CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses about the importance of the study, scope and limitation,

hypothesis and definition of terms. A brief statement is also presented of every

materials needed in this study.

Nowadays people use mosquito coils and sprays that contains chemical that is

harmful to ourselves.

In order to solve this problem, our group investigated about mosquito repellent spray.

We came up with the statement of the problem because of the observation that some

people bitten by mosquitoes suffers dengue. Our group wanted to make a solution to

these problem.

Importance of the study

This study is entitled “The effectiveness of the Apple peeling as a mosquito

repellent spray”

Based on (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/19/never-peel-

apple_n_4791328.html)A medium apple with the skin contains 4.4 grams of fiber.

Without the skin, you’re only getting 2.1 grams, not even enough to qualify it as

a “good source of fiber” (the cutoff is 3 grams).

The skin also packs most of the vitamins.

That same medium apple with skin packs 8.4 milligrams of vitamin C and 98

international units (IU) of vitamin A. Ditch the skin and that falls to 6.4 milligrams of

vitamin C and 61 IU of vitamin A.

The compound responsible is called quercetin, and — you guessed it — it’s found

mostly in the peel. One study found that people who eat five or more apples each week

have better lung function thanks to quercetin’s effects, Health.com reported.

The antioxidant seems to fight off tissue damage in the brain linked to Alzheimer’s

disease and other degenerative problems — at least in rats, according to a 2004 study.

A 2007 study from Cornell University pinpointed a handful of compounds

called triterpenoids in the skin of apples “that either inhibit or kill cancer cells in

laboratory cultures”. In particular, these compounds targeted human liver, colon and

breast cancer cells, according to the study’s author.

The peel is also home to ursolic acid, an important compound in the obesity-fighting

ability of apples. Ursolic acid seems to increase muscle and brown fat, which in turn

up calorie burn, thereby lowering obesity risk, at least in mice, according to a 2012

study.

According to (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/19/never-peel-

apple_n_4791328.html) Apple peel can be used in any season by people of any age and

on skin of any type including problem and sensitive skin. It is also one of the most

effective chemical peels for couperosis-prone skin.

Apple peel solution doesn’t contain any mechanical abrasives. The cleansing and

polishing effect is achieved by acid softening connections between cells of the horny

layer and the epidermis.

Since apple peel is a mild superficial peel, it has a less pronounced effect compared to

other types of chemical peels such as glycolic or salicylic peels. It is hardly able to

remove deep wrinkles and scars.

The active ingredient of apple peel is malic acid (also known as hydroxy-succinic acid

or E296) naturally extracted from fruits (such as green apples, grapes, rheum,

ashberry, barberry, gooseberry, raspberry) or produced industrially.

Malic acid is a metabolite (an intermediate of metabolism of the living organisms). In

the glycosylated cycle and citric acid cycle as well as by gluconeogenesis malic acid

transforms into malate which can be converted to oxaloacetate, fumurate and

pyruvate under enzymatic reactions. Containing malic acid, apple cider vinegar is

often used for home-made peels. It is a great natural pH-adjusting agent which makes

ph-balance of the skin more acidic creating conditions that suppress the vital activity

of harmful bacteria, viruses and fungi providing strong antibacterial effect. Therefore

apple cider vinegar helps to control blemishes, clean pores and get rid of irritated skin.

The pH-balance and skin’s natural protective barrier restores by itself in a short time

after the procedure (in most cases not longer than in a week).

Apple cider vinegar also contains a large amount of amino acids which promote

intensive cell regeneration, protection from the harmful effect of free radicals, increase

collagen production and provide replenishment of deficient nutrients including

vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, C and E), acids (lactic, citric, malic, oxalic), minerals

(potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, silicon, copper, sulfur and

phosphorus) and enzymes.

Home-made apple cider vinegar is considered to be most effective, because only home

production can guarantee that the end product contains enough vitamins, amino
acids, pectin’s, enzymes and beta-carotene which is a natural antioxidant neutralizing

free radicals.

There are many different recipes for a home-made apple peel. For example, apple cider

vinegar is diluted with water in the ratio 1:8 adding some cloves and lavender. The

mixture should be kept in a dark place for a week to infuse, periodically shaking the

bottle. The peel solution should be stored at low temperatures (in a fridge). Apple peel

can also be prepared using 1 tbsp of honey, 1 tsp of table salt and 1 tbsp of apple

cider vinegar. The ingredients are mixed together and ready to be used immediately.

Another simple recipe of apple peel includes 2 tbsp of apple cider vinegar diluted with

0,5 l of water.

However many cosmetic companies produce apple peel solutions which are usually

made of various ingredients and excipients that boost effectiveness of the solution and

extend the spectrum of action. For example, sugar cane and maple extract provide

deep moisture and calming effect, papaya, orange, gypsophila root and blueberry

extracts provide deep cleansing effect, calendula flowers calm the skin and wild apple

extract provides antioxidant effect.

