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JUL
20
INLINE view in Oracle with 12c New Features

Named sub Query in FROM clause is call it as INLINE VIEW.

Oracle process a inline view faster than sub query

Inline View in Oracle

--Query to display all the employees who are all getting salary more than their
department average salary

SELECT First_name
, last_name
, salary
, department_id
FROM employees a , ( SELECT b.department_id
, AVG(b.salary) avg_sal
FROM employees b
GROUP BY b.department_id
) b
WHERE a.department_id = b.department_id
AND a.salary > b.avg_salary;

Display all the customer who have placed more number of orders by using INLINE view

CREATE TABLE customer_order_det_tb

( custm_id NUMBER ,
custm_nm VARCHAR2(30) ,
order_dt DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE ,
ttl_amt NUMBER(7,2)
);
BEGIN
INSERT INTO customer_order_det_tb VALUES(100, 'Murugappan', '11-Jul-15' ,
45000.00);
INSERT INTO customer_order_det_tb VALUES(100, 'Murugappan', '14-Jul-15' ,
27000.00);
INSERT INTO customer_order_det_tb VALUES(101, 'Raja' , '13-Jul-15' ,
17000.00);
INSERT INTO customer_order_det_tb VALUES(102, 'Ramesh' , '15-Jul-15' ,
34000.00);
INSERT INTO customer_order_det_tb VALUES(102, 'Ramesh' , '15-Jul-15' ,
38000.00);
COMMIT;
END;

SELECT c.*
FROM customer_order_det_tb c;

--------------------------------------------
custm_id custm_nm order_dt ttl_amt
--------------------------------------------
100 Murugappan 7/11/2015 45000.00
100 Murugappan 7/14/2015 27000.00
101 Raja 7/13/2015 17000.00
102 Ramesh 7/15/2015 34000.00
102 Ramesh 7/15/2015 38000.00
--------------------------------------------

--Writing a Quer to display all the customer who have placed maximum number of
order

--Query #1 for inline view

SELECT c.custm_id, c.custm_nm, COUNT(*) total_odr

FROM customer_order_det_tb c
GROUP BY c.custm_id,c.custm_nm
ORDER BY total_odr DESC;

--------------------------------
custm_id custm_nm total_odr
--------------------------------
100 Murugappan 2
102 Ramesh 2
101 Raja 1
--------------------------------

--Query #2 for inline view

SELECT MAX(COUNT(*)) total_odr

FROM customer_order_det_tb cnt
GROUP BY cnt.custm_id, cnt.custm_nm;

----------
total_odr
----------
2
----------

Inline view to find all the customers who have placed maximum number of orders

/****************************************
Syntax

SELECT * FROM <query1> x, <query2> y

WHERE contition;
****************************************/

SELECT query1.* FROM

( SELECT c.custm_id, c.custm_nm, COUNT(*) total_odr
FROM customer_order_det_tb c
GROUP BY c.custm_id,c.custm_nm
ORDER BY total_odr DESC
) query1,
( SELECT MAX(COUNT(*)) total_odr
FROM customer_order_det_tb cnt
GROUP BY cnt.custm_id, cnt.custm_nm
) query2
WHERE query1.total_odr = query2.total_odr;
-------------------------------
custm_id custm_nm total_odr
-------------------------------
100 Murugappan 2
102 Ramesh 2
-------------------------------

DROP TABLE customer_order_det_tb;

--Display name and salary for top three money makers of the company and their
designation should not be SALESMAN and PRESIDENT

SELECT first_name, salary

FROM ( SELECT first_name, salary
FROM employees e
WHERE job_id NOT IN ('SALESMAN','PRESIDENT')
ORDER BY salary DESC
)
WHERE ROWNUM < 4;

New Oracle 12c Inline view Syntax

LATERAL clause for In-line views

Allows for columns in the inline view to be accessed!!

Example :

--in 11g
SELECT * FROM employees e, (
SELECT *
FROM departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id);

ORA-0090: "E"."DEPARTMENT_ID": Invalid Identifier

--in 12c
SELECT * FROM employees e, LATERAL(
SELECT *
FROM departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
);

--in 11g
WITH t
AS
( SELECT LEVEL a
FROM dual
CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 30)
SELECT *
FROM t, (SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = t.a
);
ORA-00904: "T"."A": invalid Identifier

--in 12c
WITH t
AS
(SELECT LEVEL a FROM dual CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 30)
SELECT * FROM t,
LATERAL(SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = t.a);

Hope you have enjoyed this little article

Feed backs are always Welcome :) (:
Posted 20th July 2015 by Unknown

0 Add a comment
JAN
23
Salary Related Questions in Oracle

--creating table

CREATE TABLE employee_data

(
eid NUMBER(4),
ename VARCHAR2(30),
depno NUMBER(3),
salary NUMBER(8)
);

BEGIN
--Inserting records
INSERT INTO employee_data VALUES(1000,'Name01',90,30000);
INSERT INTO employee_data VALUES(1001,'Name02',90,6000);
INSERT INTO employee_data VALUES(1002,'Name03',90,23000);
INSERT INTO employee_data VALUES(1003,'Name04',60,35000);
INSERT INTO employee_data VALUES(1004,'Name05',60,60000);
INSERT INTO employee_data VALUES(1005,'Name06',60,30000);
INSERT INTO employee_data VALUES(1006,'Name07',80,36000);
INSERT INTO employee_data VALUES(1007,'Name08',80,29000);
INSERT INTO employee_data VALUES(1008,'Name09',80,37000);
INSERT INTO employee_data VALUES(1009,'Name10',80,41000);
COMMIT;
END;
/

SELECT * FROM employee_data

ORDER BY salary DESC;

--query to find maximum salary from employee_data table

SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee_data;

--query to find minimum salary from employee_data table

SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee_data;

--query to find second maximum salary from employee_data table

SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employee_data
WHERE salary NOT IN (SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employee_data);

--query to select 5th maximum salary

SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM (SELECT salary
FROM (SELECT salary
FROM employee_data
ORDER BY salary DESC)
WHERE rownum <= 5);

