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 FROM PRESIDENT DESK

SISSTA welcomes you all to its 47th Annual Convention being held in Tirupati to share the
experiences, exchange new ideas, innovations, enrich knowledge and have fun. SISSTA is
entering the Golden Jubilee year successfully and rededicate itself to reverse the stagnation in the
Sugar Industry and working to fillip the growth of the Industry. With around 3500 dedicated
members, SISSTA is constantly working to pass on the latest technologies in Sugar Cane
Cultivation, Environment protection, Factory Technology, Conservation of water,use of organic
fertilizers, etc.

The 47thAnnual Convention to be held on 30th June and 1st July, 2017 at the holy city of Tirupati will
be a mega event in the year 2017, for all of us in SISSTA & this is an occasion for us to look back and
assess our performance in the last 12 months. After the 46th Annual Convention in July 2016, the
present council under my Presidentship took charge in November 2016. In the short span of 7
month with the co-operation of council members the following activities were done in a good
way.
43 Council meeting were conducted and 1 extra-ordinary council meeting was conducted.
4In the 49 years of SISSTA history first time a one day seminar was conducted in Khammam in
Andhra Pradesh.
4First time a one day workshop was organized for sugar cane farmers at Puducherry.
4One joint seminar with SNSI was conducted at Belagavi, Karnataka.
4SISSTA office interior work was completed.
4Changing SISSTA website to portal is planned.

After completing the above program in the short span, now SISSTA is going to celebrate it's
Annual mega event 47th Annual convention. In this convention, we will be having galaxy of
eminent personalities among us during the convention and I am confident members will be
immensely benefited by their interaction with them. To encourage and motivate the Sugar
Factories, SISSTA is giving Best Factory Award in different disciplines like Best Cane
Development, Best Technical Efficiency, Best Cogeneration & Best Distillery to the Sugar
Factories in the southern states based on their performance last year. We are also organizing a
Sugar Expo 2017 during the Annual Convention and many leading manufacturers are
participating in the Sugar Expo.

I once again extend a warm welcome to all the Delegates attending the Annual Convention and
assure you that this Annual Convention will be an informative and memorable one.

(E. MUTHUVELAPPAN)
President, SISSTA

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36
 MAJOR EVENTS OF SISSTA
(July 2016 to June 2017)
th
(a) Note on 46 Annual Convention
th th th
The 46 Annual Convention of SISSTA was held on 15 & 16 July 2016 at Hotel Crowne
Plaza, Chennai. The Annual Convention had a great start on 15th July 2016. After lighting of
Traditional Lamp by the VIP's Shri N.Prabhakar, President, SISSTA, welcomed Delegates.
The Convention was inaugurated by Dr Bakshiram, Director, Sugarcane Breeding Institute,
Coimbatore. The Keynote address was delivered by Shri Narendra Mohan, Director,
National Sugar Institute, Kanpur. This was followed by Special Address by VIP's and
address by Chief Guest Dr.K.Ramasamy, Vice Chancellor, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore. Dr K.Ramasamy released the 46th Annual Convention Proceedings.
To encourage the Best Performing Sugar Factories and Distilleries in the Southern States of
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka & Tamil Nadu, SISSTA presented Trophies to the factories in
th
different categories. Awards for the best Technical Papers presented during the 45 Annual
Convention at Bengaluru were presented.

Vote of Thanks was delivered by Shri E.Muthuvelappan, Vice President and Convenor of 46th
Annual Convention.
The Sugar Expo 2016 was inaugurated by Shri Mahesan Kasinathan I.A.S, Commissioner of
Sugar, Tamil Nadu. 24 Exhibitors were participated in the Sugar Expo, 2016 to displayed
their products and Services. Delegates interacted with the Exhibitors and they were given all
the details by the Exhibitors.
S.V.Parthasarathy Memorial Lecture on Sugarcane and Agriculture was delivered by Shri
Aravind Chudasama, Editor, International Sugar Journal and London. This was followed by
Dr.N.A.Ramaiah Memorial Lecture by Shri M.S.Sundaram, Managing Director,
J.P.Mukherji & Associates Pvt Ltd, Pune.

In the Afternoon session on 15th July 2016 and on 16th July 2016 various technical papers were
presented on Sugarcane, Co-Gen & Engineering, Process, By-Product & Management by
Authors.
The two day convention ended with summing up by Shri N.Prabhakar, President SISSTA.
(b) Note on One Day Joint Seminar with SNSI, Belagai, Karnataka.
A one day joint seminar was held in association with Sri Nijalingappa Sugar Institute,
Belagavi, Karnataka on 25.02.2017 on “Conservation of Energy and Water in Integrated
Sugar Complex” and around 150 Delegates participated in the Deliberations.
After lighting of Traditional lamp and prayer, Shri E.Muthuvelappan, President,
SISSTA welcomed the gathering. Dr. R.B. Khandagave, Director, Sri

XXXVII

37
 Nijalingappa Sugar Institute inaugurated the Seminar. Key note address
Technical was delivered by Shri Narendra Mohan, Director, National Sugar
Institute, Kanpur. Shri Jagadish H Kulkarni delivered Keynote address-cane. This was
followed by special address given by and Shri R.V.Vatnal, Past President, SISSTA. Shri B.R.
Balekundaragi, President, Karnataka State Co-operative Sugar Federation who presided
over the Inaugural Session delivered his presidential address. The Dignitaries in the Dais
were honoured with mementos. Shri A.C.Patil, Vice President, Karnataka and convenor of
Joint Seminar proposed vote of Thanks.

A Table Display was also held during the one day joint Seminar and 7 organisations
participated and displayed their products and services. A Seminar Proceedings was also
brought out during the Seminar with articles from eminent authors.

The following Sugar Factories extended their valuable support to the One Day Joint Seminar
with the Sponsorship.

1. M/s Shree Somashewar S.S.K. Niyamit, Belwadi.

2. M/s Shri Malaprabha S.S.K. Niyamit, Hubli

3. M/s The Nandi S.S.K. Niyamit, Hosur

After the Inaugural Session, Technical paper Session began and papers were presented by
the Authors and there were live discussion after each paper presentation. Delegates had an
opportunity to discuss and learn the latest trends in conservation of Water and Energy.

Shri A.C.Patil, Vice President and Convenor of the Joint Seminar had made excellent
arrangements for smooth conducting of the Joint Seminar and coordinated very well with
SNSI Authorities.

(c) One Day Work shop at Puducherry.

A one day work shop for Sugarcane Farmers from Tamil Nadu and Puducherry was held on
25.03.2017 at Puducherry. Shri E. Muthuvelappan, President, SISSTA welcomed the Farmers
and Officials from Sugar Factories. The Inaugural address was delivered by Shri K.G.P.
Gnanamoorthy, President, Tamil Nadu Co-Operative Sugar Federation. This was followed
by special addresses given by Shri K. Nagendran, Special Director, Thiru Arooran Sugars.
The Presidential address was delivered by Shri A.Ramamoorthy, Director , Agriculture and
Sugar Department, Puducherry. This was followed by releasing of the Workshop handbook
by all the VIPs at the Dais. The Inaugural Session ended with Vote of Thanks by Shri M.Balaji,
Vice President, SISSTA.

In the workshop 138 cane growers from various parts of Tamil Nadu and 66 cane
development officers and executives from sugar mills were attended.

XXXVIII

38
 A Table Display was also held where in 3 organizations participated and
displayed their products and services.

The E.I.D. Parry India Ltd, Chennai extended their valuable support to the One Day
workshop with the Sponsorship.

The Technical Session was followed by question and Answer Session in which Farmers
quarries were answered by the experts.

The entire workshop was conducted in Tamil to enable the farmers to understand the subject
and have their quarries clarified.

(d) One Day Seminar at Khammam,Telangana.

A On Day Seminar to discuss on “Modern Intercultural Operation Practice in Sugarcane

Cultivation” was held on 22.04.2017 at Khammam, Telangana and around 80 Delegates
participated in the Deliberations.

After lighting of Traditional lamp and prayer, Shri E.Muthuvelappan, President , SISSTA
welcomed the gathering. Following his welcome address inaugural address was given by
Shri V.S. Naidu, Managing Director, The Thandava Co-operative Sugars, Presidential
address by Dr. N.V. Naidu, Director of Research, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural
University and Dr. Raghuram Reddy, Addl. Director of Cane & Sugar, Telangana, Special
address by Shri V. Venkateshwara Rao, Cane consultancy of Sudalagunta Sugars Ltd. and
Shri N. Prabhakar, Vice President, Nava Bharat Ventures Ltd., & Past President, SISSTA. The
Inaugural Session ended with vote of by Shri Blessing Garapati, Convenor and Vice
President.

The Technical Session began was chaired by Shri Jagadish H. Kulkarni, Geneticist, The Ugar
Sugar Works Ltd., and Shri Y. Kotaiah, General Manager, Nava Bharat Ventures Ltd.

Madhucon Sugar and Power Industries Ltd., extended their valuable support to the One Day
Seminar with their Sponsorship.

After Lunch, Delegates went on a factory visit to M/s. Madhucon Sugars and Power
Industries Ltd, Khammam. The Delegates had an opportunity to witness the different stages
of sugar production and other bye products.

(e) SISSTA office interior work:

The interior work was taken up in March, 2017 and the work is completed with an attractive
look. Now the SISSTA office gives a modern look having reception area, visitors place,
work place, conference hall and well-furnished library.

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39
 WRAPPER

1 M/s. Lubeman Engineers Pvt. Ltd. Cover Page - Colour

2 M/s. Apex Tubes Pvt. Ltd Cover Page - Colour

3 M/s. S.S. Engineers Cover Page - Colour

4 M/s. ULKA Industries Pvt. Ltd Cover Page - Colour

5 M/s. Patco Industrial Supplies Cover Page - Colour

6 M/s. EAU Chemical (Mfg.) Pvt. Ltd. Cover Page - Colour

7 M/s. Suviron Equipments Pvt. Ltd Cover Page - Colour

INSIDE FULL PAGE - COLOUR

1 M/s. The Andhra Sugars Ltd I

2 M/s. Shin Thermo Dynamic Engineering Pvt. Ltd II

3 M/s. Shree Doodhaganga Krishna S.S.K. Niyamit III

4 M/s. S.J. Industries IV

5 M/s. S.J. Industries V

6 M/s. SMB Engineers Pvt. Ltd VI

7 M/s. SMB Engineers Pvt. Ltd VII

8 M/s. Shrijee Process Engg. Works Ltd. VIII

9 M/s. Spray Engineering Devices Ltd IX

10 M/s. Catalysts Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd X

11 M/s. Industry Aid Products XI

12 M/s. Enviropol Engineers (P) Ltd XII

13 M/s. Triveni Turbine Limited XIII

14 M/s. Kay Bouvet Engineering Ltd XIV

15 M/s. Vishwajeet Industries XV

16 M/s. CA Polytech Pvt. Ltd. XVI

17 M/s. Duro Chem Sugar Chemicals Ltd XVII

18 M/s. ISGEC Heavy Engineering Ltd XVIII

19 M/s. Milteck Engineering Works XIX

20 M/s. Avant - Garde Engineers and Consultants (P) Ltd XX

XL

40
 INSIDE FULL PAGE - BLACK & WHITE

1 M/s. K.C.P. Sugar and Industries Corpn. Ltd 349

2 M/s. E.I.D. Parry (India) Ltd 350

3 M/s. Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Sugars Pvt. Ltd 351

4 M/s. SNJ Sugars & Products Ltd 352

5 M/s. Ponni Sugars (Erode) Ltd 353

6 M/s. Rajshree Sugars & Chemicals Ltd 354

7 M/s. Nava Bharat Ventures Ltd 355

8 M/s. The Krishna S.S.K. Niyamit 356

9 M/s The Nandi S.S.K. Niyamit 357

10 M/s. Fives Cail-KCP Ltd 358

11 M/s. Sudalagunta Sugars Ltd 359

12 M/s. Chemical Centre (India) 360

13 M/s. ION Exchange (India) Ltd 361

14 M/s. Metal Forms Pvt. Ltd 362

15 M/s. Satish Steel Works 363

INSIDE HALF PAGE - BLACK & WHITE

1 M/s. Atul Sugars Screens Pvt. Ltd 13

2 M/s. Armec Group 20

3 M/s. IMCO Alloys Pvt. Ltd 41

4 M/s. Shri Mahalakshmi Agency 70

5 M/s. Shree Prabhu Electricals 93

6 M/s. Crecent Electricals 101

XLI

41
XLII

42
XLIII

43
XLIV

44
XLV

45
 SISSTA - 46th ANNUAL CONVENTION, 2016
Records It's Appreciation and Thanks the Sponsors

LIST OF SPONSORS

Sl.No Name of the Company/Factory

PLATINUM SPONSORSHIP

1 M/s. Sudalagunta Sugars Ltd

GOLD SPONSORSHIP

1 M/s. K.C.P. Sugar and Industries Corporation Ltd.

SILVER SPONSORSHIP

2 M/s. E.I.D. Parry (India) Ltd

2 M/s. Fives Cail-KCP Ltd

OTHER SPONSORSHIP

1 M/s. Sri Chamundeshwari Sugars Ltd

XLVI

46
 PATRON MEMBERS OF SISSTA

? Shri Laljibhai D. Hindocha

Ø ? Shri V.M. Rao
Ø

? Shri V.S. Thyagaraja Mudaliar

Ø ? Shri B.B. Ramiah
Ø

? Shri J.S. Parbhu

Ø ? Shri M. Prasad R. Morarka
Ø

? Shri D.C. Kothari

Ø ? Shri Shivjibhai H. Suchde
Ø

? Shri H.C. Kothari

Ø ? Shri T.K.M. Kailasam
Ø

? Shri P.D. Kothari

Ø ? Shri S.K. Somaiya
Ø

? Dr. N. Mahalingam
Ø ? Shri B.L. Chakradeo
Ø

? Shri M. Harischandra Prasad

Ø ? Shri T.S. Chintamani
Ø

ØShri P. Maruthai Pillai ? Shri John K. John

Ø

? Shri Sardar Gurmeeg Singh -

Ø M/s. Simbhaoli Sugars Ltd.

? Dr. M. Manickam
Ø - M/s. Sakthi Sugars Ltd

? Shri Ram V. Tyagarajan

Ø - M/s. Thiru Arooran Sugars Ltd

? Shri P. Trivikrama Prasad

Ø - M/s. Nava Bharat Ventures Ltd

? Shri Rajkumar Adalaha

Ø - M/s. Uttam Industrial Engg. Ltd.,

? Dr. Gokaraju Gangaraju

Ø - M/s. Delta Sugars Ltd

? Shri N. Krishnaiah
Ø - M/s. Madhucon Sugar & Power Inds. Ltd

? Shri V.L. Dutt

Ø - M/s. Fives Cail – KCP Ltd

? Shri S.B. Bhad

Ø - M/s. S. S. Engineers

? Shri B.B. Nikam

Ø - M/s. Ulka Industries Ltd

XLVII

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 SISSTA - 47th ANNUAL CONVENTION
Records It's Appreciation and Thanks to the Exhibitors

LIST OF EXHIBITORS IN SUGAR EXPO, 2017

Sl.No. Name of the Company Stall No.

1 M/s. Caretex Engineers 1
2 M/s. Excell Engineers & Consultants 2
3 M/s. Excell Engineers & Consultants 3
4 M/s. Excell Engineers & Consultants 4
5 M/s. DETS Ltd 5
6 M/s. Carl Bechem Lubricants India (P) Ltd. 6
7 M/s. Meru Industries LLP 7
8 M/s. Calsens Pvt. Ltd 8
9 M/s. Tirth Agro Technology Pvt. Ltd 9
10 M/s. PPI Pupms 10
11 M/s. VRL Automation Engineering & Projects Pvt. Ltd 11
12 M/s. Lubeman Engineers Pvt. Ltd 12
13 M/s. Shingare Industries Pvt Ltd 13
14 M/s. S.S. Techno Limited 14
15 M/s. S.S. Techno Limited 15
16 M/s. Netzsch Pumps & Systems 16
17 M/s. Mega Engineering 17
18 M/s. Mega Engineering 18
19 M/s. Abhitech Energycon Ltd 23
20 M/s. Muthu Engineering Agencies 24
21 M/s. CNH Industrial India Pvt. Ltd 25
22 M/s. ISGEC Heavy Engineering Ltd 29
23 M/s. ISGEC Heavy Engineering Ltd 30

XLVIII

48
SUGARCANE

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50
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
COMPREHENSIVE THREE-TIER SEED PRODUCTION
PROGRAM ESSENTIAL FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN
SUGARCANE PRODUCTION
Y. Kotaiah1, Pamidi Venkateswarlu2 and G. Venkateswarlu3
1
General Manager (Agri and Admn), 2Technical Advisor (Agriculture), 3General Manager (Cane)
M/S. Nava Bharat Ventures Limited, Sugar Division, Samalkot – AP.
Abstract
The genetic deterioration of the locally adopted
varieties at factory level and also use of poor
quality seed resulted in to spread of viral
disease like Yellow Leaf Disease (YLD) and a
consortium of tissue borers leading to poor
yields. The recent Diagnostic Teams Survey
Reports also indicated more than 50% spread
of YLD in many parts of the country and
cautioned to focus on quality seed production.
NBV, SD’s efforts on Comprehensive
Three-Tier Sugarcane Seed Production
Program (CTSSPP), duly adopting Tissue
Culture seedlings, assured seed treatment
practices, coupled with recently popularized
nursery practices for the production of
Polytray Raised Seedlings (PRS) indicates the
need for adoption by the Sugar Industry for
their sustainability.
Introduction
In recent years, area under sugarcane is
diminishing and the reasons are many.
Stagnation in sugarcane yields and
diminishing net profits added to the problem.
Soil health deterioration as a result of
depletion of soil organic carbon, limits the
cane yield improvement from the gains made
through improved technologies in agriculture
(Varieties, inputs, crop production techniques
and products). The focus made by National &
State Research Institutions resulted in large
number of new varieties. But, their
adoptability at factory level and further
maintenance of these local performing
varieties was less focused by the respective
factories, even though it is a mandatory of the
Sugar Industry. The genetic deterioration of
the locally adopted varieties at factory level
1
also attributed to stagnation in cane yields.
Use of unhealthy poor quality seed, invasion
by diseases (YLD), pests (Tissue Borers),
varietal degeneration and farmers practices;
forcing industry to evolve and implement a
comprehensive three tire seed production
program for sustainable cane production in its
operational area duly adopting tissue culture,
seed treatment coupled with PRS technology.
Hence, the need to focus on
Comprehensive Three-Tier Sugarcane Seed
Production Program (CTSSPP), duly adopting
Tissue Culture seedlings production, improved
seed treatment practices to eliminate seed
born pests & diseases, coupled with recently
popularized nursery practices for the
production of Polytray Raised Seedlings (PRS)
was realized by all involved in Sugar
Industry.
Experimented Analysis:
Seed plays vital role in crop production
in a crop like sugarcane where cane is
propagated through vegetative propagation.
The need for Comprehensive Three-Tier Seed
Production Program to ensure sustainability
in sugarcane production was realized and the
importance of quality seed to eliminate the
seed transmitted pests & diseases and
rejunavation of local adopted varieties was
focused at Nava Bharat Ventures, Sugar
Division (NBV, SD), Samalkot, right from the
year 2013. The components of the
Comprehensive Three-Tier Sugarcane Seed
Production Program being adopted at NBV,
SD, are
I. Use of Tissue Culture Techniques for the
rapid, mass multiplication of healthy
 Comprehensive Three-tier Seed Production Program Essential for Sustainability in Sugarcane Production
genetically pure existing and promising
clones (Nucleus Seed)
II. Adoption of Three-Tier Sugarcane Seed
Production Program 1. Breeder Seed
Cane (Stage I), 2. Foundation Seed Cane
(Stage II) & 3. Certified Seed (Stage III).
III. Ensuring Seed Treatment to eliminate
seed borne diseases and pests to the
extent possible and also adopting
Vacuum Pressure Seed Treatment with
pesticides, fungicides and nutrients.
IV. Standardizing Polytray Raised Seedlings
(PRS) technology for the production of
healthy sugarcane seedlings in the
Three-Tire Seed Production Program.
V. Following & Ensuring Sugarcane Seed
Certification Standards through In-house
Teams.
VI. Forecasting and planning the seed
requirement for effective implementation
of Three tier seed program.
The focused detailed activities at Nava
Bharat Ventures, Sugar Division (NBV, SD),
Samalkot through a Comprehensive
Three-Tier Sugarcane Seed Production
Program right from the year 2013 are detailed
below.
I. Tissue Culture Sugarcane Seedlings
Production:
A customized tissue culture laboratory
was established at Integrated Farmers Service
Centre (IFSC), NNB, SD, in 2014, for rapid,
mass multiplication of genetically pure &
healthy seed of locally adopted and newly
introduced & tested new varieties from the
Research Institutions (Nucleus Seed). The
meristem culture from the parent seed
material plots, duly adopting the standard
tissue culture practices ensures
elimination of all the seed born pests &
diseases. Media requirements for different
varieties & stages of multiplication (Initiation,
Y. Kotaiah, Pamidi Venkateswarlu and G. Venkateswarlu
Multiplication & Rooting), Primary &
Secondary Hardening in shade net houses was
standardized by getting technical training
from SBI, Coimbatore and RARS, Anakapalli.
So far 4 Batches of Tissue Culture Seedlings
were produced and planted at the Demo
Farm, Samalkot, for the production of
Breeders Seed.
(a) First batch 2,000 Nos of 5 varieties
April 2015 (81V48, 86V96, Co7805,
Co86032 and Co6907)
(b) Second batch 10,000 Nos of Variety
Aug 2015 87A298
(c) Third batches 20,000 Nos Variety 87A298
Aug 2016
(d) Fourth 12,000 Nos Variety 2003 V
batches 46
April 2017
TOTAL 44,000 Nos (April 2014 to
April 2017)
It is planned to replace entire seed with
Three Tier Program by 2018 by making
efficient use of infrastructure and manpower
facility, as the hardened tissue culture
seedlings would come out for planting three
times in a year, ie. Aug, Dec & March.
II. Adoption of Three-Tier Sugarcane
Seed Production Program:
NBV, SD owns the responsibility of
providing entire seed requirement for different
months of planting to cane growers in the
factory zone. This program encompasses
techniques for the production of healthy seed
cane and rigorous monitoring. Each tier of the
programme is completed in one year and after
third year the certified seed cane in made
available to the farmers. The different stages
in the Three-Tire Seed Production Program
are
1. Breeder Seed Cane (Stage I):
the Production was planned and maintained
by sourcing the nucleus seed cane from
respective Research Stations and also
through production of tissue culture
2
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
seedlings at the company owned
Demonstration Farms. 100% seed
treatment and rouging are ensured.
Water logged and fields with un-assured
irrigation are avoided. The crop is
inspected at monthly intervals from the
germination stage till harvest. The
observed diseased plant is immediately
rogued out and need based plant
protection at different stages of crop
growth is taken up. The seed cane so
obtained is called Breeder Seed.
2. Foundation Seed Cane (Sage II):
Breeder seed cane is multiplied and the
progeny thus obtained is called
Foundation Seed. All the operations,
applied for raising breeder seed cane, are
also applied for raising foundation seed.
The crop is inspected three times, ie.
45-60 DAP, 120 to 130 DAP and 15 days
prior to seed harvest. The Foundation
seed production is organized from
breeder’s seed in the demonstration farm
and also in progressive farmers’ fields as
Primary Seed Nursery (PSN).
3. Certified Seed (Stage III): Certified
seed cane is also raised from foundation
seed crop at wider cross section of
progressive farmers’ fields as Secondary
Seed Nursery (SSN). The crop is
inspected thrice as in case of foundation
seed crop, but in this case only 25% of
crop is inspected during first inspection
and only 10% crop during the course of
second and third inspections. The
Certified Seed is distributed to farmers
for commercial cultivation.
III. Ensuring Cane Seed Treatment
Genetically pure apparently healthy seed
cane, unaffected by abiotic & abiotic stresses
is taken from a plant crop. Three Tier Seed
Production Program ensures quality seed
supply by eliminating the seed transmitted
pests & diseases through various seed
3
treatment practices at different seed stages.
To eliminate seed born fungal & pests
different seed treatment methods were
recommended.
Hot Water Treatment at 50C
temperature for 2.0 hours and Moist Hot Air
Treatment (MHAT) at 54C and 95% RH for
4.0 hours were recommended in the earlier
years. The Hot Water Treatment Units
established by the factories have become
non-functional, due to operational and
technical problems.
The general recommendation of dipping
the cane setts for 30 minutes before planting
in a solution of fungicide Carbendizem 0.1%
+ Insecticide Malathion 0.3%, got popularized
among all the nurserymen with PRS and by
few farmers for sett planting. The farmer’s
innovation in collecting the cut setts in a
gunny bag and soaking in chemicals solution
in a tub, had made the treatment simple and
labour effective.
SBI developed a new sett treatment
device (Vacuum Treatment Chambers) in
collaboration with Central Institute of
Agricultural Engineering’s Regional Center,
which would treat setts under reduced
pressure and protects from diseases like Red
Rot, Smut and other fungal infections. By
using the new ecofriendly equipment, the sett
treatment can be done in 10 to 15 minutes
with more effective diffusion of reusable
chemicals into the sugarcane setts or buds.
Seed treatment making use of this device is
becoming popular at NBV-SD.
IV. Standardizing Production of Polytray
Raised Seedlings (PRS)
Conventional sett planting technique of
seed development, involves huge investment
on seed material and other associated process.
But, quality seed production is not
guaranteed.
 Comprehensive Three-tier Seed Production Program Essential for Sustainability in Sugarcane Production
Y. Kotaiah, Pamidi Venkateswarlu and G. Venkateswarlu

Different types of sugarcane seedling 10. Less gaps in ratoon

production technologies were also developed
11. Ideal for gap filling in sett planted
since long back (1970) and being adopted only
ratoons
to a little extent. The high attention paid
seedlings production with Bud Chips by Special efforts that made Polytray Raised
National & International Institutions could Seedlings a Success
not get popularized as expected (Anonymous 1. Standardization of protocol (process) of
2009). Saving in quantum of seed material is production of PRS
nullified with infrastructure requirement and
special care. 2. Standardization of rooting media,
produced centrally and supplied to the
Keeping in view the merits and demerits franchisees (Assured quality rooting
of different methods of sugarcane seedlings, media use)
Nava Bharat Ventures Team had initiated in
2011 producing sugarcane seedlings in poly  Coir Pith - 60 – 65%
trays called “Polytray Raised Seedlings” (PRS)  Press mud - 30 – 35%
and standardized the production on large
scale (around 2 crore seedlings per year) by  Neem cake - 50 kg/t
involving Service Provides (Franchisees) duly
 Single super phosphate - 50 kg/t
fine tuning the technologies adopted by Mr
Ramprasad (Prabhakar et al. 2012). The  Fe SO4 – 6 kg/t
unique feature and advantage in this PRS is,
 Zn SO4 – 4 kg,
no requirement of specialized infrastructure,
except the single node cutting machine.  Urea – 10 kg/t

Advantages Derived from PRS:  VAM - 5 kg/t

1. Seed cane saving measures (Requires  Azospirillum, PSB, Pseudomonas,
only 1 – 1.2 t seed cane / ac against 4 Trichoderma veridi each 1 L / t
– 6 t /ac for traditional sett planting)
The Enriched Rooting Media with
2. Disease free quality seed (100% Seed Biofertilizers, Biocontrol Agents and
Treatment) Macronutrients are carried to the main field
along with the ball of earth around the
3. More time gained for land preparation
seedling, which helped in extra vigor of the
(One Month)
seedlings immediately after transplanting.
4. Employment of Non-Farm Women
3. Standardization of cost of production of
Labour in nursery and saving labour at
PRS by including the materials & labour
planting (5 persons / ac)
cost and keeping 10% profit to the
5. Optimum population at planting (100% franchise
Establishment)
4. Identified the Franchisees for different
6. More no. of synchronous tillers locations and providing training in
advance and also intermittently
7. Less pests & Diseases
5. Month wise planning on seedlings
8. Facilitate mechanization
requirements variety wise both for
9. More yield with more number of heavier planting & gap filling and production
Millable Canes through franchisees

4
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
6. All the raw materials required for PRS
production right from seed, poly-trays,
rooting media, pp chemicals, were
centrally procured and supplied at
pre-fixed cost. (To ensure quality
material supply at reasonable cost).
7. Arrangements to transport and deliver
the seedlings in specially designed vans
right at the fields
8. The cut bud nodes are collected in gunny
bags and these bags with nodes are
dipped in solution of Carbondazim (1
gm/lt) and Imidachlorpid (1 ml / 3 lt) for
15 minutes for seed treatment.
9. Healthy and bulged single bud nodes are
transferred to holes of poly trays half
filled with rooting media or the bags
with nodes are kept under shade for 5
days, by the time, buds sprout and used
for planting in trays.
10. Un-sprouted buds are graded out.
11. The cavities and sprouting nodes are
covered completely with rooting media
and gently pressed with thumbs.
12. The filled poly trays are
regularly with micro jets.
13. Foliar feeding twice with 19 : 19 : 19
NPK at 10 days interval for vigorous
growth of seedlings.
14. Renaxypyr is sprayed to the growing
seedlings to protect them from ESB.
15. 30 to 35 days aged seedlings along with
poly trays are supplied to cane growers
in specially designed trucks.
To Optimize Cost of Production and to
Achieve Higher Yield:
Follow a row to row distance of 3-5 feet
and within the row seedling to seedling 1.25
to 2 feet distance based on soils and tillers
producing ability (8,000 to 10,000 seedlings).
The elsewhere experiences of limiting
seedlings to 4,000, will not suite to NBV, SD
Zone area as climatic conditions in the sea
cost and flood irrigation practices are
detrimental for tiller production. Each
seedling allowed to produce tillering in
between 10-15 tillers and later high
earthing-up must be taken up to arrest
further tillering at around 90 days after
transplantation. Thereby per acre population
must be maintained in between minimum to
optimum i.e. 60,000 to 80,000 effective tillers.
The success of the program is mainly
dependent on the optimum irrigation practices.
Drip irrigation, that too Sub-Surface Drip is the
ultimate to maximize yields. Those, who can’t
afford drip, furrow irrigation is a must during
tillering phase to encourage tiller production. Ill
drained conditions will reduce the tillering
ability and resulted in poor yields.
Important Observations With PRS at
NBV, SD:
 Reduction in water shoots and dead canes.
Increased average yield in plant crop (3.6
t / ac) and ratoon crop
 Reduced the labour requirement (7 men /
watered ac) and overall average net income
increase of Rs 19,307/ ac (Kotaiah.Y, 2014)
 Integrated ratoon management along with
gap filling with PRS seedlings, resulted in
an average yield improvement of 4.6 t / acre.
 Savings in seed cane, made available for
crushing
Initiatives Required for Making the
Sugarcane Seedlings Production
Program a Success:
Based on the practical experience gained
on poly tray raised seedling technology for
sustainable cane cultivation, the management
is encouraging large scale adoption of PRS
method. Adoption of PRS technology at NBV,
SD during the last six years increased from
3.7 per cent to 37 per cent.
5
 Comprehensive Three-tier Seed Production Program Essential for Sustainability in Sugarcane Production
Y. Kotaiah, Pamidi Venkateswarlu and G. Venkateswarlu

S# Particulars 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-18

1. Seedlings used for 21,80,878 151,03,617 120,36,820 144,54,028 139,83,806 200,00,000

planting (Nos)

2. Sedlings used for gap 4,91,139 49,31,435 41,97,447 49,04,904 48,69,119 39.27,000
filling (Nos)

3. Area Planted with 242 (3.68) 1332 1361.41 1247.00 1271.00 1658.35
Seedlings (ac) / (%) (23.96) (34.26%) (28.81%) (35.37%) (37.35%)

4. Area Planted with Setts 6330 4228 2612.66 3081.00 2322.72 3116.15
(ac)

5. Total Area Planted (ac) 6572 5560 3974.07 4328.00 3593.72 4974.5

Sustainable cane productivity could be Conclusions:

realized by the adoption of PRS technology,
besides reducing cost of cultivation with less
reliance on labour.
1. Promotion of drainage and avoidance of
water logging / flooding, more so in delta
areas.
2. Efficient water management
Irrigation) including drip.
The Comprehensive Three Tier Seed
Production Program by integrating tissue
culture, Polytray Raised Seedlings (PRS),
effective seed treatment and planned
distribution of healthy cane seed adopted by
NBV, SD, Samalkot resulted in its
sustainability. Needs, further fine tuning for
(Furrow adoption in the areas, where ever it is
applicable.

3. Soil health and integrated nutrient
management to meet the nutritional
needs of higher targeted yields.
4. Weed free maintenance.
5. Need based plant protection.
V. All the Sugarcane Seed Certification
Standards guidelines and
recommendations are followed through
the In-house Teams at different stages of
crop in the field and also in the Tissue
Culture Laboratory and Nurseries.
VII. Advance planning was made on the
requirement of sugarcane seedling / seed
for planting in the NBV, SD, Factory
Zone for planting and gap filling. Plans
are prepared for 100% seed replacement
with healthy/ rejuvenated / new varieties
through effectively organizing the
Comprehensive Three-Tier Program Seed
program by 2018.
Acknowledgements:
The authors are highly thankful to the
management of M/S. Nava Bharat Ventures
Ltd., Sugar Division, Samalkot for providing
infrastructural facilities for successful
implementation of comprehensive Three Tire
seed production program in the operational
area for sustainable cane production and in
generating this information.
References
1. Anonymous (2009), Sustainable Sugarcane
Initiative(SCI) Improved Sugarcane cultivation
in India. ICRISAT-WWF, NRMC, Kolkata –
NABARD.
2. N. Prabhakar, Y. Kotaiah, G. Venkateswarlu,
S. Venkateswarlu and K. Ramalinga Swamy
(2012) Sustainable Cane Cultivation through
Transplanting Plytray Raised Seedlings. 71st
Annual Convention, STAI:317-325
3. Y. Kotaiah, G. Venkateswarlu, D. Ravindra
and K. Chinnabbai (2014) Practical Experience
of Sustainable Cane Cultivation with seedlings
technology. 44th Annual Convention, SISSTA:
50-54

6
Sugar Journal 2017 - 47th Annual Convention of SISSTA
IMPACT OF DEEP TILLAGE ON SUGAR CANE YIELD
P.Ashok Kumar1, P.Kumararamalingam2
Sakthi Sugars Limited, Erode District, Tamilnadu 638315.
ashok@sakthisugars.com, 94421 04002
Introduction
Sugarcane is a widely grown commercial
crop in India. It provides employment to over
a million people directly or indirectly besides
contributing significantly to the national
exchequer. Sugarcane cultivation is carried
out with an intention to achieve better profit
to the farmers and sustain the economic
viability of sugar industry in the long run.
Various factors are influencing the cane yield
and dragging it either static or declining.
Nowadays, due to increased cost of cultivation
and poor yield, farmers are reluctant to grow
cane. Various yield contributing parameters
listed below are vested in the hands of
farmers to increase the cane yield which could
enhance net profit and encourage the farmers
to continue in cane cultivation.
1. Season.
2. Soil fertility.
3. Land preparation.
4. Varieties.
5. Cultural & management practices and
6. Harvest management.
Among several factors influencing the
cane yield, soil management practices play a
major role in yield improvement. Sugarcane
being a long duration crop, it requires deep
ploughing and fine tilth. For higher sugarcane
yields, providing optimum soil environment is
an essential pre-requisite since the crop
remains in the field for about 5 years.
Traditionally, land preparation for
planting sugarcane involves many intense
tillage operations. The aim is to remove the
stool of the previous crop cycle, alleviate soil
compaction, control weeds & volunteers and
7
finally prepare a good seedbed. Land
preparation for sugarcane generally involves
primary tillage consisting of 1 or 2 deep
ploughings followed by secondary tillage with
2 or 3 harrowings for breaking the soil clods
and achieving fine tilth. Ratoon crop also
requires good tilth in the interspace for better
yield. Further, intense mechanization
involving traffic of heavy machinery from
planting to harvesting and transporting to the
mill can cause the deterioration of soil
physical characters. This translates into soil
compaction with a cohort of harmful side
effects viz., reduction in storage & movement
of air & water, mechanical difficulty for root
growth and difficulty in absorption of
nutrients not only from soil but also from
manure. The soil compaction will affect the
sugarcane yield and multiple ratoon
cultivation. Hence, it becomes necessary to
diagnose soil compaction and takeup remedial
measures. Therefore when a new crop is
planted, a through land preparation is
absolutely essential to bring the soil to a fine
tilth for proper germination of setts & root
growth and field emergence.
Soil conditions suitable for sugarcane
Sugarcane prefers well drained,
structured and aerated loamy or clay loamy
soil. It should be more than 1 meter deep. It
could equally be grown on soil with texture
other than loam or clay loam with appropriate
management practices. Cane productivity is
affected by unfavorable soil reaction (pH),
electrical conductivity (Ec), exchangeable
sodium percentage (ESP) and poor physical
conditions such as hard pans, inadequate
drainage, surface crusting and hardening,
waterlogging, etc.

