Development of New Composites Material For 3d Printing Application

RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum)

Bangalore-560 054
Mini Project Report

on
Development of New Composite Material
for 3D Printing Application
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
KIRAN A 1MS16ME067
NAVEEN N 1MS16ME083
NISHANTH G 1MS16ME090
PAVAN K.G 1MS16ME097
Under the guidance of

Dr. JAYA CHRISTIYAN. K. G
Asst.Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNIOLOGY,
BANGALORE-560054
2019
Development of New Composite Material for 3D Printing Application
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the mini project work entitled “Development of New Composite Material
for 3D Printing Application” is a bonafide work carried out by students KIRAN.A
(1MS16ME067), NAVEEN.N (1MS16ME083), NISHANTH.G (1MS16ME090) and
PAVAN K G (1MS16ME097) in partial fulfilment of the award of the Degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering during the year 2019. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for continuous internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report submitted to the department. To the best of our knowledge, this
report does not contain any work which has been previously carried out by others and the
report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Mini Project
work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree.
Dr. JAYA CHRISTIYAN K G Dr. RAJI GEORGE Dr. N.V.R NAIDU

Guide Head of the Department Principal, RIT
Signature of External Examiners:
Name Signature
1________________________ _______________________
2________________________ ________________________
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT Bengaluru Page ii

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the entire work embodied in this mini project has
been independently carried out by us under the supervision of internal guide Dr. JAYA
CHRISTIYAN K.G, Asst. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ramaiah
Institute of Technology, Bangalore in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the
Bachelor of Degree in Mechanical Engineering. We further declare that the mini project
report has not been submitted either in part or in full to any other university for the award
of any Degree.
By
KIRAN.A (1MS16ME067) NAVEEN.N (1MS16ME083)
NISHANTH.G (1MS16ME090) PAVAN K G (1MS16ME097)
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT Bengaluru Page iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude for the invaluable guidance
of my Guide Dr. Jaya Christiyan K G, Asst. Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, for all his guidance, help and
ongoing support throughout the course of this work.
I am immensely grateful to Dr. Raji George, Professor and Head, Department of

Mechanical Engineering, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, without whose
inspiration and invaluable support my research would never have taken off.
I am extremely thankful to Dr. NVR Naidu, Principal, Ramaiah Institute of

Technology, for creating an atmosphere of Research and Development in the College and
encouraging us to initiate into the research activities.
I take this opportunity to express my profound and cordial gratitude to Dr.
Malathi Challa, Assistant Professor and Professor Dr. B.M Nagabhushana, HOD, Dept.
of Chemistry, MSRIT who have helped me in completing my research work.
We are very thankful to the GLS Polymer Pvt Ltd for their extensive support in extruding
the filament.
KIRAN A
NAVEEN N
NISHANTH G
PAVAN K.G
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT Bengaluru Page iv

ABSTRACT
3D printing technology is now frequently employed in many areas of research and

development. However, a relatively narrow range of 3D printable materials restricts the
true potential of this potentially disruptive technology. There is rapidly increasing interest
in the improvement and diversification of properties of generic printing materials via the
introduction of fillers with unique properties, and/or by blending materials exhibiting
different properties to generate high performance composites. The increasing popularity of
3D printed composites can be attributed to the ability to fabricate complex geometries, low
cost production, and other advantages associated with Additive Manufacturing. Fused
Filament Fabrication is a 3D Printing process that uses a continuous filament of a thermo
plastic material. Some of the thermoplastic materials used are PLA, ABS,
POLYCARBONATE, etc.
In this project PLA as a material as it is biodegradable but the problem with pure PLA is
that it will absorb the moisture and starts changing it’s properties and also becomes more
flexible within 8-10 months of time. Because of less strength of these materials in fused
deposition form, many researches have been made on development of the various new
composites. In this work was focused on the develop new composite material of PLA and
GRAPHENE for 3D printing application. The Graphene also synthisis and developed for
Graphete for this project work and the samples grown under different conditions were
analyzed by SEM with the aim to assess their characteristics and to refine the growth
process.In this work was made a composite out of PLA and GRAPHENE composite (with
a 2 wt% of graphene as additive), which was extruded as 1.75 mm filament for the 3D
printer which is an input for Fused filament fabrication process.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT Bengaluru Page v

CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Manufacturing Process 1
1.1.1 About Manufacturing Process 1
1.1.2 Additive Manufacturing Process 1
1.1.3 3D Printing Process 2
1.2 Composite Material 4
1.2.1 About Composite Material 4