--query to select nth maximum salary

SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM (SELECT salary
FROM (SELECT salary
FROM employee_data
ORDER BY salary DESC)
WHERE rownum <= &n);

--query to select all the details of the employee whose getting nth maximum salary

SELECT *
FROM (SELECT emp.*,
rownum rn
FROM (SELECT *
FROM employee_data
ORDER BY salary DESC) emp)
WHERE rn = 9;

--same query using row_numbr( ) function

SELECT *
FROM (SELECT emp.*,
row_number() over(ORDER BY salary) rank
FROM employee_data emp)
WHERE rank = 9;

--same query using rank( ) function

SELECT *
FROM (SELECT emp.*,
rank() over(ORDER BY salary DESC) rank
FROM employee_data emp)
WHERE rank = 4;
--same query using dense_rank( ) function

SELECT *
FROM (SELECT emp.*,
dense_rank() over(ORDER BY salary DESC) rank
FROM employee_data emp)
WHERE rank = 4;

--query to display display maximum salary in all the department

SELECT e.depno "Department id",

MAX(salary) "Maximum Salary"
FROM employee_data e
GROUP BY e.depno;

--query to display all the employees who are all getting salary more than average
salary of the company

SELECT e.* FROM employee_data e

WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee_data);

--query to display all the employees who are all getting salary more than their
department average salary

SELECT employee_id,
first_name,
salary
FROM employees OUT
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = OUT.department_id);

--query to display all the employees who are all getting salary more than their
manager salary

SELECT employee_id,
first_name,
salary
FROM employees OUT
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = OUT.manager_id);

Documented By : Murugappan Annamalai

Posted on : 23-Jan-15 16:34:00 IST.

Hope you have enjoyed this little article

Feed backs are always welcome :)

Posted 23rd January 2015 by Unknown

7 View comments
JAN
22
Why prefer COALESCE over NVL

Documented By : Nimish Garg

I prefer using "COALESCE" over "NVL" is some of the scenarios. Last week One of my
friend asked me what is the advantage of using "COALESCE" where we can simply use
"NVL". I simply gave him the reply from Oracle Docs i.e. NVL lets you replace null
(returned as a blank) with a string in the results of a query and COALESCE returns
the first non-null expr in the expression list. Oracle Database uses short-circuit
evaluation with "COALESCE".

He replied that he knows the difference, he knows that "COALESCE" can take multiple
arguments and so on. He was more interested in understanding "short-circuit
evaluation" of "COALESCE" and the scenarios where I prefer using "COALESCE" over
"NVL".

To make him understand I created following function which takes One second in every
execution and simply returns '--null--' and executed 2 very similar queries one
with NVL and other with COALESCE.

SQL> create or replace function f_null return varchar2

2 is
3 begin
4 dbms_lock.sleep(1);
5 return '--null--';
6 end;
7 /

Function created.

Following are the queries which I used to demonstrate that NVL evaluates both
arguments even if the second argument is not used and COALESCE uses short-circuit
evaluation i.e. it only evaluates the arguments only if they are needed.

SQL> select e.empno, e.ename ename, nvl(m.ename,f_null) mname

2 from scott.emp e, scott.emp m
3 where e.mgr = m.empno(+);

EMPNO ENAME MNAME

---------- ---------- ----------
7902 FORD JONES
7788 SCOTT JONES
7900 JAMES BLAKE
7844 TURNER BLAKE
7654 MARTIN BLAKE
7521 WARD BLAKE
7499 ALLEN BLAKE
7934 MILLER CLARK
7876 ADAMS SCOTT
7782 CLARK KING
7698 BLAKE KING
7566 JONES KING
7369 SMITH FORD
7839 KING --null--
14 rows selected.

Elapsed: 00:00:14.01

SQL> select e.empno, e.ename ename, coalesce(m.ename,f_null) mname

2 from scott.emp e, scott.emp m
3 where e.mgr = m.empno(+);

EMPNO ENAME MNAME

---------- ---------- ----------
7902 FORD JONES
7788 SCOTT JONES
7900 JAMES BLAKE
7844 TURNER BLAKE
7654 MARTIN BLAKE
7521 WARD BLAKE
7499 ALLEN BLAKE
7934 MILLER CLARK
7876 ADAMS SCOTT
7782 CLARK KING
7698 BLAKE KING
7566 JONES KING
7369 SMITH FORD
7839 KING --null--

14 rows selected.

Elapsed: 00:00:01.01

Here we can see easily that the first query with NVL took 14+ seconds, one second
for each record even if the "f_null" value was used only in one record. On the
contrary as mentioned in Oracle Documentation "COALESCE" uses its "short-circuit
evaluation" and "f_null" was called only once and so second query took only One
Second. "COALESCE" is certainly use less resources than NVL.
Posted 22nd January 2015 by Unknown

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DEC
21
Constraints

It Enforce Rule On Table

We can create constraint at the time of Creating Table

1. Column Level Declaration

2. Table Level Declaration

1. We can provide own name.

Format : [part_of_project_name-table_name-column_name-constraint_type]
Example : gmind_emp_id_pk _uk _ck _fk

2. system name name

 Format : sys_cn
Example : SYS_C405323

We can create constraint after the table has been created

Types

Primary Key

Not allowed Null value

Not allowed you to enter duplicate value
Ex : Employee_id, Student_id

Unique Key

allowed Null value

Not allowed you to enter duplicate value
Ex : Contact_no, email

Foreign Key

It will allowed you to enter NULL and Duplicate value.

c1(pk) : 1 2 3
c2(fk) : 1 1 2 3 4 Not allowed

Allowed you to enter duplicate value and null value

Not Null

It will not allowed you to enter null value

Check

You can check your own condition

Simple Table for understanding

------------------------------------
Duplicate NULL
------------------------------------
Primary Key X X
Unique Key X Allowed
Foreign Key Allowed Allowed
------------------------------------

creating table with all constraint type

Create table my_stu_details

(
 S_id Number(2),
S_name Varchar2(30) Not Null, --SYS_Cn
s_mail Varchar2(30),
s_gender char(1),
s_did Number(3),
Constraint my_stu_sid_pk PRIMARY KEY (s_id),
constraint my_stu_mail_uk UNIQUE (s_mail) ,
Constraint my_stu_gen_ck CHECK (s_gender IN ('M', 'F', 'm', 'f')),
Constraint my_stu_did_fk FOREIGN KEY (s_did) References
Departments(Department_id)
);

