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Chapter 3b - Development of Truss Equations: Stiffness Matrix For A Bar Element
Chapter 3b - Development of Truss Equations: Stiffness Matrix For A Bar Element
Chapter 3b - Development of Truss Equations: Stiffness Matrix For A Bar Element
Learning Objectives
• To derive the stiffness matrix for a bar element.
• To illustrate how to solve a bar assemblage by the direct
stiffness method.
• To introduce guidelines for selecting displacement
functions.
• To describe the concept of transformation of vectors in
two different coordinate systems in the plane.
• To derive the stiffness matrix for a bar arbitrarily oriented
in the plane.
• To demonstrate how to compute stress for a bar in the
plane.
• To show how to solve a plane truss problem.
• To develop the transformation matrix in three-
dimensional space and show how to use it to derive the
stiffness matrix for a bar arbitrarily oriented in space.
• To demonstrate the solution of space trusses.
Both the identity matrix [I] and the matrix [t3] are 2 x 2 matrices.
f [K ]d
C 2 CS C 2 CS
2
CS S
2
AE CS S
k
L C 2 CS C 2 CS
CS S
2
CS S2
C 2 CS C 2 CS
2
CS S
2
AE CS S
k
L C CS C
2 2
CS
CS S
2
CS S2
0 0 0 0
2
4
(210 10 kN / m )(6 10 m ) 0 1
6 2
0 1
k (1)
1m 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 5/44
C 2 CS C 2 CS
2
CS S
2
AE CS S
k
L C CS C
2 2
CS
CS S
2
CS S2
u2 v2 u3 v3
1 0 1 0
2
6 2 4
(210 10 kN / m )(6 10 m ) 0 0 0 0
k (2)
1m 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
C 2 CS C 2 CS
2
CS S
2
AE CS S
k
L C CS C
2 2
CS
CS S
2
CS S2
2 2
cos (3) sin (3)
2 2
u1 v1 u3 v3
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
(210 106 kN / m 2 )(6 2 104 m 2 ) 1
k (3)
2 2m 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 6/44
0.5 0.5
1 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 0.5 0 0
0.5 1.5 0 1 0.5 0.5 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
T1 K T1 1,260 105 N m
T
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0.707 0.707 0.707 0 1.414 0.707
0 0 0 0 2 2
2 2
0 0 0.707 0 0.707 0
0 0 0 0 2
2
2
2
F2 y 0 F '3 y 707 kN
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 9/44
Let’s derive the equations for a bar element using the principle
of minimum potential energy.
The total potential energy, p, is defined as the sum of the
internal strain energy U and the potential energy of the
external forces :
p U
The differential internal work (strain energy) dU in a one-
dimensional bar element is:
dU x ( y )( z )( x )d x
0 2
V V 0 V
1
x E x U x x dV
V
2
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 10/44
L
A
2 0
p x x dx f1x u1 f2 x u2
X bu dV Txus dS
V S
x [D][B]d
20 V S
20
d N X b dV d Ns Tx dS
T T T T
V S
However, [B] and [D] and the nodal displacements u are not a
function of x.
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 13/44
2
where
f P [N ]T Xb dV [N ]T X b dS
V S
U d
* T
[B ]T [D ]T [B ] d
1
1 1 u1
U u
*
1 u 2 L [E ]
L u2
1 L
L
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 14/44
U*
E 2
L2
u1 2u1u2 u22
The loading on a bar element is given as:
F1x 6,000 lb
F2x 12,000 lb
1 1
k (1) 106
1 1
1 1 u1 u2 u1
E E
L L u2 L
0 0.006
30 106
60 3,000 psi (T )
(1) (2)
F2 x f2 x f2 x 9,000
F f3(2) R 7,500
3x x 3x
The element stiffness matrices are:
1 2
2 3
2AE 1 1
k(1) k(2)
L 1 1
0 1 1
The assembled global force-displacement equations are:
1 1 0 u1 1,500
2 10 1 2 1 u2 9,000
6
0 1 1 0 R3 x 7,500
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 21/44
After the eliminating the row and column associated with u3x,
we get:
1 1 u1 1,500
2 106
1 2 u2 9,000
1 1 0.006
E 750 psi (T )
30 30 0.00525
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 22/44
1 1 0.00525
E 5,250 psi (T )
30 30 0
1
P( x )
2
x (10 x ) 5x 2
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 23/44
5x3
L x
1 1
AE 0 AE o
u P ( x )dx u 5 x 2
dx C1
3 AE
5 P ( x ) 5x 2
u (L )
3 AE
x 3 L3 (x)
A
A
One element
Two elements
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 24/44
Two elements
One element
RW dV 0
V
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 26/44
