EXPERIMENTS 2

CALCIUM, TOTAL HARDNESS, AND ALKALINITY ANALYSIS

Practician’s Name : Dita Amara Yeranda

NRP : 03211640000017
Laboratoty Assistant : Reisa Renova
NRP : 03211540000039
Lecturer : Welly Herumurti, S.T, MSc.

DEPARTEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND EARTH ENGINEERING
SEPULUH NOPEMBER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2017
 EXPERIMENTS 2
CALCIUM, TOTAL HARDNESS, AND ALKALINITY ANALYSIS

A. Purpose of The Experiment

a. Purpose of Calcium Analysis Experiment
Purpose of calcium analysis is to determine amount of calcium (Ca2+) that dissolved
in water.
b. Purpose of Total Hardness Analysis Experiment
Purpose of total hardness analysis are :
1. Determine total hardness of water sample.
2. Determine temporary hardness of water sample.
3. Determine calcium hardness of water sample.
4. Determine magnesium hardness of water sample.
c. Purpose of Alkalinity Analysis Experiment
Purpose of alkalinity analysis is to measure alkalinity of water sample.
B. Principal of The Experiment
a. Principal of Calcium Analysis Experiment
First experiment of calcium analysis principle is determine amount of calcium
(Ca2+) by using titration method, with EDTA as an titrate. Before titrating, add
murexid as an indicator of equilibrium point. When equilibrium was reached, the
sample’s colour change from blue to purple.
b. Principal of Total Hardness Analysis Experiment
Second experiment is total hardness analysis which principle is determine sample’s
total hardness by using titration method, with EDTA as an titrate. Adding indicator
before titrating to know the equilibrium point. When equilibrium point reached, the
sample’s colour will be change. The equation happened in this experiment are :
Ca2+(aq) + 2HCO3-(aq)  CaCO3(s) +H2O +CO2
Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Mg(OH)2(s)
c. Principal of Alkalinity Analysis Experiment
Alkalinity analysis principle is determine alkalinity of water sample using titration
method. Before titrating, add PP indicator or methyl orange as indicator of
equilibrium point. When equilibrium was reached, the sample’s colour will be
change become red.
 C. Literature Review
a. Literature Review of Calcium Analysis Experiment
Calcium is an essential element for humans, and is also responsible for water hardness, a
water quality parameter frequently tested in industrial plants and municipal water treatment
facilities. Calcium is biologically required for numerous functions, such as building and
maintaining the bones and teeth, blood clotting, transmitting of the nerve impulses and
regulating heart's rhythm. A traditional method for the quality control of calcium-containing
products and hard water is complexo- metric titration with EDTA using suitable indicators and
masking agents. Lower concentrations of Ca2+ in aqueous samples require more sensitive
instrumental analytical techniques such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS),
inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, ion
chromatography, and spectrophotometry, though the most widely used one is AAS.
(Filik et.al, 2011)
Hardness is caused by polyvalent metallion cations, though the divalent cations, such as
calcium and magnesium cations are usually the predominant cause of hardness. In addition,
hardness is also caused by Fe2+ and Mn2+ ions. For example, when hard water is heated, Ca2+
ions react with bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions to form insoluble calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This
precipitate, known as scale, coats the vessels in which the water is heated, producing the mineral
deposits on your cooking dishes.
(American Public Health Association, 1999)

b. Literature Review of Total Hardness Analysis Experiment

Water hardness is reported as the concentration of carbonates in parts per million (ppm),
using calcium carbonate as a generalized concentration that encompasses all divalent cations in
the sample. Table 1 shows how CaCO3 concentrations affect the overall hardness of a water
source. Magnesium and calcium concentrations (the most abundant in water) are used to
calculate water hardness by the formula: [CaCO3]total = 2.5[Ca] +4.1[Mg].

