Mango Leaf Disease Prediction using Texture

features and Data Mining Algorithms.

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

 Swapnil Shinde
Kshipra Tatkare Madhavi Ramakant Shinde
Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor Department of Information Technology
Department of Information Technology
Department of Information Technology Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology
Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology
Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology Navi Mumbai,India
Email id:swapnil.shinde@rait.ac.in
Email id: kshipra.tatkare@gmail.com Email id: mrshinde97@yahoo.com
Jaspreet Kaur Sidhu
Jidnyasa Surendra Tavate
Department of Information Technology Charushila Mahesh Thokal
Department of Information Technology
Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology
Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology
Navi Mumbai,India Department of Information Technology
Navi Mumbai,India
Email id: Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology
Email id:jidtavate23@gmail.com
jaspreetsidhu3997@gmail.com Navi Mumbai,India
Email id:
charushila.thokal.9@gmail.com
Abstract— Diseases are very
common among plants which
affect their growth.
Agricultural productivity is
something on which Indian
economy highly depends on.
This is one of the reasons
that disease detection in
plants plays an important
role in agriculture field.
Having diseases in plants are
quite natural. Mango is an
important crop as its
demand is high and the
profits generated are also
high. Therefore it is
necessary to predict the
diseases at the beginning
stage. An automatic
technique is required to ease
the work of identifying the
diseases. In this paper we are
proposing a system which
will make use of canny edge
detection along with GLCM
for feature extraction and
SVM, KNN for classification.
We are focusing on three
diseases which are the major
ones that affect the mango
crop. These three diseases
are Anthracnose, Powdery
Mildew and Red rust. This
system will be tested with
different number of test data
set collected from various
regions. The proposed
system aims to give better
results than the existing
system.
Keywords—Edge  crops.
Detection, GLCM,  recognition is still difficult
Gaussian filter, SVM, KNN
I.INTRODUCTION
Many people in India
are farmers. They depend
on the production obtained
from farming. They have
the aim to increase
production efficiency and
quality of product. Mango
fruits are the most important
agricultural product in
specific regions of India
from customer view. The
economical profit depends
on a product quality which
depends on healthy plants
and seeds. So for increasing
the profit farmer mainly
focuses on these two main
things. Instead there is one
more thing which affect on
a production that is multiple
type of diseases in mango
plant leaf.
To increase profit we
have to control diseases.
But it is necessary to detect
and control such types of
diseases in a specific time
period which is at their
initial state. So it is
important to destroy such
diseases before it will affect
on some basic operation of
mango plant body such as
Photosynthesis,
transpiration, pollination,
fertilization, germination
etc. We are using data
mining techniques with
image processing for
prediction Depending on
the application, many of
problems may be solved, or
at least reduced, by the use
of digital images, pattern
recognition and
classification tools of data
mining techniques. There
are three main diseases of
mango leaves-Anthracnose,
Red rust and Powdery
mildew.
The security of food
still looks in danger due to
various issues like plant
diseases, climate change
etc. Plant diseases are not
only a key hazards to food
security all over the world,
but can also have terrible
consequences for countries
like India whose economy
largely depends on healthy
Their quick
due to the deficiency of the
essential infrastructure. In
image processing,
regardless a lot of efforts in
have been employed, plant
identification is still a
difficult and vague problem
[5]. //Add statistics of the
loss due to mango fruit
disease
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Identification of Mango
Leaf Disease and Control
Prediction using Image
Processing and Neural
Network [1]
• This paper has analyzed
the performance of the leaf
disease identification and
control prediction algorithm
in standard digital color
images taken from test data
set.
• The proposed mango leaf
disease identification and
control prediction system is
an automated system that
can identify the two types
of mango leaf disease such
that Bacterial leaf spot and
Red rust.
• Edge detection based
Image segmentation is done
initially, and finally image
analysis and classification
of diseases is performed
using proposed
Homogeneous Pixel
Counting Technique for
Cotton Diseases Detection
(HPCCDD) Algorithm. The
goal of this research work is
identify the disease affected
part of cotton leaf sport by
using the image analysis
technique. After image
preprocessing including
image compression, image
cropping and image de-
noising, K-means clustering
algorithm was used to Fig. 1. Steps for
segment the disease images, Identification of Mango
and then 21 color features, 4 Leaf Disease and Control
shape features and 25 Prediction using Image
texture features were Processing and Neural
extracted from the images. Network
Median filter. Back 2.Disease Recognition in
Propagation Neural Mango Crop Using
Network classifier Modified Rotational Kernel
technique are used. Transform Features [2]
• Optimal number of • This paper has used
segment is 5 clusters which MRKT based scheme to
gives optimal performance identify calculate the
about 94% of the proposed directional features
system. histograms for plant parts
like leaf fruit of a mango
• When the number of
clusters increases then the crop in digital color images
taken from a data set.
total testing time to identify
the mango leaf disease also • Histogram equalization,
increases. But good results Artificial Neural Network
are obtained by increasing
classifier technique are
the number of clusters. The used.
steps are shown in figure 1.