DESC my_stu_details;

------------------------------------
Name Type Nullable
------------------------------------
S_ID NUMBER(2)
S_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
S_MAIL VARCHAR2(30) Y
S_GENDER CHAR(1) Y
S_DID NUMBER(3) Y
------------------------------------

Insert into my_stu_details (s_id, s_name , s_mail , s_gender, s_did)

values (1 , 'name1' , 'name1@gmail.com' , 'm' , 60 );

Select * from my_stu_details;

Validating Primary Key

Insert into my_stu_details (s_id, s_name , s_mail , s_gender, s_did)

values (1 , 'name2' , 'name2@gmail.com' , 'F' , 90 );

ORA-00001: unique constraint (HR.MY_STU_SID_PK) violated

Insert into my_stu_details (s_id, s_name , s_mail , s_gender, s_did)

values (NULL, 'name2' , 'name2@gmail.com' , 'F' , 90 );

ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into (HR.MY_STU_SID_PK) violated

Insert into my_stu_details (s_id, s_name , s_mail , s_gender, s_did)

values (2 , 'name2' , 'name2@gmail.com' , 'F' , 90 );

Select * from my_stu_details;

Validating NOT NULL Constraint

Insert into my_stu_details (s_id, s_name , s_mail , s_gender, s_did)

 values (3 , NULL , 'name3@gmail.com' , 'F' , 80 );

ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("HR"."MY_STU_DETAILS"."S_NAME")

Insert into my_stu_details (s_id, s_name , s_mail , s_gender, s_did)

values (3 , 'Name3' , 'name3@gmail.com' , 'F' , 80 );

Select * from my_stu_details;

Validating Unique Key Constraint

--Duplicate Check

Insert into my_stu_details (s_id, s_name , s_mail , s_gender, s_did)

values (4 , 'Name4' , 'name3@gmail.com' , 'F' , 80 );

ORA-00001: unique constraint (HR.MY_STU_MAIL_UK) violated

--Null Check

Insert into my_stu_details (s_id, s_name , s_mail , s_gender, s_did)

values (4 , 'Name4' , null , 'M' , 70 );

Select * from my_stu_details;

Validating Check constraint

Insert into my_stu_details (s_id, s_name , s_mail , s_gender , s_did)

values (5 , 'Name5' , 'name5@gmail.com' , 'j' , 70 );

ORA-02290: check constraint (HR.MY_STU_GEN_CK) violated

Insert into my_stu_details (s_id, s_name , s_mail , s_gender , s_did)

values (5 , 'Name5' , 'name5@gmail.com' , 'M' , 70 );

Select * from my_stu_details;

Validating Foreign Key

Select * from Departments;

Insert into my_stu_details (s_id, s_name , s_mail , s_gender , s_did)

values (6 , 'Name6' , 'name6@gmail.com' , 'F' , 3 );

ORA-02291: integrity constraint (HR.MY_STU_DID_FK) violated - parent key not found

Departments table : parent table
my_stu_details : Child table

Insert into my_stu_details (s_id, s_name , s_mail , s_gender , s_did)

values (6 , 'Name6' , 'name6@gmail.com' , 'F' , 90 );

Select * from my_stu_details;

--------------------------------------------------------
s_id s_name s_mail s_gender s_did
--------------------------------------------------------
1 name1 name1@gmail.com m 60
2 name2 name2@gmail.com F 90
3 Name3 name3@gmail.com F 80
4 Name4 M 70
5 Name5 name5@gmail.com M 70
6 Name6 name6@gmail.com F 90
--------------------------------------------------------

Deleting the Primary key value which is referred by Foreign Key

Select * from Departments;

DEPARTMENT_ID DEPARTMENT_NAME MANAGER_ID LOCATION_ID

------------------------------------------------------------
60 IT 103 1400 <---- Delete

-- don't execute this query

--Delete From Departments

--Where Department_id = 60;

1) ON DELETE SET NULL

-------------------------------------------------
S_ID S_NAME S_MAIL S_GENDER S_DID
-------------------------------------------------
6 Name6 name6@gmail.com F 90
1 name1 name1@gmail.com m -
2 name2 name2@gmail.com F 90
3 Name3 name3@gmail.com F 80
4 Name4 - M 70
5 Name5 name5@gmail.com M 70
-------------------------------------------------

2) ON DELETE SET CASCADE

-------------------------------------------------
S_ID S_NAME S_MAIL S_GENDER S_DID
-------------------------------------------------
6 Name6 name6@gmail.com F 90
2 name2 name2@gmail.com F 90
 3 Name3 name3@gmail.com F 80
4 Name4 - M 70
5 Name5 name5@gmail.com M 70
-------------------------------------------------

Syntax

Constraint my_stu_did_fk FOREIGN KEY (s_did) References

Departments(Department_id)
ON DELETE CASCADE

Constraint my_stu_did_fk FOREIGN KEY (s_did) References

Departments(Department_id)
ON DELETE SET NULL

Constraint Related Data Dictionary Table information.