1.2.2 PLA-Graphene Composite 4
Chapter 2: Scope of the Project 6
Chapter 3: Literature Survey 8
Chapter 4: Methodology
4.1 Preparation of Graphene 10
4.1.1 Procedure for preparation of

Graphene by Hummers Method 10
4.1.2 Graphene Preparation 12
4.2 Preparation of PLA-Graphene Composite 14
4.2.1 Procedure 14
4.2.2 Solution Blending Process 15
4.3 Preparation of PLA-Graphene Filament 16
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT Bengaluru Page vi

Chapter 5: Conclusion 19
Chapter 6: Results Obtained

6.1 Testing of Graphene Powder 20
6.2 Testing of the filament for 3D Printing Application 21
6.2.1 Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 21
6.2.2 Steps involved in 3D Printing a model 21
Chapter 7: References 23
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT Bengaluru Page vii

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Manufacturing Process
1.1.1 About Manufacturing Process

Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps
through which raw materials are transformed into a final product. The
manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials
specification from which the product is made. These materials are then
modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part.
There are mainly 3 types of manufacturing process namely
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING – Materials are added to the specimen layer by layer
Eg: FDM, SLS, SLA, LOM etc,.
SUBTRACTIVE MANUFACTURING - Materials are removed from the specimen
Eg: Milling, Grinding, Cutting etc,.
FORMATIVE MANUFACTURING - Materials are neither added nor removed.

Eg: Forging, Casting, Bending etc,.
Due to various advantages of additive manufacturing proces like very

high dimensional accuracy, less wastage of raw materials, not requirement of
any tools etc, it is been used very widely nowadays.
1.1.2 Additive Manufacturing Process

Additive manufacturing uses data computer-aided-design (CAD)
software or 3D object scanners to direct hardware to deposit material, layer
upon layer, in precise geometric shapes. As its name implies, additive
manufacturing adds material to create an object. By contrast, when you create
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT Bengaluru Page 1

an object by traditional means, it is often necessary to remove material through

milling, machining, carving, shaping or other means.
Fused filament fabrication (FFF), also known under the trademarked

term fused deposition modeling (FDM), sometimes also called filament
freeform fabrication, is a 3D printing process that uses a continuous filament
of a thermoplastic material.[1] Filament is fed from a large coil through a
moving, heated printer extruder head, and is deposited on the growing work.
The print head is moved under computer control to define the printed shape.
Usually the head moves in two dimensions to deposit one horizontal plane, or
layer, at a time; the work or the print head is then moved vertically by a small
amount to begin a new layer. The speed of the extruder head may also be
controlled to stop and start deposition and form an interrupted plane without
stringing or dribbling between sections.
1.1.3 3D Printing Process

3D printing is one of the type fused filament fabrication process.3D
printing is a fundamentally different way of producing parts compared to
traditional subtractive (CNC machining) or formative (Injection molding)
manufacturing technologies. In 3D printing, no special tools are required (for
example, a cutting tool with certain geometry or a mold). Instead the part is

manufactured directly onto the built platform layer-by-layer, which leads to a

unique set of benefits and limitations.
The most commonly used 3D Printing process is a material

extrusion technique called fused deposition modeling (FDM).[2] Metal
Powder bed fusion has been gaining prominence lately during the immense
applications of metal parts in the 3D printing industry. In 3D Printing, a three-
dimensional object is built from a computer-aided design (CAD) model,
usually by successively adding material layer by layer, unlike the conventional
machining process, where material is removed from a stock item, or the
casting and forging processes which date to antiquity.
Because of less availability of the materials for 3D printing process many

researches on development of the various new composites is preferred
nowadays. Hence, we thought of using Graphene, with PLA because pure
PLA has a very short life and hence we thought Graphene and would increase
binding property and this might further increase the strength and the life of
PLA.

