Shortened version:
Equation: y = a e 6x
y
Divide by a : = e 6x
a
⎛ y⎞
Swap sides and take natural log: 6 x = ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ a ⎠
1 ⎛ y⎞
Divide by 6 : x = ln ⎜ ⎟
6 ⎝ a ⎠
Example 9
Determine t when 10 0.5 t = 8 .
This is not a formula with a subject, so we cannot write down a sequence of operations. It is,
however, an equation (with an unknown) and the concept of balance still applies.
In manipulating this equation, we want to end up with the form t = ( ) . Clearly we must
manipulate t down to the level of the equals sign. One of the laws of logarithms will help
here:
Equation: 10 0.5 t = 8
Take log (base 10) of both sides: log10 (10 0.5 t ) = log10 ( 8 )
0.5 t = log10 ( 8 )
t = 2 log10 ( 8 )
t ≈ 1.8062
15
Example 10
Determine t when e − 4 t = 0.5 .
Equation: e − 4 t = 0.5
− 4t = ln ( 0.5 )
Example 11
Determine x when 2 4 x = 6 .
Equation: 2 4x = 6
4 x log10 ( 2 ) = log10 ( 6 )
log10 ( 6 )
Divide both sides by 4 log10 ( 2 ) : x =
4 log10 ( 2 )
x ≈ 0.6462
Note: You could use natural logs and get the same answer.
16
7) Quadratic Equations – A Reminder
One type of equation that crops up quite frequently is the quadratic equation:
a x2 + b x + c = 0 .
This type of equation is solved either by factorisation (which isn’t always possible) or by use
of the quadratic formula
−b ± b2 − 4 a c
x = .
2a
Example 12
x2 + 2 x − 8 = 0
( x + 4)( x − 2) = 0
( x + 4) = 0 ⎫ x = −4 ⎫
⎪ ⎪
or ⎬ → or ⎬
( x − 2 ) = 0 ⎪⎭ x = + 2 ⎪⎭
x2 + 2 x − 8 = 0 → a = 1 , b = 2 , c = −8
−b ± b2 − 4 a c
x =
2a
−2 ± 2 2 − 4 × 1 × (−8)
=
2 ×1
−2 ± 36
=
2
−2 ± 6
=
2
−8 4
= or
2 2
= −4 or 2
Note: Quadratic equations may have two real solutions, one real solution or no real
solutions, depending on the value of the discriminant b2 − 4 a c .
17
8) Simultaneous Equations – A Reminder
Equations can contain more than one unknown. For example, the equation
x + y = 2
has two unknowns. A solution of this equation is made up of an x-value and a y-value that
together satisfy the equation. We could have ( x = 0 , y = 2 ) or ( x = 5 , y = − 3 ) or any one
of an infinite number of solutions. When plotted on a Cartesian axes system, all possible
solutions of this equation lie on a straight line (see the hand-out Coordinate Geometry – The
Basics). If we have a second equation, say
2 x − y = 16 ,
this also has an infinite number of solutions, which also lie on a straight line. However, there
is one solution that is common to both equations. Graphically, this common solution is given
by the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two straight-line graphs. To find this
solution, we could draw the graphs and read off the values of x and y . This would be fine
for the above equations which, as it turns out, have integer values in the solution. For a more
general method of solving equations simultaneously, we require an algebraic approach.
Take either equation and express one unknown in terms of the other:
y = 2 − x .
Substitute this into the other equation, thereby eliminating one of the unknowns and leaving
an equation with a single unknown that is easily solved:
2x − y = 16
2 x − ( 2 − x ) = 16
2 x − 2 + x = 16
3x − 2 = 16
3x = 18
x = 6 .
y = 2 − x
to give y = 2 − 6 = − 4 .
Solution: x = 6 , y = −4
18
Method 2 – Elimination by the Addition or Subtraction of Equations
x + y = 2
2 x − y = 16 .
If necessary, multiply up one or other or both equations to obtain common coefficients on one
of the unknowns:
x + y = 2 2x + 2y = 4
or
2 x − y = 16 2x − y = 16 .
Next, eliminate the unknown with the common coefficient by adding or subtracting
corresponding sides of the equations:
x + y = 2 2x + 2y = 4
2 x − y = 16 2x − y = 16
or
Add : 3 x = 18 Subtract : 3 y = − 12
Solve : x = 6 Solve : y = −4 .