Soil hardening / Hard pan
The subsoil hard pan particularly in red
soil is due to illuviation of clay to the subsoil
coupled with cementing action of oxides of Fe,
Al and CaCO3 which increase the soil bulk
density to more than 1.8 g/cm3. Further, hard
pan can also be developed due to continuous
cultivation of crop using heavy implements up
to certain soil depth periodically. In black
soil,besides the other factors, higher ESP
results in compaction. Soil hardening lowers
the infiltration & percolation rate, nutrient
movement and free air transport in soil profile
which subsequently results in reduction of
subsoil fertility and crop growth.
Soil compaction
Soil compaction is reduction of soil
volume due to external factors. The soil
compaction is higher today than in the past
due to the usage of heavy farm implements
in cane cultivation.
1. It increases the density and causes low
porosity.
2. Reduces infiltration & percolation.
3. Enhances soil erosion.
4. Increases penetration resistance and
affects root growth.
5. Affects the environment of soil organisms
especially earth worm.
6. Influences nutrient uptake due to limited
aeration, enhanced ammonia
volatilization and reduced P & K
availability which in turn inhibits root
growth.
Soil compaction and hardening can be
managed by deep tillage practices.
Tillage
Tillage is the physical manipulation of
the soil with appropriate implements to loosen
the surface soil layer and bring a condition
8
Impact of Deep Tillage on Sugar Cane Yield
P.Ashok Kumar and P.Kumararamalingam
favourable for the germination of seed and
growth of the crop.
Objectives of tillage
1. To prepare a seed bed which permits
optimal soil water air relations.
2. To provide good physical conditions for
early root penetration and proliferation.
3. To incorporate preceding crop residues
and organic manures.
4. To destroy weeds and hibernating pest &
disease organisms.
5. To facilitate proper soil chemical and
microbial activity.
Tillage operations employing tractor
drawn implements are most ideal and quick.
For initial ploughing, use either mouldboard
plough or disc plough. Whenever, soil turning
is desired, a mouldboard plough should be
used. When the soil is hard, uneven and
composed of crop stubbles, a disc plough is
preferable. Ploughing at optimum soil
moisture content is very essential to achieve
good tilth. Too wet soil interrupts movement
of machinery and causes destruction of soil
structure. On the other hand, too dry soil will
not allow tynes to penetrate deep which
results in frequent mechanical breakdowns,
increased power requirement and cloddy soil
surface affecting soil, water & air relations.
The principle of cultivation is to turn and
break down the soil to a fine tilth providing
an ideal environment for seed germination.
This system has been used for centuries. Deep
tillage is the main option available for
reducing the soil compaction and hardening.
The tillage operations for sugarcane
cultivation are two types.
I. Primary tillage
II. Secondary tillage
Sugar Journal 2017 - 47th Annual Convention of SISSTA
I. Primary tillage
Depending upon the purpose (or)
necessity, different types of tillage practices
like deep ploughing or sub soiling are carried
out.
Deep ploughing
This operation is performed deeper than
the normal tillage to modify the physical (or)
chemical properties of a soil. The tractor
mounted implements like mouldboard plough
(or) disc plough is used for deep ploughing.
These implements will breakup and turned
over the surface soil to a depth of 30 - 40
cms.
Sub soiling
The subsoiler is the tillage tool which
will breakup and loosen the soil to a depth of
50 - 60cms & will improve growth of crops
where soil compaction is a problem. Angled
wings are used to lift and shatter the hard
pan that was built up due to compaction. The
design provides deep tillage, loosening soil
deeper than a normal plough. It can disrupt
the hard pan ground, down to 60cms depth.
Heavy duty ripper and chisel plough are used
for subsoiling.
Deep tillage implements
1. Chisel plough.
2. Ripper plough.
3. Mouldboard plough.
4. Disc plough.
1. Chisel plough
The chisel plough is a primary tillage
implement working up to 50 - 60cms to
ensure development of crop root system at
proper depth and environment. It is an ideal
implement to use where top soil is fertile but
subsoil is not productive. Chisel ploughs are
used to shatter but not turn or move the soil.
They work on the same principle as rippers.
Again, the soil must be dry to moist otherwise
the plough will smear and seal the soil
9
surfaces. It increases the natural fertility
status of soil due to deep tillage and provides
enough circulation of air, moisture and
sunlight in the soil. 60 - 85 Hp tractor would
be required to plough at 50 - 60cms depth.
Chisel plough
2. Ripper plough
Rippers or subsoilers break up
compacted soil below the depth reached by
conventional cultivation to improve drainage
and aeration. There are several types of deep
rippers: vertical, agroplow, parabolic, C shank
(SJ) and paraplow and they can reach 30 -
90cms into the soil. Most have slanted tines
or a sharply angled leading point to lessen
the power required to pull the ripper. This
design also helps to lift and shatter the
subsoil so that any compacted layer is broken
up. Soil should be reasonably dry when it is
ripped. Ripping wet soil does not shatter the
subsoil and can smear and seal the soil beside
the ripper tine. Smeared surfaces prevent air,
water and roots moving through the soil.
The shank is built stronger and smarter
with a scissor action design and full frame
height extension to make deep ripping and
shattering hard pans in the toughest
conditions easier.
The shank works below the compacted
hard pan to uplift and shatter without
inversion of the soil. Due to ripping, soil will
become aerated without violent separation
while allowing greater moisture infiltration
into the seed bed. This minimizes fine soil

aggregates and creates conditions ideal for
microbial action. Crop roots are then free to
pursue moisture and nutrients deep in the soil
resulting in better yields.
Ripper plough
3. Mouldboard plough
Mouldboard plough
It is the most important plough for
primary tillage. The parts of mouldboard
plough are frog or body, mouldboard or wing,
share lard side, connecting rod, bracket. The
reversible mouldboard plough is used in
Sakthinagar area. It is designed to work in
all types of soils. The purpose of using
mouldboard plough is to invert and pulverize
the soil completely, uproot all weeds, bury the
trash and crop residues under the soil. The
oblong-shaped mouldboard plough is shaped to
cut and turn over the soil to bury surface
residues. It has been used successfully where
hard setting or crusting occurs to bring up
swelling or shrinking clay subsoil to improve
10
Impact of Deep Tillage on Sugar Cane Yield
P.Ashok Kumar and P.Kumararamalingam
topsoil structure. It can be used in stony and
rooted soils.
4. Disc plough
Disc ploughs break up undisturbed soil
by inverting it to bury surface weeds and
trashes. Regular use of disc ploughs reduces
soil aggregates to small particles and produces
a compacted layer or plough pan which
prevents air, water and roots penetrating the
subsoil. When it rains, soil particles on the
surface collapse together to form a crust
which repels air and water inturn creating
difficulty for seedlings to break through.
Offset disc ploughs which have two rows of
discs running at angles to each other serve a
similar purpose.
Disc plough
A large revolving, concave steel disc
replaces the mouldboard. The disc turns the
furrow slices to one side with a scooping
action. The usual size of disc is 60cms in
diameter and this turns a 30 – 40cms furrow
slice. Disc plough is used for deep ploughing
in root infested sticky, stony and hard soils.
The disc angle is adjustable to vary the
penetration with varying soil condition. The
disc plough is designed to work in all types
of soils for basic functions such as breaking,
raising, turning and mixing.
Benefits of deep tillage
1. Deep tillage implements are specially
designed for breaking up of hard layers
and loosening the sub soil, help better
drainage and root growth.
Sugar Journal 2017 - 47th Annual Convention of SISSTA
2. Increases the water holding capacity of
soil.
3. Preserves moisture during high rainfall
which is very important for the crop to
withstand rainfall or drought periods.
4. Reduces the soil compaction and
hardening which leads to improvement
in soil health.
5. Provides a simple and economical way to
obtain increased cane yield and net
profit.
II. Secondary tillage
The tillage operations performed on the
soil after primary tillage to bring a good soil
tilth are known as secondary tillage. It
consists of lighter or finer operation which is
done to clean the soil, break the clods and
incorporate the manure and fertilizers.
Harrowing and ploughing are done to crush
the hard clods on the soil surface. The
secondary tillage implements are disc
harrows, cultivator and rotavator.
Off barring in ratoon
Soil compaction is one of the major
causes for the poor growth of ratoon next to
higher C/N ratio in root zone. Compaction
occurs in long duration crops where as many
as 30 irrigations are applied in the tropical
belt. These irrigations, movement of tractor
and machine during harvesting lead to soil
compaction. It affects movement of air and
moisture within soil, development of root
system and finally the absorption of nutrients
and water. For obtaining a better ratoon
stand, it is important to improve the soil
physical condition. Off barring is an operation
wherein the ridges are broken or cut on either
side. The operation is also called as shoulder
breaking. Subsoiler may also be used for
breaking the compacted soil (between the
ridges).
In Sakthinagar area, the disc plough is
used for off-barring purpose. The device was
11
designed with two discs for cutting old roots
and ridges on either side. It is a very useful
implement for off-barring in ratoon fields with
trash. After machine harvesting, operating
disc for off barring, reduces soil compaction,
cuts the old roots, lowers the C/N ratio,
facilitates quicker development of new root
system and contributes for vigorous growth of
the ratoon crop. Further, as the dry trashes
are covered with soil, it not only decomposes
faster and increases nutrient value of the soil
but also supports in enhancing the ratoon
yield.
Methods and materiels
The Sakthi Sugars is a pioneer in cane
technologies, who introduced mechanization
for sugarcane cultivation in India. Here
mechanical harvesting plots are recommended
with primary tillage of 1 deep ploughing using
reversible mouldboard plough (or) disc plough
followed by a secondary tillage operation of 1
ploughing using five arm plough and finally
the rotavator is used to obtain a fine tilth.
A field trial was conducted at
Gobichettipalayam Division of Sakthinagar
area during 2015-16 crushing season to study
the impact of deep and shallow ploughings on
sugarcane yield. 3 plots with an extent of 6
Ha. for deep ploughing and 2 plots with an
extent of 3.80 Ha. for shallow ploughing were
taken for the study.
The following factors were maintained
similar for both trial & control plots.
1. Irrigation type (wetland, canal irrigation).
2. Soil type (clay loam).
3. Spacing - 5 feet.
4. Variety CoV.92102.
5. All the intercultural operations by mini tractors.
6. Manure & fertilizer application.
7. Age of harvest - 12 months.
8. Method of harvest - mechanical harvest.
 Impact of Deep Tillage on Sugar Cane Yield
P.Ashok Kumar and P.Kumararamalingam

Cost & Revenue Analysis for Deep and shallow Ploughing Plots
Area in Ha. & value in Rs.
Deep Shallow
Sl.No. Particulars ploughing ploughing
(Trial) (Control)
I PREPARATORY CULTIVATION
Reversible mouldboard plough-1 time 10000
Ploughing - 5 arm plough - (Rs.3750/ Ha./ time by tractor) 3750 7500
Rotavator or spring cultivator operation 5000 5000
Ridges and furrows formation (contract basis) 4500 4500
23250 17000
II PLANTING
Cost of 25,000 no.of two bud setts 10000 10000
Loading and transport 1750 1750
Planting charges 5000 5000
16750 16750
III MANURING
Biocompost 12 Mts/Ha.(@ Rs.450/Mt) 5400 5400
Di Ammonium phosphate – 7.5 bags (Rs.1200/bag) 9000 9000
Urea – 15 bags ( Rs.284/bag ) 4260 4260
Potash – 7.5 bags ( Rs.550/bag) 4125 4125
MN mixture enriched deep gel -15 bags (Rs. 375/bag) 5625 5625
Labour charges for application of manures – 7 men (@ Rs.300/man) 2100 2100
30510 30510
IV PLANT PROTECTION
Control of early shoot borer 1000 1000
Release of parasite 30 cc./Ha.@ Rs.25/cc.(including labour charge) 750 750
1750 1750
V AFTER CULTIVATION
Pre-emergence herbicide Atrazine 2.5 Kg./Ha. and spraying charge 1250 1250
Hand weeding Rs.150/woman labourer for 25 women 3750 3750
De trashing operation as contract basis 10000 10000
Earthing-up operation as contract basis 10000 10000
25000 25000
VI IRRIGATION CHARGES (@ Rs.250 for 40 irrigations) 10000 10000
VII HARVEST AND LOADING
For deep ploughing - 122.367 Mts/Ha. (@ Rs 420/Mt) 51394
For control plots - 106.900 Mts/Ha. (@ Rs.420/Mt) 44898
TOTAL 158654 145908
VIII Revenue
Deep ploughing : 122.367Mts x Rs.2385/- 291845
Control plots : 106.900 Mts x Rs.2385/- 254957
Net returns (Total revenue – Total cost of cultivation) 133191 109049
Net returns /Mt 1088.00 1020.00
Deep ploughing advantage (per Ha.) 24143

12
 SUGARCANE YIELD, AGRONOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
EFFICIENCY AS INFLUENCED BY PLACEMENT
METHODS, LEVELS AND SPLITTING OF POTASSIUM
Madhu, G, Halikatti, S. I., Khandagave, R.B,
S. Nijalingappa Sugar Institute (SNSI) Belagavi.
UAS, Dharwad.
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the
seasons of 2014-15 and 2015–16 at S.
Nijalingappa Sugar Institute Belagavi,
Karnataka. The experiment consisted of three
methods of fertilizer application, viz., surface
application, ploughsole method and ploughsole
method with vermicompost (1:1 ratio on dry
weight basis) along with three fertilizer levels,
viz., 50 % RDF (125: 37.5: 95 kg N, P2O5,
K2O ha-1), 75 % RDF (187.75: 56.25: 142.5 N,
P2O5, K2O ha-1) 100 % RDF (250:75:190 kg
N, P2O5, K2O ha-1) and split application of
potassium, 100 % K at basal and 50 % K as
basal & 50 % K at earthing up. At harvest,
significantly higher cane yield in plant and
ratoon crop was recorded in ploughsole
method with vermicompost (113.56 and 99.75
t ha-1, respectively) followed by only ploughsole
method (106.18 and 94.31 t ha-1, respectively)
over surface application (99.78 and 88.01 t
ha-1, respectively). Among the different
fertilizer levels, significantly higher cane yield
of plant and ratoon crop was recorded with
100 per cent RDF (122.60 and 109.21 t ha-1,
respectively) compared to other fertilizer levels.
Split application of potassium, 50 per cent as
basal and 50 per cent at earthing up recorded
significantly higher cane yield in plant and
ratoon crop (109.51 and 95.79 t ha-1,
respectively) than basal application of
potassium (103.50 and 92.26 t ha-1,
respectively). Among all the treatment
combinations, application of 100 per cent RDF
in ploughsole method along with vermicompost
and split application of potash, 50 per cent as
basal and 50 per cent at earthing up (M3F3K2)
recorded significantly higher cane yield in
14
plant crop (142.84 t ha-1) and ratoon crop
(117.40 t ha-1) as compared to RPP (129.85
and 113.22 t ha-1, respectively) and other
treatment combinations. However, the lower
cane yield in plant and ratoon crop was
recorded in M1F1K1 (87.32 and 68.95 t ha-1,
respectively) and absolute control (53.57 and
41.40 t ha-1, respectively).
Keywords: Fertilizer levels, application
methods, split application, use efficiency,
Introduction
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) is
an important agro-industrial commercial crop
which plays vital role in national economy by
contributing 0.67 per cent to GDP because of
its wider adaptability over varying
agro-climatic condition and also unique among
agricultural crop in the sense that a number
of succeeding cane crops are raised from a
single planting which is an integral
component of sugarcane production system.
All farmers does not have complete knowledge
about the nutrient requirements of sugarcane
and time of fertilizer application. As per
Bhingardeve et al. (2014), soil testing was not
adopted by 80 per cent of farmers for nutrient
management. Sixty per cent of farmers in
India are not adopting the proper time and
quantity of fertilizer application during all the
planting season sugarcane. But due to the
poor knowledge, fertilizer application was
adopted by only 24 per cent of farmers. Since
the fertilizers are too costly and involve heavy
investment, they have to be properly managed
efficiently to increase fertilizer use efficiency
at present which is very poor. Sugarcane
farmers are normally practicing surface
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
broadcasting method of fertilizer application
with low nutrient use efficiency except in drip
irrigation (fertigation). Fertilizer application is
one of the important agronomic practices
which highly influence the rapid growth of
sugarcane plants. While applying fertilizers to
sugarcane, the farmers should follow the
proper time, quantity, frequency and method
of application are important to get maximum
benefit for the costly input. Most of the
sugarcane growing soils are generally deficit
in nitrogen and medium in phosphorus,
potassium which needs their replenishment.
Optimum application of fertilizer
appropriate methods is a key to success in
increasing sugarcane productivity, production
and increasing the nutrient use efficiency by
avoiding losses. Furrow application of
fertilizers at the time of planting using
planters has been found to be effective. But
applications of fertilizer even by these
methods do not distribute fertilizer evenly as
per the needs of plant roots. Placement of
fertilizer in bands increases the concentration
of nutrients in specific root zones which
reduces the risk of fixation by decreasing the
soil contact surface area and increases their
availability to the plants. For maximum
efficiency of applied fertilizer, it is essential
to arrange the flow of nutrients to the roots
of the plants at a rate which is sufficient for
maximum uptake as per crop demand. By
increasing the fertilizer use efficiency, the
same level of yield could be obtained with
lower amount of fertilizer.
Materials and Methods
A field experiment was conducted during
the seasons of 2014-15 and 2015–16 at
Agriculture Research Farm of S. Nijalingappa
Sugar Institute (SNSI) Belagavi, which lies in
Northern Transitional Zone of Karnataka
(Zone-8). The experimental site located at
15 46’ 03.8 North latitude and 74 29 16.27’
East longitudes with an altitude of 534 m
above the mean sea level. The soil of the
experimental site was medium deep black
categorized in order vertisols, low in organic
carbon (0.41 %) and available N (276.23 kg
ha-1), medium in available P (30.98 kg ha-1)
and available K (244.46 kg ha-1). The
experiment laid out in split- split plot design
with three methods of fertilizer application in
main plots, three fertilizer levels in sub plots
and split application of potassium in sub –
sub plots for plant and ratoon crops. In both
the experiments of plant and ratoon crop,
NPK, were applied in the form of urea,
Di-ammonium phosphate, and muriate of
in potash, respectively. Fertilizers were applied
to plots as per the treatment combinations.
The nitrogen was applied in 4 splits as basal
(10 %), 6th week (20 %), 10th week (30 %) and
14th weeks (40 %) after planting and entire
phosphorus was applied as basal dose while
potassium was applied in two equal splits 50
% as basal and 50 % at earthing up. For
ratoon crop 25 % extra nitrogen was applied
in three splits 30 % as basal, 35 % each at
8th and 12th week, same quantity of
phosphorus was applied as basal dose and
potassium was applied in two splits 50 % as
basal and 50 % at earthing up after ratoon
initiation. The fertilizers were incorporated
into the soil as per main plot treatments by
covering the soil by using bullock drawn desi
plough.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Cane yield (Cf: Table: 1)
Cane yield of sugarcane was significantly
influenced by methods of fertilizer application
(Table 1). Significantly higher cane yield was
recorded in ploughsole method with
-1
vermicompost in plant (113.56 t ha ) and
ratoon crop (99.75 t ha-1) than ploughsole
method in plant (106.18 t ha-1) and ratoon
crop (94.31 t ha-1) over only surface
application which recorded significantly lower
cane yield in both plant (99.78 t ha-1) and
ratoon (88.01 t ha-1) crop. The increase in
cane yield was to the extent of 13.81 and 6.41
15
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
per cent in plant crop and 13.33 and 7.15 per
cent in ratoon crop, respectively over surface
application and ploughsole method of fertilizer
application. Earlier reports of Serigio et al.,
2016 and Mandal and Thakur, 2010, also
indicated increased cane yield due to sub
soiling-cum-deep fertilizer placement method
to the extent of 15.9 per cent over control.
Higher yield of cane in ploughsole method
with vermicompost might have been due to
reduced losses of nutrients as a result of deep
placement and greater adsorption of nutrients
by the organic colloid of vermicompost.
Increased nutrient availability over a longer
period during later stages of crop growth
resulting in better yield.
The results revealed that higher cane
yield was obtained with higher fertilizer dose
100 per cent RDF (122.60 and 109.21 t ha-1
in plant and ratoon crop) over the lower
fertilizer levels. Significantly lower cane yield
was observed in absolute control (53.57 and
41.40 t ha-1 in plant and ratoon crop). The
increment in cane yield of plant and ratoon
crop was to the tune of 33.59 and 41.59 per
cent and 16.59 and 14.09 per cent over 50 per
cent and 75 per cent RDF, respectively. Crop
nutrient requirement for attaining higher
yield could not be met from native soil
fertility as sugarcane producing 100 t ha-1
remove 207, 30 and 233 kg N, P2O5 and K2O,
respectively (Jagtap et al., 2006) thus addition
of 100 per cent RDF might have improved the
soil fertility status in term of nitrogen,
phosphorous and potassium. Nitrogen is
essential for plant cell division, directly
involved in photosynthesis, necessary
component of vitamins, aids in production and
use of carbohydrates, affects energy reactions
in the plant necessary for formation of amino
acids and the building blocks of protein. These
significant roles played by primary nutrients
might have accounted for higher cane and
sugar yield. The enhanced fertility status and
more tillering which converting into higher
17
number of millable canes also contributed to
more cane yield. The results are in agreement
with the findings of Shukla and Ishwar,
(2011) also reported that among the fertility
levels, significantly highest cane (70.48 t ha-1)
were obtained with application of 150, 60 and
60 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1. Whereas,
significantly lowest yield parameters were
documented under absolute control and
ultimately resulted in the lowest cane yield
(53.57 and 41.40 t ha-1 in plant and ratoon
crop, respectively). The significant reduction
in cane yield under this treatment was due
to severe nutrient stress experienced by crop
during all growth stages.
In present investigations, cane yield of
sugarcane was significantly influenced by split
application of potassium (Table1).
Significantly higher cane yield in plant and
ratoon crop (109.51 and 95.79 t ha-1,
respectively) was recorded with split
application of potassium, 50 per cent as basal
and 50 per cent at the time of earthing up
compared to basal application (103.50 and
92.26 t ha-1, respectively). The increase in
cane yield was to an extent of 6.01 t ha-1 in
plant crop and 3.53 t ha-1 in ratoon crop over
basal application. These results are supported
by Ghaffar et al. (2010) and Ghaffar et al.,
(2013) who observed maximum stripped cane
yield at application of 84 kg K2O ha-1 at
sowing and 84 kg K2O ha-1 at 90 DAS.
Agronomic and physiological efficiency
(cf:Table:2)
At harvest, in plant and ratoon crop,
ploughsole method with vermicompost
recorded significantly higher agronomic
efficiency (323.6 and 252.3 kg kg-1 N applied,
respectively). These results are conformity
with the findings of Ghaffar (2013) the NUEA
(kg kg-1 of N) and NUEP (kg kg-1 of N) were
found significant at varied level and time of
nitrogen application. The maximum NUEA as
well as NUEP was obtained in T7 (126 kg N
ha-1 at sowing + 126 kg N ha-1 90 DAS). In
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
plant and ratoon crop split application of
potassium at 50 % basal and 50 % at the time
of earthing up recorded significantly
agronomic efficiency, (299.8 and 233.9 kg kg-1
N applied, respectively) compared to basal
dose alone (271.5 and 217.8 kg kg-1 N applied,
respectively). Among the different interactions
M3F1K2 (349.4 and 276.6 kg kg-1 N applied,
respectively) significantly recorded higher
agronomic efficiency compared to RPP (305.1
and 229.8 kg kg-1 N applied, respectively).
These findings closely followed were found by
Ali (1999) and Ahmad (2002). Maximum
NUEA in T7 was perhaps due to more stripped
cane yield. Contrary to that decline in NUEA
with each increment in fertilizer dose More
NUEP at T7 might be attributed to more dry
matter accumulation kg-1 of nitrogen uptake
over other nitrogen levels observed by many
researchers (Ahmad, 2002). Contrary results
were observed in physiological efficiency.
Conclusions
Plough sole method with vermicompost
alone increased cane yield of 13.81 and 13.33
% in plant and ratoon crop, by reducing the
various losses which increased the efficiency
19
of applied fertilizer compared to farmers
practice (surface application).
It is possible to save 25 % nutrients by
applying nutrients in ploughsole method.
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by S.
Nijalingappa Sugar Institute, Belagavi fund
for the Doctoral research program of higher
education, Key Project on “Precise nutrient
management of sugarcane” of S. Nijalingappa
Sugar Institute, Belagavi & UAS, Dharwad
collaborative research work to Support Ph.D.
Scholar.
References
1. Ahmad, I. 2002. Bio economic efficiency of
spring planted sugarcane as influenced by
spatial arrangement and nutrient
management. Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. Agron.,
Univ. of Agric., Faisalabad.
2. Ali, F. G. 1999. Impact of moisture regime and
planting pattern on bio-economic efficiency of
spring planted sugarcane (Saccharum
officinarum L.) under different nutrient and
weed management strategies. Ph.D. Thesis,
Dept. Agron., Univ. of Agric., Faisalabad.
3. Bhingardeve, S. D. Kolgane, B. T. Patil, S. S.
and Tale, N. N., 2014, Knowledge and adoption
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
EFFECT OF TIME OF PLANTING AND NITROGEN LEVELS
ON SUGARCANE YIELD AND QUALITY RAISED THROUGH
BUD CHIP AND SINGLE NODE SEEDLINGS IN SANDY
LOAM SOILS
N.V.Sarala M.Hemanth Kumar M.Subba Rao K.R.Tagore B.Vajantha
T.M.Hemalatha and N.Sabitha
Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University
Agricultural Research Station
Perumallapalle-517505
Abstract
Field trial was conducted at Agricultural
Research Station, Perumallapalle, during
2016-17 to study the effect of type of seedlings,
time of planting of seedlings, nitrogen doses
on yield and quality of sugarcane. The
experimental results revealed that among type
of seedlings, single node seedlings recorded
higher cane yield (97.5 t/ha) compared to bud
chip seedlings (87.9 t/ha). Among different
months of planting, January month of
planting recorded higher cane yield (96.2 t/ha)
compared to February (92.7 t/ha), March (87.2
t/ha).With regard to nitrogen top dressing
125% of recommended dose of nitrogen at four
splits that is at the time of planting,30,60 and
90 days after planting recorded higher cane
yield (92.6 t/ha) compared to 100 % RDN at
four splits that is at the time of planting,30,60
and 90 days after planting (89.8 t/ha).
Introduction
In conventional sugarcane cultivation,
about 10 tonnes of seed cane /ha is used as
planting material, which comprises of about
40,000 stalk pieces having 2-3 buds. This
large mass of planting material poses a great
problem in transport, handling and storage of
seed cane and undergoes rapid deterioration
thus reducing the viability of buds and
subsequently their sprouting. One alternative
to reduce the mass and improve the quality
of seed cane would be to plant excised axillary
buds (budchips) or small piece of node portion
of cane stalk (single node set). These are less
bulky, easily transportable and more
21
economical seed material. In India the
average requirement of seed material per year
is approximately 40 million tonnes (Gujja
et.al.,2009).With adoption of bud chip
technology there is possibility of saving of
approximately 20 million tonnes of seed cane
that could be sent for milling thus benefitting
both farmers and millers. As chip buds have
minimum amount of mother tissue attached
to the bud hence seedlings from budchips and
single node setts were taken up to study the
survival and vigor and growth. In this regard
there is need to develop agro techniques viz.,
source of seedlings raised from budchips,
single node sets, time of transplanting and
split doses of nitrogen application to
sugarcane raised through seedlings. Hence the
present study was taken up.
Materials and Methods
The field experiments were conducted at
Agricultural Research Station,
Perumallapalle, Andhra Pradesh, during
2016-17. The soils of the experimental field
are sandy loam in texture, neutral in pH,
normal in EC, low in available nitrogen (210
kg/ha) medium in available phosphorus
(16kg/ha) and high in available potassium
(282 kg/ha). The experiment was designed in
a split -split plot with two replications. The
treatment details: main plots were seedlings
raised from bud chips, single nodes sub plots
were month of plantings: January February
and March Sub subplots : Nitrogen doses viz.,
100 % RDN four splits at the time of planting
 Effect of Time of Planting and Nitrogen Levels on Sugarcane Yield And Quality Raised Through Bud Chip and Single Node Seedlings in ...
N.V.Sarala M.Hemanth Kumar M.Subba Rao K.R.Tagore B.Vajantha T.M.Hemalatha and N.Sabitha

30,60,90 DAT and 125 % RDN four splits at were ready for transplanting on 30th day.
the time of planting 30,60,90 DAT Planting of budchip seedlings and single node
seedlings were planted as per treatments.
Method for raising of seedlings from
Atrazine 2 kg a.i/ha was sprayed as
budchips and single nodes : Collected 6 – 7
pre-emergence on the 3rd day of transplanting
months old cane, cane cutting was taken after
of seedlings. Irrigations were provided as and
leaving 2-3 buds from top and bottom, buds
when necessary. Urea was applied as per
should be cut with 75% of cane. Hand
treatments. All other agronomic practices like
operated bud chipper was used to cut the bud
hand weeding, earthing up, trash twist
chips. Sigle node cutter was used for propping etc were carried out according to the
preparation of single node setts. After recommendations. Yield attributing parameters
collection of budchips and single node setts like number of millable canes, cane length,
were treated with solution which is having cane diameter were recorded at the time of
bavistin @ 0.5 gm /l of water + 2 ml of harvest. cane yield was recorded after
malathian as dipping the bud chips or single stripping of the leaves and de topping. Juice
node setts in the solution for 10-15 minutes. quality parameters viz. brix, sucrose%, and
Fill 14 of the pro trays with coco peat and cane yield were recorded at harvest by
place the buds in pro trays at 450angle following standard procedures (Spencer and
arranged the trays (up to 6 trays) one over Meade, 1945). Brix was recorded by using
the other and cover it with polythene sheet hydrometer and sucrose was estimated by pol
up to 4-5 days. After 5 days. Place individual % with polarimeter.
trays on floor without covering with polythene
sheets inside shade house and Provided Results and discussion
watering with rose cane as per requirement. Millable cane length and diameter were
Bud chip seedlings and single node seedlings not significantly influenced by the seedlings,
Table: Agro techniques for improving yield and quality of sugarcane raised through seedlings
Length of Millable cane NMC/ Cane yield Sucrose
Treatment
millable cane (m) girth (cm) ha (t/ha) (%)
Main: Type of seedlings
Bud chip seedlings 2.73 2.64 68869 87.9 16.95
Single node seedlings 2.62 2.86 79688 96.5 17.93
CD (0.05) NS NS 2767 1.48 NS
Sub: Month of planting
January 2.70 2.82 78093 96.2 17.66
February 2.67 2.83 76260 92.9 17.96
March 2.64 2.65 68472 87.2 16.71
CD (0.05) NS NS 562 2.34 NS
Sub Sub: Nitrogen doses
100 % RDN four splits at the time 2.67 2.74 73992 89.8 17.62
of planting 30,60,90DAT
125 % RDN four splits at the time 2.68 2.77 74557 92.6 17.27
of planting,30,60,90DAT
CD (0.05) NS NS 429 1.88 NS
M at S – – 794 – –
S at M – – 607 – –

22
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
month of planting and nitrogen levels. Yield
and yield attributes were significantly
influenced by the seedlings, date of plantings
and nitrogen doses. Among of seedlings single
node seedlings performed better than budchip
seedlings due to more survival per cent and
higher seedling vigor. Among months of
planting January month of planting recorded
higher number of millable canes and cane
yield compared to February and March month
of plantings this may due to higher survival
per cent of seedlings under favourable
weather conditions viz., lower temperatures,
high moisture availability. Lower number of
millable canes and cane yield were recorded
with march month of planting due to higher
temperatures causes growth disorders in
seedlings. Among nitrogen doses 125% of
recommended dose of nitrogen was applied
through urea in four splits at the time of
planting to seedlings, 30, 60 and 90 days after
23
planting enhances tiller production and
increases crop growth. There by increased
number of millable canes enhances the cane
yield. Same results were reported by Selvan
(2000). Sucrose per cent was not significantly
influenced by the seedlings, time of planting
and nitrogen levels.
References
1. Gujja B., Loganandhan N., Vinod Gound, V.,
Manisha Agarwal and Sraban Dalai
2009.Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative,
Training Manual of ICRISAT-WWF Project
–pp : 6-30
2. Selvan N.T.2000 Effect of chip bud method of
planting and nitrogen on yield and quality of
sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) Indian
Journal of Agronomy Vol.45 No.4 pp.787-794
3. Spencer.G.L.and Meade, G.P., 1945. Cane
sugar Hand book; John wiley and sons,
Newyork,pp:512.
 INFLUENCE OF PLANTING METHODS AND NITROGEN
LEVELS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SUGARCANE
RATOON RAISED FROM SINGLE NODE SEEDLINGS
T. Chitkala Devi, Gouri, V and Bharathalakshmi, M.
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle,
Visakhapatnam 531 001, A.P. e-mail: tcdrars@gmail.com
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.
Abstract
A field experiment carried out for two
consecutive years during 2015-2016 and
2016-17 on sandy loam soil of Regional
Agricultural Research station, Anakapalle to
study the influence of different methods of
planting and levels of nitrogen on yield and
quality of sugarcane ratoon raised with single
node seedlings indicated that, planting
sugarcane seedlings in paired rows at 60/120
x 60 cm significantly improved the mean
number of millable canes (63,417/ha) as
compared to wider row planting at 150 x 45cm
(49,599/ha) but found comparable to normal
planting at 90 x 60 cm (63,418/ha). At higher
level of 175% recommended dose of nitrogen
(62,474/ha) or 150% RDN (59,037/ha) higher
number of millable canes were recorded when
compared to 100% RDN (55,496/ha). In
respect of cane yields, seedlings registered
higher mean ratoon cane yield at paired row
planting (76.8 t/ha) or normal row planting
(74.9 t/ha) and found significantly superior to
wider row planting, (60.1 t/ha). Higher ratoon
cane yields were obtained at 175% RDN (75.1
t/ha) or 150% RDN (70.9 t/ha) when
compared to 100% RDN (65.7 t/ha). Juice
sucrose percent or commercial cane sugar
percent did not vary much with different
methods of planting during both the years of
experimentation. At higher dose of 175% RDN,
marked reduction in mean percent juice
sucrose (16.64%) was registered as compared
to 100% RDN (17.31%) or 150% RDN
(17.06%). Sugar yield followed the same trend
as that of cane yield during both the years of
experimentation.
Keywords: Ratoon Sugarcane, Single node
seedlings, paired row planting.
24
Introduction
Sugarcane is an important commercial
crop of India. In Andhra Pradesh it is being
grown in an area of 1.39 lakh hectares.
Sugarcane cultivation is becoming more
labour intensive throughout the crop season
starting from planting to harvesting.
Moreover, in sugarcane, cost of cultivation is
increasing day by day and 15 % of the total
cost of cultivation is going towards seed
material. Hence, farmers are preferring
seedling cultivation owing to its own
advantages in getting higher cane yields in
both plant and ratoon crops along with
reduction in cost of seed material. Hence,
there appeared a need to evolve new
agronomic technologies for further
improvement in yield and quality of sugarcane
ratoon raised with single node seedlings.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted in sandy
loam soil of RARS, Anakapalle (Andhra
Pradesh) for two consecutive years during
2015-16 and 2016-17. The experimental soil
was low in available nitrogen (212 kg/ha),
medium in available phosphorus (35.5 kg/ha)
and high in available potassium (360 kg/ha).
An early maturing sugarcane variety 2001A63
(Kanaka Maha Lakshmi) was ratooned after
harvest of plant crop experiment during both
the years of experimentation. The treatments
consisted of three methods of planting i.e.
paired row planting (60/120 x 60cm), wider
row planting (150 x 45cm) and normal
planting (90 x 60 cm) and three levels of
nitrogen i.e. 100% RDN (224 kg N/ha); 150%
RDN (336 kg N/ha) and 175% RDN (392 kg
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
N/ha). The experiment was laid out in split
plot design keeping planting methods in main
plots and nitrogen levels as sub plots and
replicated thrice. Stubble shaving was done
immediately after harvest of plant corp.
Phosphorus @ 100 Kg P2O5/ha in the form of
SSP and potassium @ 120 kg K2O/ha in the
form of M.O.P. were applied uniformly by
pocketing method near the stubbles. Nitrogen
was applied in treatmental plots in four splits
i.e. at ratooning, 15, 30 and 45 days after
ratooning. Irrigations were accorded at weekly
interval during formative phase of the ratoon
crop and at 21 days interval during maturity
phase of the crop. Off barring was done at 15
days after ratooning and earthing up was
done at 120 days age of the crop. Ratoon crop
was kept erect by trash twist propping at 6
months age of the crop.
Results and Discussion
Yield attributes, percent juice sucrose
and cane yield were recorded at harvest.
Number of millable canes/ha
Millable cane number of ratoon crop
varied significantly due to different planting
methods and nitrogen levels during two years
of experimentation. Single node seedlings
planted in paired rows of 60 / 120 X 60 cm
registered (Table) higher mean number of
millable canes (63,417/ha) than wider row
planting (49,599/ha) but found comparable to
normal spacing at 90 X 60 cm (63,417/ha).
Similar improvement in NMC in paired row
planting was observed in plant crop raised
with seedlings by Chitkala Devi et al., 2016.
Significant differences in number of millable
canes were observed with different nitrogen
levels during two years of study. Application
of nitrogen at 175% recommended dose (392
kg N/ha) recorded higher mean number of
miilable canes (62,474/ha) as compared to
150% recommended dose of N (59,037/ha).
But, at 100% recommended dose of nitrogen
millable cane number further reduced to
25
55,496/ha. Interaction effects were found to be
non significant.
Percent Juice Sucrose:
During both the years of study
significant differences were not observed in
percent sucrose of ratoon crop due to different
methods of planting (Table – 1). However,
mean percent juice sucrose values ranged
from 16.79 to 17.11% in different treatments.
Significantly higher juice sucrose (17.68% and
16.95% during 2015 and 2016 respectively)
was recorded at lower dose of nitrogen (224
kg/ha) application when compared to higher
dose of nitrogen at 392 kg /ha (17.10%and
16.18% during 2015 and 2016 respectively).
Commercial Cane Sugar (%)
Significant differences were not observed
in commercial cane sugar percent due to
different methods of planting. (Table -1) At
higher level of nitrogen dose the CCS% was
significantly less (11.65%) when compared to
lower level of 224 kg nitrogen in (12.37%).
Cane Yield (t/ha)
Ratoon cane yield varied significantly
due to different planting methods and
nitrogen levels during both the years of
experimentation (Table-2). Seedlings crop
registered higher mean ratoon cane yield at
paired row planting (76.8 t/ha) or normal row
planting (74.9 t/ha) and found significantly
superior to wider row planting, (60.1 t/ha).
These results are in corroboration with
Chitkala Devi et al., 2016 and Gouri et al.,
2014.
Significant variation in cane yield was
recorded due to different levels of nitrogen.
During 2015-16, significantly higher cane
yields were registered at 175% recommended
nitrogen while during 2016-17 season,
response was upto 150% recommended
nitrogen only. However, seedling crop
responded well to applied nitrogen and higher
mean ratoon cane yields were obtained at
 Influence of Planting Methods and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Quality of Sugarcane Ratoon Raised From Single Node Seedlings
T. Chitkala Devi, Gouri, V and Bharathalakshmi, M.

