GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Rough record and Fair record are needed to record the experiments conducted in the laboratory.
Rough records are needed to be certified immediately on completion of the experiment. Fair
records are due at the beginning of the next lab period. Fair records must be submitted as neat,
legible, and complete.

1. Observations:
i) Data should be clearly recorded using Tabular Columns.

ii) Unit of the observed data should be clearly mentioned

iii) Relevant calculations should be shown. If repetitive calculations are needed, only show a
sample calculation and summarize the others in a table.

2. Graphs: Graphs can used to present data in a form that show the results obtained, as one or
more of the parameters are varied. A graph has the advantage of presenting large amounts of data
in a concise visual form. Graph should be in a square format.

GENERAL RULES FOR PERSONAL SAFETY

1. Always wear tight shirt/lab coat, pants and shoes inside workshops.

2. REMOVE ALL METAL JEWELLERY since rings, wrist watches or bands, necklaces, etc.
make excellent electrodes in the event of accidental contact with electric power sources.

3. DO NOT MAKE CIRCUIT CHANGES without turning off the power.

4. Make sure that equipment working on electrical power are grounded properly.

5. Avoid standing on metal surfaces or wet concrete. Keep your shoes dry.

6. Never handle electrical equipment with wet skin.

7. Hot soldering irons should be rested in its holder. Never leave a hot iron unattended.

8. Avoid use of loose clothing and hair near machines and avoid running around inside lab.

TO PROTECT EQUIPMENT AND MINIMIZE MAINTENANCE:

DO: 1. SET MULTIRANGE METERS to highest range before connecting to an unknown

source.

2. INFORM YOUR INSTRUCTOR about faulty equipment so that it can be sent for repair.

DO NOT: 1. Do not MOVE EQUIPMENT around the room except under the supervision of an
instructor.

INTRODUCTION & SCOPE

Matter exists in either the solid state or the fluid state. The fluid state is further divided into the
liquid and the gaseous states. A fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing. A liquid is a
fluid, which possesses definite volume which varies slightly with temperature and pressure.
Under ordinary conditions, liquids are considered as incompressible fluid. Fluid mechanics is
that the branch of Engg. science which deals with the behavior of the fluids at rest as well as in
motion. In general the scope of fluid mechanics is very wide which includes the study of all
gases and liquids. Fluid mechanics deals with the analysis and methods to solve many
engineering problems involving liquid flow, such as flow through pipes or channels, storage
dams, pumps and water turbines, hydraulically operated machines such as lift, crane, press etc.
Hence it is essential for the engineering students of Civil, Mechanical, and allied branches of
engineering to understand the theoretical and practical aspects of fluid mechanics.

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

1. Density

The density or mass density of a fluid may be defined as the mass per unit volume at a standard
𝑀𝐴𝑆𝑆
temperature and pressure. It is usually denoted by ρ .Mathematically ρ = 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸 It is expressed

in kg/m3. . Density of water at 40c=1000kg/m3

2. Specific weight of water

The specific weight or weight density of a fluid may be defined as the weight per unit volume at
𝑊𝐸𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇
standard temperature and pressure and is usually denoted by w = . It is expressed in
𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸

N/m3 Specific weight of water = 9.81 KN/m3

3. Specific gravity

Specific gravity of a fluid may be defined as the ratio of its specific weight to that of a standard
substance at a standard temperature. It is generally denoted by S and it is a unit less quantity. In
the case of liquids the standard fluid chosen is water and for gases it is air.

4. Compressibility

Compressibility of a fluid may defined as the variation in its volume with the variation of
pressure. Normally liquid is considered to be an incompressible fluid.

5. Surface tension

Surface tension of a fluid is its property, which enables it to resist tensile stress. It is due to
cohesion between the molecules at the surface of a liquid. Its unit is N/m.

6. Capillarity

Capillarity may be defined as rise or fall of a liquid in a tube. The phenomenon of rising water in
a tube of smaller diameter is called capillary rise.

7. Viscosity

Viscosity is defined as the resistance offered by one layer of fluid against the adjacent layer of
that fluid or it is a property of a fluid which opposes the flow. Its unit is Ns/m2

There are two types of Viscosity-dynamic Viscosity or (simply viscosity) and kinematic
viscosity. Kinematic viscosity is the ratio between dynamic viscosities to the density of the fluid.
Its unit is square meter per second.