Solution: x = 6 , y = −4
Whichever method you use, always check your answers by substituting the values into the
original equations:
19
Tutorial Exercises
(1) Expansion of Algebraic Expressions Containing Brackets (Revision)
(i) (3 x2 ) (5 x4 ) (ii) (8 x3 ) ( 9 x5 )
(iii) ( 4 x y ) ( 7 x 2 y 3 ) (iv) ( − 3 x3 y 4 ) ( 6 x8 y 9 )
(v) ( 5 x2 y 7 ) ( − 7 x3 y9 ) (vi) ( 3a b )2 ( − 5a b )
(vii) ( − 5 x 2 y ) ( − 8 x 3 y 2 ) (viii) ( − 3 a 2 b ) ( − 4 a b 3 )
(i) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3) (ii) ( 2 x + 5) (3 x − 7 )
(iii) ( 2 x − 3 ) ( 2 x + 3 ) (iv) ( 4 y − 8 ) ( 6 y − 13 )
(v) ( x + 4 )2 (vi) ( 2 x + 3 y )2
(vii) ( 2 x − 3 y ) 2 (viii) ( x + 2 ) ( x 2 − 4 x + 5 )
(ix) ( 2 x − 1) ( x 2 − 3 x + 7 ) (x) ( x + 3) ( x − 4 ) ( x + 5) .
(i) x2 + 3 x + 2 (ii) x2 + 5 x + 4
(iii) x2 + 4 x + 4 (iv) x2 + x − 2
(v) x2 − x − 2 (vi) x2 + 5 x − 6
(vii) x 2 − 5 x − 6 (viii) x 2 + x − 6
(ix) x2 − x − 6 (x) 2 x 2 + 11 x + 12 .
(ii) factorise: x 2 − 16 ; 25 x 2 − 64 .
20
(2) Division of Algebraic Expressions
12 a 2 − 32 b 3
(i) (ii)
3a2 8b2
42 a 3 b 4 72 c 2 d 3
(iii) (iv)
6a2 b − 9c d 2
4 x y − 8 x y2 6 π r h 2 + 18 π r 2 h
(v) (vi) .
2x y 3π r h
(3.1) Use your calculator functions, namely log (which is actually log10 ) and 10 x , to
evaluate the following expressions. Comment on the results for parts (v) – (viii).
(3.2) Use your calculator functions, namely ln (which is actually log e ) and e x , to evaluate
the following expressions. Comment on the results for parts (v) – (viii).
21
(3.3) Write each of the following expressions as sums and differences of logarithms (where
possible, without using powers):
⎛ 3 x2 ⎞ ⎛ x2 y2 ⎞
(i) log10 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (ii) ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎛ e2 ⎞
(iii) log10 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (iv) ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ x + 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 x + 3 ⎠
( x + 1) 3 ( x − 1)
(v) log10 x +1
2
(vi) ln .
( x + 2)
(ii) 2 log10 ( x + y ) − 1
2 log10 z
(iii) 3 ln x + 1
3 ln y
(iv) 4 ln ( 2 x + y ) − 2 ln z .
22
(4) Changing the Subject of a Formula
(4.1) For each of the following formulae, change the subject to the quantity indicated in
brackets:
(i) v = u + at (t)
(ii) s = 1
2 at2 (t)
(iii) s = ut + 1
2 at2 (u)
(iv) s = ut + 1
2 at2 (a)
(v) v = u2 + 2a s (s)
(vi) v = u2 + 2a s (u)
(vii) y = a + b x 3 (x)
(viii) i = 5 e t (t)
(x) y = 10 ( 2 x + 1 ) (x)
(xi) y = 10 ( 3 x − 2 ) (x)
(xii) y = c0 + a 0 e − k t (t) .
(4.2) For each of the following formulae, change the subject to the quantity indicated in
brackets:
2 − x 4 + 2x
(i) y = (x) (ii) y = (x)
3 + x 5 − x
xy C1 C 2
(iii) z = ( y) (iv) C = ( C2 ) .
x+ y C1 − C 2
23
(5) Solution of Equations
(i) 4x + 5 = 8 (ii) 10 x − 8 = − 12
(iii) 6x + 3 = 2x − 5 (iv) 3x − 9 = 5x + 2
(ix) 5e − x − 8 = 7 (x) 4 + 12 e − 3 x = 13
(xi) ln ( 3 x ) = − 2 (xii) 5 ln ( 2 x ) + 3 = 0
(xix) 2 4x − 1 = 5 (xx) 3 2x + 4 = 6
(5.2) Solve the following quadratic equations by factorisation, then repeat using the quadratic
formula:
(i) x 2 + 2 x − 15 = 0 (ii) x 2 − 9 x + 20 = 0
(iii) x 2 + 10 x + 25 = 0 (iv) 2 x2 − 7 x − 4 = 0 .