Currently, EDTA titrations are among the most commonly used techniques to quantify
water hardness. This method relies on precise volumetric measurements and a lot of human
intervention, which slows down the procedure and limits efficiency. For this experiment we
measured the calcium and magnesium concentrations by using a fast and efficient instrumental
technique to eliminate these concerns, flame atomic absorbance spectroscopy (AA).
(Campbell & Peterson, 2010)
The major impact that chlorides impart on the receiving waters is the permanent hardness.
They are also known to increase the rate of sedimentation and thereby decreasing the water
column depth. When such effluents are disposed on land, chlorides tend to initially percolate
some distance, but over a period of time, they cause surface salt formation, thereby causing
increased alkalinity of the soil, thereby resulting in loss of soil fertility. Chloride in surface and
groundwater from both natural and anthropogenic sources, such as run-off containing road de-
icing salts, the use of inorganic fertilizers, landfill leachates, septic tank effluents, animal feeds,
industrial effluents, irrigation drainage, and seawater intrusion in coastal areas (Department of
National Health and Welfare, Canada, 1978). Chloride in water may be considerably increased
by treatment processes in which chlorine or chloride is used.
(Sagar et al, 2011)
c. Literature Review of Alkalinity Analysis Experiment
Water alkalinity and hardness are functions of the geology of the area and the percolation
of rain and surface water along with the dissolved carbon dioxide of the atmosphere. Rain water
is naturally acidic, which tends to dissolve some minerals more easily. Surface and groundwater
sources in areas with limestone formation are especially likely to have high hardness and
alkalinity due to the dissolution of bicarbonates and carbonates. Groundwater is considered as
the most desirable source of supply for aquaculture because it has more consistent diurnal and
seasonal physico-chemical parameters than surface water, and much less likely to be
contaminated by pathogens and mostly saline in nature. In aquaculture systems, compounds
that affect pH are generated continuously. The most influential of these are carbon dioxide and
ammonia. When carbon dioxide is added, hydrogen ions are released, the pH drops and the
water becomes more acidic. Ammonia works in the opposite way. Ammonia (NH3) can
combine with hydrogen ion (H+) to form ammonium (NH4+). Ammonium is less toxic than
ammonia, so, if the water is acidic, more of the ammonia will convert into ammonium, which
is less dangerous to the fish and prawn. However, more hydrogen in the water inhibits carbon
dioxide from converting carbonate ions.
(Raju et.al, 2014)
The pH of water is an intensity factor, while the acidity and alkalinity of water are capacity
factors. More precisely, acidity and alkalinity are defined as a water’s capacity to neutralize
strong bases or acids, respectively. The term “acidic” for pH values below 7 does not imply that
the water has no alkalinity; likewise, the term “alkaline” for pH values above 7 does not imply
that the water has no acidity. Water with a pH value between 4.5 and 8.3 has both total acidity
and total alkalinity. Alkalinity is usually the result of bicarbonate (HCO−3 ) and carbonate
(CO2−3 ) from dissolution of limestone, calcium silicate, and feldspars. Bicarbonate does not
exist in measurable concentration below a pH level of 4.5, so total alkalinity is measured by
titrating a sample with standard acid (usually sulfuric acid) to the methyl orange endpoint (pH
= 4.5), and the results are also expressed in terms of equivalent calcium carbonate. Waters with
pH values less than 4.5 do not contain alkalinity, while waters with pH values greater than 8.3
do not contain acidity.
(Boyd et.al, 2011)
D. Work Scheme
a. Work Scheme of Calcium Analysis Experiment

25 mL water samples

Pour it into different erlenmeyer flask

1 spatula (±0.5 gr) Murexid powder

Add it into each erlenmeyer flask

2.5 mL pH 12 Buffer Solutions

Add it into each erlenmeyer flask

0.03571 N EDTA solutions

Titrate each sample with EDTA solutions, until the

sample’s colour change from blue become purple
Count the concentration.
Result
 b. Work Scheme of Total Hardness Analysis Experiment

25 mL water samples

Pour it into different erlenmeyer flask

c.1 spatula (±0.5 gr) Eriochrom Black T
d. Indicator

Add it into each erlenmeyer flask

e. 2 mL pH 10 Buffer Solutions

Add it into each erlenmeyer flask

0.03571 N EDTA solutions

Titrate each sample with EDTA solutions, until the

sample’s colour change become dark blue. Count the
concentration.
Result

c. Work Scheme of Alkalinity Experiment

25 mL water samples

Measure pH of each samples and pour it into

different erlenmeyer flask

10 drops PP indicator

*Add it into each erlenmeyer flask

2 drops of Methyl Orange

Add it into each erlenmeyer flask

H2SO4 0.01 N
Titrate each sample with sulfat acid, until the
sample’s colour change become colorless. Count the
concentration.