• Author proposes an
automatic plant
identification system for
image database using all
three types of shape, color
and texture features. The
major issue occurred was
transform in shape and
pattern of leaf along with
age of plant and leaf
composition in addition to
usual huddles of object
recognition such as
variation in pose, light and
orientation. author use an
convolutional neural
networks (CNN) in order to
learn unsupervised feature libraries are open source, • Success rate of 3 Digital Averaging Stand
version for 44 various types and implementation is classification was around camera filter, color deviat
of plant classes, collected at possible in android devices 89% interfaced Transform- varian
the Royal Botanic Gardens, and other low cost open • The Adaptive K-Means to the ation, Kurto
Kew, England. hardware development Clustering technique Raspberry histogram skewn
boards such as Raspberry Pi enhances the segmentation Pi equalizatio entrop
• The results obtained using and Beagle bone, The output obtained through the hardware
proposed MRKT directional n,SVM
OpenCV implementation is original K-Means
feature set shows better or the classifier,
fine tuned to get the
results with accuracy upto technique. smart Hyper
accurate results compared
98 • The accuracy of Adaptive phone plane
to Matlab, so that it can be
made available to farmers k-means clustering is camera.
• The histogram peaks are
used to distinguish among easily. approximately 93%.
directional features of plant 4 The authors RGB Wave
• SVM classifier, histogram
parts. The above diagram is have Channel transf
equalization, Hyper plane
from the paper Disease are used. captured Separation graysc
Recognition in Mango Crop 350 images ,Normalizat norma
Using Modified Rotational 4.Automatic Robust using ion, K- bright
Kernel Transform Features Segmentation Scheme for Nikon 16 means levels
Pathological Problems in III.COMPARA
megapixel clustering,
Mango Crop.[4] TIVE ANALYSIS
digital neural
3.OpenCV Based Disease camera. network,
• In this paper, the authors A comparative analysis of
Identification of Mango have captured 350 numbers Perceptron
Leaves[3] the above mentioned papers
of images using Nikon is shown below in table 1. classifier,
In this paper, the 16megapixel digital camera In each paper the methods SVM
diseased leaf image is and threshold based used for enhancement and
acquired using the digital offloading technique is used classification are different.
camera interfaced to the Also, the features extracted
• K-means clustering, Edge
Raspberry Pi hardware or detection, neural network vary. IV.PROPOSED SYSTEM
the smart phone camera based classification
technique, multi-layer Table 1. Comparative The first step is image
• Dataset is prepared
with both black and white Perceptron classifier and analysis of literature survey acquisition that is the image
background SVM are used. Pap Image Methods is captured using a camera.
er database The resolution required is 6
• The disease name and • Here worked on the mega pixels or more. The
1 Standard Median
the corresponding feature segmentation of Mango second step is pre-
plant parts such as leaves, digital filter,
vectors are added to the processing which includes
flowers and fruits to detect color Neural
Matlab or OpenCV image enhancement and
database using the learning the two types of diseases images Network
taken from classifier segmentation. Pre-
algorithm. Different namely Powdery Mildew
test data technique. processing involves reading
segmentation and and Anthracnose.
set. image, cropping it and
classification algorithms are
• Initially the captured color plane separation. Image
studied for the disease
clustering and images of plant parts are enhancement involves
identification. used to perform some Gaussian filtering and high
image-preprocessing such boost filtering. For
• K-means is one of the as channel separation, segmentation Canny Edge
simple and robust illumination normalization Detection is used. The third
segmentation algorithms to (if non uniform step is Feature Extraction
implement for low cost illumination is exists). which is done using
development and it uses • Then color space 2 GLCM. Fourth step is
unsupervised learning Digital Histogram
conversion is performed to color equalizatio Classification.
method to solve known
get the grayness value. On images n, edge Classification will be done
clustering issues. Disease
classification is achieved by this grayness image we taken from enhanceme using SVM and KNN. The
SVM classifier, because of perform Adaptive K-means test data nt, results of the two will be
the implementation segmentation to segment set. Artificial compared. We have
simplicity in both the the lesion region. Neural obtained data set from the
Matlab and OpenCV • To get sharp edges at the Network author of the reference
libraries compared back boundaries of segmented classifier paper OpenCV Based
propagation neural image the authors apply Disease Identification of
networks. different edge detection Mango Leaves by
transforms and then Jayaprakash Sethupathy,
• Implementation of the
combine them in order to Veni S [3]. We have also
algorithm is done using
both Matlab and OpenCV obtain the final segmented obtained real time dataset
libraries and the results are image. by visiting nearby
compared. Since OpenCV locations. The system will
be used on both the data
sets. The steps are shown
below in figure 2.
