Physical Education I
Muscular Strength – ability of the muscle to exert
Quality of Life:
- A term used to describe wellness.
- Can enjoyably do the activities of life.
- Individual quality of life requires a pleasant and
supportive communication.
Wellness
- The integration of many different components
(dimensions) that expand one’s potential to live
(quality life) and work effectively and to make
significant contribution to society. Characterized as
good health as opposed to illness.
Dimensions/Wellness:
1. Intellectual Dimension – ability to learn and to
use information to enhance the quality of daily
living and optimal function. Characterized as
informed as opposed to ignorant.
2. Emotional Dimension – ability to cope up with
daily circumstances and to deal with personal
feelings in a positive, optimistic, and
constructive manner. Characterized as happy
as opposed to depressed.
3. Social Dimension – ability to successfully
interact with others and establish meaningful
relationships that enhance the quality of life
for all people involved in the interaction.
Characterized as involved as opposed to
lonely.
4. Spiritual Dimension – ability to establish a
value of system and act on the system of
beliefs. Characterized as fulfilled as opposed to
unfulfilled.
5. Physical Dimension – ability to enjoy leisure
time.
Physical Fitness
- A person ability to work effectively, enjoy leisure time,
be healthy, resist hypokinetic disease and meet
emergency situations.
- Physical Fitness would not be possible without regular
Physical Activity.
Physical Activity
- Generally considered to be broad term used to
describe all forms of large muscle movements including
sports, dance, games, work, lifestyle activities, and
exercise for fitness.
Health-Related Fitness
- Consists of those specific components that have a
relationship with good health, or a lower risk of illness,
particularly the hypokinetic diseases and condition.
1. Body Composition – describe your body type and the
proportion of fat mass compared to lean muscle mass.
2.
maximum force.
3. Muscular Endurance - ability of the muscle to exert
force repeatedly over a period of time.
4. Flexibility – ability of the muscle to move joints with
ease through the normal range of motion and the
ability to perform a wide range of motions easily
without strain or injury.
5. Cardiorespiratory Endurance – ability of the heart,
lungs, and the vascular systems to function efficiently
at moderate to high intensity over an extended period
of time.
Skill/Sports Related Fitness
- Consists of components that have a relationship with
learning motor skills quickly and the ability to achieve
a high level of performance in sports.
1. Speed – the ability to perform a movement or cover
a distance in a short period of time.
2. Power – the ability to release maximum force very
quickly. Combination of speed and strength.
3. Agility – the ability to move and change direction
quickly.
4. Balance – the ability to remain stable even when
moving.
5. Reaction Time – the amount of time it takes to make
a physical response once you see the need to take
action.
6. Coordination – the linking of senses and different
parts of the body to produce smooth, quick, and
efficiently controlled movements.
Physiological Fitness
- Relates to biological systems that are influenced by
one’s level of habitual physical activity.
1. Metabolic Fitness – the ability to provide energy
(ATP) to the muscles during the activity.
2. Morphological Fitness – refers to body compostion
and bone strength.
3. Bone Integrity – a non-performance component of
fitness related to bone mineral density.
Exercise Prescription
It is commonly refers to the specific plan of fitness-
related activities that are designed for a specified
purpose, which is often developed by a fitness or
rehabilitation specialist for the client or patient.
Types of Exercise:
1. Aerobic Exercises – are activities that work your
cardiovascular system. They get your heart rate and
make you breather harder.
2. Strength Exercise – exercise that work your muscles
by using resistance. This type of exercise increases lean
muscle mass, which is particularly important for weight
loss. Muscle burns more calories than other types of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) – assist conversion of carbs,
tissue. (e.g. weightlifting, push-ups, crunches) fats, and protein to ATP. 1.1 -1.3 mg a day. Whole
3. Balance Exercise – ability to control and stabilize grains.
your body’s position.
4. Flexibility Exercise – stretching someone’s muscles Vitamin B5 (Panthothentic Acid) – breakdown of
and may improve the range of motion at someone’s glucose. 5 mg a day. Meat, eggs, whole grains, legumes.
joints. It can improve your flexibility and reduce your
risk of injury during sports and other activities. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) – amino acid and protein
metabolism, 1.3-1.7 mg a day, meat, fish, whole grains,
Components of an Exercise Prescription: nuts, and seeds.
 Health Status Questionnaire/Physical Exam
 Fitness Assessment and Evaluation Vitamin B7 (Biotin) – fatty acid and amino acid
 Exercise Type metabolism, 30 ug a day. Liver, egg, yolk.
 Cardiovascular Fitness
 Strength Training Vitamin B9 (Folate) - amino acid and metabolism, 300
 Frequency of Exercise ug per day. Leafy greens, seeds.
 Duration of Exercise
 Intensity of Exercise Cobalamin (B12) - needed to produce
 Exercise Session Order ATP from fatty acid, 2.4 ug/day. From animal products.
 Exercise Progression
 Exercise Modifications Vitaminc C - Synthesize and maintain collagen, 75-90
ug/day. Citrus fruit, broccoli, strawberries, greens
Healthy Eating peppers
- consuming the right quantities of foods.
Vitamin E - Antioxidant for cells, 15mg/day. Vegetable
Micro Nutrients oils, Leafy greens, seeds, nuts
Water
- dissolves and carries nutrients, removes waste, and Vitamin K - Synthesis of blood clothing proteins, bone
regulates body temperature. health, cell growth, 90-120 ug/day. Vegetable oils,
- 8-10 glasses a day. Leafy greens
- 2400 kcal (for male with light physical activity)
- 2100 kcal (for fe Niacin(B3) - Breakdown carbs for energy, 14-16
- male with light physical activity) mg/day. Chicken, fish, peanuts, whole grains and beef.