Result

*: if pH of samples is above 8.3, the practician have to do this step. But,if the pH is lower
than 8.3, the practician can direct add methyl orange to samples.
 E. Observation Table
a. Observation Table of Calcium Analysis Experiment

No Treatments Observation Picture

1 Pour 25 mL of each samples  Hang Tuah sample :

(Hang Tuah river water greenish, stingy smell,
(out) and Puri river water normal temperature.
(in)) into volumetric  Puri sample: greenish,
cylinder, then pour it into stingy smell, normal
different erlenmeyer flask temperature. Picture:
so the volume of each Pour sample into
erlenmeyer flask is 25 mL. erlenmeyer flask

2 Add 1 spatula of murexid  Murexid : dark purple

into each sample in
erlenmeyer flask. Then,
shake it well.
gray fine, powder in form,
normal temperature.
After adding murexid, the
sample become:
 Hang Tuah : violet,
odorless, normal Picture :

temperature. Adding murexid into

 Puri : violet, odorless, each sample

normal temperature.

3 Add 2.5 mL of pH 12 buffer  pH 12 buffer solution :

solution into each sample stingy smell, normal
by using measurement temperature.
pipette and propipette. After adding pH 12 buffer
solution, both of sample
become turbid, violet,
odorless, and still in normal Picture :
temperature. Adding pH 12 buffer
solution into each sample
4 Titrate each sample with
0.03571 N EDTA solutions
until the sample’s colour
become purple. Count the
concentration.
 EDTA solution : clear,
liquid, colorless.
After titrate with EDTA
solution, the samples
become :
 Hang Tuah : purple
colored Picture :
Volume of EDTA that Titrating each sample
used : 2 mL with EDTA solution
 Puri : purple colored
Volume of EDTA that
used : 2.7 mL

Picture :
After titration, the
sample;s colour become
purple.

b. Observation Table of Total Hardness Analysis Experiment

No Treatment Observation Picture

1 Pour 25 mL of each  Hang Tuah sample :

samples (Hang Tuah river greenish, stingy smell,
water (out) and Puri river normal temperature.
water (in)) into volumetric  Puri sample: greenish,
cylinder, then pour it into stingy smell, normal
different erlenmeyer flask temperature.
so the volume of each Picture:
erlenmeyer flask is 25 mL. Pouring 25 mL samples
into erlenmeyer flask
2 Add 1 spoon (±0,5 gr) of  Eriochrom Black T :
Eriochrom Black T soft purple fine solid,
Indicator into each powder in form, normal
erlenmeyer flask. Then, temperature.
shake it well. After adding Eriochrom
Black T, both of sample
become dark purple, Picture:
odorless, and in normal Adding Eriochrom Black
temperature. T indicator into the
samples

Picture :
The sample’s colour
become dark purple

3 Add 2 mL pH 10 Buffer  pH 10 Buffer Solution :

Solutions into each colorless, stingy smell,
erlenmeyer flask by using normal temperature.
measurement pipette and After adding Buffer
propipette. Solutions, the smell of the
samples become more Picture :
stingy. Adding pH 10 Buffer
Solution

4 Titrate each sample with  EDTA solutions : clear,

0.03571 N EDTA liquid, colorless.
solutions until the colour After tirtration, the
change become dark blue samples become
 by using measurement  Hang Tuah : dark blue
pipette and propipette. colored
Count the concentration. Volume of EDTA that
used : 3 mL
 Puri : dark blue colored
Volume of EDTA that
used : 3.2 mL Picture:
After tirtration, the
samples become dark blue
colored.