1.2 Composite Material
1.2.1 About Composite Material
A composite material (also called a composition material or shortened

to composite, which is the common name) is a material made from two or
more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical
properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics

different from the individual components.
The new material may be preferred for many reasons: common examples
include materials which are stronger, lighter, or less expensive when
compared to traditional materials.
1.2.2 PLA- GRAPHENE Composite
In recent years, increased interest has been devoted to a novel class of

polymer/graphene nanocomposites because they exhibit tremendously
improved properties compared with polymer matrix. Graphene, which was
firstly discovered in 2004 has attracted much attention because of its
remarkable electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. Therefore,

graphene is considered to be a kind of excellent inorganic filler to

prepare high performance polymer-based composites. Up to now, several
polymer/graphene composites prepared by solution blending, melt blending,
were reported. Among these methods, solution blending has been a widely
used technique and can be applied to facilitate mixing and dispersion of
graphene due to low viscosity of the mixture system in solution. However, one
of the key points of solution blending is using a suitable mutual solvent to
form a uniform mixture of polymers and nanofillers. Many efforts have been
made to prepare homogeneous graphene dispersions in organic solvents.
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a biodegradable aliphatic polyester made from

renewable resources, has received considerable attention because of its
potential applications for biomaterial, packaging materials, films, fibers,
engineering materials, and so on. However, some disadvantages such as
vulnerability to heat, brittleness, slow crystallization rate, poor mechanical
properties, and slow degradation rate limit the application of PLA. In order to
obtain the desirable properties of PLA, copolymer synthesis and blending it
with other polymers has been developed.

CHAPTER 2
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
PLA: Polylactic acid or polylactide (PLA) is a biodegradable and bioactive

thermoplastic aliphatic polyester obtained renewable biomass, typically from
fermented plant starch such as from corn, cassava , sugarcane or sugar beet
pulp.
ISSUE WITH PLA: When PLA is kept in open, then as it absorbs the
moisture it starts changing it’s properties and starts becoming flexible within
8-10 months (i,e. It starts losing its strength). PLA is not known for its material
property, it is more of consumer plastic than an engineering plastic because of
its biodegradability within short duration of time.PLA has some
disadvantages such as vulnerability to heat, brittleness, slow crystallization
rate, poor mechanical properties, and slow degradation rate limits the
application of PLA
SOLUTION: Compared with other nanofillers, graphene has remarkable

electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties due to its 2D geometry. And
more importantly, because of its large aspect ratio and unique layered
structure, graphene is expected to be a promising candidate as component in
preparing high performance polymer-based nanocomposites with a very low
loading of graphene.
It is anticipated that incorporation of well- dispersed graphene into PLA

can improve the properties of PLA matrix at extraordinarily low graphene
contents due to the unique properties of graphene.

Herein, we present a convenient solution blending and coagulation method

to prepare PLA/graphene nanocomposites. The graphene nanosheets could be
dispersed in chloroform stably for more than one month and the graphene
loading in the nanocomposites was very low ranging from 0.5 to 2 wt%. By
means of this solution blending and coagulation method, graphene could be
uniformly dispersed in the PLA matrix.

CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE SURVEY
Development of New Composite for 3D Printing Application
3 LITERATURE SURVEY
1. AndreaMura FedericaAdamo HaozheWang Wei SunLeong XiangJi

JingKong (2019)[1]
ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) and PC-ABS (PolyCarbonate-

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) have been investigated and results show that
Graphene coat may reduce coefficient of friction and increase the wear
strength of the tested materials
2. Luigi Botta, Roberto Scaffaro, Fiorenza Sutera and Maria Chiara

Mistretta (2017)[3]
PLA filled with Graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) were reprocessed and

observed that in comparison with the neat PLA more drastic reduction of the
molecular weight.
Pei Xu, Xiao Luo, Yiyang Zhou, Youwen Yang, Yunsheng Ding,
(2017)[8], Graphene, poly(methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate-
co-1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide) (P[MPEGMA-IL]) , and PLA were
reinforced and it was observed that there was increase of the mobile charge
carriers and the dielectric strength at the interphase.
Duncan Greeley, Jack Gritton, Robert Minneci, Austin Plymill, (2016)

[12]
Graphene and Carbon Nanotube PLA Composite were reinforced and

observed that for a 0.2 wt% loading of graphene there was a 47% increase in
tensile strength, 17% increase in modulus.
5. Sithiprumnea Dul, Luca Fambri, Alessandro Pegoretti

(2016)[5]
Graphene nanoplatelets were incorporated at 4 wt% in ABS investigated that

there was a increase in elastic modulus. At the same time, a decrease in both
stress and strain at break was observed when GnP is added to ABS.
6. F.Wang Y.Zhang B.B.Zhang R.Y.Hong M.R.Kumar C.R.Xie
(2015)[6]
ABS, Ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) composites reinforced

with graphene nanoplatelets the maximum tensile strength with minimum
impact strength is obtained. But this result is reversed while the fabrication of
composites by wet premixing process.
7. Yewen Cao, Jiachun Feng, Peiyi Wu
(2010)[2]
Graphene nanosheets (GNSs) and PLA composites were uniformly dispersed

in the matrix and enhanced the mechanical and thermal properties.

CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
4. METHODOLOGY
4.1 Preparation of Graphene
Once we started knowing the approach of making composite in order to

improve the properties of PLA by blending it with Graphene. We started the
procurement of PLA from IndiaMart.
But once we started procurement of Graphene we came to know that it is very

expensive, so we searched for a method to synthesise it. It is then we came
across Modified HUMMERS method.
4.1.1 Procedure for Preparation of Graphene by MODIFIED

HUMMERS METHOD
Chemicals required: Graphite Flakes, H2SO4, KMnO4, Deionized Water,

H2O2,HCl.
Apparatus: Magnetic Stirrer with Hot Plate, Magnetic Bead, Centrifuge, Hot
Air Oven, Thermometer, Digital Weighing Machine, Beaker, Thermometer,
Glass Rod, Ultra Sonic Processor.
Procedure:
1. Graphite flakes (2 g) was mixed in 90 mL of H2SO4 (98%) in a 1000 ml

volumetric flask kept under at ice bath (0-5ºC) with continuous stirring.
2. The mixture was stirred at this temperature and potassium permanganate

(12 g) was added to the suspension very slowly. The rate of addition was
carefully controlled to keep the reaction temperature lower than 15º C.
3. The mixture is diluted with very slow addition of 184 ml water and kept
under stirring for 2 hrs. The ice bath was then removed, and the mixture was
stirred at 35°C.
4. The above mixture is kept in a reflux system at 98°C for 10-15 min. After
10 min, change the temperature to 30°C which gives brown colored solution.
5. Again after 10 min, change it to 25°C, and maintain the temperature for 2
hrs.
6. The solution is finally treated with 40 ml H2O2.
7. It is then kept without stirring for 3-4 hrs, where the particles settles at the
bottom and remaining water is poured to filter.
8. The resulting mixture is washed repeatedly by centrifugation with 10% HCl

and then with deionized (DI) water several times until it forms gel like
substance (pH- 7 neutral).
9. The gel like substance is put in different centrifuge tubes and centrifugation
is carried out.
10. After centrifugation the gel like substance is dried at room temperature.
11. Later Calcination is done with the help of oven to finally obtain Graphene
powder.

4.1.2 GRAPHENE PREPARATION
GRAPHITE FLAKES ADDITION OF H2SO4 WHEN

PLACED IN ICE BATH
ADDITION OF DI WATER ADDITION OF KMnO4

AND H2O2

ULTRASONICATION CENTRIFUGATION
GRAPHENE POWDER CALCINATION

4.2 Preparation of PLA-GRAPHENE COMPOSITE
Once the graphene was synthesized we started the preparation of PLA-

Graphene composite by Solution Blending process.
4.2.1 Procedure: The procedure for the preparation of composite by

solution blending is as follows.
1. We came to know that PLA and Graphene have Chloroform (CHCl3) as

a common solvent. Hence we first mix the Graphene in Chloroform and
kept under ultrasonication for 2 hours at ambient temperature.
2. Next we mix appropriate amount of PLA with CHCl3 kept for stirring
until all the PLA was completely soluble.
3. Then the above two solutions were mixed together and magnetically
stirred until a homogenous mixture is formed.
4. Then this homogenous solution was kept at room temperature until the
chloroform evaporates and we get the PLA-Graphene blended
composite.
4.2.2 SOLUTION BLENDING PROCESS

PLA mixed with CHCl3 Then Graphene is added to the

PLA dissolved solution.
Final PLA- Graphene composite

obtained by Solution Blending.

4.3 PREPARATION OF FILAMENT
The extrusion moulding is a common method for making of Pipe, Rods,

Hoses, Driking Staws, Filaments and more. The Die is Main Part of extrusion
moulding process, because of the product cross section depends on the Die
Cross section. The Screw part is inside a barrel. First the extrusion of plastic
is form of powder, it fed into screw from hopper. It conveyed through barrel
and heated by Heater Conduction process. In this extrusion process the shear
force made by screw movement. Finally, the end of extruder the extrusion of
plastics passed through die to make the require shape object.
Plastic Extrusion Process can be carried out in 3 process as follows:
(i) Feed Zone for extrusion moulding process:
In this process the plastic is pre heated and convey to subsequent

zone.The Raw material is pass to feed zone from hopper. The heater is heated
by the materiel. The screw will be designed in constant depth and supply some
sufficient amount of material to the metering zone.
(ii) Compression Zone For extrusion of plastics:

In this Zone, The cross Section of screw depth will be gradually
decrease, so compact the plastic. The Compaction process any trapped air back
into feed zone and thickness of material reduced by heat transfer from heater.