Protein Calcium - Strengthens bone structure, 800mg. Milk

- build new tissues, antibodies, enzymes, hormones
and other.
- meat, fish
- 75 g (male)
- 6 g (female)
Fat
- saturated (unhealthy) and unsaturated (healthy)
- saturated fats came from dairy meats, processed
snacks. Increase the level of bad cholesterol. 10%
- unsaturated – provides long term energy, insulation,
and protection. From butter, nuts, avocados. 20-30%
Carbohydrates
- provide energy. 55-65%, from bread, cake, rice.
Vitamin A - Vision, eye health, 700-900 ug/day. Carrots
Iron - Vision, eye health, cell differentiation, immune
function, 700-900 ug/day. Liver, fish, eggs carrots, leafy
greens, sweet potatoes, cantaloupe
Vitamin D - Absorption of calcium and phosphorus,
bone health, 15-20 ug/day. Egg yolk, tuna, salmon, liver
Training Principle
- promote a steady and specific increase in physical
ability by specifically adapting a training regime to the
needs of a sport, and most importantly, to the
individual needs of each player.

Macro Nutrients Specificity - asserts that the best way to

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) – breakdown of glucose for develop physical fitness is to train the energy systems
energy. 1.1 -1.2 mg a day, whole grains, seeds, nuts, and muscles as closely as possible to the way that
pork. they are used in a particular sport.
Progression - To steadily improve fitness levels,
physical demands to overload an athlete’s system
must continually increase. If the training demand is
increased too quickly, players will be unable to adapt
and may break down. If the demand is not adequate,
they will not reach optimal fitness levels.
Overload - training loads must be increased gradually,
they must also allow the body to adapt to avoid injury.
Varying the type, volume, and intensity of training
load allows the body an opportunity to
overcompensate and recover.
For treatment of a soft tissue or joint injury
remember:
 REST the body part or joint that has been
injured.
 ICE the cold temperature will constrict the
blood vessels so that the blood will be pushed
away from the injury to reduce swelling
 COMPRESSION using a bandage or wrap,
prevent the area from swelling by putting
pressure on it
 ELEVATION let gravity help prevent swelling,
elevate the injured body part above the heart

Reversibility - When player stops training, their gains Purposive Communication

will disappear quicker than they were gained.
Tedium - vary your training a bit to prevent your
workout from becoming dull and boring.
Periodisation and Recovery - the majority of athletes
will become fatigued and performances will actually
drop. Whilst this experience is a normal part of
training, allowing adequate time for recovery enables
the body to prepare for the next bout of training.
Communication from the Latin word “communicare”
which means to make common.
- Man is a social being
- The words which you speak is a reflection to your
personality.
- Products of thoughts, imaginations, feelings and
emotions.
- Humans are expected to speak everyday.
- 60% of a person’s active hours is spent in speaking
(Tan, 1997)

Methods of Training Functions of Communication:

Aerobic - exercise is any activity using large muscle - Connects one person with another.
groups and maintained continuously with rhythmic - Develops high mental process.
pattern i.e. sustaining a full game, cycling or swimming. - Regulates speech itself.
Aerobic means ‘with air or oxygen’. Aerobic training - Serves as an important factor in the preservation of
trains an athlete’s lungs to process more air with less one’s heritage.
effort and heart to pump more blood with fewer beats.
This increases cardiovascular efficiency and endurance. Characteristics of Speech Communication:
- Purposive.
Anaerobic - exercise uses muscles at high intensity - Involves interaction.
and a high rate of work for a short period of time. - Transitory.
Anaerobic exercise helps us increase our muscle - Occurs in specific settings.
strength and stay ready for the next bursts of speed - Is influenced by the fields of experience of the
i.e. weight training, sprinting, or any rapid burst of speaker.
speed. Think of short and fast when you think of - Does not continue the usual ques of writing.
anaerobic. Anaerobic means ‘without air or oxygen.
Forms of Communication:
Stages of Training - Verbal
Warm Up - Nonverbal
Main Part
Cool Down Types and Levels of Communication:
- Intrapersonal
Sprain - Involves the ligaments in a joint. Ligaments - Interpersonal
attach bone to bone and are not designed to stretch. - dyad
- small group
Strain - Involves the tendons or muscles. Tendons - public
attach muscle to bone.
Elements of Communication:
- Source
- Message
- Receiver
- Channel
 Types of Informal Language:
Models of Communication: Slang – a language develop by a certain group of people
Berlo’s Communication that has words that has opposite meaning.
Sender – Message – Context – Receiver
Schram’s Model Chavacano
Encoder – Signal – Decoder - is not referred to as a language. It is defined as the
Aristotle’s Model coarse, unpolished and un-refined.
Speaker – Message – Listener Varieties of Chavacano
Formal – contains more Spanish vocabulary.
Listening Informal – containing more vocabulary from Tagalog,
How to listen effectively: Cebuano, and other Philippine language.
1. Listen actively
2. Listen for meaning not for words Hiligaynon
3. Focus on the message - referred to by most of its speakers as Ilonggo.
4. Avoid making pre-judgement
Intercultural Communication
Types: - the ability to deal across cultures which is increasingly
1. Evaluative Listening important, as the world gets smaller.
2. Appreciative Listening
3. Informative Listening Problems:
4. Discriminatory Listening Ethnocentrism – a belief that one culture is superior to
others.
Barriers: Stereotyping – a generalization about some group or
1. Receivers attitude toward the speaker people that oversimplifies their culture.
2. Pre-judging the speaker Prejudice – a negative attitude toward a group of
3. Personality of the listener people just because of who they are.
4. Speaker-generated causes.
Improving:
Tips to have better listening: 1. Practice supportive communication behaviors.
1. Set your mind for listening 2. Develop sensitivity towards diversity.
2. Establish motivation 3. Avoid stereotypes and ethnocentrism.
3. Establish empathy to the speaker’s position 4. Develop code sensitivity.
4. Establish questions in the mind
5. Avoid personal biases Reflexivity – being self-aware and learning from
6. Learn to recognize the central/main idea interactions with the intent of improving future
7. Do note taking. interactions.

Language Register Why local and global communication is important?

- Level of formality with which you speak. Different 1. Globalization
people and situations call for the different register. 2. Business Opportunities
3. Sharing of views and ideas.
Registers of Language: 4. Talent and improvisation.
High Formal – formal occasions 5. An understanding of diverse market.
Formal – when you speak or write to your boss
Neutral – use in report, writing, business plan Multimodal Text
Informal – when you talk to a friend - Combination of two or more modes one at a time.
Vulgar – when you talk to immediate family members
or very close friends
Modes:
Types of Language Varieties:  Written Language
- Colloquial- words or expressions used in a casual  Spoken Language
conversation.  Image
- Jargon – used by a specific group of people.  Gesture
- Registers  Music
- Dialect – language spoken in a particular area.
- Idiolic – person’s unique way of speaking. Multimodal Text can be Paper
- Such as books, comics, posters, editorial cartooning.

Multimodal Text can be Digital
- Such as slide presentations, e-books, blogs, e-posters,
we pages, and social media, through animation, film,
and video games.
2. Conventional – a special symbol used in a certain
group of people that has meaning.
3. Subjective – any meaning consciously or
unconsciously conveyed by the artist using a private
symbolism.