Table - 1: Number of millable canes and quality of sugarcane ratoon raised with
seedlings as influenced by methods of planting and levels of nitrogen.
NMC/ha Percent juice sucrose CCS%
Treatment
2015-16 2016-17 Mean 2015-16 2016-17 Mean 2015-16 2016-17 Mean
Methods of planting:
P1-Paired row planting 60,125 66,710 63,417 17.27 16.71 16.99 11.85 11.81 11.83
60/120  60 cm
P2-Wider row planting 49,016 50,183 49,599 17.22 16.36 16.79 12.28 11.80 12.04
150  45 cm
P3-Normal planting 61,605 65,232 63,418 17.52 16.70 17.11 12.65 11.84 12.24
90  60 cm
S.Em 979 1,160 0.2 0.26 0.18 0.32
C.D (0.05) 2,848 3,352 NS NS NS NS
N Levels(Rec. dose of N - 224 Kg/ha):
N1-224 Kg N/ha 53,261 57,731 55,496 17.68 16.95 17.31 12.43 12.32 12.37
(100% RDN)
N2-336 Kg N/ha 57,013 61,062 59,037 17.49 16.63 17.06 12.34 11.83 12.08
(150% RDN)
N3-392 Kg N/ha 60,615 64,333 62,474 17.10 16.18 16.64 12.00 11.31 11.65
(175% RDN)
S.Em 1,031 977 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.08
C.D (0.05) 2,986 2,823 0.31 0.28 0.24 0.26
Interaction NS NS NS NS NS NS

Table-2: Cane and sugar yield of sugarcane ratoon raised with seedlings as
influenced by methods of planting and levels of nitrogen
Treatment Cane yield (t/ha) Sugar yield (t/ha)
2015-16 2016-17 Mean 2015-16 2016-17 Mean
Methods of planting:
P1-Paired row planting 60/120  60 c m 78.5 75.1 76.8 10.1 8.9 9.5
P2-Wider row planting 150  45 cm 63.3 56.8 60.1 7.7 6.7 7.2
P3-Normal planting 90  60 cm 76.7 73.2 74.9 9.7 8.7 9.2
S.Em 1.6 2.3
C.D (0.05) 4.7 6.6
N Levels(Rec. dose of N - 224 Kg/ha):
N1-224 Kg N/ha (100% RDN) 67.5 64.0 65.7 8.4 7.9 8.1
N2-336 Kg N/ha (150% RDN) 72.7 69.1 70.9 9.0 8.2 8.6
N3-392 Kg N/ha (175% RDN) 78.4 71.9 75.1 9.4 8.1 8.7
S.Em 1.5 1.4
C.D (0.05) 4.3 4.0
Interaction NS NS

26
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
175% RDN (75.1 t/ha) or 150% RDN (70.9
t/ha) when compared to 100% RDN (65.7
t/ha). Similar results in plant crop raised with
seedling were also reported by Chitkala Devi
et al., 2016.
Sugar Yield (t/ha)
Sugar yield was computed treatment
wise and data are presented in Table-2. Sugar
yields followed the same trend as that of cane
yield.
Conclusion
From two years of experimental results
it can be concluded that, for Sugarcane ratoon
crop under seedling cultivation, paired row
planting was found suitable than wider row
planting. Seedling crop responded well to
applied nitrogen and higher ratoon yield was
obtained at higher level of 150% recommended
dose of nitrogen or 175% recommended dose
of nitrogen when compared with lower level
of 100% recommended dose of nitrogen.
Acknowledgement
The authors are highly thankful to
Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University,
27
Guntur for the financial support and facilities
rendered in conducting the experiment at
Regional Agricultural Research Station,
Anakapalle under Non-Plan.
References
1. Chitkala Devi, T., Gouri, V., Kumari, MBGS,
Bharathalakshmim, M. and Veerabhadra Rao,
K. 2016. Performance of single node seedlings
of sugarcane under wider and paired row
planting at graded levels of nitrogen
Proceedings of 4th International Agronomy
congress held at New Delhi from 22-26,
November, 2016 Precision Nutrient
Management Extended summaries Vol 2:
985-986.
2. Gouri, V., Chitkala, Devi., T., Bharatha
Lakshmi M., Kumari, MBGS and Prasad Rao,
K. 2014. Response of budchip and single node
seedlings of sugarcane to different planting
methods and nitrogen levels under drip
fertigation. Proceedings of 44th Annual
Convention of South Indian Sugar and Sugar
Technologist’s Association held at
Visakhapatnam, A.P. SISSTA Sugar Journal
pp:1-4.
 BEST AGRONOMIC PRACTICES TO MAXIMIZE THE
SUGARCANE PRODUCTIVITY
R. Mahesh*, N. Asoka Raja and H. A. Archana
Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
*Corresponding author: maheagri@gmail.com, Mobile: 9786357978
Abstract
It is well recognized that sugarcane farming
is one of the major contributors to the Indian
economy in terms of the large number of
people dependent on it for income and
livelihoods. However, sugarcane farmers,
especially in India continue to face challenges
to enhance farm incomes on account of low
farm yields due to the predominance of poor
agronomy package of practices. It is essential
to develop comprehensive Best Agronomic
Practices (BAP’s) and judiciously adopted to
optimize the inputs and sustain the higher
cane productivity besides maintaining soil
health. Best Agronomic Practices, especially
adoption of suitable high yielding varieties,
planting material, method of planting,
subsurface drip fertigation, fertigation
scheduling, Irrigation scheduling, bio fertilizer
application, pest and disease management and
mechanization are imperative. By adopting
BAP’s, the yield gap can be narrowed and
vertical expansion of cane productivity can be
sustained.
Introduction
Sugarcane is a major cash crop in India,
responsible for the overall socio-economic
development of the farming community and
sugar industries. Among sugar producing
countries, India ranks second next to Brazil,
occupying 22% area under sugarcane with
25% of cane production globally. The
productivity and sugar recovery is of great
concern in the present scenario, though cane
and sugar production is achieved substantially
in the recent past. In India, sugarcane is
cultivated in 5.15 million hectares with
sugarcane production of 360 million tonnes
(2012-13). Though the potential yield of
28
sugarcane is 485 tonnes ha-1, the average
cane productivity is low at 66 tonnes ha-1 in
India. It is estimated that sugar demand will
increase about 50% in India by 2030. The
demand for sugar is increasing due to
increased population but availability of land
and water is shrinking. This enhanced
demand could be met out through new high
sugar varieties along with adoption of Best
Agronomic Practices in cane cultivation. The
average sugarcane productivity of India is
very is less compared to other countries.
Therefore, it is essential not only to increase
the cane productivity but also to maintain its
sustainability possible only through adopting
best agronomics practices right from land
preparation to harvest.
Constraints in Sugarcane cultivation
Sugarcane crop belongs to Gramineae, the
grass family. It responds well to nutrition and
water management. Sugarcane productivity can
be increased if appropriate agronomic package
practices particularly irrigation and nutrient
management are followed.
The reasons for low productivity in
sugarcane are:
 Soil fertility is not properly enriched
 Poor land preparation
 Non adoption of high yielding sugarcane
varieties
 Not planting in the proper seasons
 Unhealthy planting material
 Improper irrigation management practices
 Lack of organic manures application
 Imbalanced nutrition management
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
 Non-adoption of best agronomic practices
 Negligence in crop maintenance
 No mechanization
 Lack of technical skills among
sugarcane farmers
Key technologies to enhance the cane
productivity
 Assessing the soil fertility status (low,
medium and high)
 Adoption of subsurface drip fertigation
 Optimum lateral spacing (5.5 feet)
 Paired row with Triangular
system
 Use of healthy chip bud seedlings (25 days
old)
 Adoption of drip irrigation scheduling once
two days based on pan evaporation rate
 Developing fertigation schedule based on
soil test crop response method, targeted
yield, varietal response etc.,
 Fertigation of readily available nutrients
through water soluble fertilizers.
 Adoption of fertigation scheduling once
seven days
 Injection of liquid biofertilizers and humic
acid through subsurface drip irrigation
 Intercultural operations like weed
management, earthing up, detrashing and
propping should be done at right time
 Timely integrated pest and
management
 Cane harvesting at right time and
introduction mechanized cane harvesting
Best Agronomic practices of Sugarcane
to maximize the cane productivity Soil
Sugarcane grows well under loamy soils,
medium to heavy textured, well drained with
a pH of 6.5 to 8.5. Water logged soils with
poor drainage are not suitable. Gypsum can
be used for soil reclamation of saline or
alkaline soils. Liming is the most important
practice in the acid soils to improve
the
productions. General lime recommendation
viz., Sandy soils: 450 - 675 kg/ha every 2
years, Clay loams: 1800 - 2250 kg/ha every 3
- 4 years and Clay soils: 2700 - 3600 kg/ha
every 4 - 5 years. Soil testing before planting
is desirable as it helps in determining the
optimum quantity of macro and micro
nutrient application.
Climatic requirements
planting In India, sugarcane is grown from 80 N
to 300 N latitude covering a wide range of
climatic and soil conditions. Heat, humidity
and sunlight intensity are playing an
important role in sugarcane germination,
tillering, vegetative growth and maturity.
Sugarcane grows well in humid and hot
weather. For more tillers it requires a
temperature regime of 30 to 350 C. It requires
humidity of 70% for better vegetative growth.
Sugar conversion is more at lower
temperatures. It needs a period of cool
weather or a period of water stress for sucrose
accumulation in the stems.
Land preparation
For higher sugarcane yields, providing
optimum soil environment is an essential
pre-requisite. Since, sugarcane roots grow up
to 60 cm depth, deep tillage (50-75 cm) is
required with sub soiling or chiseling to break
hard compact sub-pan layer. Heavy clods have
to be broken with disc plough and followed by
disease
cultivator. Prepare the soil thoroughly and
incorporate 10 tons/ac of FYM 15 days before
planting. Fine powder form soil could be
prepared with rotovator before making
trenches for subsurface drip lateral laying.
Selection of suitable high yielding variet
Scientific sugarcane cultivation must
start with choosing an appropriate variety for
29

the agro-climatic zone, soil type and season
concerned. Important considerations in
choosing an appropriate variety includes yield
potential, juice quality, age group, suitability
to the growing conditions viz., soil type,
irrigation regime, season etc., ratooning
potential, resistance to pests & diseases and
adverse growing conditions. The most
promising variety suitable for drip fertigation
is CO86032. It performs well in all soil types
and extremely well under garden land
condition. It is an early maturing variety with
high sucrose content, higher yield potential,
multiple ratooning capacity and highly
suitable for wider row spacing.
Planting material
Sugarcane is vegetatively propagated for
commercial cultivation. Different kinds of
30
Best Agronomic Practices to Maximize the Sugarcane Productivity
R. Mahesh*, N. Asoka Raja and H. A. Archana
planting materials viz., cane setts and bud
chips seedlings are used for raising sugarcane
crop. Chipbud seedlings with 25 days old are
the best source of planting material to
maximize the cane productivity.
Chip bud seedlings technology
 Select freshly harvested sugarcane stalks
free from disease /pests ( 6 month’s age)
 Scoop out bud chips with bud scooping
device.
 Treat with fungicide, Bavistin (0.1%) for
20 min.
 Plant these pretreated bud chips in plastic
trays filled with soil mixture containing
soil, organic matter and sand in a ratio of
1:1:1.
 Spray 1% All 19 nutrients at 2nd week
after planting.
 Healthy settlings were transplanted in
well prepared field after 25th days after
planting
Saplings population
Optimum chip bud seedlingd population
of 20202 nos. would be required to plant one
ha of land under paired-row with triangular
planting system [(0.4m + 1.25m)  0.60m].
With proper establishment of seedlings, this
seed rate is adequate to give a gapless stand
and raise a successful crop.
Subsurface drip fertigation layout
For sugarcane SSDI inline drip laterals
has to be placed 15-20 cm below the surface
which is governed by the soil texture and the
cane effective root volume. The distance
between drip lines depend on the spacing of
the cane rows which is to suit the cutting
blade of the harvester. Pair to pair distance
would be 1.25 m and the lateral to lateral
spacing is 1.65 m.
The irrigation control head has to be
installed with a) Non return valve, b) By-pass
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

valve, c) 34” Ventury with booster pump (1

HP) for fertigation d) Disc filter e) Pressure
gauge f) Vacuum breaker g) Water meters for
measuring water delivered.

The main line of PVC pipes 2.5” (75 mm

OD) with sub main of 2” PVC pipes (63 mm
OD) have to be laid out by making trenches
40 cm width and 20 cm depth below the
ground level. Along the main line an Air cum
Vacuum release valve has to be fitted. At the
tail end of the main and sub main line, flush
valves of appropriate size have to be fitted.
From the sub main, for SSDI, the inline
laterals of 16 mm OD has to be connected at
Planting method
a spacing of 1.65 m. Thus one lateral serves
Trenches of 40 cm wide are made for
2 rows of sugarcane in 40 cm trench. In each
laying sub surface drip system installation.
section, a collecting sub main of 40 mm PVC
The planting of seedlings can be taken up in
pipe is to be provided to connect the group of
paired row system at a spacing of 40 cm row
laterals at the tail end with a flush valve for
spacing in the trenches and 60 cm plant
flushing purpose. Each section of the plot
spacing along the row in zig-zag fashion just
(normally 1 section = 1 acre) has to be fitted
above the lateral (5 cm above).
with an isolation valve for sequential
irrigation.

31
 Best Agronomic Practices to Maximize the Sugarcane Productivity
R. Mahesh*, N. Asoka Raja and H. A. Archana

Drip Irrigation scheduling From the water requirement calculated

Drip irrigation scheduling is to be
carried out assessing the evaporation and
transpiration losses in sugarcane field. The
evaporation losses will be more at initial
growth stages (0 – 90 days), later on
transpiration losses will be more compared to
evaporation. Under sub surface drip system
evaporation losses are minimized from the
early stages itself unlike surface drip system.
Hence, water requirement of the cane will
vary depending on the growth stages as
decided by the crop factors given below.
Table 1. The crop co-efficient (Kc)
values for the Sugarcane crop
Stage of the crop (month) Kc value
0-1 0.55
1-2.5 0.80
2.5-4.0 1.00
4-10 1.10
10-11 0.80
11-12 0.60
Subsurface drip irrigation has to be
scheduled once in 2 days based on evaporation
rate from the USWB Class A Open pan
evaporimeter. The irrigation water
requirement through subsurface drip (volume
in liters) could be computed using the
following formula.
V  2 days CPE  Kp  Kc  A  Wp  Re
where,
V = Volume of water required in litres
CPE = Cumulative Pan Evaporation (mm)
the time required for drip irrigation is
computed as shown below:
Time of operation hours
Volume of water lit

No. of emitters/acre  discharge rate lph
Nutrient Management
The most effective way of fertilizer
application is by applying very dilute solutions
of fertilizers through the subsurface drip
irrigation system since, absorption of
nutrients by plants depends on the
availability of soil moisture. Hence, in
subsurface drip irrigated sugarcane, this can
be achieved when fertilizers are applied
through the subsurface drip irrigation system.
Higher fertilizer use efficiency will be
achieved through fertigation readily available
nutrients at very low concentrations directly
in the effective root zone of crop through
subsurface drip irrigation system.
Optimized fertilizer recommendation
An average crop of sugarcane yielding
100 tonnes per hectare removes 208 kg of N,
53 kg of P, 280 kg of K, 30 kg of sulphur,
3.4 kg of Iron and 0.6 kg of copper. For
achieving the targeted yield of 100 tonnes per
acre a fertilizer dose of 120:40:80 kg NPK
per/ac would be required. Apart from the NPK
fertilizers, Calcium nitrate plays an important
role in cane growth (to avoid split in the rind)
and sugar recovery. Hence, Calcium Nitrate
(15.5:0:0:19.5) has to be applied @ 25 kg / acre
in 2 times at 90th and 150 days after
transplanting through subsurface drip
irrigation system.

Kp = Pan co-efficient The availability of major nutrients

depends on optimum availability of
Kc = Crop Co-efficient
micronutrients which could be achieved
A = Area of the plant (m2) through application of appropriate
micronutrients to avoid deficiency in
Wp = Wetted percentage (40%)
sugarcane. Hence, micronutrients like water
Re = Effective Rainfall (mm) soluble EDTA and EDDHA forms of iron, zinc,

32
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Table 2. Irrigation water requirement for subsurface drip irrigated sugarcane

Daily pan Daily water water requirement Irrigation duration
2 days WR
Month evaporation requirement for 2 days (ETc) once in 2 days
(lit/ac)
(PE) (mm) (ETc) (mm) (mm) (Hr: Min)
January 5.50 1.76 3.52 14254 00:35
February 5.58 1.79 3.57 14449 00:36
March 6.26 3.51 7.01 28380 01:10
April 6.25 5.25 10.50 42494 01:45
May 6.41 6.15 12.30 49780 02:03
June 5.56 5.34 10.68 43228 01:28
July 5.80 5.57 11.14 45092 01:51
August 5.89 5.66 11.32 45794 01:53
September 5.91 5.67 11.34 45896 01:53
October 5.35 4.92 9.84 39839 01:38
November 4.83 4.44 8.89 35967 01:29
December 4.35 4.00 8.00 32392 01:20

borax, copper and manganese have to be on 60, 90, and 120 days after planting @ 1
applied through subsurface drip irrigation litre / acre mixed with 200 litres of water
system. Elemental iron @ 8 kg / acre (2 times through drip system.
during 5th & 7th month after planting) zinc
Fertigation
and manganese each @ 4 kg /acre (2 times
Fertigation is the application of water
during 5th & 7th month after planting) borax
soluble solid fertiliser or liquid fertiliser
and copper each @ 2 kg / acre (2 times during
through drip irrigation system. Fertigation
5th & 7th month after planting) have to be
has become an attractive method of
applied through drip. The dose and time of
fertilisation in modern intensive agriculture
application can be decided based on deficiency
systems. This has assumes added importance
symptoms of particular nutrients.
after the introduction of micro- irrigation
Liquid Bio fertilizers system like drip in irrigated agriculture.
Fertiliser can be injected into drip irrigation
To enhance the uptake of major and
system by selecting appropriate equipment.
secondary nutrients by the crop the liquid
bio-fertilizers play a vital role. Hence, Ventury injector
following liquid bio-fertilizers and humic acid
have to be applied to sugarcane at appropriate
growth stages. Liquid bio fertilizers like
Azosphi, Phosphofix and Potash active have
to be applied @ 250 ml / acre in 3 times on
45, 75, & 120 days after transplanting by
mixing with 500 litres of water through drip
system. While applying liquid bio-fertilizers
there should be a gap of 7 days between
application of chemical fertilizers and
bio-fertilizers. Humic acid should be applied

33

This is a very simple and low cost device.
A partial vacuum is created in the system
which allows suction of the fertilisers into the
irrigation system through venturi action. The
vacuum is created by diverting a percentage
of water flow from the main and pass it
through a constriction which increases the
velocity of flow thus creating a drop in
pressure. When the pressure drops the
fertilisers solution is sucked into the venturi
through a suction pipe from the tank and
from there enters into irrigation stream. The
suction rate of venturi is 30-120 litre per
hour. The injection rate has to be improved
by fitting a booster pump (1 HP) for
maintaining required pressure in main flow.
Steps for effective fertigation
 Test the native soil fertility status
 Fix the correct fertilizer dose for sugarcane
 Develop appropriate fertigation schedule
 Select suitable fertilizer grade according
crop stage
 Installation of drip irrigation should be as
per accurate design
 Install appropriate fertigation device along
the main line
 Calculate the required fertilizer quantity
for the actual cropped area
 Prepare the nutrient stock solution
(Dissolve the solid fertilizer with water at
1:5 ratio)
 Wash the filter element before starting
fertigation
 Operate the drip system for 10-20 minutes
for wetting (1st process)
 Regulate the valves and initiate
fertigation (2nd process) at 95 or 186 lph
injection rate as per the fertigation device
installed
 Complete the fertigation and finally
flushing (3rd process) for 10-15 minutes
34
Best Agronomic Practices to Maximize the Sugarcane Productivity
R. Mahesh*, N. Asoka Raja and H. A. Archana
for removal of left out fertilizers in pipe
net work.
Fertigation scheduling
Fertigation schedules are prepared with
different fertilizer grades according to growth
stages and requirements of the crop.
Computed fertilizers quantities are dissolved
at 1:5 ratio of fertilizer: water and nutrient
stock solution has to be prepared. At every
fertigation, drip system is run for wetting as
a first step and then fertigation is done and
finally flushing is done 5-10 minutes once in
2 days.
Chemigation
The use of micro irrigation not only
offers potential for injecting water soluble
fertilizers but also chemicals for the control of
pests and pathogens present in the soil. Thus,
following chemicals can be administered
through subsurface drip irrigation system as
chemigation.
 To control early stem borer as a
prophylactic measure, injection of
Carbosulphan @ 1 litre / acre mixed with
200 litres of water through drip system.
 Similarly, wherever termite is a problem,
Chlorpyriphos can be injected through
drip @ 1 lit / acre mixed with 200 litres
of water immediately after planting, 90
and 150 days after transplamting.
 Nematode incidence is a common problem
in most soils. Hence, carbofuron @ 5 kg
/acre dissolved with 200 litres of water
and injected through drip system in two
times at 30 and 120 days after
transplanting.
Intercultural operations
The seedlings will establish 10 days after
transplanting. Gap filling has to be done
replacing dead and weaker seedlings with
healthy seedlings to maintain 100%
population.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Table 3. Fertigation scheduling for sugarcane

Dose/ac/time Total Qty

Stages No.of splits Fertilizer Form
(kg) (kg/ac)
7-30 3 MAP (12:61:0) 5.92 17.80
Pottasium Nitrate (13:0:45) 1.73 5.20
Urea (46:0:0) 9.67 29.00
31-60 4 MAP (12:61:0) 4.25 17.00
All 19 (19:19:19) 3.13 12.50
Pot. Nitrate (13:0:45) 2.63 10.50
Urea (46:0:0) 8.75 35.00
61-90 4 MAP (12:61:0) 2.25 9.00
All 19 (19:19:19) 2.88 11.50
Pot. Nitrate (13:0:45) 2.75 11.00
Urea (46:0:0) 9.13 36.50
90-120 4 MAP (12:61:0) 2.00 8.00
All 19 (19:19:19) 2.63 10.50
Pot. Nitrate (13:0:45) 3.63 14.50
Urea (46:0:0) 11.63 46.50
120-180 8 All 19 (19:19:19) 3.43 10.30
Pot. Nitrate (13:0:45) 7.94 63.50
Urea (46:0:0) 4.88 39.00
180-210 4 Pot. Nitrate (13:0:45) 13.75 55.00
Urea (46:0:0) 0.83 3.30

The weed growth can be controlled by in the field. Hence removal of dried leaves
first manual weeding on 25 days after from the plant has to be done at 5th and 7th
transplanting. Depending upon the growth of month after planting.
weeds the second manual weeding can be
Propping: is yet another important
taken up at 45 days after planting. The
operation to maintain the plant stand erect
partial earthing up covering the trench upto
and prevent lodging. This can be done by
surface level has to be done at 75 days after
tying the canes together with a rope of dried
planting. Partial earthing up has to be done
leaves on 7th month after planting.
without covering the emerging tillers. Next to
this high level earthing up can be taken at Mechanization
120 days after transplanting. Thus the
Considering the present trend of
manual weeding and earthing up will keep
availability of labour for sugarcane
the field free from weeds.
cultivation, it has been experienced that use
Detrashing: is an essential operation to of modern machinery is inevitable. Use of
maintain free aeration, to prevent lodging and machinery helps in labour savings ensures
to reduce the incidence of pests and diseases timeliness of operations, reduces drudgery,

35
 Best Agronomic Practices to Maximize the Sugarcane Productivity
R. Mahesh*, N. Asoka Raja and H. A. Archana

helps in improving quality of work, reduces

cost of operation and ensures effective
utilization of resources. Therefore it is
necessary that adoption of mechanization in
sugarcane cultivation. Mechanization can be
introduced the following areas viz.,
1. Land preparation: Mould board plough,
Disc Plough, Cultivator and Rotavator
2. Weeding: Mini tractor in between two
rows of cane
3. Earthing up: Mini Tractor mounted Ridge
plough in between two rows of cane
4. Detrashing: Sugarcane detrasher Tractor drawn subsurface lateral laying
machine
5. Harvesting : Chopper harvester (Austoft
7000) Sugarcane harvester
6. Stubble shaving: Tractor drawn Trouble
shaver

Power tiller -Tilling

Tractor drawn cultivator

Mini Tractor- Weeding

Tractor drawn trench maker

36
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
Ridge plough – Earthing up
Fig. Austoft 7000 Sugarcane harvest
Drip system maintenance
 Periodical cleaning of sand and disc filters
once in 15 – 30 days depending upon
clogging
 Serial flushing of main flush valve
followed by sub main flush valve and
finally flushing laterals through collecting
sub main flush valve
 Locating leakages of laterals and rejoining
laterals with connectors
 Clogging is common in drip system mainly
through salts and bacteria. For preventing
clogging acidification and chlorination
have to be performed.
37
Acidification
In due course of time the salts presents
in the irrigation water deposits as calcium
and magnesium carbonate and restricts the
flow through laterals and emitters. The salts
can be removed by injecting commercial
hydrochloric or sulphuric acid (35 %
concentration) into the drip system via
ventury. If the flow in the main line is one
cubic meter approximately 1 litre of acid
would be required. Hence, if main flow is 20
cubic meter 20 litre of acid is required. After
injecting the acids the water collected at the
lateral end should measure 4 pH (litmus
paper) which is sufficient enough to remove
the salts in the lateral and emitters. After
injecting acid the drip system can be left as
such for 24 hours and then flushing has to be
done serially by opening main flush valve, sub
main flush valve, and finally laterals.
Chlorination
If the irrigation water is drawn from
dam, river, irrigation channel etc., usually
bacteria and organic matter deposits in the
media filter, screen filters and laterals.
Removal of bacteria, algae and other organic
debris can be done through chlorination at
various levels. Depending upon the clogging
magnitude, Chlorine can be injected has mild
Chlorination (5 ppm), intermittent chlorination
(100 ppm) and super chlorination (500 ppm).
The chlorine can be injected in the form of
calcium or sodium hypochlorite (10% chlorine).
Finally flushing has to be done as detailed
under acidification.
Economics
The cost of inputs and price of produce
at prevailing market rates was considered for
working out the cost of cultivation, income
and B:C ratio as below
 Best Agronomic Practices to Maximize the Sugarcane Productivity
R. Mahesh*, N. Asoka Raja and H. A. Archana

Table 4. Cost estimate of subsurface drip fertigation system per acre

Unit cost
S.No Item Size Unit Qty Amount (Rs.)
(Rs.)
I. Head Control Unit
1. Disc Filter -2.” 25 m3/hr No. 1 5100.00 5100.00
2. Air release/Vacuum breaker 1” No. 2 85.00 170.00
3. Pressure gauge 2” No. 1 495.00 495.00
4. Fertilizer injector (Ventury) 3/4” No. 1 1500.00 1500.00
5. Booster pump 1 HP No. 1 2500.00 2500.00
Sub Total 9765.00
II. Water Carrier System
1. PVC pipe - 4 kg/cm2 75 mm No. 20 54.00 1080.00
2
2. PVC Pipe - 4 kg/cm 63 mm Mtr. 50 47.00 2250.00
2
2. PVC Pipe - 6 kg/cm 40 mm Mtr. 50 29.00 1450.00
4. PVC Ball valve 63 mm No. 1 585.00 585.00
5. Flush valve 40 mm No. 4 100.00 400.00
6. Head Connector set 16 mm Sets. 60 10.00 600.00
Sub Total 6365.00
III. Water Distribution System
1. Plain lateral 16 mm Mtr. 30 8.00 240.00
2. Root guard 16-4-40 (lateral) 16 mm Mtr. 2500 12.25 30625.00
Sub Total 30865.00
IV. Fittings & Accessories 2350.00
TOTAL (I+II+III+IV) 49345.00

Table 5. Cost of cultivation per acre in sugarcane under subsurface drip fertigation
No. Particulars Unit Unit cost Rs. Total Rs.
I Land Preparation
1. Tractor Ploughing 2 hrs 400 800.00
2. Rotavator 1 hrs 600 600.00
3. Trench digging 12 hrs 400 4800.00
Sub Total 6200.00
II. Cane planting
1. Cost of chip bud seedling 10800 nos. 1.20 12960.00
2. Cane planting (Labour cost) 12 nos. 150 1800.00
Sub Total 14760.00
III. Weeding
1. Manual weeding (Labour cost) 20 nos. 150 3000.00
Sub Total 3000.00

38
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

IV. Fertilizers
1. Mono Ammonium Phosphate 51 kg 78.00/kg 3978.00
2. All 19 44.8 kg 86.00/kg 3852.00
3. Potassium Nitrate 159.7 kg 80.00/kg 12776.00
4. Urea 189.3 kg 5.36/kg 1014.00
5. Fertigation and Irrigation 24 nos. 100 2400.00
Sub Total 24021.00
V. Micronutrient
1. ZnSo4 4 kg 30.00/kg 120.00
2. FeSo4 8 kg 8.00/kg 64.00
3. CuSo4 4 kg 30.00/kg 120.00
4. Borax 2 kg 48.50/kg 97.00
5. MnSo4 4 kg 9.00/kg 36.00
6. Calcium Nitrate 25 kg 46.00/kg 1150.00
Sub Total 1587.00
VI. Bio fertilizer
1. Liquid bio fertilizer 3 lit 200 600.00
2. Humic Acid 2 lit 185 370.00
Sub Total 970.00
VII. Earthing up
1. Partial (labour cost) 8 nos. 150 1200.00
2. Full (labour cost) 8 nos. 450 3600.00
Sub Total 4800.00
VII. Detrashing
1. First time (labour cost) 8 nos. 150 1200.00
2. Second time (labour cost) 12 nos. 150 1800.00
Sub Total 3000.00
VIII. Plant protection
1. Chorpyriphos 10 lit 175 1750.00
2. Trichogramma chilonis 10 cc 40 400.00
3. Carbofuron 3 G 10 kg 65 650.00
Sub Total 2800.00
IX. Cane Harvesting & Transporting
1. Cane harvesting (labour cost) 25 nos. 450 11250.00
2. Transporting of cane 3 times 1500 4500.00
Sub Total 15750.00
X. Drip maintenance
1. Chlorine powder (4 time) 15 kg 30/kg 450.00
2. Acid treatment ( HCl) 90 lit 6/lit 540.00
Sub Total 990.00
Grand Total 77878.00

39
 Best Agronomic Practices to Maximize the Sugarcane Productivity
R. Mahesh*, N. Asoka Raja and H. A. Archana

Table 6. Economics of sub surface drip fertigation in sugarcane considering water

saving benefits

No. Particulars Amount (Rs)

1. Fixed cost per hectare for irrigation system* 49345.00

(a) Life (years) 7

(b) Depreciation 7049.28

(c) Interest @ 14.5% 7155.05

(d) Repairs & maintenance (5%) 2067.25

(e) Irrigation system cost (B + C + D) 16671.50

2. Cost of cultivation per Acre 77878.00

3. Seasonal total cost (1e + 2) (Rs/ac) 94549.50

4. Water requirement

(a) Subsurface drip system (mm) 480

(b) Furrow irrigation (mm) 740

(c) Water saving (35%) under subsurface drip (mm) 260

5. Yield (t/ac) 100

6. Price (Rs/tonne) 2500.00

7. Gross income (5x6) (Rs/ac) 250000.00

8. Net income (7-3) (Rs/ac) 155450.00

9. Additional area cultivated due to saving in water (ac) 0.54

10. Additional expenditure due to additional area (3x9) 51056.75

11. Additional income due to additional area (7x9) 135000.00

12. Additional net income (11-10) 83943.23

13. Gross cost of production (3 + 10) 145606.32

14. Gross income (7+11) 385000.00

Gross net income (14-13) 239393.61

Gross benefit cost ratio (14/13) 2.64

40
 SUITABLE FERTILIZER SCHEDULE TO COASTAL BELT
TO STABILIZE SUGAR CANE PRODUCTIVITY AND SUGAR
RECOVERY
G. Venkateshwara Rao1 M. Rama Mohan Rao2
1
Chief Operating Officer, K.C.P S & I C Ltd 2Deputy General Manager (cane), K.C.P S & I C Ltd
Abstract
Study was taken up during 2015 to 2017 to
sort out a suitable fertilizer time schedule to
be practiced in our area to stabilize sugar cane
productivity and sugar recovery through
balanced and timely nutrition management
especially inorganic fertilizers. Trial was taken
up with recently popularized variety 2003V46
was taken up at agriculture farm of K.C.P
Sugar and Industries Corporation limited,
Lakshmipuram, which is situated in east coast
of Andhra Pradesh. This variety which is
occupying 50% in our area was evaluated at
different growth stages throughout the year.
Each fertilizer treatment has 31 meters long
14 rows with spacing of 0.75 meters, which
makes total plot size of 325.5 sq.Meters. There
were 7 treatments with 3 replications and laid
out with RBD design. Quantitative and
qualitative parameters like tillers at 120 DAP,
shoot count at 180 DAP, SPAD chlorophyll
meter reading at grand growth period, NMC
while harvesting, individual cane weight, and
CCS% were recorded. Highest CCS% (12.98%)
is recorded in T4 where 150% RDF is applied
in time and through correct application
method of plough sole and pocket method,
followed by T5 (12.65%) 100% RDF  Bio
fertilizers and micro nutrient application.
Cane yield is highest in T7 (53.530 M.T. per
acre) where 150% RDF  Bio Fertilizers and
micro nutrient mixture were applied but the
B:C ratio is not superior than T4 (51.930 M.T.
per acre) or T5 (51.980 M.T. per acre). Hence
it is observed that T4 where 150% RDF or T5
where 100% RDF  Bio fertilizers and micro
nutrient mixture, whichever is available is
economical than any other treatment.
42
Introduction
Farmers use up fertilizers and other
inputs so that plant would take up and use
it for growth. Due to untimely and excess
application, some of the fertilizer is not being
taken up by plant and it will not only increase
the cost of production but also polluting the
environment. Excess fertilizers especially
Nitrogen is harmful to crop, prolongs
vegetative growth, delays maturity, increasing
reducing sugar content in juice, lowering juice
quality, increasing soluble Nitrogen in juice
affecting clarification, and crop is susceptible
to pest & disease attack. The key is to ensure
that we have a good growing condition, so
that the crop can take up and make use of
the applied nutrients. Important aspect of
proper condition is balanced and timely
nutrition. Timing of Nitrogen application is
very important, because it does not remain in
soil for long, it is better to apply in small,
regular doses with proper application method.
It is best to time the application to coincide
with the period when the crop needs the most.
Unbalanced use of fertilizers is reducing the
soil fertility and damaging physical condition
of the soil. This is because of not application
of organic manures, resulting in break in
carbon cycle. There is urgent need also to
maintain soil health by standardizing
fertilizer application without losing sugar cane
yield and increasing sugar recovery by
mitigating the ill effects of excess nitrogen. It
is also advised to use bioremediation practices
for restoration of soil fertility.
Materials and methods
On field study was conducted during
2015-16 to 2016-17 crushing seasons at
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Table – 1 Treatment 1
FERTILIZER QTY(KG) APPLICATION AGE N(KG) P(KG) K(KG)
DAP 7.95 BASAL 1.43 3.66
MOP 7.95 BASAL 4.77
10:26:26 7.95 45DAP 0.79 2.06 2.06
UREA 7.95 45DAP 3.66
UREA 7.95 90DAP 3.66
UREA 7.95 150DAP 3.66
UREA 7.95 180DAP 3.66
TOTAL/PLOT 16.86 5.72 6.83
TOTAL/AC 212 72 86

Table – 1 Treatment 2
FERTILIZER QTY(KG) APPLICATION AGE N(KG) P(KG) K(KG)
DAP 5.15 BASAL 0.93 2.37
MOP 5.29 BASAL 3.18
UREA 3.31 45DAP 1.52
UREA 3.31 90DAP 1.52
UREA 3.31 150DAP 1.52
TOTAL/PLOT 5.49 2.37 3.18
TOTAL/AC 69 30 40

Table – 1 Treatment 3
FERTILIZER QTY(KG) APPLICATION AGE N(KG) P(KG) K(KG)
DAP 6.44 BASAL 1.16 2.96
MOP 6.61 BASAL 3.97
UREA 4.13 45DAP 1.90
UREA 4.13 90DAP 1.90
UREA 4.13 150DAP 1.90
TOTAL/PLOT 6.86 2.96 3.97
TOTAL/AC 86 37 50

Table – 1 Treatment 4
FERTILIZER QTY(KG) APPLICATION AGE N(KG) P(KG) K(KG)
DAP 7.72 BASAL 1.39 3.55
MOP 7.93 BASAL 4.76
UREA 4.95 45DAP 2.28
UREA 4.95 90DAP 2.28
UREA 4.95 150DAP 2.28
TOTAL/PLOT 8.23 3.55 4.76
TOTAL/AC 104 45 60

43
 Suitable Fertilizer Schedule to Coastal Belt to Stabilize Sugar Cane Productivity and Sugar Recovery
G. Venkateshwara Rao M. and Rama Mohan Rao

Table – 1 Treatment 5
FERTILIZER QTY(KG) APPLICATION AGE N(KG) P(KG) K(KG)
DAP 5.15 BASAL 0.93 2.37
MOP 5.29 BASAL 3.18
BIO FERT 40 KG 15DAP
UREA 3.31 45DAP 1.52
MICRO NUTRIENTS 400GM 45DAP
UREA 3.31 90DAP 1.52
UREA 3.31 150DAP 1.52
TOTAL/PLOT 5.49 2.37 3.18
TOTAL/AC 69 30 40

Table – 1 Treatment 6
FERTILIZER QTY(KG) APPLICATION AGE N(KG) P(KG) K(KG)
DAP 6.44 BASAL 1.16 2.96
MOP 6.61 BASAL 3.97
BIO FERT 40 KG 15DAP
UREA 4.13 45DAP 1.90
MICRO NUTRIENTS 400GM 45DAP
UREA 4.13 90DAP 1.90
UREA 4.13 150DAP 1.90
TOTAL/PLOT 6.86 2.96 3.97
TOTAL/AC 86 37 50

Table – 1 Treatment 7
FERTILIZER QTY(KG) APPLICATION AGE N(KG) P(KG) K(KG)
DAP 7.72 BASAL 1.39 3.55
MOP 7.93 BASAL 4.76
BIO FERT 40 KG 15DAP
UREA 4.95 45DAP 2.28
MICRO NUTRIENTS 400GM 45DAP
UREA 4.95 90DAP 2.28
UREA 4.95 150DAP 2.28
TOTAL/PLOT 8.23 3.55 4.76
TOTAL/AC 1.4 45 60

44
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
agriculture farm of K.C.P Sugar and
Industries Corporation Limited,
Lakshmipuram in black clay soil, under plant
and ratoon system. The study is continuing
and will be continued up to ratoon 3.
Sugar cane variety 2003V46 was planted
during the month of January 2015. Seven
treatments with Three replications were taken
up with farmer practice as control (T1) 100%
RDF (T2), 125% RDF (T3), 150% RDF (T4),
100% RDF  Bio compost 500 KG  5 KG
micro nutrient mixture (T5), 125% RDF  Bio
compost 500 KG  5 KG micro nutrient
mixture (T6), 150% RDF  Bio compost 500
KG  5 KG micro nutrient mixture (T7) (Table
1)
Soil was analyzed before plantation during
May 2015 for its chemical properties. Soil is
rich in all macro and micro nutrients except
Nitrogen. Data was presented in table 2.
Nitrogen fertilizer usage is growing
abnormally due to government subsidy for
nitrogen based fertilizer. This leads to
imbalanced fertilizer usage and soil depletion.
Data from 2011-12 to 2013-14 reveals the
same, which is presented in table 3.
All agronomic practices were carried out
similar in all the treatments except fertilizer
application. Broad cast method was used for
last 3 split application in T1 and in all other
methods plough sole method was used. Last
application was taken up with pocketing
method.
500 KG Bio compost per acre enriched
with 5 KG PSB, 5 kg Azospirillum, 5 KG
VAM, 2 KG T.Viridi was applied at 15 DAP
while giving second irrigation for T5 to T7. 5
KG Micro nutrient mixture having 5.5% Iron,
3.50% Manganese and 8.0% zinc was applied
along with chemical fertilizer at 45 DAP.
50% more Nitrogen was applied for all
the treatments in ratoon crop. Fertilizer doses
for other nutrients remain same.
45
Tiller count was noted at 120 DAP, shoot
population at 180 DAP, SPAD meter reading
at 210 DAP, NMC while harvesting, average
cane weight was recorded and CCS% was
calculated using standard formula.
Plant crop was harvested during January
2016 and Ratoon crop was harvested during
January 2017.
Results and discussion:
As per data shown in table 3, in general,
Nitrogen fertilizer usage is increasing YOY
due to low price, whereas other nutrient
consumption is decreasing, leading to
imbalanced nutrition. Due to cost variation
and habitual practice, farmers are applying
excess, untimely and improper method of
chemical fertilizer, especially Nitrogenous
fertilizers are causing much damage to juice
quality due to presence of much reducing
sugars, prone to various sucking pests.
Delayed and excess fertilizers are not helping
in attaining the cane weight.
Tiller count to 120 DAP are at par in all
the treatments. Non significant variance is
recorded in terms of Tiller count. (Table 4)
T7 recorded highest tillers (35805 per
acre) where 150% RDF  Bio fertilizers were
applied but on par with T1 (35725), T4
(35490), T5 (34500) and T6 (34750).
Significant shoot count reduction is noticed in
T2 (31300) and T3 (31400). (Table 4)
No significant variance is observed from
SPAD Chlorophyll meter reading in all the
treatments in grand growth phase. (Table 4)
T4 recorded highest NMC (33500 per
acre) where 150% RDF was applied but is on
par with T5 (32900), T6 (33100), T7 (33250)
and T1 (32450). Significant reduction in NMC
is observed in T2 (29600) and T3 (30600).
T7 had recorded highest individual cane
weight (1.61 KG). Balanced nutrition along
with Bio fertilizers had helped in improving
 Suitable Fertilizer Schedule to Coastal Belt to Stabilize Sugar Cane Productivity and Sugar Recovery
G. Venkateshwara Rao M. and Rama Mohan Rao

Table - 2 Soil analysis data

SOIL PROPERTY AVAILABILITY MEDIUM RATING
ORGANIC CARBON % 0.91% 0.50 – 0.75%
E.C (MM / CM AT 25 C) 0.676 < 0.80 NORMAL
PH 7.72 7.00 TO 7.50 NORMAL
NITROGEN (KG/ACRE) 140 113 – 227 MEDIUM
PHOSPHOROUS (KG/ACRE) 74.50 9.3 TO 23.0 MEDIUM
POTASH (KG/ACRE) 280 53-136 MEDIUM
ZINC (MG/KG) 0.87 0.60 MEDIUM
IRON (MG/KG) 20.40 4.50 MEDIUM
COPPER (MG/KG) 8.30 0.20 MEDIUM
MANGANESE 18.90 2.0 MEDIUM

Table 3 - Fertilizer consumption in LMT

FERTILIZER 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
UREA 294.77 301.61 304.54
DAP 111.96 92.30 69.03
MOP 29.92 21.34 21.92
NPK 113.98 77.33 75.16

Table 4 - Effect of different fertilizer schedules on cane yield and quality

TILLER SHOOT SPAD CANE CANE

NMC AT
TREATMENT COUNT AT POPULATION METER WEIGHT YIELD CCS%
HARVEST
120 DAYS AT 180 DAYS READING (KG) (M.T.)

T1 44966.00 35725.00 32450.00 42.77 1.43 47.05 11.60

T2 41189.00 31300.00 29600.00 38.70 1.26 37.30 11.85

T3 41492.67 31400.00 30600.00 37.49 1.36 41.62 11.90

T4 45506.67 35490.00 33500.00 42.37 1.55 51.93 12.98

T5 44800.00 34500.00 32900.00 41.88 1.58 51.98 12.65

T6 45100.00 34750.00 33100.00 41.98 1.60 52.96 12.50

T7 46500.00 35805.00 33250.00 42.30 1.61 53.53 12.48

SEm 1448.94 601.52 486.54 5.70 0.047 1.96 0.22

SEd 2048.81 850.55 687.97 2.21 0.066 2.77 0.31

CD NS 1853.34 1499.10 NS 0.144 6.05 0.68

CV (%) 5.70 3.10 2.60 6.60 5.50 7.10 3.10

46
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
the cane weight but on par with T4 (1.55), T5
(1.58) and T6 (1.60). Significant weight
difference is recorded in T1 (1.43), T2 (1.26)
and T3 (1.36). Imbalanced fertilizer
application in these three treatments had not
helped in maintaining the individual cane
weight which is directly proportional to cane
yield. (Table 4)
T7 recorded highest cane yield per acre
(53.53 M.T.) but on par with T4 (51.93 M.T.),
t5 (51.98 M.T.), T6 (52.96 M.T.). Significant
cane yield reduction was observed in T1
(47.05 M.T.), T2 (37.30 M.T.), T3 (41.62 M.T.).
Balanced and timely fertilizer application had
helped in achieving highest cane yield in T7.
(Table 4)
T4 has recorded highest CCS% of
12.98%, but is on par with T5 (12.65%), T6
(2.50%), and T7 (12.48%). Significant
difference is recorded T1 (11.60%), T2
(11.85%), T3 (11.90%). Timely application of
chemical fertilizers has helped in achieving
the highest CCS% in 150% RDF applied plot.
Additional application of Bio fertilizers might
have delayed the maturity of crop due to
continuous feeding of nutrients to plant. Vigor
of crop is observed throughout life cycle.
(Table 4)
47
Conclusion
It is concluded that highest CCS% is
recorded in T4 where 150% RDF is applied in
time and through correct application method
of plough sole and pocket method, followed by
100% RDF  Bio fertilizers and micro nutrient
application. Our soils are rich in micro
nutrients; hence its application may not have
much impact on juice quality. But Bio
fertilizer application with higher dose of
chemical fertilizer application might have
delayed the maturity of crop as per T6 and
T7 CCS% observations.
It is also concluded that cane yield cane
yield is highest in T7 where 150% RDF  Bio
Fertilizers and micro nutrient mixture were
applied but the B:C ratio is not superior than
T4 or T5. Hence it is concluded that T4 where
150% RDF or T5 where 100% RDF  Bio
fertilizers and micro nutrient mixture,
whichever is available is economical than any
other treatment.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the
management of M/s K.C.P Sugar and
Industries Corporation Limited, Smt. Irmgard
Velagapudi, Managing Director, Sri Vinod R
Sethi, Executive Chairman, Smt. Kiran Rao
Velagapudi, Executive Director for extending
their valuable support to carry out the study.
ENHANCING THE NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY THROUGH
DRIP FERTIGATION IN SUGARCANE
M. Bharthalakshmi1, T. Chitkala Devi2 and N.V. Naidu3
1&2
Principal Scientist (Agronomy), RARS, Anakapalle 3Director of Research, ANGRAU, Guntur
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle
3
Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur
Corresponding author Email: bharathalakshmim@gmail.com

Abstract
Sugarcane being a long duration crop requires
high amount of water (1800-2000mm) and
judicious use of this scarce input through
micro irrigation enhances water and land
productivity in sugarcane cultivation. With
this background, a field experiment was
carried out during 2007-08 at Regional
Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle on
a sandy loam soil to recommend optimum
nitrogen dose and fertigation interval for
sugarcane under drip fertigation. The
experimental results indicated that nitrogen
application at 100% recommended dose
increased the no. of millable canes
(1,05,306/ha in plant, 91,994/ha in ratoon),
cane (111.1 t/ha in plant, 95.4 t/ha in ratoon)
and sugar yields (15.55 t/ha in plant, 13.26
t/ha in ratoon) significantly over 50% and
75% recommended dose in plant and ratoon
crops. Irrespective of nitrogen dose, supply of
nitrogen at weekly interval commencing from
30 DAP to 120 DAP in plant crop and from
ratoon initiation to 90 days after ratooning in
ratoon crop favored good crop growth and
resulted in significantly higher cane yield
(115.7 and 101.5 t/ha in plant and ratoon
crops respectively) than fertigation at
fortnightly interval (101.9 and 92 tons/ha in
plant and ratoon crops respectively). Yield
attributes and cane yield decreased with
increase in fertigation interval but proved
superior over soil application (96.3 and 78.6
tons/ha in plant and ratoon crops
respectively). Quality parameters viz., sucrose%
and commercial cane sugar percent were not
influenced either by nitrogen level or
fertigation interval significantly.
Introduction
Sugarcane is an important commercial crop
grown in Andhra Pradesh. It is cultivated in an
area of 1.40 lakh ha with an annual production
of 118 lakh tons. Sugarcane being a long
duration crop requires high amount of water
(1800-2000mm) and judicious use of this scare
input through micro irrigation enhances water
and land productivity in sugarcane cultivation.
Adoption of surface/sub surface drip irrigation
saves irrigation water by 50% and enhance
nutrient efficiency by 40% (Soloman 2012).
Material and Methods
A field experiment was carried out at
Regional Agricultural Research Station,
Anakapalle during 2007-08 on a sandy loam
soil. The experimental site was neutral in
reaction (PH: 7.29), normal in E.C. (0.08
dS/m), low in available nitrogen (220 kg/ha)
and medium in available phosphorus (30.21
kg/ha) and potassium (247 kg/ha). The
treatments consisting of 3 nitrogen levels
(50%, 75% and 100% recommended nitrogen)
and 3 fertigation intervals (Weekly,
fortnightly and monthly interval) along with
soil application were laid out in a strip plot
design and replicated thrice. An early
maturing variety Sarada (93A145) was
planted in January 2007 adopting paired row
spacing of 60/120 cm. Phosphorus @ 100 kg
P205 and potassium @ 120 kgK2O/ha were
applied in planting furrows at the time of
planting. Nitrogen in the form of urea was
applied through inline drip as per treatments
commencing from 30 days after planting to
120 days after planting. A good crop of
sugarcane was raised by following all other

48
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
management practices recommended for north
coastal zone. The data on no. of millable canes,
length of millable cane, juice sucrose and cane
yield were recorded at harvest and analyzed
statistically to draw valid conclusions. The
CCS% was calculated based on Brix and
sucrose% and sugar yield was computed.
In ratoon crop P & K fertilizers @ 100 and
120 kg/ha were applied to soil by pocketing
method. Nitrogen @ 224 kg/ha was applied
through drip as per treatments over a period of
90 days commencing from 15 days after
ratooning to 105 days after ratooning. In the
treatment with soil application, urea was applied
by pocketing in two splits at ratooning and at
45 days after ratooning. All other cultural
practices were adopted as per recommendation
and good ratoon crop was grown.
Results and discussion
Number of millable canes at harvest
The no. of millable canes at harvest
differed significantly with nitrogen dose and
fertigation interval. Application of nitrogen at
100% recommended dose recorded
significantly higher no. of millable canes
(1,05,306/ha) over 50% (94161/ha) and 75%
(100445/ha) recommended nitrogen in plant
crop. In the ratoon crop application of 100%
recommended nitrogen through fertigation
registered significantly higher no. of millable
canes (91,944/ha) over 50% recommended N
(84,660/ha) but was found on par with 75%
recommended nitrogen (88,055/ha). Supply of
nitrogen through drip fertigation at weekly
interval (1,09,124/ha and 92,190/ha) produced
significantly higher no. of millable canes over
fortnightly interval (99,577/ha and 88,512/ha)
in plant and ratoon crop respectively.
Length of millable cane
Length of millable cane increased
significantly with increase in nitrogen dose
from 50% (272.5cm) to 100% (289.7cm)
recommended dose in plant crop. Fertigation
interval had significant influence on millable
49
cane length in plant crop and the cane length
increased significantly with decrease in
fertigation interval from monthly (277.6 cm) to
weekly (290.7 cm) interval. Millable cane length
of ratoon crop did not vary significantly either
with nitrogen level or fertigation interval.
Quality parameters
Juice sucrose%
Juice sucrose recorded at harvest was
not influenced by nitrogen dose and
fertigation interval significantly both in plant
and ratoon crops. It ranged from 19.2 to
19.37% in plant crop and 18.93 to 19.11% in
ratoon crop under different treatments.
Rajanna and Patil (2003) reported that juice
quality parameters viz. brix, sucrose% and
CCS% were not influenced by fertigation
while Shinde et al (2005A) and Mahendran
and Dhana lakshmi (2003) reported improved
juice quality with fertigation over
conventional practice of soil application.
Commercial cane sugar%
Commercial cane sugar % was also not
influenced by nitrogen levels and fertigation
interval. CCS% in different treatments ranged
from 13.54 to 14.20 in plant crop and 13.61
to 13.96 in ratoon crop.
Cane Yield
Nitrogen dose and fertigation interval
exerted significant influence on cane yield in
both plant and ratoon crops. Application of
nitrogen through drip at 100% recommended
dose registered significantly higher cane yield
(111.1 t/ha and 95.4 t/ha in plant and ratoon
crop respectively) over 75% (105.2 and 91.0
t/ha in plant and ratoon respectively) or 50%
recommended nitrogen (93.2 and 80.9 t/ha in
plant and ratoon crops respectively). Increase
in cane yield with increase in fertilizer dose
under drip fertigation was reported by
Rajanna and Patil (2003). Irrespective of
nitrogen dose fertigation at weekly interval
recorded significantly higher cane yield in
 Enhancing the Nitrogen Use Efficiency Through Drip Fertigation in Sugarcane
M. Bharthalakshmi, T. Chitkala Devi and N.V. Naidu

Yield attributes, yield and quality of sugarcane (Plant crop) as influenced by

nitrogen levels and fertigation interval under drip fertigation.

LMC Juice Cane Sugar Nitrogen use

NMC/ha
Treatment at Sucrose CCS% yield yield efficiency
at harvest
harvest (%) (t/ha) (t/ha) (Kg/Kg N)
Fertilizer level (F)
50% recommended N 94161 272.5 19.20 13.69 93.2 12.76 1665
75% recommended N 100445 284.2 19.28 13.98 105.2 14.71 1170
100% recommended N 105306 289.7 19.38 13.95 111.1 15.55 993
SEm 2077 2.0 0.19 0.22 1.1 – –
CD (0.05) 6503 5.9 NS NS 2.9 – –
Fertigation Interval (I)
Weekly interval 109124 290.7 19.30 13.72 115.7 15.87 1432
Fortnightly interval 99577 281.7 19.31 13.54 101.9 13.80 1266
Monthly interval 96800 277.6 19.17 14.03 98.9 13.88 1220
Soil application 94367 278.6 19.37 14.20 96.3 13.67 1185
SEm 2169 2.6 0.19 0.21 2.1 – –
CD (0.05) 7190 9.0 NS NS 7.2 – –
Interaction (F x I) NS NS NS NS NS NS –

Yield attributes, yield and quality of sugarcane (Ratoon crop) as influenced by

nitrogen levels and fertigation interval under drip fertigation.

NMC/ Juice Cane Sugar Nitrogen use

LMC at
Treatment ha at Sucrose CCS% yield yield efficiency
harvest
harvest (%) (t/ha) (t/ha) (Kg/Kg N)
Fertilizer level (F)
50% recommended N 84660 267.4 18.93 13.75 80.90 11.12 1392
75% recommended N 88055 278.0 18.99 13.78 91.00 12.53 1013
100% recommended N 91944 283.1 18.98 13.90 95.40 13.26 857
SEm 1360 4.2v 0.10 0.28 0.70 – –
CD (0.05) 4074 NS NS NS 2.20 – –
Fertigation Interval (I)
Weekly interval 92190 285.6 18.69 13.61 101.50 13.81 1268
Fortnightly interval 88512 275.8 19.02 13.86 92.00 12.75 1164
Monthly interval 87003 272.3 19.11 13.96 84.40 11.78 1059
Soil application 85185 267.6 19.05 13.81 78.60 10.85 859
SEm 1396 8.4 0.18 0.30 1.20 – –
CD (0.05) 4086 NS NS NS 4.00 – –
Interaction (F x I) NS NS NS NS NS NS –

50
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
plant (115.7 t/ha) and ratoon (101.5t/ha) crops
than at fortnightly interval (101.9 and 92.0 t/ha
in plant and ratoon crops respectively). Soil
application of nitrogen registered lowest yield of
96.3 and 78.6 t/ha in plant and ratoon crops
respectively. Supply of nitrogen through drip at
weekly interval increased the cane yield by 20.1%
and 29.1% in plant and ratoon crops respectively
over soil application. Chandrashekara et al
(2013) reported significantly higher cane yields
with fertigation at weekly interval in 30 splits
from 30 DAP to 240 DAP.
Sugar yield
Sugar yield followed similar trend as
that of cane yield. Application of 100%
recommended nitrogen recorded highest sugar
yield (15.55t/ha and 13.26 t/ha in plant and
ratoon crop) than its application at 75%
(14.71t/ha and 12.53 t/ha in plant and ratoon
crop) or 50% (12.76t/ha and 11.12 t/ha in pant
and ratoon crop) recommended dose. Sugar
yield declined with increase in fertigation
interval from weekly interval (15.87 and 13.81
t/ha in plant & ratoon) to monthly interval
(13.67 and 11.78 t/ha in plant and ratoon)
while lowest sugar yield was obtained with
soil application (13.67 and 10.85 t/ha in plant
and ratoon crops respectively).
Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (Kg cane /
Kg N)
Nitrogen use efficiency in plant and
ratoon crops under drip fertigation varied
with nitrogen dose and fertigation interval.
Higher Nitrogen use efficiency was recorded
at 50% recommended dose (1665 kg and 1392
Kg / Kg N in plant and ratoon crops) over
100% recommended N (993 and 857 Kg / Kg
N in plant and ratoon). Similarly, supply of
nitrogen through irrigation water at weakly
interval recorded higher nitrogen use
efficiency (1432 and 1268 Kg/Kg N in plant
and ratoon respectively) over soil application
(1185 and 859 Kg/Kg N in plant and ratoon
crops respectively)
51
Conclusion
The study indicated that application of
nitrogen at 100% recommended dose favoured
the crop growth and resulted in significantly
higher no. of millable canes, cane and sugar
yields over lower levels of application.
However, higher nutrient efficiency was
observed at lower levels of nitrogen
application. Supply of nitrogen through urea
under drip fertigation at weekly interval
commencing from 30 DAP to 120 DAP in
plant crop and 15 days after ratooning to 105
days after ratooning in ratoon crop registered
significantly higher cane yields and increased
the nitrogen use efficiency over fertigation at
monthly interval or soil application. Nitrogen
dose and fertigation interval had no
significant influence on quality parameters.
References
1. Rajanna M P and Patil V C (2003) Effect of
fertigation on yield and quality of sugarcane.
Indian Sugar. 52(12)1007-1011
2. Solomon S (2012). Cost effective and input
efficient technologies for productivity
enhancement in sugarcane. In: 25th meeting of
sugarcane research and development workers
of A.P. held at Visakhapatnam on 20-21st July,
2012 P:1-10.
3. Chandrashekara C.P., B.M. Chittapur, D.P.
Biradar, Hiremath, S.M. and Patil, V.C. 2013
Water and nutrient resource management in
sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) through
drip irrigation, fertigation and planting
pattern. SISSTA and HSSKN joint seminar
held at Sankeshwar, 16.03.2013 Pp: 173-182.
4. Mahendran S and Dhanalakhmi M (2003),
Effect of crop geometry and drip fertigation on
growth and yield of sugarcane crop. Sourvenir
65th Annual convention of the Sugar
Technologists Association of India, 22-24th
August, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa, Pub. Sugar
Technologists Association of India; New Delhi,
India pp 80-87.
5. Shinde SH, Deshpande AB, Atre AA (2005a)
Fertigation in sugarcane. Proc. Nation, Sem.
Relevance of Micro – irrigation in sugarcane,
February, 2015, VSI Pune, Maharashtra India
pp 140-153.
 INFLUENCE OF MYCORRHIZAE AND LEVELS OF
PHOSPHORUS ON PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS OF SANDY
LOAM SOILS IN SUGARCANE
T. Usha Rani1, D. Balaguravaiah2, M. Bharatalaxmi3
Regional Agricultural Research station, Anakapalle.
Author for correspondence: usharani.angrau@gmail.com
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at RARS,
Anakapalle on the effect of different levels of
phosphorus on sugarcane (two plant crops and
one ratoon crop) in presence and absence of
cane trash and mycorrhizae during 2010-2013.
The experiment was laid out in split plot
design with four main levels and four sub
levels. The main levels consists of control
M1, mycorrhizae alone M2, cane trash and
mycorrhizae M3 and cane trash alone M4.
The four sub levels consist of 0, 50, 100 and
150 kg P2O5 ha 1. The fertilizers for the plant
were 112 kg N, 75 kg P2O5 and 100 kg
K2O ha 1 and 225 kg N, 75 kg P2O5 and 100
kg K2O ha 1 for ratoon crop. Among the
various inorganic P fractions estimated, Ca-P
constituted a major fraction of total P
accounting for 8-10 percent depending on crop
growth stage followed by Al-P and Fe-P
accounting for 5.3 and 4.2 percent after plant
crop. The three fractions of P viz., Al-P, Fe-P
and Ca-P increased from formative stage to
harvest indicating gradual conversion of
available pool into the insoluble or slowly
available pool.
Keywords: Mycorrhizae, phosphorus
fractions, levels of phosphorus.
Introduction
Sugarcane is one of the important cash
crops in India and plays pivotal role in both
agricultural and industrial economy of the
country. India is the largest producer of sugar
cultivating sugarcane in an area of 5.04
million hectares with a production of 338.168
52
million tonnes and productivity of 70 tonnes
per hectare (2010-2011). Sugarcane is an
exhaustive crop and depletes soil nutrients
heavily. Phosphorous is one of the essential
elements required in optimum amounts for
the growth and development of the plants.
About 98% soils have inadequate supply of
available phosphorous and likely to induce
deficiency of this nutrient. Application of 100
kg P2O5 ha-1 through SSP or DAP along with
112 kg nitrogen ha-1 was found optimum for
sugarcane in sandy loam soils (Devi et al.,
2005).The plants which are deficient in P,
show retarded growth and cause dark green
colouration due to enhancement of
anthocyanin formation (Khan et al., 2009).
Phosphorous is the important nutrient for
plant growth and root development in crops.
Application of phosphorus increases the dry
matter yield, internodal length and quality
parameters in sugarcane (El Tilibet al., 2004).
Earlier, sugarcane crop was not responding to
P application in A.P. With the advent of
physiologically active improved sugarcane
variety, P nutrition to sugarcane crop played
a vital role in yield and quality improvement.
Application of phosphate fertilizer increased
the average shoot dry weight. However
response of sugarcane to P application is
varying, probably due to variation in the
fraction of P contributing towards P uptake.It
has been observed that the colonization of
plant roots with VAM improves the activity
of enzyme phosphatase (Dodd, 1987). Since
the world resources of P are limited and they
can be depleted in a few decades, the
contribution of VAM to P fertilizer
management is of increasing interest.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) fungi
commonly infect plant roots, including those
of sugarcane, forming beneficial symbiotic
relationships (Kelly et al., 1997). The primary
benefit to the plant of this symbiosis is
enhanced acquisition of water, phosphorous
and other minerals. VAM fungal hyphae
provide a greater effective absorbtive root
surface which is able to explore larger
volumes of soil, thus overcoming nutrient and
water depletion zones (Clark and Zeto, 1996;
Hetricket al., 1988).
In low input agricultural systems,
cultural practices such as organic
amendments are known to enhance
Arbuscular mycorrhizae formulation and
fungal propagules (Darzi et al., 2007). These
changes in crop growth and yield produced by
various organic amendments are ascribed to
changes in the physical, chemical and
biological properties of the soils. The response
of crop growth and yield to different organic
amendments may be related to changes in
population of VAM fungi, as in conventional
high input farming systems.
It is well established that (i)
improvements in plant growth are attributed
to an enhanced access of mycorrhizal root to
soil P located beyond the rhizosphere (Sanders
and Tinker, 1973) and (ii) infection by
mycorrhizal fungi is significantly reduced at
high soil phosphorus levels (Amijee et al.,
1989; Koide and Li, 1990). Although
information on the acquisition of minerals by
plants is available, information on the P is
limited. Phosphorus is generally available in
small quantities in soil solution because most
of inorganic phosphate ions are bound to soil
colloids or fixed as iron aluminium PO4
(Larsen etal.,2007). Moreover, less than 15-25
percent of P from PO4 fertilizer applied to soil
is normally available to plants and a large
quantity of P remains unavailable due to its
fixation (Singh and Singh, 2007). Under such
53
circumstances VAM fungi can be effectively
utilized to enhance the P mobilization.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was laid out in split plot
design with four main treatments and four
sub levels with a early maturing variety 93
A 145. The setts were selected from the short
crop. The seed rate per hectare was 16,000
ha-1.. The main treatments consist of control
(M1), mycorrhizae alone (M2), cane trash and
mycorrhizae (M3) and cane trash alone (M4).
The sub levels consist of 4 levels of
phosphorus i.e., 0,50,100 and 150 kg P2O5
ha-1. The fertilizers for the plant crop are 112
kg N, 75 kg P2O5 and 100 kg K2O ha-1 and
224 kg N, 75 kg P2O5 and 100 kg K2O ha-1
for ratoon crop. The phosphorus in the form
of single super phosphate and potassium
fertlisers in the form of muriate of potash
were applied as per the treatments. The
nitrogen was applied at 45 and 90 days after
planting for plant crop and at stubble shaving
and 45 days after planting for ratoon crop.
The cane trash (pre decomposed) was applied
@ 3t ha-1 three days after planting. The
mycorrhizae was applied @12.5 kg ha-1 24
hours after application of chemical fertilizers.
The EM1 culture was applied on the trash @
1kg ton -1 after application of chemical
fertilizers. Weeding and irrigation was done
as and when required. Harvesting was done
when the cane attains maturity. The C/N
ratio was estimated at 15 days interval by
comparing the conventional method and
decomposition by EM1 culture.
Results and Discussions
Al-P
Application of inorganic P across the
combination of cane trash and mycorrhizae
increased the mean Al-P from 13.8 to 15.4 to
25.3 ppm respectively at formative (Table 1)
and harvest stages (Table 2) from control
receiving no inorganic P to the treatment
receiving inorganic P at 150 kg P2O5 ha-1.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
Similarly, in ratoon crop, the mean Al-P
increased to 25.7 and 19.0 ppm with
application of inorganic P at 150 kg P2O5
ha-1. (Table 3&4) Among the combinations of
the cane trash and mycorrhizae, the mean
Al-P was significantly lower in the treatment
with mycorrhizae (15.5 and 16.3 ppm in plant
crop 12.7 and 14 ppm in ratoon crop at
formative stage and maturity stage
respectively.
Fe-P
Mean Fe-P also increased sinificantly
with increase in inorganic P level from control
to 150 kg P increasing from 11.9 to 20.5 ppm
at formative stage 13.3 to 22.7 ppm at
maturity stage in plant crop.(Table 1&2)
However, the effect of inorganic P in ratoon
crop was not significant. Among the
treatments with presence or absence of cane
trash and mycorrhizae across the inorganic P,
the significantly lower mean Fe-P was
observed in plot which received the combined
application of cane trash and mycorrhizae
(12.1 and 18.8 ppm respectively at formative
and maturity stages of plant crop). In ratoon
crop, the presence or absence of cane trash
and mycorrhizae did not show any significant
influence on Fe-P content. (Table 3&4)
Ca-P
Ca-P of the soil at both the stages under
study in both crops was significantly
influenced by both inorganic P and
combinations of cane trash and mycorrhizae.
Mean Ca-P at both the stages was more in
plant crop (Table 1&2) than in ratoon crop.
Similar to other fractions of inorganic P, Ca-P
also increased significantly and reached a
peak at 150 kg P2O5 ha-1 at both the stages.
The corresponding values being 36.6 and 38.8
ppm in plant crop, 34.5 to 36.6 ppm after
ratoon crop. The per cent increase in Ca-P
pool with the application of 150 kg P2O5 ha-1
as against control not receiving inorganic P
was 35 and 39 after 1st plant crop, 36 and 41
55
after ratoon crop at formative stage and
harvest respectively.
Presence or absence of cane trash and
mycorrhizae with inorganic P also was found
to influence the size of the Ca-P pool, the
lowest value was shown in their absence, the
significantly higher values in presence or both
cane trash and mycorrhizae, the values being
37.3 and 39.1 ppm in plant crop, 35.7 and
36.5 ppm in ratoon crop. (Table 3&4) With
increase in inorganic P application, all the
three fractions increased. This could be due
to the reason that the inorganic P due to
dissolution first enters into the available pool
then it will be converted slowly into insoluble
Fe, Al and Ca phosphates thus increasing the
size of the pool. When compared to the Ca-P
the Fe-P and Al-P were smaller in size. This
is because of the neutral to slightly alkaline
soil reaction with Ca as the predominant
cation.
The cane trash and mycorrhizae
combination decreased the Fe-P and Al-P.
This could be due to to the dissolution of the
insoluble phosphates by the secretions,
decomposition products and their release into
soil solution. However, Ca-P was significantly
higher. This might be due to the
reprecipitation of Ca-phosphates removing
phosphates from the solution.
These results are in confirmity with the
findings of Liu JianLing et al.,(2001) who
stated that the contents of Olsen-P, Ca2-P,
and Al-P were lower in the 0-2 mm and 2-4
mm rhizosphere soil than in the bulk soil.
VAM inoculation significantly increased the
uptake of the fractions Olsen-P, Ca2-P, Ca-P,
Al-P and Fe-P by the plants and improved
their growth, especially in the low-P soil (Liu
Jian Ling, Zhang FuSuo, Liao WenHua.,
2001).
Total P
The total P content of the soil was
influenced by inorganic P application. The
 Influence of Mycorrhizae and Levels Of Phosphorus on Phosphorus Fractions of Sandy Loam Soils in Sugarcane
mean total P increased significantly to 440.8
and 353.2 ppm in plant and ratoon crops due
to the application of 150 kg P2O5 ha-1 as
against 350.3 and 256.2 ppm in the treatment
not receiving any inorganic P (Table 5).
This could be due to the reason that the
added P after dissolution will enter the total
P pool of the soil. The higher mean total P
in plant crop i.e., 394.9 ppm when compared
to 307.4 ppm in ratoon crop might be due to
the fact that more root colonization by
mycorrhizae in plant crop than ratoon crop
which might have resulted in the acquisition
of P from very deeper layers and pumping
into the roots. The same could have been
added to the total P through exudates, or
through lysed root cells/hairs. Among the
combinations of cane trash and mycorrhizae,
the total P was more when cane trash and
mycorrhizae were applied together across
inorganic P levels. This could be due to the
addition of P through decomposing cane trash
and also mycorrhizal activity.
REFERENCES
1. Devi, T.C., Rao K.L., Swamy, K.R.L and Raju
D.V.N. 2005.Effect of sources and levels of
phosphorus with zinc on yield and quality of
sugarcane. Thesis submitted to ANGRAU.
2. Khan, A.G. 2009. The occurance of mycorrhiza
in halophytes, hydrophytes andxerophytes and
endogone spores in soils. J.Gen.microbial.
81:7-14.
3. El-Tilib, M. A., Elnasikh, M. H., Elamin,
E.A.2004. Phosphorus and potassium
fertilization effects on growth attributes and
yield of two sugarcane varieties grown on
three soil series.Journal of Plant Nutrition,
27(4) : 663-699.
4. Dodd, H.H., 1987. Maintenance of soil fertility
in the sugarcane plantation.Proc. of S.A Sugar
technologists Association 17 : 23-25.
58
T. Usha Rani, D. Balaguravaiah, M. Bharatalaxmi
5. Clark, R.B. and Zeto, S.K.1996. Mineral
acquisition by mycorrhizal maize grown on
acid and alkaline soil.Soil BiolBiochem.28:
1495-1530.
6. Kelly, R.M., Edwards, D.G., Magarey, R.C and
Thompson, J.P. 1997. The effects of VAM on
the growth and nutrition of sugarcane.Proc
Aust. Soc. Sugarcane Technol.19: 73-79.
7. Hetrick, B.A.D., Laslie, J.F., Wilson, G.Tand
Kitt, D.G 1988. Physical and topological
assessment of effects of
vasicular-arbuscularmycorrhizal fungus on root
architecture of big bluestem.New Phytol110:
85-96.
8. Darzi, M.T. Gupta, M.T, Prasad, M. Ram, S
and Kumar, V. 2007. Study on effect of
biofertilizer application on Quantification and
Quantification Yield of Fennel in Order to
reach to a Sustainable Agroecosystem, Ph.D.
thesis, TarbiyatModarres and Nutrient
Acquisition University, Iran, (In Farsi).
9. Amijee, F., Tinker, P.B and Stribley, D.P
1989.The development of endomycorrhizal
rootsystems. VII: A detailed study of effects of
soil phosphorus on colonization. New
Phytol.111: 435-446.
10. Sanders, F.E. and Tinker, P.B. 1973.Phosphate
flow into mycorrhizal roots.Pesticide Science.4:
385-395.
11. Koide, R.T and Li, M. 1990. On host regulation
of the vesicular-arbuscular
mycorrhizalsymbiosis. New Phytol.114: 59-65.
12. LarsenJ ., Ravnskov, S. and Sorensen, J. N.
2007.Capturing the benefits of
ArbuscularMycorrhizal in Horticultural. In:
Mycorrhizal in Crop Production, Hamel, C.
Plenchette, (eds.), pp: 123 -149.
13. Singh, S.R., Singh, H.P.2007. Occurrence of
VAM in Uttaranchal and their effectiveness on
colonization growth and NPK uptake on wheat.
Environment and Ecology,.25(3): 526-530.
14. Lin Xiangui and HaoWenying.2008. Effect of
phosphorus fertilisation on VA mycorrhizal
response under unsterilised soil conditions.
Actapedologicalsinica. 02-10.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
IDENTIFICATION OF SUGARCANE CLONES SUITABLE
FOR RAINFED CANE CULTIVATION
Ch.Mukunda Rao*, A.Appala Swamy, K.Veerabhadra Rao, N.Venugopala Rao
Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University, RARS, Anakapalle – 531 001
Principal Scientist (Crop Physiology), RARS, Anakapalle – 531001, A.P.
Abstract
Twelve pre release sugarcane clones were
tested against clone Co 6907 for their
suitability to late planted conditions (June
planting) at Regional Agricultural Research
Station, Anakapalle during 2014-15 &
2015-16. Among the pre release clones tested
sugarcane clones 2006A 223 (71.2t/ha) and
2009A 107 (71 t/ha) recorded higher cane
yield over standard Co 6907 (59.4t/ha)
followed by 2000A 213 (64.7t/ha), 2000A 241
(64.9t/ha) , 2005A 128 (63.9 t/ha) 2000A 56
(62.9 t/ha) and 2001A 70 (63.4 t/ha). All
these clones are significantly on par with
standard Co 6907 with tolerance to red rot
and smut diseases, whereas Co 6907 is
susceptible to smut disease. These clones also
recorded significantly low SLA over standard
Co 6907 which indicates more photosynthetic
assimilates per unit area. SPAD / SCMR
values at 120 under stress conditions
sugarcane clones 2000A 56, 2000A 241, 2000A
213 and 2001A 70 are significantly on par
with standard Co 6907.The ancillary data
denoting stress tolerance like sheath moisture
per cent, root spread area, total bio mass
production per stool under stress and
physiological parameters like leaf proline
content & SOD activity under stress conditions
is also high in sugarcane clones 2000A 56,
2000A 241, 2009A 107 and 2001A 70 over
standard Co 6907. Based on two years of
finding sugarcane clones 2000A 56, 2000A
241, 2009A 107, 2006A 223, 2005A 128 and
2001A 70 were found to suitable for rainfed
cane cultivation based on cane yield, ancillary
data and physiological triats in relation to
moisture stress tolerance.
59
Keywords: Rainfed sugarcane, SPAD /
SCMR, leaf proline, SOD (super oxide
dismutase) activity, cane yield, per cent juice
sucrose, root spread area and Number of
millable canes.
Introduction
Sugarcane is grown under completely
rainfed condition in sizeable area during May
- June in North Coastal districts. Nearly
40-50% of cane cultivation of North Coastal
zone is under rainfed cane cultivation. The
crop experiences moisture stress at all crop
growth stages. Moisture stress affects
germination, cane length, cane diameter,
single cane weight, cane elongation, biomass
production, NMC, cane yields under late
planted and rainfed conditions. (Raja
Rajeswari et.al., 2003 & 2009) The cane yields
obtained are ranged from 30 - 35 t/ha under
rainfed conditions. SPAD/SCMR values, SOD
values and carbon isotope distrimination
values indices of moisture stress tolerance in
field conditions. High values of SPAD and
other ancillary parameters with cane yield of
sugarcane was recorded high under moisture
stress conditions (Sujatha and Jhansi, 2016).
Present study was conducted involving 12 pre
release clones including the standard Co 6907
to identify a high yielding clone coupled with
tolerance to suitable for late planted rainfed
conditions (June planting).
Materials and Methods
Twelve promising pre release clones were
studied with Co 6907 under late planted
rainfed conditions at Regional Agricultural
Research Station, Anakapalle during 2014-15
& 2015-16. The design adopted was RBD with
3 replications. Each clone was planted in six
 Identification of Sugarcane Clones Suitable for Rainfed Cane Cultivation
Ch.Mukunda Rao, A.Appala Swamy, K.Veerabhadra Rao and N.Venugopala Rao
rows of eight meters length with spacing of
60 cms between rows. Trash mulching @ 3t/ha
was done at 3rd day after planting.
Management of early shoot borer and white
fly was carried out by spraying
Monochrotophos @ 1.6ml/lt and biologically
controlled with using Trichocards. A
fertilizer dose of 75 kg N  50 kg P2O5  50
Kg K2O / ha was adopted. Nitrogen was
applied into two equal splits at 30 and 60
DAP. Detrashing and spreading on dried
leaves was carried out in between two rows
to conserve soil moisture after cessation of
rains. Data was recorded on cane yield, per
cent juice sucrose, ancillary data (Meade and
Chen, 1971) and NMC at harvest, SCMR
values at 120 DAP leaf proline at 120 DAP
and SOD were recorded adopting standard
procedures (Dhopte and Manuel Livera, 1989)
Results and Discussion
The data on cane yield, yield components
and other quality parameters with ancillary
data are given in Table 1. The results
obtained are presented on character wise.
Tiller production: The data on tiller
production at formative under stress varied
from 98.85 000/ha (2004A 55) to 131.5 000/ha
(2007A 81). Among 12 sugarcane clones tested
2007A 81 recorded significantly higher tiller
production over standard Co 6907 (110.8)
Number of Millable canes: Number of
millable canes were high in sugarcane clone
2007A 81 (95.9 000/ha) followed by 2005A 128
(93.03 000/ha) which are on par with standard
Co 6907 (82.86 000/ha).
Per cent juice sucrose: The cane quality in
terms of per cent juice sucrose was ranged
from 17.95 (2001A 70) to 19.6 (2000A 56).
Sugarcane clone 2000A 56 (19.6) recorded per
cent juice sucrose over other clones tested and
on par with the check Co 6907 (19.2%).
Specific leaf area (Cm2 /g): The parameter
indicating assimilation of photosynthates in
60
leaf is SLA (cm2/g). It is ranged from 110.76
cm2/g (2000A 213) to 162.28 cm2g (2000A 56).
The SLA of sugarcane clones 2000A 213
(110.76 cm2/g), 2000A 241 (109.6 cm2/g),
2007A 81 (123.4 cm2/g) recorded low SLA over
other clones tested and standard Co 6907
(148.49 cm2/g) which indicated more
photosynthetic assimilates per unit area
under stress conditions.
Root spread area: Among 12 sugarcane
clones tested the root spread area at 120 DAP
(stress conditions) ranged from 886 cm2
(2007A 126) to 1707 cm2 (2000A 56).
Sugarcane clones 2000A 56 (1707 cm2), 2009A
107 (1659 cm2), 2001A 70 (1356 cm2) and
2000A 241 (1351 cm2) recorded higher root
spread area over other clones tested. The
standard Co 6907 recorded a root spread area
of 1110 cm2.
Total bio mass production per stool
(g/stool): The dry meter production at 120
DAP (under stress) in sugarcane clones tested
is ranged from 732 g/stool (2005A 128) to
1535 g/stool (2000A 56). The dry meter
production at 120 DAP at formative stage
(under stress) was high in 2000A 56 (1535
g/stool) followed by 2001A 70 (1518 g/stool),
2000A 241 (1407 g/stool), 2007A 81 (1332
g/stool) and 2006A 223 (1231 g/stool) which
are significantly superior over standard Co
6907 (888 g/stool).
Sheath moisture per cent: Per cent
moisture in sheath which is an important
trait for moisture stress studies was ranged
from 69 per cent (2006A 223) to 75.1 per cent
(2000A 56). Higher sheath moisture per cent
under stress was recorded in sugarcane clones
2000A 56 followed by 2005A 128 (73.2%)
which are on par with standard Co 6907
(73.7%).
Leaf proline ( moles /g fresh weight):
Leaf proline content which is an important
drought tolerance denoting trait ranged from
59% moles /g fresh weight (2007A 126) to
 Identification of Sugarcane Clones Suitable for Rainfed Cane Cultivation
Ch.Mukunda Rao, A.Appala Swamy, K.Veerabhadra Rao and N.Venugopala Rao
161% moles /g fresh weight (2001A 70). High
leaf proline content recorded in 2001A 70
followed by 2000 A241 (156% moles /g fresh
weight), 2009A 107 (153% moles /g fresh
weight) which area superior over standard Co
6907 (134.5 % moles /g fresh weight).
Super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity
(OD min/g): It is a prominent enzymatic
physiological in relation to moisture stress
tolerance. It is ranged from 0.159 OD min/g
(2007A 126) to 0.515 OD min/g (2000A 241).
SOD activity was high in 2000A 241 (0.515
OD min/g) and 2001A 70 (0.511 OD min/g)
followed by 2000A 56 (0.499 OD min/g) and
Co 6907 (0.462 OD min/g) which indicates
drought tolerance nature of sugarcane clones
under moisture stress conditions.
SPAD / SCMR values: The values of
SPAD / SCMR of sugarcane clones tested are
ranged from 32.8 (2003A 255) to 44.35 (2000A
241). The SPAD / SCMR values of sugarcane
clones 2000A 241 (44.35), 2007A 126 (44.65),
2001A 70 (42.65) and 2000A 56 (41.25) are on
par with the standard Co 6907 (46.3)
Cane yield: Among 12 sugarcane clones
tested cane yield was high in 2006A 223 (71.2
t/ha) and 2009A 107 (71.0t/ha) which are
significantly superior to check Co 6907 (59.43
t/ha). Sugarcane clones 2000A 241 (64.9 t/ha),
2000A 213 (64.7 t/ha), 2000A 56 (63.9 t/ha),
2005A 128 (63.9 t/ha) 2001A 70 (63.4 t/ha),
and 2003A 255 (63.1 t/ha) recorded higher
cane yield over other clones tested and on par
with the check Co 6907 (59.4 t/ha).
Similar type of findings on performance
of sugarcane clones under rainfed situation
and moisture stress conditions was also
studied by Raja Rajeswari et.al., 2009 and
Sujatha and Jhansi,2016.
62
Conclusions: Among the 12 tested
sugarcane clones studied in comparison with
Co 6907 under late planted rainfed conditions,
sugarcane clones 2009A 107, 2006A 223,
2000A 546, 2000A 241, 2001A 70 and 2005A
128 are found suitable for cane cultivation
under rainfed situation based on cane yield
and quality parameters in relation to ancillary
yield parameters and physiological stress
tolerance traits.
References:
1. Dhopte A.M and M.Manuel Livera (1989).
Laboratory techniques for plant scientists.
Publications from Physiologists forum , Akola,
India.
2. Meade G.P. and J.C.P.Chen, (1977). Cane
Sugar Book. 10th Edition. John Wiley Inter
Science, John and Sons, New York.
3. Raja Rajeswari, V; K.Subash Chandra Bose,
N.V.Naidu, (2003). Screening of sugarcane
clones and their suitability to late planted
rainfed conditions, presented in the National
Seminar on “Physiological Interventions for
improved crop productivity and quality
opportunities and Constraints” held at
Tirupathi from December,2003. Pp: 241- 244.
4. Raja Rajewari V; Mukunda Rao Ch and
N.V.Naidu, (2009). Identification of sugarcane
clones suitable for rainfed conditions. 40th
Annual convention of SISSTA, Pg.49-51
5. Sujatha T and Jhansi K (2016). Effect of
moisture stress on quality and yield in pre
release sugarcane clones. 46th Annual
convention of SISSA, Pg.1-3.
Acknowledgements: The authors are
sincerely thankful to the Acharya N.G.Ranga
Agricultural University, Guntur for providing
facilities to conduct the above study in RARS,
Anakapalle and to accord permission for
presentation of the findings in SISSTA
convention.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
EVALUATION OF PROMISING PRE RELEASE SUGARCANE
GENOTYPES FOR SALINITY TOLERANCE
B. Vajantha, M. Hemanth Kumar, T.M. Hemalatha, K.R. Tagore,
N.V. Sarala and M. Subba Rao
Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalle,
ANGRAU, Tirupathi – 517 502, Andhra Pradesh
Email:vajantha@gmail.com
Abstract
Eleven pre release sugarcane genotypes along
with two checks were studied for salinity
tolerance at Agricultural Research Station,
Perumallapalle, Andhra Pradesh during
2016-17. Among all genotypes 2009 T 5 and
2010 T 58 showed less reduction percentage in
germination and the genotypes 2010 T 58,
2010 T 175 and 2009 T 5 showed less
reduction percentage in single cane weight in
salt treated plots. 2010 T 172, 2009 T 5 and
2010 T 58 showed less reduction percentage in
sucrose. The genotypes 2010 T 152, 2010 T
172, 2010 T58 and 2009 T 5 showed high
K/Na ratio. Based on all parameters 2009 T
5, 2010 T 58, 2010 T 152 and 2010 T 172
were found to be tolerant to salinity.
Keywords: Sugarcane genotypes, plant
growth, yield, quality and saline tolerance.
Introduction
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarumL.)
grown in arid and semiarid regions is
frequently subjected to soil salinity (Lingle
and Weigand, 1997). The crop is moderately
sensitive to salinity. The decrease in yield is
0% at an EC 1.7 dS rn-1, 10% at EC 3.3, 25%
at 6, 50% at EC 10.4 and 100% at EC 18.6
dS rn-1 (Hussain et al., 2009). A steep decline
in growth may take place once the EC rises
above 3 dS rn-1 although plants may survive
up to 10-15 dS m-1 depending upon genotypes.
Salinity inhibits plant growth by ion
toxicity, nutritional imbalances, osmotic effect
and oxidative stress (Chinnusamy et al.,2005).
High Na+ concentration in the external
solution cause a decrease in both K+ and Ca2+
63
concentrations in tissues of many plant
species due to the antagonism of Na+ and K+
at uptake site in the roots or the inhibition
of uptake processes (Hu and Schmidhalter,
2005). Excess of Na+ in plant tissues
increases the utilization of energy that the
plants must use to acquire water from the soil
and to make biochemical adjustments. This
energy is diverted from processes that lead to
growth and yield which consequently resulted
in reduced plant growth.
The differential growth performance of
plant species/genotypes under salinity might
be related to their ability to uptake and
transport of Na", affinity for K+ over Na+ and
salt exclusion mechanisms. Keeping this in
view present experiment was designed to
study the relative salt tolerance of sugarcane
genotypes grown in saline soils with EC of 6
dS m-1.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted at
Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalle
during 2016-17 in cement pots (1 m2
diameter). Eleven pre release sugarcane
genotypes along with two standard checks
were studied with two treatments viz., control
and salt treated pots for salinity tolerance.
Ten single bud setts per each cement pot were
planted during February, 2016 and harvested
in January, 2017. The initial soil has neutral
pH (7.25), normal in EC (0.216 dS m-1), low
in organic carbon (0.43%), available nitrogen
(232 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus
(43.5 kg ha-1) and potassium (241 kg ha-1).
Before planting, soil EC was developed to 6
dS m-1 and maintained until harvest with
 Evaluation of Promising Pre Release Sugarcane Genotypes for Salinity Tolerance
B. Vajantha, M. Hemanth Kumar, T.M. Hemalatha and K.R. Tagore, N.V. Sarala and M. Subba Rao
addition of NaCl, CaCl2 and Na2 SO4 in the
ratio of 2:2:1. The experiment was laid out in
factorial RBD with two replications. The plant
samples were collected at grand growth stage
for determination of K and Na content. The
data on germination%, cane length, girth,
single cane weight, juice quality parameters
like sucrose%, CCS% and Purity, K/Na ratio
in plant tissue were recorded in both
treatments.
Results and Discussion
The germination percent, single cane
weight and sucrose were significantly affected
by genotypes and treatments. But the
interaction effect on germination, cane weight
and sucrose was non significant. The mean
germination percent (66%) was higher in
control pots compared with salt treated pots
(45%). Among the genotypes 2009 T 5, 2010
T 58 and 2010 T 369 showed less reduction
percentage (10%) in germination. The mean
single cane weight was also higher in control
pots (1.129 kg) than salt treated pots (0.989
kg).The genotypes, 2010 T 58, 2010 T 175 and
2009 T 5 showed less reduction percentage in
single cane weight of 1.52%, 2.93% and 6.51%,
respectively . The cane length was also
significantly affected by genotypes and
treatments. But the interaction effect was non
significant.
The mean sucrose percent and CCS
percent in control pots (18.72% and 10.91%,
respectively) were higher than salt treated
pots (15.54% and 10.06% respectively). Among
genotypes, 2010 T 172, 2009 T 5 and 2010 T
144 showed less reduction percentage in
sucrose (0.50%, 0.52% and 1.00%,
respectively).
The mean K/Na ratio was more in
control pots than salt treated pots. Applied
salinity causes increased Na" concentration
and consequently reduced K+/Na+ ratio,
however it varied widely among various
sugarcane genotypes. The K+/Na+ ratio in
64
plants grown in control ranged between 3.96
and 5.10. It reduced to 3.34 and 4.58 in
control pots. Maximum K+/Na+ ratio was
observed in 2010T152 (4.58) and was followed
by 2010 T 58 (4.25), 2010 T 172 (4.25) and
2009 T 5 (4.00).
Salinity is one of the major abiotic
stresses that adversely affect crop quality and
productivity. The plant genotypes differ
genetically in their adaptation to salt stress
environment (Rezoff, 1995; Wahid et al.,1997).
Characteristics like germination, cane weight,
Na accumulation and K+/Na+ ratio have been
considered useful guide to assess plants for
salt tolerance. Selection of genotypes on this
basis is an important strategy to minimize
yield losses in saline soils (Santa-Maria and
Epstein, 2001). Reduction in cane weight of
sugarcane genotypes in salt treated pots was
due to toxicity of Na’ and its imbalances with
other nutrients like K+ and Ca2+. It
consequently resulted in metabolic imbalances
which reduced growth and yields.
Chinnusamy et al. (2005) also reported that
under salt stress, the predominant cause of
reduced plant growth appeared to be ion
toxicity rather than osmotic stress. The
magnitude of decline in cane weight among
sugarcane genotypes varied possibly because
of their differential selectivity for K+ over
Na+ (Ashraf, 2007; Asch et al., 2000). Plants
absorbed more Na+ under salinity stress.
Reduction in K+/Na+ ratio of sugarcane
genotypes in the presence of salinity could be
due to the antagonism of Na" and K+. Wide
differences among sugarcane genotypes for
K+/Na+ ratio could be associated with their
ability to restrict both the uptake of Na" by
root cells from soil. (Mahmoud Shomeili et al
2011).
Conclusion
Sugarcane genotypes were significantly
different in their germination, single cane
weight, Na+ accumulation and K+/Na+ ratio
when grown in the saline conditions. Among
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Effect of salinity on germination % and cane weight (kg)

Germination % Cane weight (kg single cane-1)
Genotypes
Control Salt treated Mean % reduction Control Salt treated Mean % reduction
2009 T 5 75 65 70 10 1.586 1.483 1.535 6.51
2009 T 10 70 40 55 30 1.255 1.023 1.139 18.50
2010T58 60 50 55 10 1.005 0.990 0.998 1.52
2010T72 50 35 43 15 0.826 0.749 0.788 9.32
2010T144 80 55 68 25 1.076 0.930 1.003 13.57
2010T152 70 30 50 40 0.932 0.722 0.827 22.59
2010T161 55 35 45 20 1.455 1.310 1.383 9.93
2010T172 60 45 5315 1.245 1.045 1.145 16.04
2010T175 75 50 63 25 1.075 1.044 1.060 2.93
2010T344 70 40 55 30 0.860 0.666 0.763 22.48
2010T369 65 55 60 10 1.190 0.948 1.069 20.38
2005T52 60 40 50 20 0.860 0.737 0.798 14.33
83V15 70 50 60 20 1.318 1.209 1.263 8.27
Mean 66 45 1.129 0.989
CD SE(m) CD SE(m)
Treatments 4.81 1.65 0.100 0.035
Varieties 12.28 4.21 0.257 0.088
TxV N.S. 5.96 N.S. 0.124

Effect of salinity on cane length and girth.

Cane length (cm) Cane girth (cm)
Genotypes Salt % Salt %
Control Mean Control Mean
treated reduction treated reduction
2009 T 5 2.84 2.67 2.76 5.95 2.98 2.60 2.79 12.61
2009 T 10 3.08 2.98 3.03 3.41 3.00 2.55 2.78 15.00
2010T58 2.20 2.05 2.12 7.15 3.20 2.78 2.99 13.28
2010T72 2.08 1.96 2.02 6.12 2.98 2.70 2.84 9.24
2010T144 2.69 2.19 2.44 18.59 2.83 2.70 2.76 4.42
2010T152 2.42 1.95 2.18 19.25 2.88 2.78 2.83 3.48
2010T161 2.60 2.55 2.58 2.02 2.80 2.80 2.80 0.00
2010T172 2.72 2.32 2.52 14.71 2.93 2.75 2.84 5.98
2010T175 2.42 2.31 2.36 4.35 3.00 2.60 2.80 13.33
2010T344 2.36 2.28 2.32 3.39 2.95 2.75 2.85 6.78
2010T369 2.33 2.19 2.26 5.80 2.93 2.70 2.81 7.69
2005T52 2.30 2.14 2.22 6.73 2.63 2.48 2.55 5.71
83V15 2.30 1.63 1.97 29.32 2.60 2.53 2.56 2.88
Mean 2.49 2.25 2.90 2.67
CD SE(m) CD SE(m)
Treatments 0.16 0.05 0.10 0.03
Varieties 0.40 0.14 N.S. 0.08
TxV N.S. 0.19 N.S. 0.12

65
 Evaluation of Promising Pre Release Sugarcane Genotypes for Salinity Tolerance
B. Vajantha, M. Hemanth Kumar, T.M. Hemalatha and K.R. Tagore, N.V. Sarala and M. Subba Rao

Effect of salinity on juice quality

Sucrose (%) CCS *%)
Genotypes Salt % Salt %
Control Mean Control Mean
treated reduction treated reduction
2009 T 5 19.65 19.13 19.39 0.52 10.79 10.10 10.45 0.69
2009 T 10 19.10 17.28 18.19 1.83 10.96 10.54 10.75 0.42
2010T58 16.69 15.08 15.88 1.61 11.53 10.47 11.00 1.06
2010T72 19.53 12.86 16.19 6.67 9.64 8.34 8.99 1.30
2010T144 19.47 18.47 18.97 1.00 10.92 10.20 10.56 0.72
2010T152 18.86 15.53 17.20 3.33 10.74 10.54 10.64 0.20
2010T161 16.56 11.58 14.07 4.98 11.87 9.82 10.84 2.05
2010T172 18.08 17.58 17.83 0.50 11.17 10.12 10.65 1.05
2010T175 19.84 12.51 16.18 7.33 9.75 9.38 9.57 0.37
2010T344 16.95 12.51 14.73 4.44 10.81 9.51 10.16 1.30
2010T369 20.58 16.34 18.46 4.25 11.58 10.86 11.22 0.72
2005T52 18.79 17.14 17.97 1.65 10.86 10.02 10.44 0.84
83V15 19.33 15.98 17.65 3.35 11.15 10.89 11.02 0.26
Mean 18.72 15.54 10.91 10.06
CD SE(m) CD SE(m)
Treatments 1.13 0.39 1.389 0.476
Varieties 2.89 0.99 N.S. 1.215
TxV N.S. 1.40 N.S. 1.719

Effect of salinity on K and Na ratio in plant

K (%) Na (%) K/Na raio

Genotypes
Control Salt treated Control Salt treated Control Salt treated
2009 T 5 1.02 1.04 0.20 0.26 5.10 4.00
2009 T 10 1.06 0.96 0.23 0.28 4.61 3.43
2010T58 1.04 1.02 0.22 0.24 4.73 4.25
2010T72 0.94 0.92 0.21 0.24 4.48 3.83
2010T144 0.98 0.98 0.22 0.25 4.45 3.92
2010T152 1.14 1.10 0.24 0.24 4.75 4.58
2010T161 0.95 0.97 0.24 0.29 3.96 3.34
2010T172 1.06 1.19 0.24 0.28 4.42 4.25
2010T175 1.02 1.02 0.23 0.26 4.43 3.92
2010T344 1.12 1.06 0.25 0.28 4.48 3.79
2010T369 0.97 1.02 0.24 0.26 4.04 3.92
2005T52 1.02 1.06 0.22 0.26 4.64 4.08
83V15 1.12 1.02 0.26 0.24 4.31 4.25
Mean 1.03 1.03 0.23 0.26 4.49 3.97

66
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
the eleven genotypes 2009 T 5, 2010 T 58,
2010 T 152 and 2010 T 172 were found to be
tolerance to saline conditions compared to
other genotypes.
References
1. Ashraf M, Rahmatullah S. Kanwar MA, Tahi
A and Ali L 2007 Differential salt tolerance of
sugarcane genotypes. Pakistan Journal of
Agricultural Sciences 44 (1):85-89.
2. Chinnusamy V, Jagendorf A and Zhu JK 2005
Understanding and improving salt tolerance in
plants. Crop Science 45 (2):437-448.
3. Asch1 F, Dingkuhn1M, Dörffling K and
Miezan K 2000 Leaf K/Na ratio predicts
salinity induced yield loss in irrigated rice.
Euphytica 113: 109-118.
4. Hu Y and Schmidhalter U 2005 Drought and
Salinity: A comparison of their effects on
mineral nutrition of plants. Journal of Plant
Nutrition and Soil Science 168:541- 549.
67
5. Hussain K, Majeed A, Nawaz K, Hayat K and
Nisar F 2009 Effect of different levels of
salinity on growth and ion content of Black
seeds (Nigella sativa L.). Current Research
Journal of Biological Sciences. 1 (3): 135-138.
6. Lingle SE and Weigand CL 1997 Soil salinity
and sugarcane juice quality. Field Crops
Research. 54:259- 268.
7. Mahmoud Shomeili1, Majid nipour, Mosa
meskarbashee and Rajabi memari 2011
Evaluation of sugarcane (Saccharum
officinarum L.) somaclonal variants tolerance
to salinity in vitro and in vivo cultures. African
Journal of Biotechnology 10(46), pp. 9337-9343,
8. Santa-Maria GE and Epstein E 2001
Potassium/sodium selectivity in wheat and the
amphiploid cross wheat X Lophopyrum
elongatum. Plant Science 160:523-534
9. Wahid A, Rao AR and Rasul E 1997
Identification of salt tolerance traits in
sugarcane lines. Field Crops Research. 54:9-17.
 EVALUATION OF OPTIMUM DOSE OF FERTILIZERS FOR
PROMISING PRE–RELEASE CLONES OF SUGARCANE IN
KRISHNA ZONE
1
B. AshaJyothi and 2K. Jhansi
1
Scientist (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry), SRS, vuyyuru
2
Principal Scientist (Ento) and Head, SRS, Vuyyuru.
Office email id :srsvyr@yahoo.com
Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University,
Sugarcane Research Station, Vuyyuru, Krishna District-521 165

Abstract nutrients at proper time in proper amounts

An experiment was conducted during 2013-14
at Sugarcane Research Station, Vuyyuru to
evaluate the optimum dose of fertilizers for pre
– release clones of sugarcane. Four clones viz.,
2005 V 29, 66, 170 and 177 were tested for
five nutrient levels of 75 % , 100% ,125%,150%
and 175% of recommended dose of NPK
fertilizers.2005 V170 recorded highest cane
yield (93.49 t/ha) and CCS yield (13.22 t/ha)
among the clones tested and 150 % of
recommended doses of fertilizers recorded
highest cane yield (99.48 t/ha) and CCS yield
(13.82 t/ha) among the nutrient levels.
Introduction
Varieties with high yield potential and
quality are being produced and given to the
farmers in order to mitigate the requirements
of ever increasing population. These clones or
varieties differ in nutrient efficiency in
utilizing native and applied nutrients.
Indiscriminate use of fertilizers resulting in
increasing cost of cultivation besides spoiling
the soil health reducing its sustainability.
Although the biological potential of a high
yielding variety is inherent in its seed, yet to
explore it under field conditions, a proper
package of inputs &cultural practices has to
be adopted in a specific agro – ecological
condition. In this package, balanced use of
fertilizer is of paramount importance.
Increased cropping intensity and the evolution
of high yielding varieties has made the
fertilizer use indispensable. Therefore, it is
imperative to supplement required plant
and balanced proportions to harvest the
maximum potential of the existing sugarcane
varieties.It is very much necessary to study
the optimum dose of fertilizers for promising
pre-release clone. Keeping in view of all these
factors, this investigation was taken up with
an objective to evaluate the optimum dose of
fertilizers for promising pre-release clones of
sugarcane.
Methods and materials
A field experiment was conducted during
2013-14 in sugarcane plant crop at Sugarcane
Research Station, Vuyyuru, Krishna district of
Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was
conducted in soil having pH 7.43, EC 0.62
dSm-1 (Table-1). Soil is low in available
nitrogen (204 kgha-1) medium in organic
carbon (0.58 %), high in phosphorus (125 kg
P2O5ha-1) and potassium (468 kgK2Oha-1).
Four promising pre-release clones viz., 2005 V
29, 66, 170 and 177 were tested with five
nutrient levels of N, P & K viz., 75%, 100 %,
125 %, 150% and 175 % of recommended
doses of fertilizers. Nitrogen was applied in
the form of urea, phosphorus in the form of
SSP and potassium in the form of muriate of
potash were applied. 100 % of recommended
dose of N, P & K fertilisers was 168, 75 &
100 kg ha -1 and remaining percentages of
fertilisers were calculated and applied
accordingly. Entire phosphorus and potassium
were applied as basal and nitrogen in two
splits at 45 & 90 days after planting.
Treatments were replicated thrice in factorial

68
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

R.B.D design. Need based plant protection yield of 99.57 t/ha and was on par with 150
measures were taken. Data was collected on % of RDF (99.48 t/ha). Nasiretal. (2000)
cane yield and juice quality. All the data was reported that higher growth rate by sugarcane
statistically analyzed using method described was mainly due to enhanced uptake of N,P,
by Panse and Sukatme (1978). K & Ca. Vijayakumaretal. (1999) reported
Table 1: Initial soil characteristics in that application of balanced dose of N, P &
which experiment was conducted K produced the maximum cane yield. 2005 V
170 resulted with more CCS yield (13.22 t/ha)
S.No. Parameter Value
followed by 2005 V 29 (12.27 t/ha). Interaction
1. pH 7.43
-1
effect is non-significant.
2. E.C.(dSm ) 0.62
3. Available nitrogen (kg/ha) 204 Quality:
4. Available phosphorus (kg/ha) 125 2005 V 66 recorded highest sucrose
5. Available potassium (kg/ha) 468 content in juice (19.98 %). 100 % of
6. Organic carbon (%) 0.58 recommended dose of fertilizers recorded
highest percentage of sucrose in juice (19.53
Results and discussions
%) and 125 and 150 % of recommended dose
Yield: of fertilizers were on par with it.2005 V 170
2005 V 170 recorded highest yield 93.49 recorded more CCS % (14.14 % ), 2005 V 29
t/ha and 2005 V 29 (87.82 t/ha) was on par and 66 wereon par with it.Interaction was
with it. 175 % of RDF resulted in highest cane non-significant (Table 2).
Table 2: Evaluation of optimum dose of fertilisers on yield and quality of promising
pre-release clones of sugarcane
Treatments Cane yield (t/ha) Sucrose (%) CCS (%) CCS Yield(t/ha)
Varieties (V)
V1 : 2005 V 29 87.82 19.28 13.98 12.27
V2 : 2005 V 66 84.14 19.98 13.82 11.63
V3 : 2005 V 170 93.49 19.34 14.14 13.22
V4 : 2005 V 177 85.05 18.58 13.43 11.43
SEm 0.24 0.19 0.14 0.34
CD (0.05) 6.71 0.51 0.40 0.94
Nutrient levels (N)
N1 : 75 % RDF 70.40 18.38 13.28 9.33
N2 : 100 % RDF 79.31 19.53 14.22 11.30
N3 : 125 % RDF 89.38 19.37 14.14 12.65
N4 : 150 % RDF 99.48 19.16 13.93 13.82
N5 : 175 % RDF 99.57 18.82 13.65 13.61
SEm 0.27 0.21 0.16 0.38
CD (0.05) 7.50 0.57 0.45 1.05
Interaction (VXN)
SEm 0.54 0.41 0.32 0.76
CD (0.05) NS NS NS NS
CV% 10.70 3.77 4.03 10.85

69
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
2009 A 107 – AN ELITE EARLY MATURING SUGARCANE
CLONE SUITABLE FOR DIFFERENT SITUATIONS FOR
EAST COAST ZONE
D. Adilakshmi, Ch. Mukunda Rao, B. Bhavani and N. Raj Kumar
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam Dt.
Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad
Email ID: adilakshmi87@gmail.com
Abstract
A promising early clone 2009 A 107 was
developed from 87 A 298 X 87 A 380 at
Regional Agricultural Research Station,
Anakapalle. It was tested against the popular
standards 87A298, Co 6907 and 93A 145 for
its performance under yield trials from 2013
– 14 to 2014 – 15 in two plant and one ratoon
crops. The pre release clone 2009 A 107
recorded maximum number of millable canes
(111.40 thousands/ha), cane yield (131.07
t/ha), sugar yield (17.49 t/ha) and was found
to be superior to the checks 87A298 (98.35
thousands/ha, 109.51 t/ha and 14.32 t/ha),
Co 6907 (88.51 thousands/ha, 91.52 t/ha and
11.46 t/ha) and 93A145 (97.51 thousands/ha,
102.72 t/ha and 12.27 t/ha) respectively. The
quality parameters viz., brix percent (20.87),
per cent juice sucrose (18.93) and CCS per
cent (13.62) in 2009 A 107 was on par with
the best standard 87A298 (19.59 %, 18.21%
and 12.78 %) respectively. The clone has
recorded higher cane length (296.33 cm), cane
diameter (2.89 cm) and single cane weight
(1.14 kg) when compared to best standard
93A145 (275.67cm, 2.39 cm and 1.03 kg)
respectively. The clone performed well under
limited irrigated conditions (early plating) and
recorded higher cane yield of 76.01 t/ha and
it has recorded higher cane yield of 67.75 t/ha
under rainfed conditions (June planting).
The improved clone 2009 A 107 was also
resistant to red rot under nodal method of
inoculation. It is having thick cane with erect,
tall growing habit and non lodging nature.
The clone can be distinguishable by greenish
yellow cane with straight alignment of
71
internodes and greenish purple leaf sheath
with dark green foliage and slightly droopy at
tips. It has recorded low susceptible reaction
against early shoot borer.
Keywords: Cane yield, Rainfed, Sucrose,
Sugarcane
Introduction
Sugarcane has emerged as a multiproduct
crop as a source of basic raw material for the
production of sugar, ethanol, electricity, paper
and boards, besides a host of ancillary products.
Sugarcane breeding is advancing in a broad
direction with product diversification as
comprehensive goal. Saccharum species are one
of the most genetically complex plants due to
polyprloidy and relatively large genome size
(Arumuganathan and Earle 1991). These
features, together with the high heterozygous
nature, make planned genetic improvement
programmes guided by the principles of
genetics a difficult exercise. Drought severely
depress cane yield to the tune of 20-40%
whereas sucrose formation and sucrose
recovery upto 5%. Development and release of
new verities is a continuous process. The crop
experiences various types of biotic and abiotic
stress which affect the productivity (Nair
2010). There is every need for the
development of high yielding, sucrose rich,
early maturing clones possessing resistance to
pests and diseases with good ratoonability
alternate to existing predominant cultivated
clone in addition to drought
resistance/tolerance which posses inherent
capabilities under water deficit conditions for
increasing cane yield in Andhra Pradesh.
 2009 A 107 – An Elite Early Maturing Sugarcane Clone Suitable for Different Situations for East Coast Zone
Material and Methods
The clone 2009 A 107 was developed
from 87 A 298  87 A 380. It was tested in
main yield trials from 2013-14 to 2014-15 in
two plant and one ratoon crops at Regional
Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle.
Each clone was grown in eight rows of eight
meters length. The experiment was laid out
in RBD with three replications. All the
recommended package of practices were
adopted for raising a good and healthy crop.
The clone was grown under limited irrigated
conditions under early planting and under
rainfed conditions (June planting) to study its
suitability to rainfed situation. Data were
recorded on morphological characters, viz.,
NMC at harvest, length of millable canes,
single cane weight and diameter of cane, juice
quality parameters (brix (%), sucrose (%), CSC
(%) and purity percent) were determined as
per the standard procedures (Meade and Chen
1971). Cane yield was recorded at harvest on
plot basis and expressed in tons/hectare.
Sugar yield was estimated based on cane yield
and CCS per cent., SPAD/SCMR, SOD, Root
spread (m2) and leaf proline content were
estimated as per the standard procedure.
Reaction to diseases viz., red rot and smut
both under natural and artificial conditions
was recorded against the three predominant
pathotypes (Cf 419, Cf 671 and Cf 997) of red
rot in Andhra Pradesh. Similarly shoot borer
incidence was also recorded at differet days
after palnting viz., 45, 60, 90 and 120 DAP.
Statistical analysis of data was carried out as
per Panse and Sukhatme (1978).
Results and Discussion
The chief morphological characteristics
and data on yield and yield components, juice
quality parameters, performance under
limited irrigated conditions, under rainfed
conditions (June planting), reaction to red rot
& smut and early shoot borer are furnished
in Table 1 to 6 respectively
Number of Millable Canes (000s/ha)
Mean data on the performance of 2009
A 107, in two plant and one ratoon crops was
presented in Table 1. The test clone recorded
72
D. Adilakshmi, Ch. Mukunda Rao, B. Bhavani and N. Raj Kumar
maximum number of NMC (111.40
thousands/ha) in two plant and one ratoon
crops when compared to checks 87A298 (98.35
thousands/ha), Co 6907 (88.51 thousands/ha)
and 93A145 (97.51 thousands/ha) and
significantly out yielded the best standard.
Cane Yield (t/ha)
Mean data on the performance of 2009
A 107, in two plant and one ratoon crops was
presented in Table 1. The test clone recorded
a mean cane yield (131.07 t/ha) in two plants
and one ratoon crop compared to checks
87A298 (109.51 t/ha), Co 6907 (91.52 t/ha) and
93A145 (102.72 t/ha) and significantly out
yielded the best standard.
Jaggery yield (t/ha)
Mean data on the performance of 2009
A 107, in two plant and one ratoon crops was
presented in Table 1. The test clone recorded
a mean jaggery yield (17.98 t/ha) in two
plants and one ratoon crop compared to
checks 87A298 (12.21 t/ha).
Sugar yield (t/ha)
Mean data on the performance of 2009
A 107, in two plant and one ratoon crops was
presented in Table 1. The clone recorded
mean sugar yield (17.49 t/ha) when compared
to checks 87A298 (14.32 t/ha), Co 6907 (11.46
t/ha) and 93A145 (12.27 t/ha) and significantly
out yielded the best standard.
Yield components
Mean performance of 2009 A 107 in two
plant and one ratoon crops for yield
components was presented in Table 1. The
clones 2009 A 107 has recorded higher cane
length (296.33 cm), Cane diameter (2.89 cm)
and single cane weight (1.14 kg) when
compared to checks 87A298 (258.33 cm, 2.45
cm and 1.17 kg), Co 6907 (273.33 cm, 2.25 cm
and 1.09 kg) and 93A145 (285.67 cm, 2.39 cm
and 1.03 kg) respectively
Juice Quality parameters
Mean data on percent brix, sucrose, CCS
and purity in juice was presented in Table 2.
The clone 2009 A 107 (20.87, 18.93,13.62 and
90.67) was found superior over the best
standard 87A298 (19.59, 18.21, 12.78 and
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Table 1: Mean performance of 2009A107 over two plant and one ratoon crops for
yield and yield components in station yield trials, (2013-14 to 2014-15)

Cane Cane Cane Sugar Jaggery

NMC Single cane
S.No Clone No. length Diameter yield yield yield
(‘000/ha) weight (Kg)
(cm) (cm) (t/ha) (t/ha) (t/ha)
1. 2009 A 107 111.40 296.33 2.89 1.14 131.07 17.49 17.98

2. 87A298 98.35 258.33 2.45 1.17 109.51 14.32 12.21

3. Co 6907 88.51 273.33 2.25 1.09 91.52 11.46 –

4. 93A145 97.51 275.67 2.39 1.03 102.72 12.27 -

CD (5%) 8.13 7.72 1.50

CV (%) 13.57 13.68 4.69

Table 2: Mean performance of 2009 A 107 over two plant and one ratoon crops for
Quality traits (2013-14 to 2014-15)

S.No Clone No. Brix Per cent Sucrose Per cent CCS Per cent Purity Per cent

1. 2009 A 107 20.87 18.93 13.62 90.67

2. 87A298 19.59 18.21 12.78 89.54

3. Co 6907 17.86 16.35 11.81 91.57

4. 93A145 18.89 16.76 11.93 88.72

CD at 5% 0.92 1.36 1.24 5.29

CV(%) 2.82 4.69 5.86 3.40

89.54) for brix, sucrose, CCS and purity per the standards (Table.3) (Annual report
cent respectively over two plants and one 2016-17)
ratoon crop while the checks Co 6907 (17.86,
16.35, 11.81 and 91.57) and 93A145 (18.89,
16.76, 11.93 and 88.72 per cent) were recorded
for brix, sucrose, CCS and purity per cent
respectively.

Performance of 2009 A 107 under limited

irrigated conditions under early planting
The performance of sugarcane clones /
varieties under limited irrigated conditions
(early plating) the clone 2009 A 107 (76.01
(t/ha) performed well and it has also recorded
higher shoot population at 150 DAP (111.60
000’/ha) and millable canes at harvest (99.50
000,ha), high SPAD /SCMR (30.5), higher
SOD (0.483) values and leaf proline (84.8) Root Mass In 2009 A 107 Under Rainfed
Situration
content at formative stage when compared to

73
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Performance of 2009 A 107 under rainfed
conditions (June planting) (Table 6)
In screening of sugarcane clones /
genotypes under rainfed conditions (June
planting) 2009 A 107 has performed well and
recorded highest higher cane yield of 67.75
t/ha compared to the other varieties and
recorded higher NMC, SPAD /SCMR (32.0)
and SOD (0.526 ), Root spread (1692 cm2) and
leaf proline /G values which denotes
drought tolerance efficiency under rainfed
conditions when compared to the standard Co
6907 (table 4) (Annual report 2016-17).
Reaction to Red rot and smut
Reaction of 2009 A 107 and checks for
red rot and smut was studied under nodal
inoculated conditions are presented in table
no.5. The clone 2009 A 107 has recorded
resistance under nodal method which reflects
its field tolerance, while the standards viz.,
87A298 and 93A145 recorded resistant
reaction under nodal and plug methods of
inoculation against all three pathotypes of red
rot, whereas the standard Co 6907 was
susceptible to red rot under plug method. The
clone 2009 A 107 recorded moderate
susceptibility and the checks registered highly
susceptible reaction for smut under artificially
inoculated conditions.
Reaction to early shoot borer upto 120
days after planting
In screening for incidence of early shoot
borer at 45 DAP, 60 DAP, 90 DAP and 120
DAP the clone 2009 A 107 has recorded low
incidence of 6.33 (cumulative at 120 DAP)
when compared to the susceptible check, 93
A 145 (17.22) which denotes less susceptibility
(LS) to Early shoot borer (Table 6) (Annual
report 2014-15)

Table 5: Reaction to Diseases

Red Rot
S.No Clone No. Nodal Plug Method
Smut
Cf 04 Cf 06 Cf 05 Cf 04 Cf 06 Cf 05
1. 2009A107 R R R MR MR MR MS
2. 87A298 R R R R R R HS
3. Co 6907 S S S S S S HS
4. 93A145 R R R S R R HS

R: Resistant, S: Susceptible, MR: Moderately Resistant, MS: Moderately Susceptible, HS: Highly Susceptible

20098 A 107 87 A 298

Red rot screening through plug method

75
 2009 A 107 – An Elite Early Maturing Sugarcane Clone Suitable for Different Situations for East Coast Zone
D. Adilakshmi, Ch. Mukunda Rao, B. Bhavani and N. Raj Kumar

Table 6. Incidence of early shoot borer upto 120 days after planting

Cumulative
No of bored
Genotype 45 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP 120 DAP upto Grading
plants/ha
120DAP
2009 A 107 0.83 (4.95) 3.96(9.38) 3.20(10.26) 0.00(2.03) 6.53(14.80) LS 25926
93A145(sus.c) 1.01(5.68) 7.55(15.72) 4.96(11.69) 1.08(5.96) 17.22(19.48) 43056
CoC01061(c) 0.86(2.29) 5.00(12.69) 3.21(100.28) 0.00(2.03) 7.10(15.45) 32407
87A298(c) 0.54 2.61(9.23) 2.32(8.76) 0.76(4.25) 5.43(13.42) 21296
Co6907(c) 1.69 9.44(17.86) 3.20(10.21) 0.00(2.03) 10.32(18.56)
CD (5%) 1.83 3.61 2.66 2.12 3.68
CV (%) 23.11 15.43 1414 34.36 12.63

Conclusion 2. Annual report 2014-15, Department of Plant

The improved early maturing clone, 2009
A 107 with erect and non lodging growth
habit desirable morphological characters,
higher NMC, cane and sugar yields,
possessing moderate resistance to red rot and
least susceptibility for early shoot borer can
be recommended for commercial cultivation in
Andhra Pradesh (Charumathi M, 2011) and is
under on – farm testing in farmers fields
under different sugar factory operational
zones.
References
1. Annual report 2016-17, Department of Plant
Physiology, Regional Agricultural Research
Station, Anakapalle.
Entomology, Regional Agricultural Research
Station, Anakapalle.
3. Arumuganathan K, Earle ED (1991) Nuclear
DNA content of some important plant species,
PI Mol Biol Reptr 9:208
4. Charumathi M, Prasada Rao K and Naidu NV.
2011 Performance of early maturing clones at
Anakapalle. 41st Annual Convention of
SISSTA: 9-12
5. Meade G.P and JCP Chen, 1977 Cane Sugar.
Hand book. 10th Edition. John Eiley Inter
Science
6. Nair N V 2010. The challenges and
opportunities in sugarcane agriculture,
Souvenir STAI. 117-135.
7. Panse VG and PV Sukhatme 1978 Statistical
Methods for Agricultural Workers. Third
Edition

76
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
PERFORMANCE OF ELITE EARLY SUGARCANE
GENOTYPES IN NORTH COASTAL ZONE OF ANDHRA
PRADESH
V.Gouri, A.Appalaswamy, N.Rajkumar and M.Bharathalakshmi
Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University
Regional Agricultural Research Station,
Anakapalle, Andhra Pradesh
Abstract
A study was conducted at RARS, Anakapalle
to evaluate the performance of promising early
sugarcane genotypes during 2016-17 under
AICRP on Sugarcane.Among different elite
clones 2006 A 102 (CoA 12322) which is
developed from 88 R 13 GC performed better
and this genotype was tested against the
popular checks Co 6907, CoC 01061 and CoA
92081 was evaluated along with other zonal
varieties CoA 12321, CoA 12323, Co Or 12346
and CoV 12356. 2006A102 recorded highest
cane yield of 89.8 t/ha as compared to
standards, Co 6907 ( 86.1t/ha), CoC 01061
(84.1 t/ha) and CoA 92081 (77.8 t/ha) and
CCS yield of 9.7 t/ha compared to standards,
Co 6907(9.3 t/ha), CoC 01061 (8.8 t/ha) and
CoA 92081(9.0 t/ha). Per cent juice sucrose
and commercial cane sugar per cent in 2006A
102 (18.0 and 11.1) was on par with Co
6907(17.2 and 10.85) CoC 01061 (17.7 and
10.44) and CoA 92081 (16.7 and 11.63) when
tested in East coast zone of Anakapalle.
Number of millable canes at harvest in 2006A
102 (76.66 thousands/ha) was significantly
superior over the three checks Co 6907 (74.8
thousands/ha), CoC 01061(73.89
thousands/ha) and CoA 92081 (70.44
thousands/ha). It is resistant to all three
pathotypes of red rot both under natural and
artificially inoculated conditions (cotton swab
method). By the plug method, this clone
showed resistant to two pathotypes( Cf 04 and
Cf 05) and moderately resistant to one patho
type (cf 06) . It was resistant to wilt,
susceptible to smut and moderately resistant
to YLD (Yellow Leaf Disease). The clone can
77
be distinguished by chrome yellow with purple
tinge cane with green foliage without any waxy
coating on leaf sheath and easily trashable.
Keywords: 2006A102, early pre released
clone, Sugarcane,
Introduction
Sugarcane is an important cash crop in
India both sociologically and economically. It
occupies approximately 4% of the total
cropped area of the country with a
productivity of 60 t ha -1. To meet the needs
of increasing population, productivity per unit
area is need to be increased as there is very
little scope for horizontal expansion. This is
possible mainly through development of high
yielding clones, adoption of ideal agronomic
practices and plant protection measures
(Nair,2009). There is need to develop new
early varieties which perform better than the
existing popular varieties such as 87A 298
(CoA 92081) along with resistance to red rot
disease which is endemic in the coastal belt.
The 2006A 102 is high yielding, medium
tillering early maturing clone. It has 10-12 cm
long, cylindrical internodes and possesses
medium oval bud. Cane is chrome yellow with
purple tinge with out any wax coating which
turns to purple colour on exposure. It is
suitable for irrigated conditions.
Materials and Methods
The promising early sugarcane genotypes
CoA 12321, CoA 12322, CoA 12323, CoOr
12346, CoV 12356 along with zonal checks Co
6907, CoC 01061 and CoA 92081 were planted
at 120 cm spacing during first week of March,
2016 at Regional Agricultural Research
 Performance of Elite Early Sugarcane Genotypes in North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh
Station, Anakapalle under AICRP (sugarcane).
The experiment was laid out in RBD with
three replications. All the recommended
package of practices are adapted for raising a
good and healthy crop. Data were recorded on
morphological characters, number of millable
canes at harvest, juice quality were
determined as per the standard procedure
(Meade and chen, 1971). Cane yield was
recorded at harvest on plot basis and
expressed in tons / hectare, sugar yield was
estimated based on cane yield and CCS
percent. Reaction to diseases viz., red rot,
smut and wilt under natural and artificial
conditions was recorded against three
pathotypes (Cf 419, Cf 671 and Cf 997) of red
rot in Andhra Pradesh. Statistical analysis of
data was carried our as per Panse and
Sukhatme (1978).
Results and Discussions
The data on cane yield, yield
components, juice quality parameters, and
reaction to red rot, wilt, smut and YLD and
chief morphological characteristics are
furnished in table 1,2 and 3 respectively.
Initial soil analysis
Initial soil analysis was done. The
experimental soil is neutral in pH (7.46),
normal in E.C (0.18 dS/m), low in organic
carbon (056%), low in available nitrogen (241
kg N/ha), high in available phosphorus (66.5
kg/ha) and high in available potassium (242
kg K2O/ha).
Number of millable canes/ha
Number of millable canes at harvest
varied significantly among different sugarcane
genotypes (Table 1). At harvest Co A 12322
genotype recorded significantly higher number
of millable canes of 76.66/ha as compared to
all other zonal clones and check varieties Co
C 01061 (74.8 thousands/ha), Co A 92081(73.9
thousands/ha) and Co 6907 (74.4
thousands/ha) but found on par with Co V
12356 (75.6 thousands/ha).
78
V.Gouri, A.Appalaswamy, N.Rajkumar and M.Bharathalakshmi
Cane Yield (t/ha)
Cane yield per plot was recorded at
harvest expressed in t/ha and presented in
Table 1. Cane yield of new early sugarcane
genotypes under irrigated conditions varied
significantly. The promising clone 2006A 102
(CoA12322) gave significantly higher cane
yield of 89.8 t/ha as compared to the other
new sugarcane genotypes and also check
varieties viz., Co 6907(86.1 t/ha), CoC 01061
(84.1 t/ha), CoA 92081(77.8 t/ha) but found on
par with CoV 12356 (87.1 t/ha).
Juice Sucrose (%)
Percent juice sucrose in 2006A 102 (18.0)
was on par with Co 6907 (17.2) CoC 01061
(17.7) and CoA 92081 (16.7). Significant
differences in juice sucrose (%) were not
observed with different new early genotypes.
Commerical cane sugar per cent (%)
Commercial cane sugar per cent in
2006A 102 (11.1) was on par with Co
6907(10.85) CoC 01061 (10.44) and CoA 92081
(11.63).
Sugar yield (t/ha)
Sugar yield was calculated based on
CCS% and cane yield. Sugar yield in 2006A
102 (9.7) was on par with Co 6907(9.0) CoC
01061 (8.8) and CoA 92081 (9.0).
Reaction to Diseases
Reaction of 2006A 102 along with other
zonal varieties and checks for red rot, wilt,
smut and YLD was studied under artificially
inoculated conditions. The Clone 2006A 102
resistant to all three pathotypes of red rot
both under natural and artificially inoculated
conditions (cotton swab method) and under
plug method resistant to two pathotypes and
moderately resistant to one pathotype (cf 06).
It is resistant to wilt, susceptible to smut and
moderately resistant to YLD (Yellow Leaf
Disease).
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Table 1: Performance of 2006A 102 clone in yield and juice quality during 20016-17
Shoot Cane Juice Sugar
Germination CCS
Treatment population at NMC/ha yield sucrose yield
(%) (%)
180 DAP (t/ha) (%) (t/ha)
Varieties:
CoA12321 (2006 A 64) 79.8 1,19,791 75,000 85.8 16.3 10.13 8.7
CoA12322 (2006 A 102) 77.4 1,05,902 76,667 89.8 18.0 11.1 9.7
CoA12323 (2006 A 223) 82.2 86,954 76,112 86.9 18.4 11.67 10.4
Co or 12346 89.5 1,28,093 70,833 76.9 16.2 10.43 8.0
CoV12356 75.6 1,23,031 75,556 87.1 17.1 10.43 9.0
Co 6907 86.1 1,27,546 74,800 86.1 17.2 10.85 9.3
CoC01061 76.3 1,21,643 73,890 84.1 17.7 10.44 8.8
Co A92081 82.2 96,065 70,445 77.8 16.7 11.63 9.0
SEm  4.4 5658 544.0 0.95 0.60 – –
C.D (0.05) NS 17159 1650 2.9 NS NS –
C.V(%) 9.5 8.6 5.6 5.0 5.7 7.0 –

Table 2: Reaction of promising early sugarcane genotypes against diseases

Plug Method Cotton swab Method
S.No Variety Smut Wilt YLD
CF04 CF 06 CF05 CF04 CF06 CF05
1. CoA 12322 R MR R R R R S R MR
2. Co Or 12346 HS HS HS HS HS HS R S S
3. Co 6907 HS HS HS R HS R S S S
4. CoC 01061 R R R R R R HS MR S
5. Co A 92081 R R R R R R HS MS S

Table 3: Description of morphological characters of 2006A 102 (CoA 12322)

S.No. Name of the description Descriptor status
1. Clone number : 2006A 102 (CoA12322)
2. Parentage : 88 R 13 GC
2. Stool habit : Erect
Tillering : Medium (5-7)
3. Stem colour (exposed) : Purple
4. Stem colour (undexposed) : Chrome yellow with purple tinge
5. Ivory marks : Absent
6. Weather marks (Corky patches) : Absent
7. Interned shape : Cylindrical
8. Internode alignment : Straight
9. Pithiness : Absent
10. Split on internode : Absent
11. Wax on internode : Absent

79
 Performance of Elite Early Sugarcane Genotypes in North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh
V.Gouri, A.Appalaswamy, N.Rajkumar and M.Bharathalakshmi

S.No. Name of the description Descriptor status

12. Node swelling : Present
13. Bud size : Medium
14. Bud shape : Oval
15. Bud cushion : Absent
16. Bud grove : Absent
17. Growth ring colour : Pink (exposed)
18. Leaf length : Medium
19. Leaf width : Medium
20. Lamina colour : Green
21. Leaf carriage shape : Open errect
22. Leaf sheath colour : Green
23. Leaf sheath waxiness : Absent
24. Leaf sheath spines : Absent
25. Leaf sheath clasping : Loose
26. Dewlap colour : Yellowish green
27. Presence/absence of ligular process : Present
28. Shape of the ligule : Strap

The clone CoOr 12346 highly susceptible
to red rot, succeptable to wilt and YLD and
resistant to smut. Check varieties CoC 01061
and CoA 92081 resistant to red rot, highly
susceptible to smut and susceptible to YLD.
Co 6907 highly susceptible to red rot and
susceptible to smut, wilt and YLD.
Conclusion
Study on performance of new promising
early sugarcane genotypes viz., Co A 12321,
Co A 12322, Co A 12323, Co Or 12346, Co V
12356 along with the check varieties Co 6907,
Co C 01061 and Co A 92081 under irrigated
conditions at Regional Agricultural Research
Station, Anakapalle during 2016-17 season
indicated that among the five new early
genotypes under test CoA12322 proved
superior (89.8 t/ha) as compared to other
genotypes but found on par with Co V 12356
and Co A 12323.The promising pre released
early sugarcane genotype 2006A 102 (CoA
12322) with erect growth habit, desirable
morphological characters, higher cane, sugar
yield and resistance to red rot can be
recommended for commercial cultivation in
Andhra Pradesh under different sugar factory
operational zones.
References
1. Meade GP and J.C.P.Chain 1971 cane hand
book 10th edition Joh wiley and sone. New
Yard.
2. Nair N V 2009. Current scenario of sugarcane
agriculture and sugar industry in the
country.In Sugarcane production technology,
NFCSF, New Delhi and SBI, Coimbatoore.
pp:1-7.
3. Panse VG and PV Sukhatune 1978. Statistical
methods for Agricultural workers. ICAR
Publications, New Delhi PP:347.

80
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
PERFORMANCE OF PRE-RELEASE SUGARCANE CLONES
AT AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH STATION,
PERUMALLAPALLE
N.Sabitha*, K.R. Tagore and M. Hemanth Kumar
*Scientist (Plant Breeding) Agricultural research station,
Perumallapalle - 517505, A.P
Email: nsabitha84@gmail.com
Abstract
Testing of eight pre release clones against the
three standards CoC 671, Co 85004 and Co
94008 at Agricultural Research Station,
Perumallapalle during 2016-17 resulted in
identification of three promising clones. The
clones viz Co 13003, CoN 13071 and MS
13081 with higher mean values for stalk
diameter, stalk length, single cane weight,
moderate to higher percent juice sucrose and
NMC registered higher CCS yield and cane
yield. Thus, these three clones may be useful
for commercial cultivation in farmers’ fields
after thorough testing.
Sugarcane is an important commercial
crop of the residuary state of Andhra Pradesh.
It is grown in an area of 1.20 lakh ha
primarily in Visakhapatnam, Chittoor, West
Godavari, Krishna, East Godavari,
Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts under
irrigated and late planted rainfed conditions.
Vertical increase in cane productivity is
important so as to make cane cultivation more
remunerative and viable. Selection and
cultivation of high yielding clones with high
juice sucrose coupled with tolerance to biotic
and abiotic tolerance would help in increasing
cane productivity levels. Presently choice of
clones is very much limited for different
farming situations. Only two clones viz., 87 A
298 (Viswamitra) and 2003 V 46 ( Bharani )
are under extensive cultivation. However,
these two clones are also susceptible to yellow
leaf syndrome besides varietal degeneration.
Therefore, there is an urgent need for
identifications of suitable clones with high
81
yield potential, desirable juice sucrose and
tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses.
Material and methods
Eight pre release clones along with three
standards CoC 671, Co 85004 and Co 94008
were tested in a RBD with three replications
at Agricultural Research Station,
Perumallapalle during 2016-17. Each clone
was planted in eight rows of six meters
length. A spacing of 80 cm between two rows
was adopted. Recommended agronomic
practices viz., weed control, fertilizer
application, irrigation, cultural and plant
protection measures were followed in raising
a healthy crop. Data were recorded on percent
juice sucrose, cane yield, number of millable
canes, length of millable canes, cane diameter,
single cane weight at harvest. Juice sucrose
at harvest was recorded as per the standard
procedures (Meade and Chen 1956). Sugar
yield (CCS) was estimated based on cane yield
and CCS percent. The data were analyzed
following standard statistical procedures
(Panse and Sukhatme, 1978).
Results and Discussion
Analysis of data recorded indicated the
existence of significant differences among
clones for all the characters studied(Table 1).
I. CCS yield (t/ha)
CCS yield ranged from 12.36 (Co 13004)
to 18.94 (Co 13003) with a mean yield of 15.83
t/ha. Two test clones Co 13003 (18.94 t/ha),
CoN 13071 (18.61 t/ha), MS 13081 (17.47 t/ha)
over the best standards Co85004 (15.59 t/ha)
and Co 94008 (14.67 t/ha) recorded
significantly higher CCS yield. However, Co
 Performance of Pre-release Sugarcane Clones at Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalle
N.Sabitha, K.R. Tagore and M. Hemanth Kumar

13002, Co 13003, CoN 13071, CoSnk 13102 Co85004. The trait ranged from 15.53 (Co
and MS 13081 recorded significantly higher 13004) to 19.40 percent (CoC 671) with a
CCS yield over CoC 671. mean of 17.51 percent.

II. Cane Yield (t/ha) IV. Number of Millable canes (000/ha)

It ranged from 97.8 (CoC 671) to 147.6
t/ ha (CoN 13071) with a mean of 124.50 t/ha.
Among the test clones CoN 13071 (147.60
t/ha) MS 13081(145.70 t/ha) recorded
significantly higher cane yield over the best
standard Co 85004 (130.0 t/ha) while CoN
13002, Co 13003, CoN 13071, CoN 13072 and
MS 13081 over standard Co 94008 (108.60
t/ha) and all the clones tested except Co 13004
recorded significantly higher cane yield over
CoC 671.
III. Percent juice sucrose
None of the test clones recorded
significantly higher juice sucrose over the best
standard (CoC 671 and Co 94008). However,
Co 13003, Co Snk 13102 , Co 13002, CoN
13071 and CoN 13072 were found superior to
It ranged from 80.1 (CoSnk 13102) to
108.50 (Co 13002) with a mean of 94.14. None
of the test clones registered significantly more
number of millable cane at harvest over Co
85004 but Co 13002 and CoN 13071 recorded
NMC at harvest on par with the best
standard Co 85004 (107.30 thousands / ha).
V. Stalk length (cm)
Stalk length ranged from 252.00 (CoC
671) to 351.2 (MS 13081) among the clones
with a mean of 299.60 cm. All the clones
recorded significantly higher stalk length
when compared to CoC 671 (252.00 cm).
However, only one clone MS 13081 (351 cm)
was found superior to Co 94008 (311.7 cm)
and Co85004 (312.30 cm).

TABLE – 1: PERFORMANCE OF PRE-RELEASE CLONES DURING 2016-17

Juice NMC Single
Cane/ Stalk Stalk
CCS sucrose (‘000/ha) cane
S.No. Clone(s) yield length diameter
(t/ha) (%) at At weight
(t/ha) (cm) (cm)
10 month harvest (Kg)
1. Co13002 16.08 128.90 17.40 108.50 283.30 2.73 1.20
2. Co13003 18.94 138.10 18.82 88.67 299.00 2.70 1.50
3. Co13004 12.36 110.70 15.53 89.86 306.00 3.0 1.30
4. CoN 13071 18.68 147.60 17.30 104.50 297.70 2.80 1.40
5. CoN 13072 15.61 126.10 16.90 100.41 295.30 2.77 1.27
6. CoSnk 13101 16.34 116.10 19.10 97.23 283.70 2.73 1.20
7. CoSnk 13102 14.49 119.70 16.59 80.10 303.30 3.17 1.37
8. MS 13081 17.47 145.70 16.51 85.58 351.20 3.53 1.50
9. CoC671(c) 13.85 97.80 19.40 81.78 252.00 2.70 1.20
10. Co 94008 (c) 14.67 108.60 18.50 91.63 311.70 2.60 1.20
11. Co 85004 (c) 15.59 130.00 16.56 107.30 312.30 2.50 1.20
Mean 15.83 124.50 17.51 94.14 299.60 2.84 1.30
CD at 5% 1.70 13.40 0.20 8.90 16.10 0.10 0.10
CV (%) 6.50 7.40 0.80 6.30 3.30 2.40 4.40

82
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
VI. Stalk Diameter (cm)
Stalk diameters ranged from 2.50 (Co
85004) to 3.53 (MS 13081) with a mean value
of 2.84 cm. Two clones MS 13081 (3.53 cm)
and CoSnk 13102 (3.17 cm) registered higher
cane diameters.
VII. Single cane weight(kg)
The clones Co 13003 (1.50 kg), CoN
13071 (1.40 kg) , CoSnk 13102 (1.37 kg) , MS
13081 (1.5 kg) recorded significantly higher
single cane weight. It varied from 1.20 (Co
13002, Co Snk 13101) to 1.50 kg (Co 13003
and MS 13081) with a mean value of 1.30 kg.
Conclusions
The clones CoN 13071 and superior for
stalk length, stalk diameter, single cane
weight, NMC at harvest, Percent juice
83
sucrose, cane yield and thus recorded higher
CCS yield at harvest while the clone Co 13003
with higher stalk length, stalk diameter,
single cane weight, percent juice sucrose and
cane yield coupled with moderate NMC
recorded higher CCS yield. The clone MS
13081 with more stalk length, stalk
diameters, single cane weight and moderate
percent juice and NMC recorded higher cane
yield and CCS yield.
References
1. Meade G P and Chen J C P 1977. Cane
sugar Handbook -10th edition. John Wiley and
Sons, New york
2. Panse V G and P V Sukhatme 1978.
Statistical methods for Agricultural Research
workers ICAR, New Delhi pp: 378
 SNK 09211 (CoSnk 15102): AN EARLY HIGH SUGAR
MULTIPURPOSE SUGARCANE VARIETY FOR NORTHERN
KARNATAKA
Sanjay B. Patil, Priyanka P.L., Naveenkumar B.G. Devaraj R. and B.T.Nadagouda
Agricultural Research Station, Sankeshwar-591314 Karnataka State (India),
Email:sbp_ars@rediffmail.com
Abstract
SNK 09211 a hybrid progeny obtained from
cross Co 86032 X Co 86250, is identified as
most promising early high sugar variety with
erect, non/late sparse flowering habbit making
ideal candidate for fodder security in the
region. The non spiny loose leaf sheath
clasping feature makes it harvester friendly.
The solid and non pithy canes with early
sugar accumulation behavior make it ideally
suitable for both early and extended crushing.
The profuse tillering and fast growing medium
thick, tall canes with longer internodes
containing better fibre amenable for higher
baggase yield leading to better cogeneration
efficiency. The early high total sugars and
sucrose accumulation leads to better jaggery
and sugar yields. It also recorded excellent
jaggery quality parameters including
organoleptic features compared to best jaggery
standards Co 92005 and CoC 671. Overall
across diverse locations and seasons, the
variety recorded 33%, 21%, 21%, 8% and 35%
superiority for cane, sugar, jaggery, fiber and
fodder yield respectively over best standards
CoC 671. Further, the variety confirmed better
sugar recovery under LSD’s and small mill
tests/lab quality tests over best standard CoC
671, across sugar factories located in diverse
agro ecologies of northern Karnataka.
Introduction
Sugarcane is an important agro
industrial crop of the country, wherein
northern Karnataka contributes significantly
to the sugar recovery (%) and sugar
production with an area of 3 lakh ha having
55 sugar factories spread across wide range
of agro ecological diversity (Anon, 2016, Patil
84
et al., 2014). Major sugarcane area in this
important region is highly flower inductive
leading to moderate productivity, shorter
crushing season and fodder scarcity (Patil et
al., 2015 and 2016).
Under current scenario of climate
change, profuse flowering in commercial
varieties is becoming major threat for
economic sustenance of sugar/jaggery industry
and growers. Particularly early high sugar
varieties viz., CoC 671, Co 94012, Co 85002,
Co 92005, Co 92020 etc adopted in northern
Karnataka are early profuse flowerers
limiting their potential sugar / jaggery
industrial utility (Patil et al.,2011).
Further, with cyclic sugar crisis, industry
is compelled to look for productivity
enhancement of other products like ethanol,
fibre (co-gen power and paper) etc. without
affecting sugar recovery levels for economic
sustenance. On the other hand cane growers
are demanding productive non spiny and non
flowering dual purpose (sugar and jaggery)
commercial varieties for their economic and
fodder security (Patil et al., 2016 and
Guddadmath et al., 2012).
Hence, overall to sustain economy of
sugar complexes and sugarcane cultivation,
there is a need of non spiny photothermo
insensitive multipurpose commercial varieties
with better total sugars, fibre, fodder and
jaggery productivity. Concerted research
efforts through directed breeding succeeded in
development of such ideal variety SNK 09211
with early high total sugars combining desired
traits of current sugar industry complexes
(Patil et al., 2016 and Priyanka 2014).
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Material and methods for its suitability to jaggery industry wherein

The population derived from 48 crosses
(including PCs and GCs) were assessed
through systematic progeny evaluation across
clonal stages over diverse environments, in
augumented design (Federer 1956). The
advanced 20 productive clones along with 5
commercial standards were evaluated
extensively across flower inductive
environments in RBD.The clones were scored
for cane, sugar, jaggery, fibre and fodder
productivity and juice/jaggery quality
parameters. Further, the promising clones
were tested in large scale involving
progressive farmers and sugar industry to
confirm their commercial acceptability.
Results and Discussion
The clone SNK 09211 performed better
for cane and sugar yield as it recorded 33 and
21 percent improvement respectively over best
standard CoC 671. The clone was also looked
it recorded 21 percent superiority for jaggery
yield over CoC 671. The results indicate its
acceptability for jaggery production as it also
recorded on par jaggery recovery and over all
acceptability (OAA) index (%) compared to
jaggery standards CoC 671 and Co 92005
(Table.1).
The promising clone SNK 09211 can also
be better candidate for ethanol and
cogeneration of power, as it has got better
total sugars and fibre (%). The variety
exhibited better field keeping quality traits
like non/late sparse flowering, non spiny leaf
sheath with solid non pithy canes and easy
detrashability (data not presented) (Fig.1a,
b.c.d. and e). Apart from productivity traits,
when the clone was looked for farmers and
harvesters friendly traits, the clone being non
spiny non flowering, produced 38% higher
fodder yield, which is an additional economic
advantage.

Table 1: Performance of SNK 09211 compared to best standard CoC 671 for various
productivity parameters pooled mean across locations (6) and seasons (2012-13 to
2015-16)
Cane CCS CCS Sucrose Brix Fodder Jaggery Jaggery Jaggery
Flow Fibre
Genotype yield Yield (%) (%) (%) yield yield recovery OAA
ering (%) (%)
(t/ha) (t/ha) 10M 10 M 10 M (t/ha) (T/ha) (%)10M (%)
SNK 09211 123.36 17.22 13.9 20.6 22.32 3.75 14.2 20.5 16.32 12.56 57.03

Check
CoC 671 92.47 1419 14.0 21.4 22.40 64.20 13.0 14.8 13.44 12.88 65.03

Table 2: Performance of SNK 09211 under ratoon crop 2015-16 across two locations
Cane yield (t/ha) CCS yield (t/ha) CCS % Sucrose %
S % S S S
Entry MUD MUD % MUD MUD
N Mean Impt. N Mean N Mean N Mean
HOL HOL Impt. HOL HOL
K K K K
SNK 116* 101* 108.5 18.7* 16.0* 17.35 16.2 15.8 16.0 23.0* 22.1 22.55
09 211
Check
CoC 69 74 71.5 51.7 10.4 10.2 10.3 68.44 15.0 13.8 14.4 21.6 19.6 20.6
671
CD 5% 17 15 2.4 2.5 0.9 2.2
CV % 11 9 8.5 11.7 3.1 8.1 2.6 7.1

85
 SNK 09211 (CoSnk 15102): An Early High Sugar Multipurpose Sugarcane Variety For Northern Karnataka
Sanjay B. Patil, Priyanka P.L., Naveenkumar B.G. Devaraj R. and B.T.Nadagouda

The ratoon performance of the variety is Table 3: Performance of SNK 09211 under
adoptive trials/LSD’s for Sugar Recovery (%) at
excellent interms of sugarcane productivity and
10 month during 2014-15 and 2015-16
sucrose content (%) compared to best standard
CoC SNK
CoC 671 (Table.2). The earliness in sugar Sl.No Factory Season
671 09211
recovery of the clone was also confirmed and
1. DKSSK Sugars, 2015-16 12.1 12.3
demonstrated through large scale adoptive Chikkodi TQ
trials involving sugar industries representing 2. Ugar Sugars, 2014-15 12.5 12.1
diverse agro ecologies of northern Karnataka UgarKhurd,
wherein it exhibited significant improvement in Athani Tq
productivity and field keeping quality with 2015-16 12.0 12.5

slightly better sugar recovery than CoC 671 3. Nandi Sugars, 2015-16 9.4 9.8
(Table 3). The clone is moderately resistant to Hosur Vijaypur
Dist.
major insect pests (viz., early shoot borer and
Mean 11.5 11.6
sugarcane woolly aphid) and diseases (viz.,
% 0.86
Rust, smut and redroot). Improve
ment

(a) Clean erect canes (b) Loose clasping of leaves (c) Clean self detrashable canes

(d) Comparative jaggery lumps of CoC 671 (e) Field view with standard CoC 671 (flowered
and SNK 09211 spiny) of SNK 09211(non flowering non spiny)

Fig. 1. Field view and features of SNK 09211 compared with CoC 671

86
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
Conclusions
The variety SNK 09211 is identified as
most promising early high sugared productive
clone for multipurpose industrial utility. The
variety combined industry, farmer and
harvester friendly traits for sustaining
economy of sugar complexes and growers.
References
1. Anonymous (2016) Sugar India year book,
Sugar statistics 163 -283
2. Federer, W.T. 1956. Augmented (or hoonuiaku)
designs. BU-74-M.Feb.
3. Guddadamath S. G.., B. Sanjay Patil and B M
Khadi. (2012).Genetic enhancement of
sugarcane for organic jaggery production.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on
New Paradigms in Sugarcane Research
(ISNPSR), 15-18 October 2012, pp-141. SBI,
Coimbatore, India
4. Patil Sanjay B., 2014 and 2016, Performance
of new sugarcane varieties. Northern
87
Karnataka sugarcane R & D workers meet
held at Belagavi.
5. Patil Sanjay B., Guddadamath S.G., Govindraj
P. and Naik K.S. (2011b) Breeding sugarcane
for photo theromo insensitivity. Proceedings of
IS -2011 held at New Delhi. pp: 556-560
6. Priyanka P.L., Genetic Variability for
Flowering and yield parameters in Sugarcane
(Saccharum officinarum). (2014). Thesis
dissertation submitted to University of
Agricultural Sciences Dharwad.
7. Sanjay B. Patil, Priyanka P.L., Naveenkumar
B.G. and Devaraj R. Breeding varieties for
multipurpose industrial utility to sustain
sugarcane agriculture in northern Karnataka.
Poster presented in International conferences
and exhibition on Sugar Value Chain – Vision
2025 Sugar held at VSI, Pune during Nov.
13-16, 2016.
8. Patil Sanjay B.,Varietal Pre release proposal
of SNK 09211, submitted to UAS Dharwad.
 PROMISING MID LATE SUGARCANE CLONES SUITABLE
FOR ANDHRA PRADESH
1
M.Charumathi, 2A. Appala Swamy, 3D.Adilakshmi, 4N.Rajkumar,
5
M.Bharatha lakshmi and 6N.V. Naidu
1
Senior Scientist (Plant Breeding), RARS, Anakapalle, Email: mmcakp@gmail.com,
2
Principal Scientist (Plant Breeding), RARS, Anakapalle,
3
Senior Scientist (Plant Breeding), RARS, Anakapalle, 4Scientist (Plant Pathology), RARS, Anakapalle,
5
Principal Scientist (Sugarcane), RARS, Anakapalle, 6Director of Research, ANGRAU, Guntur

Abstract and for smut moderately susceptible reaction

Station yield tirals were conducted with seven
Midlate clones viz., 2011A 11, 2011A 67,
2011A 222, 2011A 277, 2011A 294, 2011A 313,
2011A 319 along with three standards Co
7219, 83V 15 and Co 86249 during 2015-16
to 2016-17 at RARS, Anakapalle. The data
obtained from two plant and one ratoon crop
experiments on NMC, Cane yield, CCS yield,
per cent juice sucrose and yield components
were statistically analysed and compared. The
results revealed that the clones 2011A 313 and
2011A 67 registered significantly higher NMC,
cane yield , CCS yield and Per cent juice
sucrose. The per cent increase over the
standards for NMC in standards Co 7219
(5.53, 8.14), 83V 15 (2.88 & 5.43) and Co
86249 (7.41 & 10.07) for Cane yield, Co 7219
(3.74 & 8.69), 83V 15 (3.30 & 8.22) and Co
86249 (15.52 & 8.90). For CCS yield, Co 7219
(19.66 & 20.64), 83V 15 (7.82 &8.70) and Co
86249 (24.29 & 25.30) and for Per cent juice
sucrose , Co 7219 (6.92 & 8.48) 83V15 (3.58
& 5.09) and Co 86249 (10.25 & 11.86) in the
two promising clones were found to be
significantly superior over the standards in
both the plant crops and one ratoon crop
respectively. The clone 2011A 313 and 2011A
67 recorded higher stalk length (304 and 289
cm), stalk diameter (3.52 and 3.67 cm) and
single cane weight (1.51 and 1.29 kg)
respectively. The two promising clones were
resistant to all races of red rot (Cf 04,Cf 06
and Cf 05) under nodal method of inoculation
while moderately resistant reaction for Cf 04
and moderately susceptible reaction for Cf 06
by the clones under plug method of inoculation
(2011A 67) and moderately resistant reaction
(2011A 313) under artificially inoculated
conditions.
Introduction
Testing of clones or varieties is a
continuous process and release of varieties
suitable for different agro-climatic region will
definitely pay positively on the recovery point
of view as well as in sugarcane production .
The Mid late varieties released from Andhra
Pradesh viz., Co 7805, Co 7219, CoT 8201 and
Co 7706 combines with high cane yield and
resistance to red rot disease. They are not
quality canes in terms of sucrose content.
Very few mid late clones are grown by the
farmers and sugar factories and for crushing
sufficient cane is not available in the late
crushing season results in low crushing
capacity and sugar recovery of the factories.
There is a need of midlate maturing, high
sugared varieties having high tonnage, good
ratooning ability and disease resistance to
meet the challenges for improving sugar
recovery.
Hence, the research efforts were made to
identify mid late maturing clones with
sustained high cane and sugar yields coupled
with good ratooning ability and disease
resistance to meet the challenges for
improving sugar recovery at Regional
Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle.
Materials and Methods
Seven clones viz., 2011A 11, 2011A 67,
2011A 222, 2011A 277, 2011A 294, 2011A

88
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
313, 2011A 319 along with three standards,i.e.
Co 7219, 83V15 and Co 86249 were evaluated
in Station Yield trials at Regional Agricultural
Research Station, Anakapalle during 2015-16
to 2016-17 The trial was planted in RBD with
three replications. Recommended dose of
fertilizers, 112 Kg N + 100 Kg P2O5 + 120 Kg
K2O/ha were applied. Irrigations were
accorded at weekly intervals during formative
phase of the crop. Weeding, earthing up, T.T
propping were carried out as per the
recommendation. Data on number of millable
canes, length of cane, cane diameter, single
cane weight and cane yield per plot were
recorded at harvest. Juice sucrose was
determined at harvest (12th month) following
the standard procedure (Meade and Chen,
1977). Estimated CSS yield was determined
based on CCS per cent and cane yield.
Statistical analysis was performed as per the
procedure of Panse and Sukhatme (1978).
Reaction to diseases viz., red rot and Smut
both under natural and artificial conditions
was recorded against the mixed inoculum of
three predominant patho types (Cf 419, Cf 671
and Cf 997) for red rot in Andhra Pradesh.
Reaction to smut under artificially inoculated
conditions was evaluated. The morphological
description of the genotypes are presented in
Table 1.
Results and Discussion
Data on NMC, Cane yield and CCS yield
and Per cent juice sucrose were analysed
statistically and presented in table 2(a) to
2(d). The pooled analysis revealed that the
clone 2011A 313 recorded maximum NMC
(79.01 thousands/ha) followed by 2011A 67
(77.10 thousands/ha) when compared to the
standards viz., Co 7219 (73.06 thousand /ha).
83V 15 (74.94 thousands/ha) and Co 86249
(71.78 thousands/ha). The per cent increase
over the standards in 2001A 67 and 2011A
313 was 5.53 and 8.14 (Co 7219) 2.88 and 5.43
(83V 15) and 7.41 and 10.07 (Co 86249)
respectively and found to be superior over the
89
standards for NMC over two plant crops and
one ratoon crop Table 2(a).
Data on cane yield analysed statistically
and presented in Table 2(b). The clones 2011A
313 (99.73 t/ha) followed by 2011A 67 (95.19
t/ha) recorded significantly higher cane yield
and found to be superior over three standards
viz., Co 7219 (91.76 t/ha), 83V 15 (92.15 t/ha)
and Co 86249 (82.40 t/ha) respectively. The
per cent increase over the standards in two
promising clones 2011A 67 and 2011A 313
was 3.74 and 8.69 (Co 7219), 3.30 and 8.22
(83V 15) and 15.52 and 8.90 (Co 86249)
respectively and found to be significantly
superior over the three standards over the
two plants and one ratoon crop.
Data on CCS yield analysed statistically
and presented in Table 2(c). The clones 2011A
313 (13.62 t/ha) and 2011A 67 (13.51 t/ha) are
found to be significantly superior over the
three standards Co 7219 (11.29 t/ha), 83V 15
(12.53 t/ha) and Co 86249 (10.87 t/ha). The
per cent increase over the standards in 2011A
67 and 2011A 313 was 19.66 and 20.64 (Co
7219), 7.82 and 8.70 (83V 15) and 24.29 and
25.30 (Co 86249) and were found to be highly
significant over the standards in both the
plant crops and one ratoon crop.
Data on per cent juice sucrose was
analysed statistically and presented in Table
2(d). The clones 2011A 313 (20.85) and 2011A
67 (20.55) are found to be superior over the
standards Co 7219 (19.22), 83V 15 (19.84) and
Co 86249 (18.64). The per cent increase over
the checks in 2011A 67 and 2011A 313 was
6.92 and 8.48 (Co 7219) 3.58 and 5.09 (83V
15) and 10.25 and 11.86 (Co 86249). The
clones were found to be significantly superior
over the standards for per cent juice sucrose
in two plant and one ratoon crop.
Data on yield components were analysed
and presented in Table (3). The two clones
i.e., 2011A 67 (289 cm), 2011A 313 (304 cm)
recorded higher stalk length when compared
 Promising Mid Late Sugarcane Clones Suitable For Andhra Pradesh
M. Charumathi, A. Appala Swamy, D. Adilakshmi, N. Rajkumar, M. Bharatha lakshmi and N.V. Naidu

Table 1: Description of morphological characters of 2011A 67 and 2011A 313

S.No Name of the Descriptor 2011A 67 2011A 313

1. Stool habit Semi erect Erect
2. Stem colour (Exposed) Deep yellowish green Greenish black with black waxy
coating
3. Stem colour (un exposed) Greenish yellow with black Greenish with black waxy coating
waxy coating
4. Internode shape Cylindrical Cylindrical
5. Wax on internodes Black waxy coating Light waxy coating
6. Bud size Small Medium
7. Bud shape Round Oval
8. Leaf length Long Medium
9. Leaf width Broad Medium
10. Lamina colour Green Green
11. Leaf sheath clasping Loose Loose
12. Ligular process Present Absent
13. Per cent flowering Absent Absent

Table 2(a): Performance of promising midlate clones for NMC (000/ha)

NMC(000s/ha)
I Plant II Plant Ratoon Percent increase over
Clone Mean
(2015-16) (2016-17) (2016-17) standards
2011A67 82.09 82.67 66.54 77.10 – –
2011A313 87.81 90.33 58.89 79.01 – –
Stds
Co7219 65.51 98.08 55.58 73.06 5.53 8.14
83V15 77.48 96.67 50.67 74.94 2.88 5.43
Co 86249 74.64 92.23 48.46 71.78 7.41 10.07
CD (0.05) 12.81 7.52 7.60
CV (%) 10.45 8.02 7.19

Table 2(b): Performance of promising midlate clones for Cane yield (t/ha)
Cane Yield(t/ha)
I Plant II Plant Ratoon Percent increase over
Clone Mean
(2015-16) (2016-17) (2016-17) standards
2011A67 76.83 120.752 88.00 95.19 – –
2011A313 102.41 112.41 84.36 99.73 – –
Stds
Co7219 109.31 108.33 57.63 91.76 3.74 8.69
83V15 98.77 114.00 63.67 92.15 3.30 8.22
Co 86249 93.76 100.00 53.44 82.40 15.52 8.90
CD (0.05) 27.23 10.72 8.55
CV (%) 16.50 8.77 8.03

90
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Table 2(c): Performance of promising midlate clones for CCS yield (t/ha)
CCS Yield(t/ha)
I Plant II Plant Ratoon Percent increase over
Clone Mean
(2015-16) (2016-17) (2016-17) standards
2011A67 11.32 16.32 12.88 13.51 – –
2011A313 14.44 16.97 9.44 13.62 – –
Stds
Co7219 10.12 14.47 9.28 11.29 19.66 20.64
83V15 13.59 15.12 8.87 12.53 7.82 8.70
Co 86249 13.28 12.05 7.28 10.87 24.29 25.30
45CD 4.12 1.60 1.11
(0.05)
CV (%) 18.90 6.33 6.88

Table 2(d): Performance of promising midlate clones for Per cent juice sucrose
Per cent Juice Sucrose
I Plant I Plant II Plant Ratoon Percent increase over
Clone Mean
(2015-16) (2015-16) (2016-17) (2016-17) standards
2011A67 52.08 21.16 20.18 20.32 20.55 – –
2011A313 87.81 20.24 20.81 21.50 20.85 – –
Stds
Co7219 65.51 18.85 19.00 19.80 19.22 6.92 8.48
83V15 77.48 18.23 20.08 21.20 19.84 3.58 5.09
Co 86249 74.64 19.94 17.43 18.56 18.64 10.25 11.86
CD (0.05) 12.81 6.90 0.55 0.75

CV (%) 10.45 4.90 1.65 2.18

to three standards, Co 7219 (289 cm), 83V
15(268 cm) and Co 86249 (261 cm) and were
found to on par with the standards. For stalk
diameter, 2011A 67 (3.52 cm) and 2011A 313
(3.67cm) recorded maximum cane diameter
when compared to three standards viz., Co
7219 (2.93 cm), 83V 15 (2.74 cm) and Co
86249 (2.46 cm). Single cane weight was
maximum in 2011A 313 (1.51 kg) followed by
2011A 67 (1.29 kg) and found to be promising
over the three standards Co 7219 (1.11 kg),
83V 15 (1.07 kg) and Co 86249 (1.00 kg), at
harvest. All the three components were found
to be significantly superior over the three
standards when tested in the trial.
Data on reaction to red rot and smut
were presented in Table 4.The clones 2011A
67 and 2011A 313 were found to be resistant
under nodal method of inoculation but
moderately resistant to Cf 04 and susceptible
reaction to Cf 06 and Cf 05 under plug
method of inoculation. The clones 2011A 67
and 2011A 313 showed moderately resistant
and moderately susceptible reaction to smut
under artificially inoculated conditions.

91
 INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF ESB & INB IN
SUGARCANE FIELD PROBLEMS – GROUND REALITIES –
SOLUTIONS
Y. kotaiah1, Pamidi Venkateswarlu2 and R Surya Rao3
1.General Manager (Agri & Admn) 2. Technical Advisor (Agriculture) 3. Chief Manager (Cane)
Nava Bharat Ventures Limited, Sugar Division, Samalkot – AP.
Abstract
Among the regular sugarcane pests, Early
Shoot Borer and Internodal Borer are the
major pests affecting the crop from
germination to harvesting.Trichogramma Egg
Parasites (Tricho Cards) and Pheromone traps
gained popularity among farmers for their
control along with sporadic adoption of
cultural and chemical control methods. There
is need to adjust the Tricho cards release
timing and dose according to the local
conditions including varieties, severity and
seasonal abundance of the borers.Further
refinement and fine tuning the pheromone
technologies on number of traps / ac,
frequency of changing the traps, especially
under high temperatures, low humidity and
during high velocity winds, effective dose for
mass trapping and height of the trap have to
be standardized through collaborative trials.
Introduction
Indian Sugar industry, particularly
South Indian Sugar Industry is struggling to
sustain the cane yields in the present scenario
of climate change and change in the farming
practices / situations. Among the biotic and
abiotic factors contributing to cane yield, the
climatic changes in temperature and humidity
largely influence the pests and diseases
incidence translating to heavy reduction in
cane yields. In South India,among the
sugarcane pests, tissue borers are the regular
pests right from the early seedling stage to
maturity and harvest. The common tissue
borers are early shoot borer (ESB), internode
borer (INB), top shoot borer and others Pink
borer & Root borer (Bhavani, 2015). Though
the exploratory testing using Trichogramma
94
Egg Parasite for controlling Lepidoptera
borers started during 1930-60 and later with
Pheromone Traps, they had gained wide
interest in several regions, especially in South
India from 1970 s. Still, the adoption levels
are poor and need further refinement.
Experimented analysis
Among the regular sugarcane pests, the
Early Shoot BorerChiloinfuscatellus (ESB)
is an important insect pest affecting the crop
from germination to node formation (15
weeks)causes dead hearts, which can be
pulled easily and smell badly.This ESB
(Chiloinfuscatellus) completes many life
cycles during the crop duration, always
overlapping generations can be seen in the
field during favourable field conditions to the
insect, like moisture stress.Due to ESB
damage, loss of tiller number at initial stages
leads to less millable canes. ESB population
persist beyond 15 weeks, by which time the
internodes form, make entry in to the stem
(internodes).This ESB rarely also damage as
internode borer.
The Internode Borer (INB) Chilosac
chariphagus indicus, bores in to the stem
(internodes)from node formation (3-4 month
age) till harvest (11-12 months), turns them
thinner or shorter due to feeding from inside.
Make exit holes in internodes causing dead
heart in grownup canes. Effects of INB
damage, making holes at internodes and the
internodes become thinner/shorter and can
break easily when heavy winds blow. Causes
loss in cane weight/yield (field loss- about 1-3
tons/ac) and in juice quality/sugar recovery
(factory loss of 0.1 to 0.3 less in CCS %).
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
Sugarcane ESB & INB are common and
regular pests on sugar canesince ages and lot
of focus was given by researchers and
recommended different biological & chemical
control measures, including environmentally
friendly biological control like, parasitoids,
virus spray, microbials, botanical products,
pheromone traps, cultural practices,
mechanical methods, pest tolerant varieties
(Jhansi et al., 2013). The other chemical
control and cultural practices (Trash
Mulching, De-trashing) and mechanical
methods developed were adopted by farmers
as per convenience. Even though sugarcane is
being grown from ages and research on
controlling these pests started as early as
1930, still these pests are persistent, control
is not full proof, which necessities the
continued research focus. Since, pest severity
can differ between factory areas due to
climate, soil, variety, irrigation, manuring,
etc., R&D at each factory level is useful for
fine-tuning for local optimization.
Eco-Friendly Pest Control Methods
There is considerable interest and
demand from the farming community to be
availed with wider range of technology options
for adopting organic and other eco-friendly
crop protection. Biological control always
needs to be adopted for pests. Whatever
methods are chosen to control sugarcane
pests, should also be safe for the farmer who
practices them and also avoid
disturbing/destroying the locally available
non-target beneficial insects like predators,
parasitoids and pollinators. Further, they also
can help to minimise the chemical pollution
of the soil, water, air environment in the
surrounding places. For sugarcane borers,
biocontrol with Trichogramma and use of
pheromone traps can supplement cultural
practices.
Among the bio-control methods
recommended for borers, release of
Trichogramma Egg Parasites (Tricho Cards)
95
and Pheromone traps gained popularity
among farmers in amidst of the crops, more
so in sugarcane. Even though, the research on
the eco-friendly methods was initiated ages
back and ICAR initiated projects on
bio-control through the promotion of
Trichigramma Egg Parasites by establishing
many laboratories all over the country, the
timely availability to common farmer is
limited. The reasons are many which were
un-attended and lost focus. The research on
Pheromone Technology for monitoring these
Lepidoptera Tissue Borers was initiated by
ICAR and State Universities, but, the private
industry monopolised the marketing of these
products and further research on the
pheromone technology was given less priority.
Off late, thanks to the initiatives by ICAR at
National level and SAUs at state level for the
importance given and focusing on this
pheromone technology for monitoring, mass
trapping and for disturbing mating of the
adult moths, which may also be applicable to
sugarcane crop.
Trichogramma Technology
Trichogrammachilonis for INB/ESB
and Trichogrammajaponicum for TSB are
recommended as egg parasites for these
Lepidoptera Tissue Borers in sugarcane.
Trichogramma egg parasites release method
for sugarcane borer control, kills the borer at
egg stage before it becomes a caterpillar and
hence more useful. Widely adopted in many
countries over several decades. In India, it
was exploratory tested during 1930-60 and
from 1970s it has gained wide interest in
several regions, especially in South India.
There is lot of scope to enhance the
impact and to demonstrate the potential
by considering the issues on
1. Further evaluation of the Heat Tolerant
Strains of Trichogrammasp. and
making them available on large scale.
 Integrated Management of ESB & INB in Sugarcane Field Problems – Ground Realities – Solutions
2. What exactly does the adult Trichotravel
in the field and lay eggs for reducing the
borer damage?
3. How many days the adults can live in
field conditions and how many borer eggs
can they normally damage?
4. What precautions to be followed to avoid
damage to Tricho card in field?
5. The Trichogramma spread, longevity and
effect on further generations of insect
pests after the installation of the Tricho
Cards has to be studied by researchers
in wider area.
6. Whether any chemical insecticide can be
sprayed soon after Tricho card release?.
If so the time gap between spraying and
Tricho Cards release.
The benefit of Trichogramma releases
had proven in research station trials so far.
To improve the awareness and motivation for
adoption of this method at the factory level,
perception scenario has to be first understood
and then suitably tackled. Also there is need
to adjust the release timings and doses
according to the local conditions including
varieties severity and seasonal abundance of
the three borers.
Pheromone Traps
Researchers in South India have
recommended environmentally friendly
methods for pest monitoring and mass
trapping. Pheromone traps can help in
monitoring the pest, ie. Knowing the seasonal
abundance of borer adults (moths). Also helps
in mass-trapping of males (spent or unspent)
for reducing the borer infestation. The main
advantage of these Pheromone traps is
Common traps & specific lures (Pheromone)
for each borer.Though many private
companies are marketing pheromone traps, no
consistent and full proof field
recommendations are available for mass
trapping, to match with the scientific data
96
Y. Kotaiah, Pamidi Venkateswarlu and R. Surya Rao
available online. The Indian Institute of
Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad has
developed the attractant (pheromone)
technology and is keen to demonstrate their
potential benefits and optimum use to be
validated by factory level R&D. There is need
to pool the experiences & problems of Sugar
Factories, who are the large scale adopters of
Pheromone Traps to arrive at full proof
recommendations for effective mass trapping
of Sugarcane Tissue Borers. Collaborative
experiments on pheromone trap techniques
may be planned involving R&D scientists,
Private Companies and Factory R & D, for
deriving concrete solutions to the bottlenecks.
Considering all the available
technologies for the control of ESB &
INB, NBV, SD is adopting an integrated
approach with the following methods for
the last five years.
1. Release of Trichograma egg parasite @
one Cards (One CC eggs each) 4 times
for ESB between 30 to 90 days of crop
age and 4 times for INB in Sep-Nov).
2. Installation of Woto Traps @ 6 No/ac for
mass trapping of male moths.
3. Installation of Del-Ta Traps @ 6 No/ac
for mass trapping of male moths during
summer months (April / May)
4. Prophylactic chemical Control with
Rhynaxypyr Granules (Ferterra) @
8kg/ac at planting or at first earthingup
(MuchhaGoppu)
5. Preventive chemical control Carbofuran
3G @ 12kg/ac at 2nd or 3rdearthingup
The adoption of these integrated
practices by farmers is a combination of 2 to
4 methods and the incidence of ESB & INB
is minimal with the adoption of multiple
methods. But, all the methods could not
control the pest in the moisture stressed
exposed fields.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

The adoption of different methods for the control of ESB & INB at NBV, SD, Samalkot are

S# PARTICULAR 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

2. TRICHO CARDS 580 1025 1920 3085 3350 2820

@ one CC/ac 4 releases (ac)

3. WOTO TRAPS @ 6/ac (ac) 955 618 540 Old traps being
re-installed

4. DELTA TRAPS @ 6/ac (ac) 1500+1500

5. Ferterra Granules 332 776 1254 245 498 1019

@ 8kg/ac (ac)

6. Carbofuron 3G @ 12kg/ac (ac) 1129 1115 756

7. Trash Mulching & 560/0 964/0 1440/75 16110/21 1950/224 2026/574

Shredding (ac) 1

Based on the field experiences and pheromone evaporation is influenced by

observations made in the field and
interactions with the visiting scientists,
the following suggestions came out for
getting further clarity and fine tuning
the adopting technologies.
1. Frequent irrigations to maintain
optimum moisture as the ESB incidence
is more under water stress and in the
present scorching temperatures (450C)
with low humidity.
2. Application of Ferterra G (Rynaxypyr)
@8kg/ac or Carbofuran 3G @ 12kg/ac
before first earthingup (MuchaGoppu) for
the May month sett planting
temperature (as high as 470C in this
summer) and with high wind velocity,
the time to change the lures has to be
further examined, discussed and an
appropriate decision has to be taken.
But, PCI claims that their pheromone is
stable and active up to 60 days under
any field temperatures.
(e) Advised to conduct at least 2 to 3
observational trials by each field staff, by
not changing the lures in 1 or 2 traps in
each field after 3 weeks and observe the
moth’s attraction for the next 3 weeks to
take a right decision.