c. Observation Table of Alkalinity Analysis Experiment

No Treatment Observation Picture

1 Measure pH of each sample  Hang Tuah sample :

by using pH meter. Then, greenish, stingy smell,
pour 25 mL of each normal temperature.
samples (Hang Tuah river pH = 7.84
water (out) and Puri river  Puri sample: greenish,
water (in)) into volumetric stingy smell, normal
cylinder, then pour it into temperature. Picture:
different erlenmeyer flask pH = 7.85 Pouring 25 mL samples
so the volume of each into erlenmeyer flask
erlenmeyer flask is 25 mL.

Picture :
pH of Hang Tuah river
water sample (out)
 Picture :
pH of Puri river water
sample (in)

2 Add 2 drops of methyl  Methyl orange : dark

orange into each sample in orange, liquid, odorless,
erlenmeyer flask by using normal temperature.
measurement pipette and After adding methyl
propipette. Then, shake it orange, both of sample
well. become orange.
Picture:
Adding methyl orange
indicator into the samples.

Picture :
The samples become
orange

3 Titrate each sample with  HCl : colorless, odorless,

HCl 0.01 N until the liquid.
sample’s colour change After titration, the samples
become red by using become :
measurement pipette and  Hang Tuah : red
 propipette. Count the Volume of H2SO4 that Picture :
concentration. used : 12.8 mL Titrating samples with
 Puri : red H2SO4 0.01 N
Volume of H2SO4 that
used : 13.2 mL

Picture :
The sample’s colour
change become red

F. Discussion
The experiments of Analysis Technique of Environmental Pollution about calcium, total
hardness, and alkalinity analysis is held at Friday, September 6th 2017 on 07.30 a.m until 09.30
a.m. This experiments held inside “B3 Effluent Laboratory”, Environmental Engineering
Department, FTSLK ITS. From all of the result of these experiments, we will make bargraph
that contain of carbonate hardness, non-carbonate hardness, and total hardness so we can count
it. Then, we compare the result with Permenkes No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 in order to know
the appropriateness of each sample for drinking water.
Tools that will be used on this experiment are erlenmeyer flask, measurements pipette,
pro pipette, volumetric cylinder, spatula, and pH meter. Materials that will be used on this
experiment is water samples that taken from Hang Tuah River exactly at exit gate (70170260S
1120470350E) and Puri Neighborhood River exactly at entrance gate (70170260S 1120470290E).
a. Discussion of Calcium Analysis Experiment
First experiment is about calcium analysis. Calcium is an essential element for humans,
and is also responsible for water hardness, a water quality parameter frequently tested in
industrial plants and municipal water treatment facilities. Calcium is biologically required for
numerous functions, such as building and maintaining the bones and teeth, blood clotting,
transmitting of the nerve impulses and regulating heart's rhythm (Filik et.al, 2011). The purpose
and principal of this experiment is to determine amount of calcium (Ca2+) in water sample by
using titration method, with EDTA as an titrate and murexid as an indicator of equilibrium
point.
 The first step of this experiment are prepare all of the tools and materials that will be used
in this experiments. After that, pour 25 mL of each samples (Hang Tuah river water (out) and
Puri river water (in)) into volumetric cylinder, then pour it into different erlenmeyer flask so
the volume of each erlenmeyer flask is 25 mL. The characteristic of both of sample are greenish,
stingy smell, and in normal temperature. The use of two different samples was aimed to know
the difference of Ca2+ content in both samples. The next step is add 1 spatula of murexid powder
into each samples by using metal spatula and then shake it well until mix completely. The
characteristic of murexide powder are dark purple gray fine, powder in form, and normal
temperature. Purpose of adding murexid powder is as an indicator of the titration, it will shown
when the optimum point has reached. After adding murexide, both of sample become violet and
odorless. The next step is add 2.5 mL of pH 12 buffer solution into each erlenmeyer flask by
using measurement pipette and propipette. The characteristic of pH 12 buffer solution are stingy
smell, colourless, and in normal temperature. After adding it, all of the samples become turbid,
violet, odorless, and still in normal temperature. Purpose of adding pH 12 buffer solution is to
keep the pH of the samples is at 12, from intervention of H+ ions. The next step is titrate the
samples with EDTA solutions by using measurement pipette and propipette, until the colour of
samples change become purple. The characteristic of EDTA solution are clear and colourless,
After titration, the colour of the samples become dark blue. Volume of EDTA solution to titrate
Hang Tuah sample are 2 mL while Puri sample are 2.7 mL. Purpose of tirtration by EDTA is
to made bonding between hardness ions with EDTA and natrium salt. Hardness is caused by
polyvalent metallion cations, though the divalent cations, such as calcium and magnesium
cations are usually the predominant cause of hardness. For example, when hard water is heated,
Ca2+ ions react with bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions to form insoluble calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
(American Public Health Association, 1999).
The last step is calculate amount of calcium ions in samples by following this step:
1000
Calcium (mg/L) = x a x N x 50
volume sample