Based from (https://www.rodalesorganiclife.com/home/best-natural-

disinfectant-to-kill-household-germs) The vinegar you buy in stores contains 5

percent acetic acid, which does have antimicrobial properties. Various studies have

found that vinegar, usually in combination with table salt or hydrogen peroxide, can

inhibit the growth of some strains of E. coli. It's also an effective mold killer.

Its production doesn't take such a toll on the environment, and while it can be a

pungent disinfectant, a whiff of vinegar won't sear your airways.When it comes to food
safety, vinegar hasn't been as thoroughly tested as chlorine bleach. Studies that find it

kills germs are generally vague in terms of how much of the germs are killed and how

much are left behind.

While we often recommend it as a general disinfectant, it would be great to have more

specifics on its disinfectant capabilities, especially for people who have someone with a

compromised immune system in their home, or some other reason to be extra

concerned about germs. Also, some people do have a problem with the smell (though

it's odorless once it dries).

Scope and limitations

This study is focusing on the effectiveness of apple peeling as a repellent

spray can also promote the advantage of using this repellent spray to us and to

our environment especially to our house.

Hypothesis

HE: The apple peeling and vinegar are effective to be a mosquito repellent spray.

HI: There is no significant difference at the effect of apple peeling as a mosquito

repellent spray to the commercialized product

Definition of terms

With the use of:

 1. Apple peel (Pomaceous rind or skin) can be used effectively for is to kill

mosquitoes and mosquito larvae.

2. Vinegar (Acetic Acid) it helps to repel the mosquitoes and mosquito

larvae.

3. Lemon (Citrus Limon) it helps to remove the smell of vinegar and it can

help to kill mosquito.

4. Water (Oxidane) it can control the acids coming from the vinegar and

lemon.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

There are some related literature in our study, they are apple peeling, vinegar,

lemon and water. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the

consumption of apples and the risk of several cancers. The peels of apple,

which have been shown to possess exceptionally high concentrations of

antioxidants, are often discarded. In this study, we evaluated the

antiproliferative effects of apple peel extract (APE) in variety of cancer cell

types. Our data demonstrated that APE, obtained from organic Gala apples,

imparted significant reduction in the viability of a variety of cancer cell lines.

Further, our data showed a significant decrease in growth and clonogenic

survival of human prostate carcinoma CWR22Rnu1 and DU145 cells and

breast carcinoma Mcf-7 and Mcf-7:Her18 cells. Also, the antiproliferative

effects of APE were found to be accompanied by a G0-G1 phase arrest of

prostate and breast cancer cells. Furthermore, APE treatment resulted in a

marked concentration-dependent decrease in the protein levels of proliferative

cell nuclear antigen, a marker for proliferation. In addition, APE treatment

resulted in a marked increase in maspin, a tumor suppressor protein that

negatively regulates cell invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Our data

suggested that APE possesses strong antiproliferative effects against cancer

cells, and apple peels should not be discarded from the diet. Detailed

mechanistic studies, especially in appropriate in vivo animal models, are

needed to further examine the antiproliferative and preventive effects of APE

against cancer. Second is the vinegar, Vinegar is a product of fermentation.

This is a process in which sugars in a food are broken down by bacteria and

yeast. In the first stage of fermentation, the sugars are turned into alcohol.

Then, if the alcohol ferments further, you get vinegar. The word comes from the

French, meaning "sour wine." While vinegar can be made from all sorts of

things -- like many fruits, vegetables, and grains -- apple cider vinegar comes
from pulverized apples. The main ingredient of apple cider vinegar, or any

vinegar, is acetic acid. However, vinegars also have other acids, vitamins,

mineral salts, and amino acids. Third is the lemon, A widely circulating e-mail

claiming to be from the Institute of Health Sciences (or the Health Sciences

Institute) in Baltimore states that lemons are a “proven remedy against cancers

of all types” and that lemons are 10,000 times stronger than

chemotherapy. The e-mail also says that pharmaceutical companies have kept

the truth from us because lemons are much less expensive than the less

effective synthetic versions that companies can sell for a large profit.

Although there is an “Institute of Health Sciences” in Baltimore that is

“dedicated to uncovering and researching most urgent advances in modern

underground medicine,” the Institute’s web site has no article about the

cancer-fighting properties of lemons. It does, however, contain numerous

articles promoting unproven alternative medicines and treatments. Most

certainly, is not a credible scientific or medical source.

Regardless of the source, the claims the e-mail makes are NOT correct. Lemons

are not a “proven remedy against cancers of all types,” and no studies have

ever been done that would compare the effectiveness of a lemon to

chemotherapy.