To view constraint Information

SELECT c.owner,
c.constraint_name,
c.constraint_type,
c.table_name,
c.r_constraint_name,
c.status
FROM user_constraints c
WHERE c.table_name = 'MY_STU_DETAILS';

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
owner constraint_name constraint_type table_name r_constraint_name status
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
HR SYS_C004023 C MY_STU_DETAILS ENABLED
HR MY_STU_GEN_CK C MY_STU_DETAILS ENABLED
HR MY_STU_SID_PK P MY_STU_DETAILS ENABLED
HR MY_STU_MAIL_UK U MY_STU_DETAILS ENABLED
HR MY_STU_DID_FK R MY_STU_DETAILS DEPT_ID_PK ENABLED
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

To view constraint name with corresponding column name

SELECT * FROM user_cons_columns c

WHERE c.table_name = 'MY_STU_DETAILS';

-------------------------------------------------------------
owner constraint_name table_name column_name position
-------------------------------------------------------------
HR MY_STU_MAIL_UK MY_STU_DETAILS S_MAIL 1
HR MY_STU_SID_PK MY_STU_DETAILS S_ID 1
HR MY_STU_GEN_CK MY_STU_DETAILS S_GENDER
HR SYS_C004023 MY_STU_DETAILS S_NAME
HR MY_STU_DID_FK MY_STU_DETAILS S_DID 1
 -------------------------------------------------------------

Creating Composite Primary Key

Creating Primary Key with more than one number of column

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name PRIMARY KEY(column1, column_2 , column3);

In user_cons_columns table position if the column1 will be 1, position of column2

will be 2 and column3 will be 3.

creating constraint after the table creation

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name CONSTRAINT_TYPE(column_name);

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name;

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP PRIMARY KEY;

To drop related foreign key

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP PRIMARY KEY CASCADE;

ALTER TABLE table_name

DISABLE CONSTRAINT constraint_name;

Disable constraint with related foreign key constraint

ALTER TABLE table_name

DISABLE CONSTRAINT constraint_name CASCADE;

ALTER TABLE table_name

ENABLE CONSTRAINT constraint_name;

Interview Questions

What are all the type of constraint available in oracle?

Difference between PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE key.
Difference between PRIMARY KEY ans FOREIGN KEY.
Difference between UNIQUE key and FOREIGN KEY.
Is it possible to create tow primary key in single table.
Write a syntax to create FOREIGN constraint.
How to create constraint after the table has been created?
How to enable and disable a constraint.
Which data dictionary table contains information about constraints?
Which Data Dictionary table contains information about constraint with
corresponding column name?
What is composite primary key?
Explain ON DELETE CASCADE and ON DELETE SET NULL option.

~Thanks For Reading~

Post your valuable feedback below

Posted 21st December 2014 by Unknown

1 View comments
DEC
4
listagg in Oracle 11g

Oracle 11gR2 listagg built-in function allows for many table columns to be
displayed within a single row, a non-first-normal form display

Syntax :

listagg(column_value,'delimiter') WITHIN GROUP(ORDER BY column_name)

--Example 1:

CREATE TABLE test_ins(empid NUMBER,product VARCHAR2(30));

BEGIN
INSERT INTO test_ins VALUES( 101,'pendrive');
INSERT INTO test_ins VALUES( 102,'toy');
INSERT INTO test_ins VALUES( 101,'ipod');
INSERT INTO test_ins VALUES( 102,'hat');
INSERT INTO test_ins VALUES( 103,'cpu');
INSERT INTO test_ins VALUES( 104,'pen');
INSERT INTO test_ins VALUES( 104,'car');
INSERT INTO test_ins VALUES( 104,'mat');
INSERT INTO test_ins VALUES( 105,'tv');
INSERT INTO test_ins VALUES( 106,'laptop');
commit;
END;

SELECT * FROM test_ins;

SELECT empid "Employee",

listagg(product,
',') within
GROUP (ORDER BY empid) "Products"
FROM test_ins
GROUP BY empid;

-->-- Result set --<--

DROP TABLE test_ins;

-->-- Example 2

select department_id "Department id", listagg(first_name,', ') WITHIN GROUP(ORDER

BY employee_id) "Employees"
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (10,20,30,60)
GROUP BY department_id;

-->-- Result set --<--

Posted 4th December 2014 by Unknown

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NOV
8
Condition and Looping Statement

IF
IF ELSE
Multiple IF ELSE
LOOP
FOR LOOP
WHILE LOOP

create table test_udt(id NUMBER, salary NUMBER);

BEGIN
INSERT INTO test_udt VALUES(001,23000);
INSERT INTO test_udt VALUES(002,43000);
INSERT INTO test_udt VALUES(003,78000);
INSERT INTO test_udt VALUES(004,25000);
INSERT INTO test_udt VALUES(005,26000);
INSERT INTO test_udt VALUES(006,90000);
Commit;
END;

select * from test_udt;

IF

DECLARE
v_salary NUMBER;
v_id NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT id,salary
INTO v_id,v_salary
FROM test_udt
WHERE id = 1;

IF v_salary > 20000 THEN

UPDATE test_udt t
SET t.salary = v_salary+10005
WHERE t.id = v_id ;
END IF;

commit;
END;
/

IF ELSE

DECLARE
v_salary NUMBER;
v_id NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT id,salary
INTO v_id,v_salary
FROM test_udt
WHERE id = 2;

IF v_salary < 20000 THEN

UPDATE test_udt t
SET t.salary = v_salary+10005
WHERE t.id = v_id ;
ELSE
UPDATE test_udt t
SET t.salary = v_salary+20007
WHERE t.id = v_id ;
END IF;
commit;
END;
/

--same example with less number of lines

DECLARE
v_salary NUMBER;
v_id NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT id,salary
INTO v_id,v_salary
FROM test_udt
WHERE id = 2;
 IF v_salary < 20000 THEN
v_salary := v_salary+10005;
ELSE
v_salary := v_salary+20007;
END IF;

UPDATE test_udt t
SET t.salary = v_salary
WHERE t.id = v_id ;
commit;
END;
/

select * from test_udt;

Multiple IF ELSIF

DECLARE
v_salary NUMBER;
v_id NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT id,salary
INTO v_id,v_salary
FROM test_udt
WHERE id = 3;

IF v_id = 1 THEN
v_salary := 1000;
dbms_output.put_line('1 inside');
ELSIF v_id = 2 THEN
v_salary := 2000;
dbms_output.put_line('2 inside');
ELSIF v_id = 3 THEN
v_salary := 3000;
dbms_output.put_line('3 inside');
ELSIF v_id = 4 THEN
v_salary := 4000;
dbms_output.put_line('4 inside');
END IF;

