J ULY 2019, N O 4
Polarization Microscopy
Molecular bonds and their geo-
metrical arrangement in space make
certain materials have birefringence
and dichroic properties. Polarization
measurements have the advantage of
showing anisotropic characteristics of
the object under examination. Many
applications integrate an area report-
ing a single measurement like with a
photo detector and others an array of
data like when using a camera.
A qualitative and widely known
imaging technique is cross polar-
ization. A microscope schematic is
shown in Fig. 1. The polarizer
and analizer have their optical axis
pependicular to each other so that
no signal reaches the camera. Adding
a sample causes the polarization
properties to change so that there
is a finite polarization component
projection along the analizers opti-
cal axis. This way every signal that
reaches the camera contains informa-
tion about the structure of the sam-
ple.
The simplicity of just adding a
pair of polarizers to your microscope
setting and getting more information
makes cross polarization and other
polarization techniques very broad in
their application. This is partly be-
cause the addition of these compo-
nents doesn’t usually interfere with
your settings. One of the advantages
is that it is non invasive. The sample
is not modified or killed with stain-
ing or tagging or by shining energetic
radiation. In the case of quantitative
techniques briefly explain later it pro-
vides additional metrics since it is not
just the intensity that is measured. In
many settings it is a high speed tech-
nique.
The addition of these is use-
ful when imaging highly anisotropic
samples like crystals, sugar solutions,
LCD, Oocyte embryos inner spindles
and and cellular samples. They are
Newsletter title and/or description
m LaTeXTemplates.com T (000) 111-1111
applied in fluorescent, OCT, nonlin-
ear microscopy, etc.
For many applications cross polar-
ization is all that is needed. However
for greater sensitivity in not so brire-
fringent samples and to obtain addi-
tional metrics many techniques are
able to obtained some or all the infor-
mation relating to the polarization el-
lipse described by electromanetic the-
ory but more conviniently especify by
Stokes parameter.
Quantitative Polariza-
tion
At every point in the plane of
propagation (assuming only normal
incidence) the state of polarization
can be characterize by the polariza-
tion ellipse, see Fig. 2.
Since theta, and the semi major
and minor axis can not be measured
directly a formalism was derived in
order
The third news item
by AUTHOR N AME
Donec non nisl a arcu consequat
varius. Sed suscipit cursus luctus.
Nulla sit amet elit augue. Curabitur
scelerisque mollis dolor, quis blan-
dit lorem condimentum at. Pellen-
tesque sed nibh vel dolor sagittis sem-
per. Maecenas lacus enim, suscipit
ut suscipit eget, feugiat vitae elit.
Sed volutpat justo nisi, ac bibendum
ante. Sed lacinia eros in massa euis-
mod a iaculis metus fringilla. Integer
dapibus nulla id purus consectetur.
Fusce placerat ultricies massa sed
tristique. Aenean mattis nulla id eros
adipiscing, vel pulvinar augue vehic-
ula. Cras ultricies non turpis sit amet
tincidunt. Quisque mollis vitae felis
eu feugiat. Sed nec vehicula dolor.
B email@email.com
Nulla egestas vehicula nisl sed ve-
hicula. Etiam ipsum dolor, aliquam
eget sapien mollis, tempus elemen-
tum mi. Vivamus a auctor sem. In
fringilla nunc at imperdiet rhoncus.
Integer sagittis iaculis libero, at ul-
tricies neque laoreet ac.
Integer id congue eros. Phasellus
venenatis pulvinar nisl, sed ultrices
arcu vulputate non. Mauris at congue
arcu, eget sollicitudin purus. Phasel-
lus ullamcorper erat sed leo molestie,
non ultrices enim aliquam. Donec
cursus, arcu vitae ultricies euismod,
massa ante ornare nunc, et porttitor
erat augue iaculis nisl. Mauris ornare
neque nisl, non pretium dolor adip-
iscing nec. Nulla nibh est, aliquam
sed sollicitudin vel, imperdiet ut ante.
The fourth news item
by AUTHOR N AME
Donec non nisl a arcu consequat
varius. Sed suscipit cursus luctus.