24
(5.3) The following quadratic equations do not have any real solutions. Try solving them by
the quadratic formula and see what happens:
(i) x2 + 2 x + 2 = 0 (ii) 2 x2 − 3 x + 4 = 0 .
4x + 3y = 2 ⎫ 5x + 2 y = 1 ⎫
(i) ⎬ (ii) ⎬
2 x − y = 16 ⎭ 4x + 3y = −2 ⎭
6 x − 2 y = − 20 ⎫ 8 x − 5 y = 24.5 ⎫
(iii) ⎬ (iv) ⎬ .
4x + 5y = −7 ⎭ 2 x − 3 y = 10.5 ⎭
25
Answers
(iii) 28 x 3 y 4 (iv) − 18 x 11 y 13
(v) − 35 x 5 y 16 (vi) − 45 a 3 b 3
(vii) 40 x 5 y 3 (viii) 12 a 3 b 4
(ix) − 4 a4 b2 (x) 12 a 5 b 6
(v) x 2 + 8 x + 16 (vi) 4 x 2 + 12 x y + 9 y 2
(vii) 4 x 2 − 12 x y + 9 y 2 (viii) x 3 − 2 x 2 − 3 x + 10
(ix) 2 x 3 − 7 x 2 + 17 x − 7 (x) x 3 + 4 x 2 − 17 x − 60
(iii) ( x + 2 )2 (iv) ( x + 2 ) ( x − 1)
(v) ( x − 2 ) ( x + 1) (vi) ( x + 6 ) ( x − 1)
(vii) ( x − 6 ) ( x + 1) (viii) ( x + 3) ( x − 2 )
(ix) ( x − 3) ( x + 2 ) (x) ( 2 x + 3) ( x + 4 )
(ii) x 2 − 16 = ( x + 4 ) ( x − 4 ) ; 25 x 2 − 64 = ( 5 x + 8 ) ( 5 x − 8 )
(iii) 7 a b3 (iv) − 8c d
(v) 2 − 4y (vi) 2h + 6r
26
(3.1) (i) 3 (ii) 0.397940008
(v) 1
2 log10 ( x 2 + 1 )
(vi) 1
2 [ 3 ln ( x + 1) + ln ( x − 1) − ln ( x + 2 ) ]
⎛ x3 y 2 ⎞ ⎡ ( x + y )2 ⎤
(3.4) (i) log 10 ⎜⎜ 4
⎟⎟ (ii) log10 ⎢ ⎥
⎝ z ⎠ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦
⎡ ( 2 x + y )4 ⎤
ln ⎛⎜ x 3 y 3 ⎞⎟
1
(iii) (iv) ln ⎢ ⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ z2 ⎦
27
v − u 2s
(4.1) (i) t = (ii) t =
a a
s − 1
at2 2( s − ut )
(iii) u = 2
(iv) a =
t t2
v2 − u2
(v) s = (vi) u = v2 − 2 a s
2a
1
⎛ y − a⎞ 3
⎛ i ⎞
(vii) x = ⎜ ⎟ (viii) t = ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ b ⎠ ⎝5⎠
⎛ i ⎞
(ix) t = − 12 ln ⎜ ⎟ (x) x = 1
2 [ log10 ( y ) − 1]
⎝8⎠
1 ⎛ y − c0 ⎞
(xi) x = 1
[ log10 ( y ) + 2 ] (xii) t = − ln ⎜ ⎟⎟
3
k ⎜⎝ a0 ⎠
2 − 3y 5y − 4
(4.2) (i) x = (ii) x =
y + 1 y + 2
xz C C1
(iii) y = (iv) C2 =
x − z C + C1
(5.1) (i) x = 3
4 (ii) x = − 52
(v) x = +3 , x = −3 (vi) x = 4
(xi) x = 1
3 e − 2 = 0.04511 (xii) x = 1
2 e − 0.6 = 0.27441
(xiii) x = 1
4 e 5 = 37.10329 (xiv) x = 1
6 ( e 0.25 − 4 ) = − 0.45266
(xvii) x = 1
4 . 10 0.32 = 0.52232 (xviii) x = 1
5 [10 0.65 − 4 ] = 0.09337
⎡ log10 6 ⎤
(xx) x = 1
2 ⎢ − 4 ⎥ = − 1.18454 [could also use natural logs]
⎣ log 10 3 ⎦
(5.3) Negative values under the square root sign indicate no real solutions. Solutions only
possible by moving into complex numbers.
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