UPDATE test_udt t
SET t.salary = v_salary
WHERE t.id = v_id ;
commit;
END;
/

select * from test_udt;

LOOP

--syntax

LOOP
--statements
--increment
--exit statement
END LOOP;

CREATE TABLE prod_details (pid VARCHAR2(3), pname VARCHAR2(30));

DECLARE
i NUMBER := 1;
x VARCHAR2(3);
BEGIN
LOOP
x := lpad(i,3,'0');
dbms_output.put_line('x value : '|| x);
INSERT INTO prod_details VALUES(i, 'Product '||i);
EXIT WHEN i >900;
i := i+1;

IF MOD(i,100) = 0 THEN
commit;
dbms_output.put_line('commit executed');
END IF;

END LOOP;
END;

SELECT * FROM prod_details ORDER BY 1;

DROP TABLE prod_details;

FOR LOOP

BEGIN
FOR I in 1..5
LOOP
Dbms_output.put_line('The value of i : '||i);
END LOOP;
END;
/

FOR LOOP - Reverse

BEGIN
FOR I in REVERSE 14..50
LOOP
Dbms_output.put_line('The value of i : '||i);
END LOOP;
END;
/

WHILE LOOP

DECLARE
i_val NUMBER:=0;
BEGIN
WHILE (i_val < 11)
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('The value of I is '||i_val);
i_val := i_val + 1;
END LOOP;
END;
/

sample output:

The value of I is 0
The value of I is 1
The value of I is 2
The value of I is 3
The value of I is 4
The value of I is 5
The value of I is 6
The value of I is 7
The value of I is 8
The value of I is 9
The value of I is 10

Posted 8th November 2014 by Unknown

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OCT
21
Bulk Collect

This is used for array fetches

With this you can retrieve multiple rows of data with a single round trip.
This reduces the number of context switches between the pl/sql and sql engines.

You can use bulk collect in both dynamic and static sql.
You can use bulk collect in select, fetch into and returning into clauses.
SQL engine automatically initializes and extends the collections you reference
in the bulk collect clause.
You can fetch into multiple collections with one column each.
You can use the limit clause of bulk collect to restrict the no of rows
retrieved.

SELECT * FROM product_details;

-->-- Bulk collect in FETCH INTO --<--

DECLARE
TYPE alldata_typ IS TABLE OF product_details%ROWTYPE;
dta alldata_typ;
CURSOR proddt_cur IS
SELECT * FROM product_details;
BEGIN
OPEN proddt_cur;
FETCH proddt_cur BULK COLLECT
INTO dta;
CLOSE proddt_cur;

FOR i IN dta.FIRST .. dta.COUNT LOOP

dbms_output.put_line(dta(i).p_name || ' department id is ' || dta(i).p_id);
END LOOP;
END;
/

-->-- Bulk collect in SELECT clause --<--

DECLARE
TYPE alldata_typ IS TABLE OF product_details%ROWTYPE;
dta alldata_typ;
BEGIN
SELECT * BULK COLLECT INTO dta FROM product_details;
FOR i IN dta.FIRST .. dta.LAST LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(dta(i).p_name || ' department id is ' || dta(i).p_id);
END LOOP;
END;

-->-- LIMIT in Bulk collect --<--

DECLARE
TYPE alldata_typ IS TABLE OF product_details%ROWTYPE;
dta alldata_typ;
CURSOR proddt_cur IS
SELECT * FROM product_details;
BEGIN
OPEN proddt_cur;
FETCH proddt_cur BULK COLLECT
INTO dta LIMIT 30;
CLOSE proddt_cur;

FOR i IN dta.FIRST .. dta.COUNT LOOP

dbms_output.put_line(dta(i).p_name || ' department id is ' || dta(i).p_id);
END LOOP;
END;
/

-->-- Multiple fetches in INTO clause --<--

SELECT * FROM product_details;

DECLARE
TYPE alldata_typ1 IS TABLE OF product_details.p_id%TYPE;
TYPE alldata_typ2 IS TABLE OF product_details.p_name%TYPE;
dta1 alldata_typ1;
dta2 alldata_typ2;
CURSOR proddt_cur IS
SELECT p_id, p_name FROM product_details;
BEGIN
OPEN proddt_cur;
FETCH proddt_cur BULK COLLECT
INTO dta1, dta2;
CLOSE proddt_cur;

FOR i IN dta1.FIRST .. dta1.COUNT LOOP

dbms_output.put_line('Department Id : ' || dta1(i));
END LOOP;
 FOR i IN dta2.FIRST .. dta2.COUNT LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('Department Name : ' || dta2(i));
END LOOP;

END;
/

DROP TABLE dep_details;

DROP TABLE product_details;

Posted 21st October 2014 by Unknown

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OCT
21
Ref Cursor

This is unconstrained cursor which will return different types depends upon the
user input.
Ref cursors cannot be closed implicitly.
Ref cursor with return type is called strong cursor.
Ref cursor without return type is called weak cursor.
You can declare ref cursor type in package spec as well as body.
You can declare ref cursor types in local subprograms or anonymous blocks.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE ref_c_sp(dep_det_c IN OUT SYS_REFCURSOR)

AS
BEGIN
OPEN dep_det_c
FOR
SELECT * FROM dep_details d;
END;
/

DECLARE
dep_det_c SYS_REFCURSOR;
tab_data dep_details%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
ref_c_sp(dep_det_c);

LOOP
FETCH dep_det_c INTO tab_data;
EXIT WHEN dep_det_c%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line('Department Name : '|| tab_data.d_name);
END LOOP;
CLOSE dep_det_c;
END;

/*sample output*/

Department Name : Admin

Department Name : HR
Department Name : Sales
Department Name : Marketing
DROP PROCEDURE ref_c_sp;

Posted 21st October 2014 by Unknown

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OCT
21
Cursor

SQL Private work Area where the query get passed and executed.