Nulla sit amet elit augue. Curabitur
scelerisque mollis dolor, quis blan-
dit lorem condimentum at. Pellen-
tesque sed nibh vel dolor sagittis sem-
per. Maecenas lacus enim, suscipit
ut suscipit eget, feugiat vitae elit.
Sed volutpat justo nisi, ac bibendum
ante. Sed lacinia eros in massa euis-
mod a iaculis metus fringilla. Integer
dapibus nulla id purus consectetur.
1. The first point
2. In an example list
3. And the last
Fusce placerat ultricies massa sed
tristique. Aenean mattis nulla id eros
adipiscing, vel pulvinar augue vehic-
ula. Cras ultricies non turpis sit amet
tincidunt. Quisque mollis vitae felis
eu feugiat. Sed nec vehicula dolor.
Nulla egestas vehicula nisl sed ve-
hicula. Etiam ipsum dolor, aliquam
eget sapien mollis, tempus elemen-
Page 1
tum mi. Vivamus a auctor sem. In
fringilla nunc at imperdiet rhoncus.
Integer sagittis iaculis libero, at ul-
tricies neque laoreet ac.
Integer id congue eros. Phasellus
venenatis pulvinar nisl, sed ultrices
arcu vulputate non. Mauris at congue
arcu, eget sollicitudin purus. Phasel-
lus ullamcorper erat sed leo molestie,
non ultrices enim aliquam. Donec
cursus, arcu vitae ultricies euismod,
massa ante ornare nunc, et porttitor
erat augue iaculis nisl. Mauris ornare
neque nisl, non pretium dolor adip-
iscing nec. Nulla nibh est, aliquam
sed sollicitudin vel, imperdiet ut ante.
The fifth news item
by AUTHOR N AME
Newsletter title and/or description
m LaTeXTemplates.com T (000) 111-1111
Donec non nisl a arcu consequat
varius. Sed suscipit cursus luctus.
Nulla sit amet elit augue. Curabitur
scelerisque mollis dolor, quis blan-
dit lorem condimentum at. Pellen-
tesque sed nibh vel dolor sagittis sem-
per. Maecenas lacus enim, suscipit
ut suscipit eget, feugiat vitae elit.
Sed volutpat justo nisi, ac bibendum
ante. Sed lacinia eros in massa euis-
mod a iaculis metus fringilla. Integer
dapibus nulla id purus consectetur.
Pellentesque sed nibh vel dolor sagit-
tis semper. Fusce placerat ultricies
massa sed tristique. Aenean mattis
nulla id eros adipiscing, vel pulvinar
augue vehicula.
“Donec non nisl a arcu
consequat varius. Sed sus-
cipit cursus luctus. Nulla
sit amet elit augue. Cur-
abitur scelerisque mollis
dolor, quis blandit lorem
condimentum at.
”
– John Smith
Fusce placerat ultricies massa sed
tristique. Aenean mattis nulla id eros
adipiscing, vel pulvinar augue vehic-
ula. Cras ultricies non turpis sit amet
B email@email.com
tincidunt. Quisque mollis vitae felis
eu feugiat. Sed nec vehicula dolor.
Nulla egestas vehicula nisl sed ve-
hicula. Etiam ipsum dolor, aliquam
eget sapien mollis, tempus elemen-
tum mi. Vivamus a auctor sem. In
fringilla nunc at imperdiet rhoncus.
Integer sagittis iaculis libero, at ul-
tricies neque laoreet ac.
Integer id congue eros. Phasellus
venenatis pulvinar nisl, sed ultrices
arcu vulputate non. Mauris at congue
arcu, eget sollicitudin purus. Phasel-
lus ullamcorper erat sed leo molestie,
non ultrices enim aliquam. Donec
cursus, arcu vitae ultricies euismod,
massa ante ornare nunc, et porttitor
erat augue iaculis nisl. Mauris ornare
neque nisl, non pretium dolor adip-
iscing nec. Nulla nibh est, aliquam
sed sollicitudin vel, imperdiet ut ante.
Page 2