Whereas :
a = mL of titration EDTA
N = normality of EDTA
Based on the equation, we can calculate the amount of calcium that dissolved in water
samples.
 Hang Tuah Sample  Puri Sample
1000 1000
Ca (mg/L) = x 2 x 0.03571 x 50 Ca (mg/L) = x 2.7 x 0.03571 x 50
25 25

= 142.840 mg/L = 192.834 mg

 b. Discussion of Total Hardness Analysis Experiment
Second experiment is about total hardness analysis. Water hardness is reported as the
concentration of carbonates in parts per million (ppm), using calcium carbonate as a generalized
concentration that encompasses all divalent cations in the sample. Magnesium and calcium
concentrations (the most abundant in water) are used to calculate water hardness by the formula:
[CaCO3]total = 2.5[Ca] +4.1[Mg] (Campbell&Peterson, 2010). The purpose and principal of
this experiment is to determine sample’s total hardness by using titration method, with EDTA
as an titrate and Eriochrom Black T as an indicator to know the equilibrium point of titration.
EDTA titrations are among the most commonly used techniques to quantify water hardness.
This method relies on precise volumetric measurements and a lot of human intervention, which
slows down the procedure and limits efficiency (Campbell&Peterson, 2010).
The first step of this experiment are prepare all of the tools and materials that will be used
in this experiments. After that, pour 25 mL of each samples (Hang Tuah river water (out) and
Puri river water (in)) into volumetric cylinder, then pour it into different erlenmeyer flask so
the volume of each erlenmeyer flask is 25 mL. The characteristic of both of sample are greenish,
stingy smell, and in normal temperature. The use of two different samples was aimed to know
the difference of total hardness in both samples. The next step is add 1 spatula of Eriochrom
Black T powder into each samples by using metal spatula and then shake it well until mix
completely. The characteristic of Eriochrom Black T is soft purple fine solid, powder in form,
and normal temperature. Purpose of adding Eriochrom Black T powder is as an indicator of the
titration, it will shown when the optimum point has reached. After adding Eriochrom Black T,
both of sample become dark purple and odorless. The next step is add 2 mL of pH 10 buffer
solution into each erlenmeyer flask by using measurement pipette and propipette. The
characteristic of pH 12 buffer solution are stingy smell, colourless, and in normal temperature.
After adding it, the smell of the samples become more stingy. Purpose of adding pH 10 buffer
solution is to keep the pH of the samples is at 12, from intervention of H+ ions. The next step is
titrate the samples with EDTA solutions by using measurement pipette and propipette, until the
colour of samples change become dark blue. The characteristic of EDTA solution are clear and
colourless, After titration, the colour of the samples become dark blue. Volume of EDTA
solution to titrate Hang Tuah samples are 3 mL while Puri samples sample are 3.2 mL. Purpose
of titration by EDTA is to made bonding between hardness ions with EDTA and natrium salt.
From this step we can calculate total hardness of each sample by following this step:
 1000
Total Hardness (mg/L) = x a x N x 50
volume sample

Whereas :
a = mL of titration EDTA
N = normality of EDTA
Based on the equation, we can calculate the amount of calcium that dissolver in water
samples.
 Hang Tuah Sample
1000
Total hardness (mg/L) = x 3 x 0.03571 x 50
25

= 214.26 mg/L
 Puri Sample
1000
Total hardness (mg/L) = x 3.2 x 0.03571 x 50
25

= 235.686 mg/L

c. Discussion of Alkalinity Analysis Experiment

Third experiment is about alkalinity analysis. The pH of water is an intensity factor, while
the acidity and alkalinity of water are capacity factors. More precisely, acidity and alkalinity
are defined as a water’s capacity to neutralize strong bases or acids, respectively. The term
“acidic” for pH values below 7 does not imply that the water has no alkalinity; likewise, the
term “alkaline” for pH values above 7 does not imply that the water has no acidity. Water with
a pH value between 4.5 and 8.3 has both total acidity and total alkalinity. Alkalinity is usually
the result of bicarbonate (HCO−3 ) and carbonate (CO2−3 ) from dissolution of limestone,
calcium silicate, and feldspars (Boyd et.al, 2011). The purpose and principal of this experiment
is to determine alkalinity of water sample using titration method and add PP indicator or methyl
orange as indicator of equilibrium point. When equilibrium was reached, the sample’s colour
will be change become red.
The first step of this experiment are prepare all of the tools and materials that will be used
in this experiments. After that, measure pH of each sample by using pH meter. Then, pour 25
mL of each samples (Hang Tuah river water (out) and Puri river water (in)) into volumetric
cylinder, then pour it into different erlenmeyer flask so the volume of each erlenmeyer flask is
25 mL. The pH of Hang Tuah sample is 7.84 and Puri sample is 7.85. The purpose of pH sample
measurement is to determine the next step that will do. If the pH of the sample is bigger than
8.3, it should be added by PP indicator first and titrate with HCl in order to decreasing the pH
so become more easy to titrate it. But, if the pH of the sample is lower than 8.3, it can be direct
added with 2 drops methyl orange. The characteristic of both of sample are greenish, stingy
smell, and in normal temperature. The use of two different samples was aimed to know the
difference of alkalinity in both samples. Because of pH sample, the next step is add 2 drops of
methyl orange into each sample in erlenmeyer flask by using measurement pipette and
propipette. Then, shake it well in order to mix completely. The characteristic of methyl orange
is dark orange, liquid, odorless, and in normal temperature. Purpose of adding methyl orange is
as an indicator of the titration, it will shown when the optimum point has reached. After adding
methyl orange, both of sample become orange. The next step is titrating each sample with HCl
0.01 N until the sample’s colour change become red by using measurement pipette and
propipette. The characteristic of HCl are colourless, odorless, and liquid.. After titration, both
of samples become red. The volume of HCl that used to titrate Hang Tuah sample is 12.8 mL
and for Puri sample is 13.2 mL. The last step is calculate the alkalinity of the water sample by
the following steps :
1000
Alkalinity (mg/L) = x a x N x 50
volume sample

Whereas :
a = mL of titration HCl
N = normality of HCl
Based on the equation, we can calculate the amount of calcium that dissolver in water
samples.
 Hang Tuah Sample
1000
Alkalinity (mg/L) = x 12.8 x 0.01 x 50 = 256 mg/L
25

 Puri Sample
1000
Alkalinity (mg/L) = x 13.2 x 0.01 x 50 = 264 mg/L
25

From all of these experiments, we can calculate the hardness of each samples (carbonate
hardness, non carbonate hardness, and total hardness) by drawing the bargraph of each sample.