Types
******
Implicit(SQL)
Explicit
-->-- advanced cursor types --<--
Parametrized Cursor
Ref Cursor

Implicit
********

ORACLE implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not associated
with an explicitly declared cursor.

PL/SQL lets you refer to the most recent implicit cursor as the SQL� cursor.
So, although you cannot use the OPEN,
FETCH, and CLOSE statements to control an implicit cursor, you can still use
cursor attributes to access information
about the most recently executed SQL statement.

Cursor Stages
**************

OPEN cursor_name
FETCH (with in loop)
CLOSE cursor_name

Explicit

The set of rows returned by a query can consist of zero, one, or multiple rows,

depending on how many rows meet your search criteria. When a query returns
multiple rows,
you can explicitly define a cursor to process the rows. You use three commands
to control the cursor

Cursor Attributes
*****************

%FOUND
%NOTFOUND
%ISOPEN
%ROWCOUNT
%BULK_ROWCOUNT --<-- used to handle error while using bulk collection.
 %BULK_EXCEPTIONS --<-- used to handle error while using bulk collection.

Cursor Declaration

DECLARE
CURSOR <cursor_name>
IS
<SELECT statement>
BEGIN
--> some stmt
END;
/

Cursor Loop
Loop
While Loop
For Loop
Cursor Clauses
Return
For update
Where current of
Bulk collect

-->-- creating table

create table product_details

(
p_id NUMBER,
p_name VARCHAR2(30),
p_order_dt DATE
);

-->-- Inserting data

BEGIN
FOR i IN 1 .. 75 LOOP
INSERT INTO product_details VALUES (i, 'prod_name_' || i, SYSDATE + i);
END LOOP;
commit;
END;

-->-- selecting data

SELECT * FROM product_details;

---------------------------------------------
p_id p_name p_order_dt
---------------------------------------------
1 prod_name_1 10/11/2014 3:48:32 PM
2 prod_name_2 10/12/2014 3:48:32 PM
3 prod_name_3 10/13/2014 3:48:32 PM
4 prod_name_4 10/14/2014 3:48:32 PM
5 prod_name_5 10/15/2014 3:48:32 PM
6 prod_name_6 10/16/2014 3:48:32 PM
7 prod_name_7 10/17/2014 3:48:32 PM
8 prod_name_8 10/18/2014 3:48:32 PM
9 prod_name_9 10/19/2014 3:48:32 PM
10 prod_name_10 10/20/2014 3:48:32 PM
11 prod_name_11 10/21/2014 3:48:32 PM
12 prod_name_12 10/22/2014 3:48:32 PM
13 prod_name_13 10/23/2014 3:48:32 PM
14 prod_name_14 10/24/2014 3:48:32 PM
15 prod_name_15 10/25/2014 3:48:32 PM
16 prod_name_16 10/26/2014 3:48:32 PM
17 prod_name_17 10/27/2014 3:48:32 PM
18 prod_name_18 10/28/2014 3:48:32 PM
19 prod_name_19 10/29/2014 3:48:32 PM
20 prod_name_20 10/30/2014 3:48:32 PM
---------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------
Implicit Cursor
----------------------------------------------

--will update soon

----------------------------------------------
Explicit Cursor
----------------------------------------------

**********************************************
Processing cursor data by using LOOP
**********************************************

DECLARE
all_data product_details%ROWTYPE;
--cursor declaration
CURSOR prod_detail_cur IS
SELECT * FROM product_details
WHERE ROWNUM <=5;
BEGIN
OPEN prod_detail_cur;
LOOP
FETCH prod_detail_cur
INTO all_data;
EXIT WHEN prod_detail_cur%NOTFOUND; --<-- if next record not found means
control will come out from the loop
dbms_output.put_line('Product id : ' || all_data.p_id ||
' Product Name : ' || all_data.p_name ||
' ( Orderd on : ' || TRIM(all_data.p_order_dt) ||
' )');
END LOOP;
CLOSE prod_detail_cur;
END;

/*sample output*/

Product id : 1 Product Name : prod_name_1 ( Orderd on : 11-OCT-14 )

Product id : 2 Product Name : prod_name_2 ( Orderd on : 12-OCT-14 )
Product id : 3 Product Name : prod_name_3 ( Orderd on : 13-OCT-14 )
Product id : 4 Product Name : prod_name_4 ( Orderd on : 14-OCT-14 )
Product id : 5 Product Name : prod_name_5 ( Orderd on : 15-OCT-14 )
DECLARE
all_data product_details%ROWTYPE;
--cursor declaration
CURSOR prod_detail_cur IS
SELECT * FROM product_details
WHERE ROWNUM <=5;
BEGIN
OPEN prod_detail_cur;
LOOP
FETCH prod_detail_cur
INTO all_data;
dbms_output.put_line('Product id : ' || all_data.p_id ||
' Product Name : ' || all_data.p_name ||
' ( Orderd on : ' || TRIM(all_data.p_order_dt) ||
' )');
EXIT WHEN prod_detail_cur%FOUND; --<-- if next record found means control
will come out from the loop
END LOOP;
CLOSE prod_detail_cur;
END;

/*sample output*/

Product id : 1 Product Name : prod_name_1 ( Orderd on : 11-OCT-14 )

DECLARE
all_data product_details%ROWTYPE;
--cursor declaration
CURSOR prod_detail_cur IS
SELECT * FROM product_details
WHERE ROWNUM <=5;
BEGIN
OPEN prod_detail_cur;
LOOP
FETCH prod_detail_cur
INTO all_data;
EXIT WHEN prod_detail_cur%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line('Product id : ' || all_data.p_id ||
' Product Name : ' || all_data.p_name ||
' ( Orderd on : ' || TRIM(all_data.p_order_dt) ||
' )');
END LOOP;
CLOSE prod_detail_cur;

IF prod_detail_cur%ISOPEN THEN
CLOSE prod_detail_cur;
dbms_output.put_line('prod_detail_cur cursor closed');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('prod_detail_cur cursor Already closed');
END IF;

END;