Multimodal Text can be Transmedia Function of Art

- Where the story is told using multiple delivery Personal Function
channels through combination of media platforms. - Self Expression or Gratification
Such as book, comic, film, web series, and video game. - Aesthetic Expression
- Intellectual Inquiry
Art Appreciation - Therapy
Humanities - Religious Art and Art of Spiritual Concern
– Is a set of disciplines taught in the universities such as Social Function
grammar, rhetoric, history, literature, music, - Political Function
philosophy, and theology. - Arts that are depicting social conditions
- To provide the student with certain skills and values - Graphic Communication
through the arts. - Display and Celebration
- To shape the students’ subjective energies. Physical Function
- Monumental Art
Art Etymology
ars/artis – everything that is artificially made. Painting and the Related Arts
ar – to join or put together Painting is an image (artwork) created using pigments
artizien – to prepare (color) on a surface (ground). Pigment can be in wet
arkiskein – to put together. (such as paint) or dry form (such as pastel)

Subject of the Art – refers to the object, person, scenes, Related Arts
or event described or represented in a work or art. 1. Tapestry – a strong cloth with colored threads woven
into it to create a picture or design. Usually hung on a
Kinds of Art according to Subject wall or used to cover furniture.
- Representational 2. Mosaic – made from the assembling of small pieces
- Non-representational of colored glass, stones, or other materials. Often used
- Still Life in decorative art or as interior decoration.
- Everyday Life 3. Stained Glass – colored glass used to form decorative
- Figures or pictorial designs, notably for church windows, both
- Animals by the painting and especially by setting contrasting
- Portrait pieces in a lead framework like a mosaic.
- Landscapes, seascapes, city scapes 4. Prints
- History and Legends 4.1 Relief Printing – printing from a raised surface.
- Religion and Mythology 4.2 Intaglio – done from ink that is below the surface of
- Dreams and Fantasies. the plate (which can be copper, zinc, aluminium,
magnesium, plastics, or even coated paper). The design
Ways of Representing Art is cut, scratched, etched into.
1. Realism – depicting thing that way they would
normally appear in nature. Architecture
2. Abstractionism – the process of simplifying or - the art of designing and constructing a building which
reorganizing objects and elements according to the will serve a definite function.
demands of artistic expression.
3. Distortion – stretching, twisting, and deforming the Burj Khalifa – highest (828 m, Dubai UAE)
natural shape of the object. Usually done to dramatize Principles of Construction:
the shape of a figure or to create an emotional effect. 1. Post-and-Intel – oldest of construction system makes
4. Surrealism – combination of realism and distortion. use of two vertical posts spanned by horizontal beam.
2. Arch – consists of separate pieces of wedge-shaped
Levels of Meaning blocks (voussoirs) arranged in a semi circle.
1. Factual – the literal statement or the narrative 3. Truss – system of triangular form assembled into a
content in the work. rigid framework and functioning like a beam or lintel.
4. Skeleton Construction – employed reinforced
concrete and steel.
5. Cantilever – use of beam or slab extending
horizontally into space beyond its supporting post, yet
strong enough to support the walls and floors.
Sculpture:
- 3D work of art constructed to represent a natural or
imaginary shape.
Kinds:
1. Free – can be seen from more than one position.
2. Relief Sculpture – figures project from the flat
background.
High Relief – those whose figures project to the
extent of one half their thickness or more so that they
are almost round.
Low or bas relief – when forms are slightly
raised.
3. Kinetic Sculpture – movement is a basic element, i.g
mobiles.
Mediums:
Stone
Wood
Metal
Scrap
Techniques:
Substractive (carving)
Additive (modelling, casting, fabrication)
Carving – removing of unwanted portions
Modeling – ancient technique, common material used
are clay and wax.
Casting – pouring molten metal or other material into
a mold.
Fabrication – joining or fastening, either through
nailing, stapling, soldering, and welding.
Amihan and Habagat, Pieta, Spirit of Pinaglabanan –
Eduardo Castrillo
Penitensya – Solomon Saprid
Auditory Art
String Instuments
– have hollow sound boc across which nylon, wire, or
gut strings are stretched. Made to vibrate by means of
a horsehair bow rubbed over them.
Felipe Padilla de Leon – the one who translate the
Lyrics of the National Anthem from Spanish to Tagalog.
National Artist for Music in 1997.
Violin – soprano voice
Viola – alto voice
Violoncello or Cello – tenor voice
Double Bass – largest and lowest instrument
The smaller the instrument the higher the pitch, the
larger the lower the pitch.
Harp – not a regular member of the orchestra but one
of the oldest instruments.