(iii) Metering zone for extrusion process
The metering zone, again the screw depth will be decrease and it much
lower than the feed zone. The melton metal pass to the die with constant rate,
uniform pressure and temperature.
Extruded Filament of PLA-Graphene

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5. CONCLUSION
Due to relatively narrow range of 3D printable materials restricts the true

potential of 3D printing technology. There is rapidly increasing interest in the
improvement and diversification of properties of generic printing materials via
the introduction of fillers with unique properties, and/or by blending materials
Hence in order to support this, we have made a composite of PLA and
Graphene .Compared with other nanofillers, graphene has remarkable
electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties due to its 2D geometry. And
more importantly, because of its large aspect ratio and unique layered
structure, graphene is a promising candidate as component in preparing high
performance polymer-based nanocomposites with a very low loading of
graphene.
Herein, we present a convenient solution blending and coagulation method

to prepare PLA/graphene nanocomposites. The graphene nanosheets could be
dispersed in chloroform stably and the graphene loading in the composites was
very low ranging from 0.5 to 2 wt%. By means of this solution blending and
coagulation method, graphene is uniformly dispersed in the PLA matrix.PLA
Graphene composites are made and also extruded out as a filament and also
been tested with the help of 3D printer by printing a 3D printed model.

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS OBTAINED
6.1 TESTING OF PREPARED GRAPHENE POWDER
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM):

The dried GO powders were subjected to SEM measurements and the
results were shown in above figure. A shrivelled spheroidal morphology was
observed with a dimension of hundreds of nanometers to several micrometers
in diameter. However, it is difficult to find single GO sheet as all of them are
highly agglomerated (Fig. 2(b)). After annealed at 1050 °C for 30 s under
argon atmosphere, the shrivelled spheroidal structure disappeared and the GO
particles were split into pieces of graphene sheets with a wrinkled structure,
as shown in Figures 2(c), (d). Thin graphene sheets which are translucent
under electron beam could be discerned in a high-magnification SEM image
(Fig. 2(d)).
SEM images of (a and b) graphene oxide after spray-dried and (c and d)

graphene annealed at 1050 °C for 30 s.

6.2 TESTING OF THE FILAMENT FOR 3D PRINTING

APPLICATION
6.2.1 Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) or Fused Deposition Modeling

(FDM)
FFF is a relatively new method of rapid prototyping (also known as Fused

Deposition Modeling )which works by laying down consecutive layers of
material at high temperatures, allowing the adjacent layers to cool and bond
together before the next layer is deposited.
6.2.2 Steps involved in 3D Printing a model
• Step 1: CAD -- Produce a 3-D model using (CAD) software.
• Step 2: Conversion to STL -- Convert the CAD drawing to the STL

format. STL, which is an acronym for standard tessellation language.

• Step 3: Transfer to AM Machine and STL File Manipulation -- A

user copies the STL file to the computer that controls the 3-D printer.
There, the user can designate the size and orientation for printing.
• Step 4: Build -- Let the machine do its thing; the build process is mostly
automatic. Each layer is usually about 1 mm thick.Depending on the
object's size, the machine and the materials used, this process could take
hours or even days to complete.
• Step 6: Removal -- Remove the printed object (or multiple objects in

some cases) from the machine.

CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
[1] J.R. Potts, D.R. Dreyer, C.W. Bielawski, et al. Graphene-based polymer
nanocomposites, Polym.52 (2011): 5-25.
[2] F.H. Gojny, M.H.G. Wichmann, B. Fiedler, et al. Evaluation and

identification of electrical and thermal conduction mechanisms in carbon
nanotube/epoxy composites .Polym., 47 (2006): 2036-2045.
[3] A.P. Yu, P. Ramesh, X.B. Sun. Enhanced thermal conductivity in a hybrid
graphite nanoplatelet -carbon nanotube filler for epoxy composites. Adv.
Mater., 20 (2008): 4740-4744.
[4] K.T. Lau, D. Hui. The revolutionary creation of new advanced materials-
carbon nanotube composites. Compos. Part B Eng., 33 (2002): 263-277.
[5] F.C. Basurto, D. García-López, N. Villarreal-Bastardo, et al.