 Hang Tuah Sample

Table of mol equivalent of cation and anion in Hang Tuah sample
Cation mg/L Ar/Val meq/L Anion mg/L Ar/Val meq/L
Ca2+ 142.840 40/2 142.84/20 HCO3- 256 61/1 256/61
= 20 = 7.14 = 61 = 4.2
Mg2+ 214.26-142.84 24/2 71.42/12
= 71.42 = 12 = 5.95
 Bargraph of Hang Tuah sample
7.14 13.09
Ca2+ Mg2+

HCO3-

4.2
CH NCH

TH

 Carbonate hardness (CH) = 4.2 x (100/2) = 210 mg CaCO3/L

 Non-carbonate hardness (NCH) = (13.09-4.2) x (100/2) = 444.5 mg CaCO3/L
 Total hardness = 13.09 x (100/2) = 654.5 mg CaCO3/L

 Puri Sample
Table of mol equivalent of cation and anion in Puri sample
Cation mg/L Ar/Val meq/L Anion mg/L Ar/Val meq/L
Ca2+ 192.834 40/2 192.834/20 HCO3- 264 61/1 264/61
= 20 = 9.64 = 61 = 4.33
Mg2+ 235.686- 24/2 42.852/12
192.834 = 12 = 3.571
= 42.852

Bargraph of Puri sample

9.64 13.211
Ca2+ Mg2+

HCO3-

4.33
CH NCH

TH

 Carbonate hardness (CH) = 4.33 x (100/2) = 216.5 mg CaCO3/L

 Non-carbonate hardness (NCH) =(13.211-4.33)x(100/2) = 444.05 mg CaCO3/L
 Total hardness = 13.211 x (100/2) = 660.55 mg CaCO3/L
 G. Conclusion
After doing all of the experiments, we can conclude that :
1) The amount of Ca2+ that dissolved in Hang Tuah River water is 142.84 mg/L and that
dissolved in Puri River water is 192.834 mg/L.
2) Total hardness of Hang Tuah sample is 214.26 mg/L and Puri sample is 235.686 mg/L.
3) Alkalinity of Hang Tuah sample is 256 mg/L and Puri sample is 264 mg/L.
4) From the bargraph, we can conclude that carbonate hardness equal with alkalinity.
Carbonate hardness contain of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) or calcium bicarbonate
(Ca(HCO3)2) or magnesium bicarbonate (Mg(HCO3)2). Carbonate hardness of Hang Tuah
sample is 210 mg CaCO3/L and Puri sample is 216.5 mg CaCO3/L.
5) From the bargraph, we can conclude that non-carbonate hardness is the differences between
total hardness and carbonate hardness. Non-carbonate hardness contain of anion except
bicarbonate ion (HCO3-). Non-carbonate hardness of Hang Tuah sample is 444.5 mg
CaCO3/L and Puri sample is 444.05 mg CaCO3/L.
6) From the bargraph, we can know that total hardness is sum of carbonate hardness and non-
carbonate hardness. Total hardness of Hang Tuah sample is 654.5 mg CaCO3/L and Puri
sample is 660.55 mg CaCO3/L.
7) Based on the result of calculation of total hardness, we can conclude that each sample are
not fullfill the standard of Indonesia Public Health Ministry Regulation
492/Menkes/per/IV/2010, below 500 mg/L.

H. Bibliography
a. Bibliography of Calcium Analysis Experiment
American Public Health Association (APHA). 1999. “Standard methods for the Examination
of Water and Wastewater (20th ed)”. New York: American Public Health, Association
(APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Water Pollution Control
Federation (WPCF).
Filik, Hayati; Aksu, Duygu; Apak, Resat. 2011. “Rapid Determination of Calcium in Milk and
Water Samples by Reflectance Spectroscopy”. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry.
Vol 2 : 276.
b. Bibliography of Total Hardness Analysis Experiment
Campbell, Jarryd; Peterson, Dan. 2010. “Determination of Water Hardness From Common
Water Sources Using Flame Atomic Absorbance Spectrometry”. Concordia College Journal
of Analytical Chemistry. Vol 1 : 4-6.
 Sagar, A; Shruti, S; Kore, S. 2011. “Chloride Removal from Wastewater by Biosorption with
the Plant Biomass”. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology. Vol 1(4)
: 416-417.
c. Bibliography of Alkalinity Analysis Experiment
Boyd, Claude E; Tucker, Craig S; Viriyatum, Rawe. “Interpretation of pH, Acidity, and
Alkalinity in Aquaculture and Fisheries”. North American Journal of Aquaculture. Vol 73 :
403-405.
Raju, P.A.R.K; Reddy; Raghuram; Babu; Rambabu; Kumar. 2014. “Alkalinity and Hardness
Variation in Ground Waters of East Godavari District due to Aquaculture”. International
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. Vol 1 (6):121.

I. Question and Answer

a. Question and Answer of Calcium Analysis Experiment
1. What is the effect of calcium ions (Ca2+ ) in drinking water?
Answer :
If calcium accumulate in our body, it will forms kidney stones and blood
vessels/kidney sclerosis.
b. Question and Answer of Total Hardness Analysis Experiment
1. Count 1) Total Hardness 2) Fixed Hardness 3)Temporary Hardness, If :
Na+ : 20 mg/L
Ca2+ : 15 mg/L
Mg2+ : 10 mg/L
Sr2+ : 2 mg/L
Cl- : 40 mg/L
SO42- : 16 mg/L
NO3- : 1 mg/L
Alkalinity : 50 mg/L
Answer :
 Total Hardness
M+
[Ca2+] = x 50
BE
10 𝑥 50
[Ca2+] = x 50
20,4

[Ca2+] = 37,425 mg/L

M+
[Mg2+] = x 50
BE
 10 x 50
[Mg2+] = x 50
12,155

[Mg2+] = 41,135 mg/L

M+
[Sr2+] = x 50
BE
2 x 50
[Sr2+] = x 50
43,81

[Sr2+] = 2,282
Total Hardness = 37,425 + 41,135 + 2,282 = 80,842 mg/L
 Temporary Hardness = Alkalinity
Temporary Hardness = 50 mg/L
 Fixed Hardness = Total Hardness – Temporary Hardness
Fixed Hardness = 80,842 – 50
Fixed Hardness = 30,842 mg/L
2. Explain about 1) Total Hardness 2) Fixed Hardness 3)Temporary Hardness
Answer :
 The total water hardness is the sum of the molar concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+,
in mol/L or mmol/L units. Although water hardness usually measures only the total
concentrations of calcium and magnesium (the two most prevalent divalent metal
ions), iron, aluminium, and manganese can also be present at elevated levels in some
locations. The presence of iron characteristically confers a brownish (rust-like)
colour to the calcification, instead of white (the color of most of the other
compounds).
 Permanent hardness is hardness (mineral content) that cannot be removed by boiling.
When this is the case, it is usually caused by the presence of calcium sulfate and/or
magnesium sulfates in the water, which do not precipitate out as the temperature
increases. Ions causing permanent hardness of water can be removed using a water
softener, or ion exchange column.
Total Permanent Hardness = Calcium Hardness + Magnesium Hardness. The calcium
and magnesium hardness is the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions
expressed as equivalent of calcium carbonate. Total permanent water hardness
expressed as equivalent of CaCO3 can be calculated with the following formula:
Total Permanent Hardness (CaCO3) = 2.5(Ca2+ )+ 4.1(Mg2+)
 Temporary hardness is a type of water hardness caused by the presence of dissolved
bicarbonate minerals (calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate). When
 dissolved, these minerals yield calcium and magnesium cations (Ca2+, Mg2+) and
carbonate and bicarbonate anions (CO32−, HCO3−). The presence of the metal
cations makes the water hard. However, unlike the permanent hardness caused by
sulphate and chloride compounds, this "temporary" hardness can be reduced either
by boiling the water, or by the addition of lime (calcium hydroxide) through the
softening process of lime softening.[4] Boiling promotes the formation of carbonate
from the bicarbonate and precipitates calcium carbonate out of solution, leaving
water that is softer upon cooling.
3. Explain 3 application of water hardness record that used in environmental engineering
Answer :
 To design water installation for industry or home use
 To know how to treat effluent water
 To know how to treat drinking water