RN
V
i dV 0 i 1, 2, , n
dx AE dx N
0
i dx 0 i 1, 2, , n
rds rs sdr
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 27/44
rds rs sdr
L
d du
L L
du du dN
0 dx AE dx Ni dx Ni AE dx 0 0 AE dx dxi dx 0
u1
L
1 1
L
dN du
AE i L dx Ni AE
0
dx L u2 dx 0
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 28/44
AE
u1 u2 f1x
L
AE
u1 u2 f2x
L
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 29/44
AE 1 1 u1 f1x
L 1 1 u2 f2 x
Element C S C2 S2 CS
1 45° 0.707 0.707 0.5 0.5 0.5
2 315° 0.707 -0.707 0.5 0.5 -0.5
3 0° 1 0 1 0 0
4 270° 0 -1 0 1 0
5 90° 0 1 0 1 0
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 32/44
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
AE 1 1 1 1 AE 1 1 1 1
k (1) k (2)
2L 1 1 1 1 2L 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Element C S C2 S2 CS
1 45° 0.707 0.707 0.5 0.5 0.5
2 315° 0.707 -0.707 0.5 0.5 -0.5
3 0° 1 0 1 0 0
4 270° 0 -1 0 1 0
5 90° 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1
AE 0 0
AE 0 1 0
k (3) k ( 4)
L 1 0 1 0 2L 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Element C S C2 S2 CS
1 45° 0.707 0.707 0.5 0.5 0.5
2 315° 0.707 -0.707 0.5 0.5 -0.5
3 0° 1 0 1 0 0
4 270° 0 -1 0 1 0
5 90° 0 1 0 1 0
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 33/44
0 0 0 0
1
AE 0 1 0
k (5)
2L 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
Element C S C2 S2 CS
1 45° 0.707 0.707 0.5 0.5 0.5
2 315° 0.707 -0.707 0.5 0.5 -0.5
3 0° 1 0 1 0 0
4 270° 0 -1 0 1 0
5 90° 0 1 0 1 0
u1 v1 u2 u3 u4 0
2 0 1 v 2 0
AE
0 2 1 v 3 0
2L
1 1 2 v 4 P
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 34/44
K 22
K 21K111K12 d 2 F
1 2 0 1 v 2 0
0 2
1
1 1 1 AE
kc
AE
[1] 0 2 1 v 3 0
2L
L 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 2 v 4 P
2
Simplifying:
AE 1 AE 1 2L
kc
1
kc [1]
L 2 L 2 AE
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 35/44
2PL
Therefore, the displacements d2 are: d2 v 4
AE
The remaining displacements can be found by substituting the
result for v4 in the global force-displacement equations.
1
v 2 1 0 2 2PL
v 3 0 1 1 AE
2
Expanding the above equations gives the values for the
displacements.
PL
2 AE
v
v 3 PL
AE
The nonzero terms are within the some band. Using a banded
storage format, only the main diagonal and the nonzero
upper codiagonals need be stored.
Homework Problems
Homework Problems
Homework Problems
10 ft
1 2
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 3 - Truss Equations - Part 2 43/44
Homework Problems
b) For the 25-bar truss shown below, determine the displacements and
elemental stresses. Nodes 7, 8, 9, and 10 are pin connections.
Let E = 107 psi and the A = 2.0 in2 for the first story and A = 1.0 in2 for
the top story. Table 1 lists the coordinates for each node. Table 2 lists
the values and directions of the two loads cases applied to the 25-bar
space truss.
2 1 Node x (in) y (in) z (in)
1 -37.5 0.0 200.0
2 37.5 0.0 200.0
6
5 3 -37.5 37.5 100.0
3
4 4 37.5 37.5 100.0
5 37.5 -37.5 100.0
9 10
7 6 -37.5 -37.5 100.0
7 -100.0 100.0 0.0
8 8 100.0 100.0 0.0
9 100.0 -100.0 0.0
10 -100.0 -100.0 0.0
Note: 1 in = 2.54 cm
Homework Problems
b) For the 25-bar truss shown below, determine the displacements and
elemental stresses. Nodes 7, 8, 9, and 10 are pin connections.
Let E = 107 psi and the A = 2.0 in2 for the first story and A = 1.0 in2 for
the top story. Table 1 lists the coordinates for each node. Table 2 lists
the values and directions of the two loads cases applied to the 25-bar
space truss.
2 1
Homework Problems
c) For the 72-bar truss shown below, determine the displacements and
elemental stresses. Nodes 1, 2, 3, and 4 are pin connections.
Let E = 107 psi and the A = 1.0 in2 for the first two stories and A = 0.5
in2 for the top two stories. Table 3 lists the values and directions of the
two loads cases applied to the 72-bar space truss.
Case Node Fx (kip) Fy (kip) Fz (kip)
17 18
17 0.0 0.0 -5.0
60 in 18 0.0 0.0 -5.0
1
19 0.0 0.0 -5.0
13 14
20 0.0 0.0 -5.0
60 in 2 17 5.0 5.0 -5.0
Note: 1 kip = 4.45 kN
9 10
15 14
18 3
60 in 16
4 9 8
5 10 17 2
6 13
7
11
1 6
60 in 5
12
1 2
120 in (b)
(a)
End of Chapter 3b