Nanocomposites of ABS and sepiolite:
Study of different clay modification processes. Compos. Part B Eng., (43)

2012: 2222-2229.
[6] A. Tagueta, M.A. Huneaultb, B.D. Favis. et al. Interface/morphology

relationships in polymer
blends with thermoplastic starch. Polym., 50 ( 2009): 5733-5743.
[7] W. Zheng, S.C. Wong, H.J. Sue. Transport behavior of PMMA/expanded

graphite nanocomposites.
Polym., 25 (2002): 6767-7673.
[8] J.F. Zou, Z.Z. Yu, Y.X. Pan, et al. Conductive mechanism of
polymer/graphite conducting
composites with low percolation threshold. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym.

Phys., 10 (2002): 954-963.
[9] G.Z. Wu, B.P. Li, J.D Jiang. Carbon black self-networking induced co-
continuity of immiscible

polymer blends. Polym., 51 (2010): 2077-2083.
[10] R.Q Ou, R.A. Gerhardt, C. Marrett, et al. Assessment of percolation and
homogeneity in
ABS/carbon black composites by electrical measurements. Compos. Part B

Eng., 34 (2003): 607-614.
[11] K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, et al., Electric field effect in
atomically thin carbon
films. Science, 306 (2004): 666-669.
[12] R. Sengupta, M. Bhattacharya, S. Bandyopadhyay, A.K. Bhowmick, A

review on the mechanical
and electrical properties of graphite and modified graphite reinforced polymer

composites, Prog. Polym.
Sci., 36 (2011): 638-670.
[13] T. Aizawa, R. Souda, S. Otani, et al. Anomalous bond of monolayer

graphite on transition metal
carbide surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett., 64 (1990): 768-771.
[14] C. Berger, Z. Song, X. Li, et al. Electronic confinement and coherence in

patterned epitaxial
graphene. Science, 312 (2006): 1191-1196


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RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum)

Mini Project Report

Under the guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Dr. JAYA CHRISTIYAN K G Dr. RAJI GEORGE Dr. N.V.R NAIDU

Signature of External Examiners:

Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT Bengaluru Page ii

KIRAN.A (1MS16ME067) NAVEEN.N (1MS16ME083)

NISHANTH.G (1MS16ME090) PAVAN K G (1MS16ME097)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT Bengaluru Page iii

I am immensely grateful to Dr. Raji George, Professor and Head, Department of

I am extremely thankful to Dr. NVR Naidu, Principal, Ramaiah Institute of

Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT Bengaluru Page iv

3D printing technology is now frequently employed in many areas of research and

Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT Bengaluru Page v

1.1 Manufacturing Process 1

1.1.1 About Manufacturing Process 1

1.1.2 Additive Manufacturing Process 1

1.1.3 3D Printing Process 2

1.2 Composite Material 4

1.2.1 About Composite Material 4

Chapter 2: Scope of the Project 6

Chapter 3: Literature Survey 8

4.1 Preparation of Graphene 10

4.1.1 Procedure for preparation of

4.1.2 Graphene Preparation 12

4.2 Preparation of PLA-Graphene Composite 14

4.2.2 Solution Blending Process 15

4.3 Preparation of PLA-Graphene Filament 16

Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT Bengaluru Page vi

Chapter 6: Results Obtained

6.2 Testing of the filament for 3D Printing Application 21

6.2.1 Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 21

6.2.2 Steps involved in 3D Printing a model 21

Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT Bengaluru Page vii

1.1.1 About Manufacturing Process

There are mainly 3 types of manufacturing process namely

ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING – Materials are added to the specimen layer by layer

Eg: FDM, SLS, SLA, LOM etc,.

SUBTRACTIVE MANUFACTURING - Materials are removed from the specimen

Eg: Milling, Grinding, Cutting etc,.

FORMATIVE MANUFACTURING - Materials are neither added nor removed.

Due to various advantages of additive manufacturing proces like very

1.1.2 Additive Manufacturing Process

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an object by traditional means, it is often necessary to remove material through

Fused filament fabrication (FFF), also known under the trademarked

1.1.3 3D Printing Process

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manufactured directly onto the built platform layer-by-layer, which leads to a

The most commonly used 3D Printing process is a material

Because of less availability of the materials for 3D printing process many

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1.2 Composite Material

1.2.1 About Composite Material

A composite material (also called a composition material or shortened

properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics