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Chapter 3 - Stress and Deformation Analysis (Ref MCHT 213!!)
Chapter 3 - Stress and Deformation Analysis (Ref MCHT 213!!)
1
Strength of Materials can really
be divided into 2 categories:
1. Stress analysis:
– Structure exists, material and loading known
• IS IT SAFE?????
2. Design:
– Determine geometry OR material based on an
allowable stress (i.e. Sy/4).
– Generally certain aspects are fixed.
– Much more involved than analysis – why??
– Ref Chapter 1 – start with design
requirements/functions/evaluation criteria,etc.
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Show overhead – trailer – analysis or design? how would you analyze it?
Possible modes of failure
(mechanical)???
1. Fracture (s >> Su)
2. Yield (s >> Sy
3. Instability (buckling)
4. Fatigue and wear
5. Excessive deformation (i.e. too soft)
6. Creep or stress relaxation (polymers)
1,2,4 – most important parameter? STRESS!!!!!!
3
Definition of
Definition of Stress:
•Internal Force per unit area
•Intensity of internal force on a specific plane (area) passing
through a point 4
Stress States:
Preferred stress
element for 2D stress:
6
AXIAL MEMBERS: Average Normal Stress (aka Direct
Normal Stress):
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3.4 Average Normal Stress:
Requirements for Average Normal Stress, s = P/A:
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Example Normal Stress:
If P = 20K lbs
and A = 2 in2
s=?
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Average Shear Stress (AKA Direct
Shear Stress):
t = P/As
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Average Shear Stress:
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Example Shear Stress:
If load = 2,000 lb and bolt
diameter = ½”, Find shear
stress in bolt. What if
double shear, what would
the new shear stress
be??
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Example: normal stress and shear stress:
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Example 2 – direct normal and
shear stress
DISCUSS ONLY!
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1.119
St. Venant’s Principle and Stress Concentration Factors, Kt:
St Venant’s:
1. Stress profile, sufficiently removed from
the local effect of loads will be uniform
(i.e. = P/A)
2. Stress and strain produced by statically
equivalent load system will be the same.
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St. Venant’s Principal:
Look at deformation in
vicinity of hole. Is it
uniform???
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smax = Kt* savg
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smax = Kt* savg
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Find: Max Stress:
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Deformation of Axial Member with Constant Load and
Cross-Sectional Areas:
PL
Deformation
AE
Or, for multiple sections:
PL
total
AE 24
Example: Multiple sections. Find total deformation of end
A with respect to D. Area = 20 mm2. Material is steel w/
E = 200 GPa = 200 x 109 Pa:
PL
A/ D
AE
PAB LAB PBC LBC PCD LCD
A/ D
AE AE AE
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First, solve for
internal loads:
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PAB LAB PBC LBC PCD LCD
A/ D
AE AE AE
1,350 1,350
A/ D 9
3.38 x10 4
m 0.338mm
AE (.00002)(200 x10 )
t t max
c
28
The torsion formula (see derivation):
Torque (N-m, N-
mm or lb-in, lb-
ft, etc)
Tc Outer radius of
J
Polar moment of
Max shear stress inertia (m4 or in4)
in shaft (MPa,
psi/ksi, etc.)
T
or t
J
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J = polar moment of inertia
• Solid shaft: •Hollow shaft:
J
2
c 4
J
2
c 4
o c4
i
W
For Design:
J 3
r/s
T = P/n
N-m
rpm Zp c
lb-in
T = 63,000 P/n
hp
c 2
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Stress Profiles:
Shear stress profile – YOU
MUST UNDERSTAND
THIS!!!!
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Angle of twist - For straight sections:
Torque Length
TL
Angle of twist
(rad) JG
Modulus of Rigidity
(Shear Modulus) – see
Polar moment of inertia back of book
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Angle of twist for Multiple
Sections:
TL
JG
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If the distance between gear E and the middle gear is 12 inches, find the angle of twist between the two 37
gears. The shaft is steel and G = 11.5 x 106 psi.
5.8 Stress Concentrations (last
topic we’ll cover in Chapter 5)
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How do we deal with stress
concentrations??
Tc
t max K t nom K
J
Based on smaller of two connected shafts
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Torsion of non-circular cross-sections:
T TL
t
Q GK
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Also, see equations for closed thin walled tubes! See HO: Stress Analysis 2 examples
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Example: Torsion find max shear
stress for the three cross-sections:
a, b and c T = 4.1 N-m =
4,100 N-mm
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Also see HO: Comparison of Torsion Elements, also overhead fabricated beam
Shear and Moment diagrams:
V w( x)dx
M V ( x)dx
Do not get actual equations, good if
just after Vmax and Mmax
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Example: Draw Shear & Moment
diagrams for the following beam
12 kN 8 kN
A C
D
B
1m 3m 1m
RA = 7 kN RC = 13 kN
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12 kN 8 kN
A C
D
B
1m 3m 1m
7 8
7 8
V
(kN) -15
-5
7
M
(kN-m)
2.4 m -8 46
Example: Beam w/ Concentrated Moment:
47
Also see HO: Simple Beam with Uniform Load, Load-Shear-Moment Relationships
Beam Bending Stress: The Flexure Formula:
Internal bending
moment, lb-in
Mc
Distance from NA to
outer fiber, in
s max
I Moment of inertia, in4
My
Or in general: s
I 48
Examples:
• Find maximum moment
• Find area properties, I and c
• Calculate stress
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WHERE IS
BENDING STRESS
MAXIMUM???
Answer:
•Outer surface
(furthest away from
Neutral Axis)
•Value of x along
length where moment
is maximum!!
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Beam Shear Stress: See HO: Shear Stress
Calculations in Beams
VQ
t First Moment of area
(in3) at point of interest
It
Thickness of cross-
Q y ' A'
Moment of inertia of section at point of
entire cross section (in4) interest (in)
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Find: Max Shear and Bending
Stress:
1.93”
57
See HO: Stress Analysis 1 Examples, Steel Beam Selection, Steel W-Shape Selection Data
Combined Loading:
• Look at each load individually and solve
for stress at a given point due to that load.
• Repeat for all loads.
• Add like stresses
• Summarize stresses on an initial stress
element.
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Example: Combined normal stress – find stress in horizontal portion:
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Example: Combined normal stress – find stress in horizontal portion:
Reduce to simple
cantilever!
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Ultimate Combined Loading Problem!!
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Final Concept: Beam Deflection – Superposition:
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