Guitar – seldom used in the orchestra but always
present in jazz bands. Commonly used in folk dances.
Wind Instruments
The three branches of the woodwind family have
different sources of sound.
Vibrations begin when air is blown:
- Across the top of an instrument
- Across a single reed
- Across two reeds
Reeds – small pieces of cane
Single Reed – clamped to a mouthpiece at the top of
the instrument and vibrates against the mouthpiece
when air is blown between the reed and the
mouthpiece.
Two Reeds – when tied together is known as double
reed. This double reed fits into a tube at the top of the
instrument and vibrates when air is forced between the
two reeds
Piccolo – exactly like the flute except that it is much
smaller and is usually made of silver and wood. Full
name: plauta piccolo which means little flute. It is an
octave higher than the flute.
Flute is originally made of wood but today it is now
made of silver or gold.
Clarinet – produces a fluid sound. Single reed made of
wood.
Bass Clarinet – a larger and lower sounding relative of
the clarinet. Single reed made of wood.
Saxophone – conically shaped. Only woodwind
instrument made of brass. Has a single reed like the
clarinet.
Oboe – similar to clarinet. Made of wood and have
metal keys and can produce many notes rapidly. Do not
have mouthpiece. But has two reeds tied together. By
placing them between one’s lips and blowing air
through them, the reeds vibrate and produce a sound.
English Horn – another double-reed instrument. Larger
than oboe and its sound is much lower.
Bassoon – a large double reed instrument with a lower
sound than the others. It has bocal, a small curved
tube.
Contrabassoon - double reed instrument, larger than
bassoon and its sound is much lower.
Brass
- instruments produce their unique sound by the player
buzzing his/her lips while blowing air through a cup or
funnel shaped mouthpiece.
Trumpet – the highest sounding member. The brilliant
tone of the trumpet travels through about 6 – ½ feet of
tubing bent into an oblong shape. The player presses
three valves in various combinations with the fingers of
the right hand to obtain various pitches.
Trombone – its mouthpiece is larger than the trumpet
and gives the instrument a more mellow sound.
Instead of valves, the trombone has a slide which
changes the length of its approximately 9 feet of tubing
to reach different pitches.
French Horn – consist of about 12 feet of narrow tubing
wound into a circle.
Tuba – made of 16 feet of tubing, the lowest sounding
member of the brass family. Has four to five valves and
is held upright in the player’s lap.
Percussion
- the hitting of one body against another. Played by
being struck shaken or scraped. Provides variety of
rhythms, texture, and tone colors.
Classification:
Tuned Instruments - play specific pitches or notes.
Untuned Instruments – produce a sound with an
indefinite pitch, the sound of a hand knocking on a
door.
Bass Drum – added by Mozart (1782).
Snare Drum – joined the orchestra nearly 200 years
ago.
Cymbals – made from two large, slightly concave brass
plates. Fitted with leather hand straps and are shaped
so that when they are crashed together, only the edges
touch.
Tambourine – shallow handheld drum made of a
circular wooden frame with a calfskin or plastic
drumhead stretched across the top. Has small discs
called jingles set that has circular frame which produce
sound when shaken, rubbed, or struck. Used in
orchestra by Mozart on (1782).
Triangle – made from a small round steel tube and
played by striking it with a steel beater.
Timpani – also called kettledrums, the first used drum
in orchestra.
Chimes – also known as tubular bells, a tuned
instrument consisting of a set of 12 – 18 metal tubes
hung from a metal frame. Struck with a mallet and
sound like church bells when played. The longer the
length of tube that is struck, the lower the pitch that is
created.
Glockenspiel – resembles a small xylophone but is
made of steel bars. Means to play the bells. Used in
marching bands to a lyre-shaped frame. It is then called
a bell-lyre.
Xylophone – made of hardwood bars in graduated
lengths set horizontally on a metal frame. Striking the
bars with hard mallets produces a bright sharp sound.
Was originally modelled after an African Instrument
and its name is Greek, meaning wood sound.
Keyboard
Organ - are often classified as percussion instruments
because they play a rhythmic role in some music.
However, most keyboard instruments are not true
members of the percussion family because their
sound is not produced by the vibration of a
membrane or solid material.
Piano – the sound is produced by small hammers
striking strings. It is basically a string instrument. The
hammers are controlled mechanically and strike the
strings when the player's hands press the piano keys.
The piano was invented in the 18th century and was
called pianoforte (soft-loud) to indicate its wide range
and to distinguish if from its ancestor, the clavichord