A few studies indicate that lemons and other citrus fruits have naturally

occurring substances that may have cancer fighting properties, namely

modified citrus pectin and limonoids. These properties have not been tested in

humans.

Modified citrus pectin (MCP)

Modified citrus pectin is a carbohydrate found in the peels of citrus fruits

modified to be absorbed into the intestinal tract for easier human

consumption. In its natural state, pectin is an indigestible dietary

fiber. Animal studies have found that MCP can inhibit the spread of prostate,

breast, and skin cancer to other organs. MCP makes it difficult for cancer cells

to break off and spread, although it has no impact on the initial tumor.

However, there is almost no information about whether MCP is effective in

humans. One study that measured prostate cancer in humans treated with

MCP after standard treatment failed, showed a slowing in the progression of

the disease, as measured by doubling time for prostate specific antigen (PSA).

The longer the doubling time for PSA in patients with prostate cancer, the

better their prognosis is expected to be. Patients taking MCP for 12 months

showed a statistically significant increase in prostate specific antigen doubling

time (PSADT), when compared to the 12 month period before they began taking

MCP. Unfortunately, the study used no control group (men that did not take

MCP after standard treatment failed) and therefore could not compare the

survival rates of men who took MCP after standard treatment failed, with those

who did not.

Limonoids

Limonoids are chemicals found in citrus peels that are responsible for lemons’

bitter taste. Research has found that at very high levels, limonoids are capable

of slowing cancer cell growth and inducing apoptosis (cell death). However,

studies have focused on animals and in vitro human breast cancer cultures

(breast cancer cells removed from the human body and studied in a

laboratory). As a result, there is little information about limonoids’ effectiveness

in preventing or combating cancer in humans.

lastly is the water Do not throw chemicals, oils, paints and medicines down

the sink drain, or the toilet. In many cities, your local environment office can

help with the disposal of medicines and chemicals. Check with your local

authorities if there is a chemical disposal plan for local residents.

Buy more environmentally safe cleaning liquids for use at home and other

public places. They are less dangerous to the environment.

If you use chemicals and pesticides for your gardens and farms, be mindful not

to overuse pesticides and fertilizers. This will reduce runoffs of the chemical

into nearby water sources. Start looking at options of composting and using

organic manure instead.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20432173

http://www.naturalhealthcarestore.com/research_vinegar.htm

http://eschooltoday.com/pollution/water-pollution/prevention-of-water-

pollution.html

http://www.stopcancerfund.org/pz-diet-habits-behaviors/do-lemons-prevent-

cancer/
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. MATERIALS

APPLE PEELINGS

VINEGAR
LEMON

WATER

1 BOTTLE SPRAY CONTAINER

B.PROCEDURE

1. First of all you must prepare the materials needed.

2. Second step put the water on a clean container.

3. Then pour the juice of the apple peel.

4. Also with the lemon juice.

5. And lastly, pour the vinegar.

 CHAPTER IV

RESUSLTS AND DISCUSSION

Date of experiment: September 17-18 2017

Time Adhesiveness

Day 1

(commercialized 5-10 minutes Product can kill

Mosquito repellent many mosquitoes

Spray)

Day 2

(alternative mosquito 5-10 minutes Product cannot

Repellent spray) still kill mosquitoes

Day 3

(alternative mosquito 25-40 minutes Product kill a

Repellent spray) lot of mosquitoes

During the experiment, we combined the lemon, apple, water and vinegar in a

clean container. And we spray it in the area where there’s a lot of mosquitoes

then we observed it in an hour. Then after a few minutes, the repellent spray is

working. And after an hour the product kills many mosquitoes but unlike the

commercialized product that takes only 5-10 minutes to kill mosquitoes.

SUMMARY

This study was conducted to prove and determine the Effectiveness of the Apple

peeling as a mosquito repellent spray. We thought of using apple peeling as a

mosquito repellent. To make this we combined each ingredients in a one

container. We spray the alternative mosquito repellent and also with the

commercialized mosquito repellent spray. And after an hour, we observed that

apple peeling can be use as a repellent spray.

CONCLUSION

Apple peeling can also be use as a repellent spray. Through this

experimentation on this investigatory project, we conclude that apple peeling

can be also a mosquito repellent spray. We therefore conclude that the apple

peeling can be use as a mosquito repellent spray.

 RECOMMENDATION

The next researchers can test/observed if the product is good to the

environment. And to use other kinds of fruit peeling aside from apple.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We the researchers would like to say thank you to the following people who

helped us to finish our investigatory project. They are the people who helped us

to be successful in this project. To our science teacher, Mr. Benzon M. Casison

for teaching and showing us your full support to finish this project. To our

classmates, specially to our parents and guardians for being there for us.

Thank you and God bless.

Mr. Benzon M. Casison

Alma G. Estal

MJ Gurtiza

Sherrine Paula Lavaro

Gella Gozales

John Paul Estal