/*sample output*/
Product id : 1 Product Name : prod_name_1 ( Orderd on : 11-OCT-14 )
Product id : 2 Product Name : prod_name_2 ( Orderd on : 12-OCT-14 )
Product id : 3 Product Name : prod_name_3 ( Orderd on : 13-OCT-14 )
Product id : 4 Product Name : prod_name_4 ( Orderd on : 14-OCT-14 )
Product id : 5 Product Name : prod_name_5 ( Orderd on : 15-OCT-14 )
prod_detail_cur cursor Already closed

DECLARE
all_data product_details%ROWTYPE;
--cursor declaration
CURSOR prod_detail_cur IS
SELECT * FROM product_details
WHERE ROWNUM <=5;
BEGIN
OPEN prod_detail_cur;
LOOP
FETCH prod_detail_cur
INTO all_data;
EXIT WHEN prod_detail_cur%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line('Product id : ' || all_data.p_id ||
' Product Name : ' || all_data.p_name ||
' ( Orderd on : ' || TRIM(all_data.p_order_dt) ||
' )');
END LOOP;
-->-- CLOSE prod_detail_cur;

IF prod_detail_cur%ISOPEN THEN
CLOSE prod_detail_cur;
dbms_output.put_line('prod_detail_cur cursor closed');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('prod_detail_cur cursor Already closed');
END IF;

END;

/*sample output*/

Product id : 1 Product Name : prod_name_1 ( Orderd on : 11-OCT-14 )

Product id : 2 Product Name : prod_name_2 ( Orderd on : 12-OCT-14 )
Product id : 3 Product Name : prod_name_3 ( Orderd on : 13-OCT-14 )
Product id : 4 Product Name : prod_name_4 ( Orderd on : 14-OCT-14 )
Product id : 5 Product Name : prod_name_5 ( Orderd on : 15-OCT-14 )
prod_detail_cur cursor closed

**********************************************
Processing cursor data by using WHILE LOOP
**********************************************

DECLARE
all_data product_details%ROWTYPE;
 --cursor declaration
CURSOR prod_detail_cur IS
SELECT * FROM product_details WHERE ROWNUM <= 5;
BEGIN
OPEN prod_detail_cur;
FETCH prod_detail_cur
INTO all_data;
WHILE prod_detail_cur%FOUND LOOP

dbms_output.put_line('Product id : ' || all_data.p_id ||

' Product Name : ' || all_data.p_name ||
' ( Orderd on : ' || TRIM(all_data.p_order_dt) || ' )');
FETCH prod_detail_cur
INTO all_data;
END LOOP;
CLOSE prod_detail_cur;
END;

/*sample output*/

Product id : 1 Product Name : prod_name_1 ( Orderd on : 11-OCT-14 )

Product id : 2 Product Name : prod_name_2 ( Orderd on : 12-OCT-14 )
Product id : 3 Product Name : prod_name_3 ( Orderd on : 13-OCT-14 )
Product id : 4 Product Name : prod_name_4 ( Orderd on : 14-OCT-14 )
Product id : 5 Product Name : prod_name_5 ( Orderd on : 15-OCT-14 )

************************************************************
Processing cursor data by using FOR LOOP - CURSOR FOR LOOP
************************************************************

DECLARE
--cursor declaration
CURSOR prod_detail_cur IS
SELECT * FROM product_details WHERE ROWNUM <= 5;
BEGIN
FOR i IN prod_detail_cur
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('Product id : ' || i.p_id ||
' Product Name : ' || i.p_name ||
' ( Orderd on : ' || TRIM(i.p_order_dt) || ' )');
END LOOP;
END;

/*sample output*/

Product id : 1 Product Name : prod_name_1 ( Orderd on : 11-OCT-14 )

Product id : 2 Product Name : prod_name_2 ( Orderd on : 12-OCT-14 )
Product id : 3 Product Name : prod_name_3 ( Orderd on : 13-OCT-14 )
Product id : 4 Product Name : prod_name_4 ( Orderd on : 14-OCT-14 )
Product id : 5 Product Name : prod_name_5 ( Orderd on : 15-OCT-14 )

Parameterized Cursor
*********************

This was used when you are going to use the cursor in more than one place with
different values for the same where clause.
Cursor parameters must be in mode.
Cursor parameters may have default values.
The scope of cursor parameter is within the select statement.

CREATE TABLE dep_details(d_id NUMBER,d_name VARCHAR2(30), location_id NUMBER);

BEGIN
INSRT INTO dep_details VALUES(001,'Admin',1010);
INSRT INTO dep_details VALUES(002,'HR',1010);
INSRT INTO dep_details VALUES(003,'Sales',1020);
INSRT INTO dep_details VALUES(004,'Marketing',1020);
commit;
END;

SELECT * FROM dep_details;

----------------------------
d_id d_name location_id
----------------------------
1 Admin 1010
2 HR 1010
3 Sales 1020
4 Marketing 1020
----------------------------

DECLARE
-->--Declaring parameterized cursor
CURSOR dep_det_c(p_location_id NUMBER) IS
SELECT * FROM dep_details d WHERE d.location_id = p_location_id;

all_data dep_details%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-');
OPEN dep_det_c(1010);
LOOP
FETCH dep_det_c
INTO all_data;
EXIT WHEN dep_det_c%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line('Department id : ' || all_data.d_id ||
' Department Name : ' || all_data.d_name);
END LOOP;
CLOSE dep_det_c;

dbms_output.put_line('-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-');
-->-- opening same cursor with different input value

OPEN dep_det_c(1020);
LOOP
FETCH dep_det_c
INTO all_data;
EXIT WHEN dep_det_c%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line('Department id : ' || all_data.d_id ||
' Department Name : ' || all_data.d_name);
END LOOP;
CLOSE dep_det_c;
 dbms_output.put_line('-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-');
END;
/

/*sample output*/

-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-
Department id : 1 Department Name : Admin
Department id : 2 Department Name : HR
-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-
Department id : 3 Department Name : Sales
Department id : 4 Department Name : Marketing
-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-
Posted 21st October 2014 by Unknown

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OCT
21
Handling Exception

Error Handling in oracle

ERROR
Any departure from the expected behavior of the system or program,
which stops the working of the system is an error.