which was smaller and which produced very soft
tones.
Harpischord - an early relative of the piano. Although
it looks like a piano, it sounds much different. Small
hooks called quills pluck the strings when the player's
hand presses a key on the keyboard.
Celesta - consists of a series of small steel bars placed
over resonators; the bars are struck by small hammers
controlled by a keyboard. The instrument’s range is
only one-half that of a piano, but it produces an
ethereal sound (hence its name) very much like soft
chimes.
Cinema
- a term which embraces many types of films or
movies:
Cartoons, newsreels, commercials, industrial
films, educational films, social documentaries,
home movies.
- a way of expressing ideas, attitudes, feelings, dreams
and fantasies to an audience through a series of
images photographed by a camera and projected on
the screen.
- Stroboscopic illusion
- like painting because it is also a visual composition
on a two-dimensional surface.
Theatre
- Etymology: The word derives from the Ancient Greek
theatron meaning, "the seeing place."
- branch of the performing arts concerned with acting
out stories in front of an audience using combinations
of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle
- indeed any one or more elements of the other
performing arts.
- It takes such forms as Musicals, opera, ballet,
Illusion, mime, classical Indian dance, kabuki,
mummers' plays, Improvisational theatre, stand-up
comedy, pantomime and Non-conventional or
Arthouse theatre.
Director
A theatre director or stage director is a practitioner in
the theatre field who oversees and orchestrates the
mounting of a theatre production (a play, an opera, a
musical, or a devised piece of work) by unifying
various endeavours and aspects of production.
Functions:
- To ensure the quality and completeness of theatre
production and to lead the members of the creative
team into realizing their artistic vision for it.
- In contemporary theatre, the director is generally
the primary visionary, making decisions on the artistic
concept and interpretation of the text and its staging.
Playwright
Also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes
dramatic literature or drama.
The term is not a variant spelling of playwrite, but
something quite distinct: the word wright is an archaic
English term for a craftsman or builder (as in a
wheelwright or cartwright). Hence the prefix and the
suffix combine to indicate someone who crafts plays.
Actor
An actor or actress is a person who acts in a dramatic
production and who works in film, television, theatre,
or radio in that capacity. The ancient Greek word for
an actor,(hypokrites), means literally "one who
interprets"; in this sense, an actor is one who
interprets a dramatic character.
The word actor refers to a person who acts
regardless of sex, while actress refers specifically to a
female person who acts; therefore a female can be
both.
Elements and Principles:
Lines
- Simplest, most ancient and most universal means for
creating visual art. Prolongation of a point. May be
straight or curved according to the direction.
Straight
Horizontal – calmness and peace
Vertical – balance and stable
Diagonal – imply actions, If the sharp angles form
jogged lines – harsh and unpleasant.
Curved – graceful and show life and energy.
S-shape – line of grace or line of beauty of Hogarth.
E.g. Composition 8 by Wassily Kandinsky
Value or Tone
Value – the lightness and darkness, the presence and
absence of light.
Value Scale – point halfway between white and black
may be classified as light; opposite, may be classified
as dark. White-medium-black.
Light and Shadow
Chiaroscuro – Italian term, a means of modelling a
figure in depth and articulating the form.
E.g. Descent from the Cross by Peter Paul Rubens
Color
- the quality of an object or substance with the
respect to light reflected by it. Not a property of
object but a property of light.
E.g. Beasts of the Sea by Henri Matisse
Hue – identity of a color.
Primary –
Secondary –
Tertiary –
Value – the lightness and darkness
Intensity – brightness and dullness
Color Harmony – the correct combination and
arrangement of colors.
Harmony for related color
- Monochromatic and analogous
Harmony for contrasting color
- Complementary, Split Complementary, Triads – feeling of equality in weight, attention, attraction of
the various design. Factors: position, size, proportion,
Single Complementary = P vs. S value, quality, shapes
Double Complementary = PT vs. PT
Split Complementary Kinds of Balance:
Double Split Complementary Bisymmetrical
Triad Obvious
Informal - the quality of stability in a composition in
E.g. The Last Supper (Cubism) by Ang Kiukok which the objects on one side differ from those on the
other side and yet visually attract our attention with
Volume or Form equal force. (E.g. Girl with a Japanese Fan by James
Regular forms having definite shapes: squares, Whistler)
rectangle, circle, triangle
Harmony
Forms have masses that are soild, volume and 3D - gives impression of unity

Kinds of Form: Proportion

Natural – seen in nature
Abstract – formed after the artist has drawn out the
essence of the original object and made it the subject
of his work.
Non-Objective – seldom have reference to
recognizable objects, but most often show a similarity
to some organic forms.
Geometric – pyramid, cylindrical towers, box-like
edifices.
Texture
- give variety and beauty to any work. Involved the
sense of touch and sight.
Space
- concerned with making all parts functional so that all
parts of the work of art will contribute to make the
whole a complete work of art.
Methods of creating an illusion of depth:
- overlapping planes
- variation in size
- position on the picture plane
- color
- perspective (linear or aerial)
Principles of Design
Design – the overall visual structure, proper
arrangement of the elements to achieve beauty
- deals with the proper or significant relation between
two things or parts.
Rhythm
- connected path along which the eye may travel in
any arrangement of lines, forms, and colors. Achieved
through – repetition, progression, continuous line,
movement.
Alternation – two different motifs with the size of the
motif changing.
Sequence – units, one kind.
Radiation – motif is repeated from the center or
toward it.
Parallelism -
Progression – the way of creating movement through
increase or decrease in size.
Continuous Line Movement – achieved by the
repetition of regular visual units.
Emphasis and Subordination
- the eye is carried first to the most important thing in
the arrangement and from that point to every detail
in the order of its importance.
Elements of Theatre
Script/Text, Scenario, Plan
- the script, scenarip, or plan is what the director uses
as a blue print to build a production form.

Kinds: Process
Structural – simplicity, proportionality, suitability of - the making
materials to the purpose.
Decorative – surface enrichment of a structural Product
design, luxury of design. - the outcome or result of the process
Audience – serves the important element.
Balance
Types of Theatre Space
Proscenium Theatre
- primary feature is a large archway. Has curtain which
can be lowered or drawn closed.
Amphitheathre
- derive from the ancient Greeks term “amphi” which
means around, and “theatron” which means place of
viewing. Built throughout the history as performance
spaces.
Ancient – built by ancient Romans for
spectators sports that has ascending seating.
Modern – for theatrical or concert
performances.
Contemporary – located outdoors, has
standing structures called bandshells.
Natural – located in a spot where a steep
mountain or a particular rock formation
naturally amplifies or echoes sound, making it
ideal for musical and theatrical performances.
Drama
- written to be performed not read.
Types of Drama:
1. Tragedy – a serious play with tragic theme. Imitation
of dramatic form of an action that is serious and
complete (Aristotle’s definition of Tragedy)
2. Melodrama – forces outside of the protagonist cause
all of the significant events of the plot. All of the aspects
of related guilt or responsibility of the protagonist are
removed.
3. Tragicomedy - most life-like of all of the genres. It is
non-judgmental and ends with no absolutes. It focuses
on character relationships and shows society in a state
of continuous flux. There is a mix of comedy and
tragedy side by side in these types of plays.
Musical Theathre
- form of theatre combining music, songs, dance
routines, and spoken dialogue.
Opera
- an art form in which singers and musicians perform
a dramatic work (called an opera) which combines
text and musical score
Libretto - the text used in an extended musical work
such as an opera, operetta, masque (amateur
dramatic entertainment), sacred or secular oratorio
and cantata, musical, and ballet.
Musical Score - incorporates many of the elements of
spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery and costumes
and sometimes includes dance. The performance is
typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an
orchestra or smaller musical ensemble.
Comedy
- as a popular meaning, is any humorous discourse
generally intended to amuse, especially in television,
film, and stand-up comedy.
Farce - comedy written for the stage or film which
aims to entertain the audience. Also characterized by
physical humour
Burlesque - a humorous theatrical entertainment
involving parody and sometimes grotesque
exaggeration. The name "burlesque" is derived from
the Italian burla, which means "jest."
Satire - a ridicule of public institutions and figures.
Domestic Comedies - are identified by a character-
based humor as opposed to that originating in a series
of confusions or complications.
Understanding the Self
Self-identity – is composed of relatively permanent
self- assessments, such as personality attributes,
knowledge of one’s skills and abilities, one’s
occupation and hobbies, and awareness of one’s
physical attributes. The Self Identity is not restricted to
the present. It includes past selves and future selves.
Self-concept - A person's self-concept is his knowledge
about himself. Self-concept is simply the informational
side of things, where you know facts about what you
are like. They can be influenced not only by observing
one's own self and behavior objectively, but also by
observing the reactions that other people have to you
and your behavior, or imagining what other people
might think of you, or what you would think of yourself
if you saw yourself from outside.
Confidence - is a pretty broad term and can be
difficult to define. Confidence is a really personal thing
that isn’t the same for everyone. Different people
have different levels of confidence, but there are
some signs of a confident person which can give
insight into where confidence comes from.
Self-image - the way you think about yourself and
your abilities or appearance. One's conception of
oneself or of one's role.
Personality - the sum total of ways in which an
individual reacts and interacts with others. Personality
is a pattern of stable states and characteristics of a
person that influences his or her behavior toward goal
achievement. A relatively stable set of characteristics
that influences an individual’s behavior
Personality Determinants
- Heredity
- Environment
- Situation
- Culture
- Family and social background
Personality Traits
A personality trait is a personality characteristic that
endures (lasts) over time and across different
situations
Family - a group characterized by common residence,
economic cooperation and reproduction. It includes
adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a
socially approved sexual relationship, and one or more
of their children of their own or adopted by the sexually
cohabiting adults.
Society - is derived from latin word “Societus” meaning
“companionship”. In general the word society denotes
a group of people. However in sociology it refers to the
relationships between them. Society is also defined as
the web of social relationships Man is a social being,
needs society and enjoys group life.
1. Socrates – he believed that a man is dualistic,
composed of body and soul. The body is the imperfect
and impermanent while the soul is the perfect and
permanent.
2. Plato – he supported the claim of Socrates, he
believed that soul has three component; the
Rational/Logical Soul, Spirited Soul, and the Appetitive
Soul. The Rational/Logical Soul is forged by intellect
and reason. The Spirited Soul is in charge of emotions.
The Appetitive Soul is in charge of desires. If the three
will work harmoniously then a person’s soul will be just
and virtuous.
3. St. Agustine – he supported the claims of Plato and
Socrated. He infused it with the Christian Doctrine. He
believed that the body is bound to die here in this
world and the soul will go to the eternal realm of
spiritual bliss in communion of God. He also believed
that there’s no inner peace without God’s love.
4. Thomas Aquinas – he believed that man has two
parts; matter and form. Matter or Hyle in Greek, refers
to the common stuff that makes up everything in the
universe. While Form or Morphe in Greek, refers to the
essence of a substance or a thing. He also believe that
the soul animates the body and make someone a
human.
5. Rene Descartes – he believed that when a person
doubts, he/she exist. He also believed that body is just
like a machine connected to the mind.
6. David Hume – he believed that idea can be acquired
through experiences and sensations. He also believed
that the self is just a bundle of impressions. To examine
experience, he categorized it into two; impressions and
ideas. Impressions is the product of our direct
experience while ideas are the copies of impressions.
7. Immanuel Kant – he believed that mind organizes
the impressions that a man get from the external
world.
8. Gilbert Ryle – he believed that self is not an entity
one can locate or analyse but simply the convenient
name that people use to refer to all behaviors that
people make.
William James (1890) the earliest psychologists to
study the self and conceptualized the self as having two
aspects: “I” is the thinking, acting, feeling self and “ME”
is the physical characteristics as well as psychological
capabilities that makes who you are (Gleitman, Gross,
and Reisberg 2011; Hogg and Vaughan 2010).
On the other hand, in Carl Roger’s Theory, “I” as the
one who acts and decides while the “ME” is what you
think or feel about yourself as an object (Gleitman,
Gross, and Reisberg 2011).
True Self
- Also known as real self, authentic self, original self and
vulnerable self).
- Describe a sense of self based on spontaneous
authentic expe-rience, and a feeling of being alive.
- Represented by our real feelings and desires.
False Self
- Also known as fake self, idealized self, superficial self
and pseudo self.
- A side of us that has changed its behaviour, repressed
feelings and pushed needs aside in order to survive.
Healthy False Self
- Allows someone to be functional in society. It enables
politeness and social courtesy, even when we may not
feel like it.
- Works with and stays committed to the true self. It is
a form of useful self-protection, in that it shields us at
times when vulnerability would not be appropriate, or
might even be harmful.
Unhealthy False Self
- One that fits into society through forced compliance
rather than a desire to adapt.