Synopsis

Introduction: An optical cavity or optical resonator is an arrangement of mirrors that forms

a standing wave cavity resonator for light waves. Optical cavities are a major component
of lasers, surrounding the gain medium and providing feedback of the laser light. They are
also used in optical parametric oscillators and some interferometers. Light confined in the
cavity reflect multiple times producing standing waves for certain resonance frequencies.

A transmittance in Z-domain of an optical waveguide based ring resonator is also introduced.

Ring resonators have many applications in optical switching, photonic biosensors, laser
resonators, add-drop filters, brillouin ring laser gyroscopes , optical spectrum analyzers and
filters with tailored response. Ring resonators are also very useful for stabilizing frequency of
distributed feedback laser and also for frequency division multiplexing transmission system.

Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) is technique that increases the reflectivity of a fibre which results
into a permanent refractive index grating’s being photo induced in the fibre. FBG sensors
have a number of distinguishing advantages over other implementations of fibre-optic
sensors, including potentially low-cost and unique wavelength-multiplexing capacity. The
major application of using FBG to fibre sensor is the capability of integrating a large number
of fibre Bragg gratings in a single fibre so that quasi-distributed fibre sensing can be realized
in a compact, cost effective way. One of the most successful techniques for wavelength-
change interrogators of FBG sensors is based on the use of the tuneable band pass filter. The
most commonly used technique employs a fibre-pigtailed Fabry–Perot tuneable filter as a
narrow band pass filter. The filter is sometimes referred to as a fibre Fabry–Perot
interferometer .

Owing to its excellent performances, mature and advanced fabrication technique,

compatibility with metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, low cost and high
reliability; dramatically active research and development activities are going on in the field of
Silicon photonics.

Review Work: A schematic representation of optical feedback between two resonator

mirrors undergoing a phase shift each round trip as function of the separation between the
mirrors is discussed, and transfer function modelling of the EFPI is presented. A Nyquist
analysis of the resonator cavity in a EFPI sensor has also been performed, considering (i) two
surfaces that are perfectly parallel in the cavity and (ii) with some tilt angle between the two
mirrors. Fibre Fabry–Perot with cavity finesses of over 100 has been demonstrated. Thus, the
sensitivity of a fibre Fabry–Perot interferometer-based fibre sensor can be much higher than
that of the Mach–Zehnder or Michelson interferometer. If the cavity size varies in response to
an applied measurand, it can be used as a sensor. It will then be possible to describe the
operational stability of the optical system with a Nyquist plot.
Transfer function in Z-domain of an optical waveguide is developed. Delay line signal
processing technique is used to develop the signal flow graph of different resonator
architectures. The delay line signal processing approach the unit delay is generally defined as
T = (Lun/c), where Lu is the smallest path length and termed as unit delay length, n is the
refractive index and c is the velocity of light [3-5].
Various methodologies and architectures were already reported to increase FSR using optical
ring resonator. S Mandal et al., have presented Z-domain signal flow graph modeling for
triple ring resonator (TRR) . It offers FSR of 200 GHz, but its performance suffers due to
presence of higher crosstalk in comparison with double ring resonator (DRR). Further FSR
expansion using TRR structure deteriorate the inter channel crosstalk.

P. Saeung et al., have proposed a novel attempt to employ a graphical approach in the
analytical derivation of the optical transfer functions of multiple ring resonator (MRR) filters
. The graphical approach with SFG is used in the analysis for fast derivation of the optical
transfer functions. Improvement of a box-like passband shape using the serially coupled
multiple ring resonators have been presented.

Proposed Work: (1) Modelling of an optical cavity in s-domain and z-domain for
performance analysis as optical filter.

(2) Development of z-domain model of Bragg grating based devices.

(3) Modelling of waveguide based optical resonator and performance analysis as optical
filter.

(4) Implementation of optical devices as digital logic circuits.

References:

[1] Gangopadhyay T.K., Mandal S., Dasgupta K., Basak T.K. & Ghosh S.K., “Modelling and
analysis of an extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer cavity,” in Appl. Optics, vol. 44, no. 16,
June 2005.

[2] Francis T.S. Yu & Shizhuo Yin, “ Fiber optics sensor” by Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

[3] Mandal S., Dasgupta K., Basak T. K. & Ghosh S. K., “A generalised approach for
modelling and analysis of ring-resonator performance as optical filter”, in Optics
Communication, vol. 264, pp. 97-104, Feb 2006.
[4] Dey S. & Mandal S., “Modelling and analysis of quadruple optical ring resonator
performance as optical filter using Vernier principle,” in Optics Communication, vol. 285, pp.
439-446, Oct. 2011.

[5] Dey S. B., Mandal S. & Jana N.N., “Enhancement of free spectral range using pentuple
microresonator,” in Optical Society of America, vol. 51, no. 29, Oct. 2012.