Fig.2. Flow
Chart of Proposed system
1. IMAGE
ACQUISITION
In the reference paper, the
diseased leaf image is
acquired using the digital
camera interfaced to the
Raspberry Pi hardware or
the smart phone camera, the
image is acquired from a
certain uniform distance
with sufficient lighting for
learning and classification.
The image background
should provide a proper
contrast to the leaf color.
Mango leaf disease dataset
is prepared with both black
and white background,
based on the comparative
study black background
image provides better Following is one of the filtering is expressed in
results and hence it is used Gaussian filter mask. equation form as follows:
for the disease
identification of mango Ihighboost = AIoriginal +
leaf. Ihighpass
We have also captured (2)
images of mango leaves by
using digital mobile camera = (AWallpass
for real time dataset. +Whighpass) *
Images will get stored in Ioriginal
standard jpg format. The
camera resolution used is 6 D.CANNY EDGE
megapixels. //count of DETECTION
images captured
Canny edge detection is a
2. IMAGE Fig. 3. Gaussian multi-step algorithm that
PREPROCESSING filter mask[6] can detect edges with noise
A.CROPPING IMAGE suppressed at the same
The Gaussian distribution
Read the image and crop it time.
in 1-D has the form:
specifying crop rectangle. (a) Smooth the image with
a Gaussian filter to reduce
B.PLANE SEPARATION noise and unwanted details
In this method, we separate (1) and textures.
Red, green, blue planes of a (b) Compute gradient of
given rgb image. where sigma is the standard using any of the gradient
Red_channel=I2(:,:,1); deviation of the operators (Roberts, Sobel,
green_channel=I2(:,:,2); distribution. Prewitt)
blue_channel=I2(:,:,3); (c) Threshold M
(d) Suppress non-maxima
From this we will only pixels in the edges in
consider green_channel as obtained above to thin the
human ii. HIGH edge ridges.
eye is most sensitive to BOOST (e) Threshold the previous
green. FILTERING result by two different
[7] thresholds T1 and T2
C.IMAGE The high-boost filter can be (where T1<T2) to obtain
ENHANCEMENT used to enhance high two binary images T1 and
i. GAUSSIAN frequency component while T2.
FILTERING still keeping the low (f) Link edge segments in
[6] T2 to form continuous
frequency components.
edges. To do so, trace each
A Gaussian filter is a  High boost filter is
segment in T2 to its end
filter whose impulse  composed by an all pass and then search its
response is a Gaussian filter and an edge detection neighbors in T1 to find any
function (or an filter (Laplacian filter). edge segment in T1 to
approximation to it). Thus, it emphasizes edges bridge the gap until
Gaussian filters have the and results in image reaching another edge
properties of having no sharpener. The high-boost segment in T2.
overshoot to a step function filter is a simple sharpening
input while minimizing the E.FEATURE
operator in signal and
rise and fall time. This EXTRACTION USING
image processing. It is used
behavior is closely GLCM
connected to the fact that for amplifying high
frequency components of The process of
the Gaussian filter has the transforming the input data
minimum possible group signals and images. The
into a set of features is
delay. It is considered the amplification is achieved
called feature extraction.
ideal time domain filter, via a procedure which
Features often contain
just as the sinc is the ideal subtracts a smoothed information relative to
frequency domain filter. version of the media data color, shape, texture or
The Gaussian smoothing from the original one. In context. Texture feature
operator is a 2-D image processing, we can extraction helps in
convolution operator that is sharpen edges of a image segmentation or
used to `blur' images and through the amplification classification of images,
remove detail and noise. and obtain a more clear they can be extracted using
image. The high boost statistical method.
Statistical methods Fig. 4. Process best divides a dataset into d(p, q)=√(q1-p1)²+
characterize the texture used to create the GLCM two classes (q2-p2)²+.....+(qn-
indirectly according to the [8] Types of SVM: pn)² (7)
non-deterministic (a) Linear Kernel SVM
properties that manage the We will use the following 4 (b) Polynomial Kernel
relationships between the features: SVM KNN algorithm [11]
gray levels of an image The 1.Entropy[9] (a) Determine parameter
GLCM functions In Image, Entropy is a) Linear kernel SVM k=number of nearest
characterize the texture of defined as corresponding The dot-product is called neighbors
an image by calculating states of intensity level the kernel and can be re- (b) Calculate the distance
how often pairs of pixel which individual pixels can written as: between the query instance
with specific values and in adapt. It is used in the K(x, xi) = sum(x * xi) and all the training samples
a specified spatial quantitative analysis and Where x, xi are input (c) Sort the distance and
relationship occur in an evaluation image details, variables. determine nearest
image, creating a GLCM, the entropy value is used as The kernel defines the neighbors based on the k-th
and then extracting it provides better similarity or a distance minimum distance
statistical measures from comparison of the image measure between new data (d) Gather the category of
this matrix. details. and the support vectors. nearest neighbors
GLCM helps to reveal Entropy = ∑- ln(Pij)Pij The dot product is the (e) Use simple majority of
certain properties about the similarity measure used for the category of nearest
spatial distribution of the (3) linear SVM as the distance neighbors as the prediction
gray levels in the texture 2.Contrast[9] is a linear combination of value of the query instance.