Types : compile time error

Run time error
EXCEPTION
Any error or problem which one can handle and continue to work normally.

Handling Exception

When exception is raised, control passes to the exception section of the block.

i.e. EXCEPTION
WHEN name_of_exception THEN

Types : Pre Defined Exceptions

User Defined Exceptions

Predefined Exception
*********************

Oracle has predefined several exceptions that correspond to the most common
oracle errors.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exception Oracle Error SQL Code Value
------------------------------------------------------------------------

ZERO_DIVIDE ORA-01476 -1476

NO_DATA_FOUND ORA-01403 +100
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX ORA-00001 -1
TOO_MANY_ROWS ORA-01422 -1422
 VALUE_ERROR ORA-06502 -6502
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN ORA-06511 -6511
OTHERS
------------------------------------------------------------------------

-->-- ZERO_DIVIDE --<--

Your program attempts to divide a number by zero.

DECLARE
v_result NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT 23 / 0 INTO v_result FROM dual;
EXCEPTION
WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Divisor is equal to zero');
END;

-->-- NO_DATA_FOUND --<--

Single row SELECT returned no rows or your program referenced a deleted element
in a nested table
or an uninitialized element in an associative array (index-by table).

CREATE TABLE test_tb(id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY);

DECLARE
v_id NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT id INTO v_id FROM test_tb;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
dbms_output.put_line('There is no data inside the table');
END;

-->-- DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX --<--

A program attempted to insert duplicate values in a column that is constrained

by a unique index.

INSERT INTO test_tb VALUES (1);

INSERT INTO test_tb VALUES (2);
commit;

BEGIN
INSERT INTO test_tb VALUES (2);
EXCEPTION
WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Duplicate values are not allowed');
END;

-->-- TOO_MANY_ROWS --<--

 Single row SELECT returned multiple rows.

DECLARE
v_id NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT id INTO v_id FROM test_tb;
EXCEPTION
WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Query returning more than one row');
END;

DROP TABLE test_tb;

-->-- VALUE_ERROR --<--

An arithmetic, conversion, truncation, or size constraint error occurred.

DECLARE
num1 NUMBER(2);
BEGIN
num1 := 345;
EXCEPTION
WHEN VALUE_ERROR THEN
dbms_output.put_line('check the size of the variable');
END;

-->-- CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN --<--

A program attempted to open an already opened cursor.

CREATE TABLE emp(id NUMBER, name VARCHAR2(30));

BEGIN
INSERT INTO emp VALUES(1,'Name1');
INSERT INTO emp VALUES(2,'Name2');
INSERT INTO emp VALUES(3,'Name3');
INSERT INTO emp VALUES(4,'Name4');
COMMIT;
END;

SELECT * FROM emp;

DECLARE
cursor emp_c IS
SELECT * FROM emp;
all_data emp%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN emp_c;
OPEN emp_c;
NULL;
CLOSE emp_c;
EXCEPTION
WHEN CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Cursor already opened');
 END;

DROP TABLE emp;

-->-- OTHERS --<--

DECLARE
v_result NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT 23 / 0 INTO v_result FROM dual;
EXCEPTION
WHEN CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Cursor already opened');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Some other error ' || SQLERRM);
END;

User Defined Exception

**********************

A user-defined exception is an error that is defined by the programmer.

User-defined exceptions are declared in the declarative section of a PL/SQL
block. Just like variables,
exceptions have a type EXCEPTION and scope.

DECLARE
v_gender CHAR := '&gender';
gender_ex EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
IF v_gender NOT IN ('M', 'F', 'm', 'f') THEN
RAISE gender_ex;
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('Gender : '||v_gender);
EXCEPTION
WHEN gender_ex THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Please Enter valid gender');
END;

create table test_insert (id NUMBER, Name VARCHAR2(30));

DECLARE
abort_ex EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..100
LOOP
BEGIN
IF mod(i,10)=0 THEN
RAISE abort_ex;
END IF;
INSERT INTO test_insert VALUES(i, 'Name'||i);
EXCEPTION
WHEN abort_ex THEN
NULL;
END;
 END LOOP;
COMMIT;
END;

SELECT * FROM test_insert;

DROP TABLE test_insert;

SQLERRM and SQLCODE

********************

SQLCODE returns the current error code, and SQLERRM returns the current error
message text;
For user-defined exception SQLCODE returns 1 and SQLERRM returns �user-defined
exception�.
SQLERRM will take only negative value except 100. If any positive value other
than 100 returns non-oracle exception.

CREATE TABLE test_tb (id NUMBER);

DECLARE
v_id NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT id INTO v_id FROM test_tb;
dbms_output.put_line(v_id);
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
dbms_output.put_line('SQLERRM : ' || SQLERRM);
dbms_output.put_line('SQLCODE : ' || SQLCODE);
END;

/*sample output*/

SQLERRM : ORA-01403: no data found

SQLCODE : 100

DROP TABLE test_tb;

PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT
*********************

Using this you can associate a named exception with a particular oracle error.
This gives you the ability to trap this error specifically, rather than via an
OTHERS handler.

Syntax:

PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(exception_name, oracle_error_number);

DECLARE
v_result NUMBER;
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(Invalid, -1476);
BEGIN
SELECT 453 / 0 INTO v_result FROM dual;
dbms_output.put_line('Result : ' || v_result);
EXCEPTION
 WHEN INVALID THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Invalid Exception');
END;

RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR
************************

You can use this built-in function to create your own error messages, which can
be more descriptive than named exceptions.

Error Number :

Oracle Error Range : From -00000 to -19999

User Error Range : From -20000 to -20999

DECLARE
v_gender CHAR := '&gender';
BEGIN
IF v_gender NOT IN ('M', 'F', 'm', 'f') THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20003, 'Enter valid gender');
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('Gender : ' || v_gender);
END;

Posted 21st October 2014 by Unknown

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