image. GLCM is effective Measures the local the inputs.
compared to wavelet variations in the gray-level It is desirable to use more V.
texture analysis, and co-occurrence matrix. complex kernels as it CONCLUSION
multivariate statistical contrast is the difference in allows lines to separate the An image processing based
analysis based on PCA visual properties that makes classes that are curved or solution is proposed and
(Principle Component an object distinguishable even more complex. evaluated for the detection
Analysis). Gray co-matrix from other objects and the This can lead to more and classification of mango
function is used to create background. accurate classifiers. diseases. Anthracnose,
GLCM matrix. By Contrast = ∑Pij(i - j)(i- Powdery Mildew, Red rust
calculating how often a j) b) Polynomial Kernel SVM are the major diseases
pixel with the intensity (4) Instead of the dot-product, affecting mango crop which
(gray-level) value i occurs 3.Homogeneity[9] we can use a polynomial have been considered. The
in a specific spatial Measures the closeness of kernel, for example: proposed approach is
relationship to a pixel with the distribution of elements K(x, xi) = 1 + sum(x * xi)d composed of mainly three
the value j. spatial in the GLCM to the GLCM Where the degree of steps. In the first step image
relationship diagonal. polynomial must be segmentation is performed
is defined as the pixel of Homogeneity = ∑Pij/(1 specified by hand to the using Canny Edge
interest and the pixel to its + (i - j)^2) kernel Detection. In the second
immediate right (5) When d=1this is the same step features are extracted.
(horizontally adjacent). 4.Correlation[9] as linear kernel: In the third step
GLCM (Gray Level Co- Measures the joint The polynomial kernel classification is performed
occurrence Matrix) probability occurrence of allows for curved lines in using SVM and KNN
Features : the specified the input space. classifier. The existing
- Energy pixel pairs. system uses SVM classifier.
- Entropy Correlation = KNN (k-Nearest The proposed system will
- Contrast ∑Pij(i -µ)(j - Neighbors)[10] compare the results of
- Homogeneity µ)/σ^2 //numbering not done SVM and KNN classifier.
- Correlation (6) KNN is a non-parametric This would help in
- Shade method for classification. achieving better accuracy.
- Prominence F.CLASSIFICATION Prediction for test data is This system would promote
i. SVM [10] //mention done on the basis of its Indian Farmers to do smart
complete name at start , neighbor farming which helps to take
Numbering should be K is an integer (small), if time to time decisions
proper k=1, k is assigned to the which also save time and
Definition: class of single nearest reduce loss of mango fruit
A support vector machine neighbor. due to diseases. The leading
(SVM) is a machine Similarity : objective of our system is
learning algorithm that Calculated using distance to enhance the value of
analyzes data for measure like Euclidean disease detection for
classification and distance. mango.
regression analysis.
SVMs are based on the idea VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
of finding a hyperplane that
We would like to express press.org/) DOI:
profound gratitude to our 10.5815/ijmecs.2017.01.05
project guide Mr. Swapnil
Shinde and project [5]
coordinator Mrs. Reshma https://en.wikipedia.org/wik
Gulwani of B.E. Program i/
for their invaluable support,
encouragement, supervision [6]
and useful suggestions https://en.wikipedia.org/wik
throughout this project i/Gaussian_filter
work. We are very grateful
for the valuable cooperation [7]
and constant https://www.scribd.com/do
encouragement from our c/119044470/High-Boost-
Head of Department Dr. Filtering
Ashish Jadhav.
[8]
https://in.mathworks.com/h
elp/images/create-a-gray-
VII. REFERENCES level-co-occurrence-
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[11]https://people.revoledu.
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Advanced Computing and
Communication Systems
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INDIA

[3] Jayaprakash Sethupathy,

"OpenCV Based Disease
Identification of Mango
Leaves," International
Journal of Engineering and
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[4] S. B. Ullagaddi, Dr. S.

Viswanadha Raju,
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Published Online January
2017 in MECS
(http://www.mecs-