3. Further installation of Delta traps to the 5. Difference of opinion in the no. of traps
extent possible during the summer to be installed per acre. The
months, as it is the only method ideal to recommendation varies from 6 to 12/ac
mass trap the ESB & INB moths during and we are adopting 6/ac. It was advise
the scorching temperatures coupled with to try 6, 8, 10 & 12 traps / ac in
low humidity.. accepting farmers large fields and
observe from moth collection at weekly
4. Further suggestions were made for the
intervals during next 3 weeks to arrive
better use of the Delta Traps.
at a right decision.
(a) Periodical changing the position of the
6. The recent scientific thinking of using
traps matching to the crop height as it
different quantities of pheromone in
grows.
lures for different purposes of
(b) Change of Pheromone Lures (Rubber monitoring, mass trapping and
Septa) once in 3 weeks. (Since the disturbing mating in the process of

97
 Integrated Management of ESB & INB in Sugarcane Field Problems – Ground Realities – Solutions
Y. Kotaiah, Pamidi Venkateswarlu and R. Surya Rao

controlling ESB & INB, came out for
discussion.
(a) Lures with 3 mg are recommended from
pest monitoring
(b) Lures with 10 mg are recommended for
mass collection of male moths.
(c) Lures with 30 mg are recommended for
disturbing moth mating.
(d) Taking the advantage of no statuary
control over this bio-control tool, no
pheromone marketing company is
indicating the concentration of the
pheromone in the lures they supply. But
they are using around 3 mg of
pheromone per lure. PCI confirms the
recommendation of 6 traps @ 3 mg
pheromone lures per acre (18mg/ac) for
mass collection of moths.
(e) Still it is worth to examine the use of
10 mg pheromone lures for mass
trapping if they are available and
commercially viable.
Conclusions
Trichogramma Egg Parasites (Tricho
Cards) and Pheromone traps gained
popularity among farmers for the control of
sugarcane ESB & INB. Further refinement
and fine tuning the adopting technologies on
number of traps, frequency of changing the
traps especially under high temperatures, low
humidity and during high velocity winds,
effective dose for mass trapping and height of
installing the trap have to be standardized
through collaborative trials.
Acknowledgements
The authors are highly thankful to the
management of M/S. Nava Bharat Ventures
Ltd., Sugar Division, Samalkot for providing
infrastructural facilities for successful
implementation of Integrated Management of
ESB & INB in Sugarcane and to generate this
information. Thanks are also to the Scientists
and Private Industry representatives for
interacting on this subject and clarifying
doubts.
References
1. B Bhavani, (2015) “Management of borer
complex in sugarcane”. In Training Manual,
Training Program on Recent Advances in
Sugar Cane Production Technologies. Akp. pp
45-48.
2. K Jhansi, K PrasadaRao and KSC Bose (2013).
“Management of Shoot Borer by
Trichogrammachilonos”. Soubenir, Group
meeting of AICRP on Sugarcane at RARS, Ajp.
Pp 91-93.

98
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
EFFICACY OF GRANULAR INSECTICIDES AGAINST
EARLY SHOOT BORER (CHILO INFUSCAETLLUS SNELL)
IN SUGARCANE
K. Jhansi
Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University.
Sugarcane Research Station, Vuyyuru – 521165 (A.P)
Abstract
An experiment to evaluate different granular
insecticides applied at planting for the control
of early shoot borer was conducted at
Sugarcane Research Station, Vuyyuru .Graded
doses of three granular insecticides viz.,
chlorpyriphos (Dursban® 10 G) ,carbofuran 3G
and phorate 10G were used. Application of
chlorpyriphos (Dursban® 10 G) at the time of
planting was observed to be the most effective
in reducing the infestation of early shoot borer
and given higher millable canes and cane
yield.
Keywords: Sugarcane, ESB, Chlorpyriphos
(Dursban ® 10 G)
Out of number of insect pests infesting
sugarcane, early shoot borer (Chilo
infuscatellus Snell.) is an utmost damaging
pest. It attacks the crop in early stages of
growth (shoot stage prior to internodes
formation). The borer larvae enter the plants
laterally by making one or more holes in the
stalk and bore downwards as well as upwards
killing the growing point, there by cutting off
the central leaf spindle which dries up
forming ‘dead heart’ and after rotting it emits
an offensive odour on being pulled out. Shoot
borer destroys 26 to 65 percent mother shoots
and 6.4, 27.1 and 75 percent primary,
secondary and tertiary tillers respectively. A
number of workers have estimated the loss
due to infestation of this pest in terms of yield
at harvest. The loss in yield at every 5
percent is 2.5 percent. Several workers
reported that soil application of insecticides at
the time of planting was effective in
controlling the early shoot borer. Hasabe et
99
al., 1986; reported that soil application of
Gamma BHC @ 1kg a.i. /ha or sevidol 4:4 G
@ 2 kg a.i. /ha reduced the infestation of early
shoot borer. Phorate @ 25 kg /ha and
carbofuran @ 30 kg /ha when applied at the
time of planting gave effective control of early
shoot borer (Muzaffer et al. (2002).
Materials and methods
An experiment to study the effect of
different granular insecticides when applied at
planting for the control of early shoot borer
was conducted at Sugarcane Research Station,
Vuyyuru. There were seven treatments
including control replicated three times in
randomized block design. The plot size was
ten rows of 10 m x 0.8 m. The application of
insecticides was done at the time of planting.
The details of the treatments are
1. T1- Soil application of Dursban ® 10
G @ 1.5 kg a. i./ha at the time planting
2. T2- Soil application of Dursban ® 10
G @ 2.0 kg a. i./ha at the time planting.
3. T3 – Soil application of Dursban ® 10 G
@ 2.5 kg a. i. /ha at the time planting.
4. T4 – Soil application of Dursban ® 10
G @ 3.0 kg a. i. /ha at the time planting.
5. T5 – Soil application of Carbofuran 3 G
@ 1.0 kg a. i. /ha at the time planting.
6. T6- Soil application of Phorate 10 G @
1.0 kg a. i. /ha at the time planting
7. T7– Untreated control.
All the agronomic practices were followed
to harvest a good crop. The dead heart counts
were recorded on 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after
 Efficacy of Granular Insecticides Against Early Shoot Borer (Chilo Infuscaetllus Snell) In Sugarcane
K. Jhansi

planting and then cumulative percent
incidence of shoot borer worked. At harvest,
number of millable canes, cane yield and juice
quality was also recorded.
Results and Discussion
The results presented in table-1 showed
that the difference due to various treatments
in respect of shoot borer infestation , number
of millable canes and cane yield were
significant and non significant in case of
percent juice sucrose.
The least cumulative percent infestation
of ESB (21.94) was recorded in the treatment
with Dursban ®10 G @ 3.0 kg a.i./ha followed
by 24.31 percent in Dursban® 10 G @ 2.5 kg
a.i./ha and 24.75 percent in carbofuran 3G @
1 kg a.i./ha which were at par. The lowest
percent of 36.79 was recorded untreated
control. The difference due to various
treatments in respect of millable canes is
significant. From the table it is evident that
Table: Efficacy of granular insecticides against early
the sugarcane yield varied significantly among
the treatments and was significantly superior
to untreated check. Highest number of
millable canes of 75,001/ha were recorded in
the treatment with Dursban ® 10 G @ 3.0 kg
a.i./ha. Lowest number of millable canes of
58,073/ha was recorded in untreated control.
Analysis of the data revealed that there was
significant difference with respect to cane
yield. Highest cane yield of 115.89 t/ha was
recorded in Dursban ® 10 G @ 3.0 kg a.i./ha
followed by 114 69 t/ha in Dursban ® 10 G
@ 2.5 kg a.i./ha and 113.54 t/ha in Dursban
® 10 G @ 2.0 kg a.i./ha which were at par.
Lowest cane yield of 97.36 t/ha was recorded
in untreated control. Duke, 2007 also reported
the efficacy of chlorpyriphos 10 G in reducing
shoot borer incidence and increasing the
number of millable canes and cane yield in
sugarcane..The percent juice sucrose was not
altered significantly due to different
treatments.
shoot borer in Sugarcane.

ESB
NMC Cane
S.no Treatment (cumulative % JS
/ha yield T/ha
%incidence)

1. T1 – Soil application of Dursban ® 10 G @ 28.59 73282 110.61 18.80

1.5 kg a. i. /ha at the time planting.

2. T2 – Soil application of Dursban® 10 G @ 2.0 26.35 73021 113.54 19.04

kg a. i. /ha at the time of planting.

3. T3 – Soil application of Dursban ® 10 G @ 24.31 72162 114.69 18.68

2.5 kg a. i./ ha at the time of planting.

4. T4 – Soil application of Dursban ® 10 G @ 21.94 75001 115.89 18.33

3.0 kg a. i. /ha at the time of planting.

5. T5 – Soil application of Carbofuran 3 G @ 24.75 67328 107.12 18.67

1 kg a.i./ha at the time of planting
6. T6 – Soil application of Phorate 10 G @ 27.18 71782 108.37 18.61
1.0 kg a. i. /ha at the time planting

7. T7 – Untreated control 36.79 58073 97.36 18.67

S E m 1.04 1468 2.51 0.33

C D (0.05) 3.19 4523 7.73 NS

C V% 6.60 3.60 4.00 3.00

100
 FIELD EFFICACY OF EGG PARASITOID, TRICHOGRAMMA
CHILONIS IN SUGARCANE ECOSYSTEM
M. Visalakshi
*Regional Agricultural Research Station (ANGRAU), Anakapalle - 531001, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract Sugarcane is an important cash crop in

Field studies were conducted during 2013 and
2014 to evaluate the efficacy
Trichogrammachilonis Ishii for management
of shoot borers in sugarcane in Andhra
Pradesh.The study showed that the timing,
frequency and rate of T. chilonis release had
played a significant role in the management
of sugarcane shoot borers. During 2013-14,
early shoot borer and internode borer recorded
significantly low with the release of T. chilonis
@ 75,000/ha/release, 6 times from 30 days
after planting and 2 times at node formation
at weekly interval (2.54% and 1.99%) followed
by release of T. chilonis @ 50,000/ha/release,
6 times from 30 days after planting and 2
times at node formation at weekly interval (
2.89 % and 2.26 %) compared to control
recorded high incidence of early shoot borer
and internode borer (21.63% and 10.265).
Similarly during 2014-15, early shoot borer
and internode borer recorded significantly low
in release of T. chilonis @ 75,000/ha/release,
6 times from 30 days after planting and 2
times at node formation at weekly interval
(1.88% and 4.58%) followed by release of T.
chilonis @ 50,000/ha/release, 6 times from 30
days after planting and 2 times at node
formation at weekly interval (1.91% and
5.39%) and high in control (12.89% and
8.89%). The yields recorded in plant crop,
2013 and ratoon crop, 2014 revealed that high
rate of T.chilonis release @ 75,000/ha/release,
6 times from 30 days after planting and 2
times at node formation at weekly interval
resulted in highest percent increase of yield in
(40.29% and 61.11%) over control.
Keywords: Trichogrammachilonis, Efficacy,
Sugarcane shoot borers, Cane yield
India which plays an important role in the
of economy of the country. Among several factors
responsible for low yields, severe attack of
insect pests at early and mature stages of
crop are the most significant. Sugarcane shoot
borer has become a challenging pest of
sugarcane crop due to its’ habit of feeding
inside the plant parts where sprays are
difficult to reach. Indescriminate use of
pesticides kill the natural enemies resulting
in flare up of pest population ( Hamburg and
Guest, 1997). Biological control of early shoot
borer, Chiloinfuscatellus (Snelle) and
internode borer, Chilosacchariphagusindicus
(Kapur) in sugarcane through inundative
release of the egg parasitoid,
Trichogrammachilonis Ishii is being practiced
in sugarcane cultivated tracts in india and it
has also received considerable attention in
andhra pradesh. Utilization of T. chilonis
sugarcane produces most effective results in
the management of borer complex. Narasimha
Rao et. al., (2006) reported that T. chilonis @
50,000 ha-1 release-1 from 30 days after
planting, four releases at 7-10 day interval
resulted in less incidence of early shoot borer
in sugarcane (0.16%) compared to the
untreated plots (3.33%). Studies on timing,
frequency and rate of T. chilonis release for
the management of sugarcane shoot borers
are meager. Hence the present study was
conducted on field efficacy of egg parasitoid,
trichogrammachilonis in sugarcane ecosystem.
Material and Methods
Field experiments were conducted using
sugarcane variety 2009A56 during rabi season,
2013 and 2014 to evaluate the sustainability and
recovery of Trichogrammachilonis Ishii
recommended for management of shoot borers

102
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

in sugarcane in Andhra Pradesh. The dosages and timing of T.chilonis release as

Biocontrol agent, Trichogrammachiloniswas Block 1: Release of T. chilonis@
multiplied in the Biocontrol Laboratory, 50,000/ha/week, 4 times from 30 days after
Department of Entomology, Regional planting (DAP) and two times at node
Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle, formation at 7-10 day interval; Block
Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was laid out 2:Release of T.chilonis@ 50,000/ha/week, 6
in randomized block design with four times from 30 days after planting (DAP) and
replications during rabi season, 2013 and two times at node formation at 7-10 day
2014 in Regional Agricultural Research interval; Block 3: Release of T. chilonis@
Station, Anakapalle. The Biocontrol agent, 75,000/ha/week , 4 times from 30 days after
Trichogrammachiloniswas released at two planting (DAP) and two times at node
rates of release i.e., 50,000/ha/week and formation at 7-10 day interval and Block 4:
75,000/ha/week. The number of releases were Release of T.chilonis@ 75,000/ha/week , 6
4 and 6 from 30 days after planting and two times from 30 days after planting (DAP) and
at node formation in different blocks. The two times at node formation at 7-10 day
unreleased experimental block was treated as interval with Block 5: No release of T. chilonis
control. Egg cards (10cmx2.5 cm) containing as untreated control. Data on cumulative
T.chilonis parasitized host eggs were cut into incidence of early shoot borer as % dead heart
small pieces and placed uniformly in each (DH) from 45 days to 120 days after planting.
block at 30 days after planting for adequate Percent incidence of internode borer was
dispersal of the parasitoid. The subsequent recorded from 50 randomly selected canes
releases were made at weekly interval. There from each block and cane yield (t/ha) was
were four treatments as blocks with different recorded at harvest.
Table 1: Efficacy of Trichogrammachilonis in sugarcane ecosystem during 2013
INB damage Cane yield
Treatment ESB (%DH)
(%) (t/ha)
B1: 3.77 3.74 53.42
T. chilonis release @ 50,000/ha/release, 4
times from 30 days after planting and 2 times
at node formation at weekly interval
B2: 2.89 2.26 60.9
T. chilonis release @ 50,000/ha/release, 6
times from 30 days after planting and 2 times
at node formation at weekly interval
B3: 3.18 2.25 63.26
T. chilonis release @ 75,000/ha/release, 4
times from 30 days after planting and 2 times
at node formation at weekly interval
B4: 2.54 1.99 70.51
T. chilonis release @ 75,000/ha/release, 6
times from 30 days after planting and 2 times
at node formation at weekly interval
B5: 21.63 10.26 50.26
Untreated control

ESB: Early shoot borer; INB: Internode borer; DH: Deadheart: B: Block

103
 Field Efficacy of Egg Parasitoid, Trichogramma Chilonis In Sugarcane Ecosystem
M. Visalakshi

Results and Discussion borer damage (4.58 ) was observed in Block 4

Data on early shoot borer and internode
borer damage with field release of
Trichogrammachilonis recovered during 2013
and 2014 was presented in Table 1 and Table
2.
During 2013, the data on early shoot
borer damage (%DH) recorded from 45 days
to 120 days after planting and internode borer
damage (%) recorded at harvest revealed that
the releases of T. chilonis had played a
significant role in the reduction of shoot
borers in sugarcane (Table 1). Block 4
recorded significantly lower per cent dead
heart (2.54) and internode borer damage
(1.99) followed by block 3 (3.18 and 2.25
)indicating that the parasitoid establishment
was good with higher dosage with more
number of releases. Whereas, untreated
control block recorded the highest per cent
DH ( 21.63%) and internode borer damage
(10.26 %).Similarly, during 2014, the lowest
per cent dead heart ( 1.88 ) and inter node
and highest per cent in block 5 (12.89 %DH
and 8.89%) (Table 2).
Many pests proliferate in specific season
with natural enemies showing co-occurrence.
Early shoot borer attacks the crop in its early
stages of growth with peak activity during
summer months. The pest infestation is
generally high during pre- monsoon period
i.e., april-june when high temperature prevails
and its activity decreases with the onset of
south west monsoon. Internode borer attack
is more in the monsoon and post monsoon
periods.
Effect of releasing T. chilonis on yield of
sugarcane was significant between treatments
during 2013 and 2014. The results showed
that release Release of T.chilonis@
75,000/ha/week, 6 times from 30 days after
planting (DAP) and two times at node
formation at 7-10 day interval effectively
reduced shoot borers and increased cane
yields by 40.29 % during 2013-14 ( 70.51 t /

Table 2: Efficacy of Trichogrammachilonis in sugarcane ecosystem during 2014

Treatment ESB (%DH) INB damage (%) Cane yield (t/ha)
B1: 2.91 6.99 51.64
T. chilonis release @ 50,000/ha/release, 4
times from 30 days after planting and 2 times
at node formation at weekly interval
B2: 2.38 5.39 59.07
T. chilonis release @ 50,000/ha/release, 6
times from 30 days after planting and 2 times
at node formation at weekly interval
B3: 2.01 5.45 61.43
T. chilonis release @ 75,000/ha/release, 4
times from 30 days after planting and 2 times
at node formation at weekly interval
B4: 1.88 4.58 68.02
T. chilonis release @ 75,000/ha/release, 6
times from 30 days after planting and 2 times
at node formation at weekly interval
B5: 12.89 8.89 42.22
Untreated control

ESB: Early shoot borer; INB: Internode borer; DH: Deadheart; B: Block

104
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

ha) and 61.11% during 2014-15 ( 68.02 t/ha )
as compared to control.
Efficacy of Trichogramma in the field
vary with the timing of release, frequency and
rate of release and also influenced by weather,
stage of the crop and host insect. Natural
enemies generally closely follow the pest
population in a stable crop system like
sugarcane. Thus, Crop- pest- natural enemy
equilibrium should be given due consideration
in planning control measures.The stable crop
system and low pesticide load provide ideal
conditions for both natural and applied
control.

105
 EFFECT OF INOCULATIVE RELEASES OF
TRICHOGRAMMA CHILONIS ON EARLY SHOOT BORER
AND INTERNODE BORER DAMAGE IN SUGARCANE
M.Visalakshi1 and B.Bhavani2
1
Senior Scientist (Entomology), AICRP on Biological control, 2Regional Agricultural Research Station,
Anakapalle-531 001, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
Abstract
Field experiments were conducted during
2015-16 and 2016-17 to study the effect of
inoculative releases of Trichogramma chilonis
Ishii recommended for the management of
early shoot borer and internode borer in
sugarcane in Andhra Pradesh. The study
revealed that the timing, frequency and rate
of T. chilonis release had played a significant
role in the management of sugarcane shoot
borers. During 2015-16, early shoot borer and
internode borer recorded significantly low in
T. chilonis release @ 75,000/ha/release, 6
times from 30 days after planting and 2 times
at node formation at weekly interval ( 6.54 %
and 3.92%) followed by T. chilonis release @
50,000/ha/release, 6 times from 30 days after
planting and 2 times at node formation at
weekly interval (7.9% and 3.26%) whereas
untreated control recorded high incidence of
early shoot borer and internode borer ( 10.94%
and 5.12%). Similarly during 2016-17, early
shoot borer and internode borer recorded
significantly low in T. chilonis release @
75,000/ha/release, 6 times from 30 days after
planting and 2 times at node formation at
weekly interval ( 2.27 % and 5.85%) compared
to untreated control showing severe incidence
of early shoot borer and internode borer (15.95
% and 18.25 %). The sustainability of
inoculative releases of T.chilonis with highest
per cent field recovery was recorded in T.
chilonis release @ 75,000/ha/release, 6 + 2
times during monsoon period i.e., third week
of July, 2015 (68.63%) and post monsoon
period i.e., last week of September, 2015 (
29.55%) compared to pre monsoon period
(12.21 %). Similarly, highest field recovery of
106
T. chilonis was recorded in T. chilonis release
@ 75,000/ha/release, 6 + 2 times during
monsoon period i.e., last week of July, 2016
(20.0 %) and post monsoon period i.e., third
week of october, 2016 (37.59 %) compared to
pre monsoon period ( 9.27 %). The yields
recorded in plant crop, 2015 (47.95 t/ha) and
ratoon crop, 2016 ( 52.42 t/ha) revealed that
high rate of T.chilonis release resulted in
highest percent increase of yield in T. chilonis
release @ 75,000/ha/release, 6 times from 30
days after planting and 2 times at node
formation at weekly interval ( 21.77 % and
24.64 %) over untreated control.
Keywords: Trichogramma chilonis,
inoculative releases, sugarcane shoot borers
damage and field recovery.
Introduction
Sugarcane shoot borers have become a
challenging pests of sugarcane crop due to
its’ habit of feeding inside the plant parts
where sprays are difficult to reach.
Indescriminate use of pesticides kill the
natural enemies resulting in flare up of pest
population. Innundative release of the
bioagents for the control of lepidopterous pests
are being practiced in more than 32 million
hectares each year around the world.
Trichogramma chilonis release reduced the
damage upto 70-92% on sugarcane,corn and
cotton crops in china, Switzerland, Canada.
Narasimha Rao et al., (2006) reported that T.
chilonis @ 50,000/ ha/release from 30 days
after planting, four releases at 7-10 day
interval effective in sugarcane. Biological
control of early shoot borer, Chilo
infuscatellus (Snelle) and internode borer,
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
Chilo sacchariphagus indicus (Kapur) in
sugarcane through inundative release of the
egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii is
being practiced in sugarcane cultivated tracts
in india and it has also received considerable
attention in andhra pradesh. Many pests
proliferate in specific season with natural
enemies showing co-occurrence. Early shoot
borer attacks the crop in its early stages of
growth with peak activity during summer
months. The pest infestation is generally high
during pre- monsoon period (april - june)
when high temperature prevails and its
activity decreases with the onset of south west
monsoon. Internode borer attack is more in
the monsoon and post monsoon periods. Many
reports are available on the varied degree of
parasitism (2-95%) by Trichogramma after
release but very little information is available
on the recovery of the parasitoid in sugarcane
ecosystem. Effective dispersal distance was
studied based on the recovery of T. chilonis
in sugarcane. Hence, it is highly essential to
study the feasibility of inundative release of
Trichogramma chilonis against sugarcane
shoot borers.
Experimental Analysis
Field experiments were conducted using
sugarcane variety 2001A56 during 2015-16
plant crop ( 20.04.2015) and during 2016-17
ratoon crop ( 23.04.2016) to study the effect
of inoculative releases of Trichogramma
chilonis recommended for management of
shoot borers in sugarcane in andhra pradesh.
The Biocontrol agent, Trichogramma chilonis
(National accession no.NBAII-MP-TRI-13)
supplied by NBAIR, Bangalore was multiplied
in the Biocontrol Laboratory, AICRP on
Biological control, Regional Agricultural
Research Station, Anakapalle, Andhra
Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in
randomized block design with four replications
during rabi season, 2015 and 2016 in Regional
Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle.
The Biocontrol agent, Trichogramma chilonis
107
was released at two rates of release i.e.,
50,000/ha/week and 75,000/ha/week. The
number of releases were 4 and 6 from 30 days
after planting and two at node formation in
different blocks. The unreleased experimental
block was treated as control . Egg cards
(10 cm  2.5 c m
containing T.chilonis parasitized host
eggs were cut into small pieces and placed
uniformly in each block at 30 days after
planting for adequate dispersal of the
parasitoid. The subsequent releases were
made at weekly interval. There were four
treatments as blocks with different dosages
and timing of T. chilonis release as Block 1:
Release of T. chilonis @50,000/ha/week, 4
times from 30 days after planting (DAP) and
two times at node formation at 7-10 day
interval; Block 2: Release of T. chilonis @
50,000/ha/week, 6 times from 30 days after
planting (DAP) and two times at node
formation at 7-10 day interval; Block3:
Release of T. chilonis @ 75,000/ha/week , 4
times from 30 days after planting (DAP) and
two times at node formation at 7-10 day
interval and Block 4 : Release of T.
chilonis @ 75,000/ha/week , 6 times from 30
days after planting (DAP) and two times at
node formation at 7-10 day interval with
Block 5 : No release of T. chilonis as
untreated control. Data on cumulative
incidence of early shoot borer as % deadheart
(DH) was recorded from 45 days to 120 days
after planting. Percent incidence of internode
borer was recorded from 50 randomly
selected canes from each block at harvest.
The establishment of the parasitoid in
sugarcane ecosystem was assessed on the
basis of occurrence of early shoot borer
damage as deadhearts during crop growth
period and internode damage at harvest in
all blocks with T. chilonis release at different
rates and frequencies. The field recovery of
the parasitoid was studied by using Corcyra
egg cards as stem borer eggs were not
 Effect of Inoculative Releases of Trichogramma Chilonis On Early Shoot Borer and Internode Borer Damage in Sugarcane
M.Visalakshi and B.Bhavani

available in the field abundantly throughout in untreated control (15.95 %DH and 18.25%)
the year, so the eggs of Corcyra cephalonica, (Table 2).
the factitious (surrogate ) host of the
The highest per cent recovery of egg
parasitoid were used for studying the field
parasitoid, T. chilonis in block 4 during post
recovery of the egg parasitoid, T. chilonis .
monsoon periods (july, 2015 – 68.63% and
Similar studies conducted at Assam
september,15 – 19.83% ) and monsoon period
Agricultural University , Jorhat reported in
(june,15- 12.1%) compared to other blocks
rice against stem borer with T. japonicum and
indicated that the establishment of parasitoid
T. chilonis. Corcyra egg cards of 100 eggs as
was high in block 4 due to release of
sentinel cards were kept in the field at a
parasitoid at higher dosage and frequency.
distance of one metre from the point of
Higher recovery rate of T. embryophagum
release after a day of T. chilonis release in
recorded during october and november months
all the blocks / treatments. Recovery of field
in Taiwan corn fields controlling asian corn
populations of T. chilonis was assessed in all
borer(Bing Huei Chen and jih zu yu.,1996).
the blocks during premonsoon period (April,
Parasitoid recovery was low in block 1 during
June) , monsoon period (July) and post
monsoon period ( june, 2015 – 2.89%) and post
monsoon period (September, October) during
monsoon period (July, 15- 4.13 and
2015-16 and 2016-17. The field recovery of
September,15 – 2.07%) and was negligible in
the parasitoid and cane yield increase over
control block (0.0- 0.43 %) during monsoon
untreated control were calculated for the
and post monsoon periods. Similarly, the
establishment of T. chilonis in sugarcane
highest per cent recovery of the parasitoid in
ecosystem .
block 4 during post monsoon period
Data on early shoot borer and internode (october,16) recorded highest percent recovery
borer damage along with field recovery of (37.59%) due to better establishment of the
Trichogramma chilonis during 2015 and parasitoid compared to pre monsoon (june, 16
2016 was presented in Table 1 and Table 2. – 9.27%) and monsoon periods (june, 16 –
17.47% and july, 16 -20%) . Significantly
During 2015, the data on early shoot
higher parasite recovery during post monsoon
borer damage ( %DH) and internode borer
period of crop (Grand growth stage) in blocks
damage (%) revealed that the releases of T.
released with T. chilonis @ 75,000/ha/release
chilonis had played a significant role in the
, 6 times from 30 days after planting and 2
reduction of shoot borers in sugarcane (Table
times at node formation at weekly interval
1). Block 4 recorded significantly lower per
during both the years of study. Similar results
cent dead heart (6.54) and internode borer
reported that the variation in per cent
damage (3.92) followed by block 3 (7.62 and
recovery of parasite during the two years of
4.21) indicating that the parasitoid
study was due to combined effect of climatic
establishment was good with higher dosage
factors and plant physical factors which
and more number of releases. Whereas,
changes with the stage of the crop. The major
untreated control block recorded the highest
climatic factors that determine the activity of
per cent DH (16.6%) and internode borer
any insect are temperature, relative humidity
damage (8.62 %).
and rainfall. Somchoudhury and Dutt (1980)
Similarl results recorded during 2016 reported that mild climatic conditions were
showed that lowest per cent deadheart (2.27) most favourable for Trichogramma
and inter node borer damage (5.85) was australicum and T. perkinsi resulting in
observed in Block 4 and highest per cent significant increase in their parasitizing

108
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
ability (Bing Huei Chen and jih zu yu.,1996).
Similar results in paddy varieties indicated
the establishment and recovery of T. chilonis
(Das,D. J., 2004). Effect of releasing T.
chilonis on yield of sugarcane was significant
between treatments during 2015 and 2016.
The results showed that release of T. chilonis
@ 75,000/ha/week, 6 times from 30 days after
planting (DAP) and two times at node
formation at 7-10 day interval effectively
reduced shoot borers and increased cane
yields by 21.7 % during 2015-16 (52.42 t / ha)
and 24.64 % during 2016-17 (47.95 t/ha) as
compared to control (43.05 t/ha during 2015
and 38.47 t/ha during 2016). Similar studies
conducted at Assam Agricultural University,
Jorhat reported in rice against stem borer
with T. japanicum and T. chilonis (Das, D.J.,
2004).
Conclusion
Inoculative releases of T. chilonis @
75,000/ha/release, 6 times from 30 days after
planting and 2 times at node formation at
weekly interval followed by T. chilonis release
@ 50,000/ha/release, 6 times from 30 days
after planting and 2 times at node formation
at weekly interval were proved effective
against early shoot borer and internode borer
in sugarcane. Weather condition prevailing
during monsoon period and post monsoon
periods are favourable for the sustainability
of parasitoid compared to pre monsoon period.
Efficacy of Trichogramma in the field vary
with the timing of release, frequency and rate
of release and mainly influenced by weather
conditions, stage of the crop and host insect .
Natural enemies generally closely follow the
pest population in a stable crop system like
sugarcane. Thus, Crop- pest- natural enemy
111
equilibrium should be given due consideration
in planning control measures. The stable crop
system and low pesticide load provide ideal
conditions for both natural and applied
control.
Acknowledgement
First author is thankful to Director of
Research, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural
University, Andhra pradesh for financial
assistance and also thankful to Director,
NBAIR, Bangalore for providing technical
support for conducting studies .
References
1. Hamburg, H. V. and P. J. Guest. (1997). The
impact of insecticides on beneficial arthropods
in cotton agroecosystem in South Africa
Archives Environmental Contamination
Toxicology. 8(8) : 786.
2. Narasimha Rao, Ch. V .; Venugopala Rao, N.
and Bhavani, B. (2006).Efficacy of
Trichogramma chilonis Ishii against early
shoot borer,Chilo infuscatellus Snellen under
sugar factory operational areas of Coastal
Andhra pradesh .Journal of Biological Control
20 (2):225-228.
3. Das, D. J. (2004). Establishment and recovery
of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii on certain rice
varieties .Shashpa.11(1):45-50.
4. Somchoudhury, A. K.and Dutt, N. (1980). Field
bioecology of Trichogramma perkinse Girault
and Trichogramma australicum Giaraut
(Hymenoptera; Trichogrammatidae) and their
time of release for the control of Chilo
partellus (Swinhoe) and Heliothis armigera
Hubn. J. ent. Research, 4 (1): 73-82.
5. Bing Huei Chen and jih zu yu. (1996). Effect
of releasing Trichogramma embryophagu
(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on
controlling asian corn borer (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae) in Taiwan .Journal of Asian
Research. China,. 45(4):401-410.
 BIO-EFFICACY OF NEWER INSECTICIDES FOR THE
CONTROL OF EARLY SHOOT BORER (CHILO
INFUSCATELLUS SNELL.) IN CENTRAL U.P.
K.P. Pandey*, A.K. Singh and B.L. Sharma**
*
Director, ** Senior Scientist, Division of Entomology
U.P. Council of Sugarcane Research, Shahjahanpur
Kppandey.upcsr@gmail.com
Abstract
An experiment was conducted during three
consecutive years (2014-15 to 2016-17) at
Shahjahanpur to find out the bio-efficacy of
newer insecticides against early shoot borer,
chilo infuscatellus Snell in eastern U.P. The
field trial was conducted in RBD with four
replications using early cultivar CoS 08272
during spring season. The results revealed
that the drenching of chlorantraniliprole
18.5SC (@75 gm ai/ha) @ 375 ml dissolve in
1000 lit of water reduces the cumulative
percent incidence of early shoot borer (5.92%)
resulting in increases in other economic
parameters like cane yield, millable cane
height, girth of cane, sucrose (% in juice) and
CCS (%) as compared to untreated control.
Keywords: Chlorantraniliprole, chlorinated
hydrocarbon, Qualitative and quantitative
traits.
Introduction
Sugarcane crop is attacked by a number
of insect pests. Out of them nine species of
borers have been found regularly damaging
the sugarcane crop in India. Shoot borer,
Chilo infuscatellus Snell. is an important
borer causing reduction of 22-30% in cane
yield and 1-1.5 units in sugar recovery (Patil
and Hapse, 1981). It infests the crop during
early stages of crop growth (i.e. shoot stage
prior to internode formation).
In Maharastra, suru and ratoon crop
suffers severely during March to June due to
early shoot borer attack. During severe
incidence, the pest also infests the internodes.
Although prophylactic measures through the
112
use of persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons
such as Aldrin, Heptachlor had been banned
since 1990’s (Gupta and Awasthi, 1954; Teotia
et al., 1963), yet soil application of
chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 5l/ha (Singh et al.,
1998). Fipronil 0.3 G @ 20 kg/ha, and phorate
@ 25 kg/ha. were recommended for the control
of termite and shoot borer. Due to long
residual effect of insecticides these are
harmful to beneficial insect and create serious
problem to environment.
However, none of them have shown
promising results may be due to development
of resistance. Hence, implementation of
alternative options, such as new group of
insecticides which changes insect-plant-
environment interaction with specific and
novel mode of action, is essential which will
be an important factor in
Integrated-Pest-Management Programme.
Keeping this in view, bio-efficacy of newer
insecticides was evaluated against shoot
borer.
Materials and methods
The experiment was conducted at U.P.
Council of Sugarcane Research, Shahjahanpur
farm during three consecutive years (2014-15
to 2016-17). The early variety CoS 08272 was
planted in R.B.D. with four replications. The
two budded setts were planted in 6  5.4 m2
plot size. Eight treatments; comprising of soil
application of chlorantranitiprole 0.4 G @ 22.5
kg/ha at the time of planting and 60 DAP,
drenching of chlorantranitiprole 18.5 SC @
375 ml/ha, spraying of spinosad 45 SC @ 90
ml/ha, spraying of flubendiamide @ 125 ml/ha
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
at 30 & 60 DAP with three standards, soil
application of fipronil 0.3 G @ 25 kg/ha,
phorate 10 G @ 15 kg/ha and carbofuran 3G
@ 33 kg/ha at the time of planting & 60 DAP
and untreated control. Per cent germination
at 60 DAP. No. of tillers at 120 DAP, NMC
and cane yield t/ha were recorded. ESB
infestation was recorded by counting number
of “dead hearts” easily pulled out on 45, 60,
90 and 120 DAP. The cumulative incidence
was worked out by taking progressive total of
infested shoots formed. Growth and quality
parameters were also observed.
Results and discussion
On the basis of pooled data (table-1) the
results revealed that the per cent germination
at 60 DAP was observed maximum (45.29%)
with application of carbofuran (standard) @ 33
kg/ha at planting followed by 44.24% with soil
application of fipronil (standard) 0.3 G @ 25
kg/ha at the time of planting and 42.10% with
application of chlorantraniliprole 0.4 G @ 22.5
kg/ha at planting against 36.51% in untreated
control. The data of germination per cent was
not significant. The number of tillers was
observed maximum 213 (000)/ha in (T1 & T7)
soil application of fipronil 0.3 G @ 25 kg/ha
at the time of planting and 60 DAP and soil
application of carbofuran 3 G @ 33 kg/ha at
the time planting & 60 DAP followed by 205
(000)/ha with spraying of chlorantranitiprole
18.5 SC @ 375 ml/ha at 30 and 60 DAP
against 180 (000)/ha in untreated control. But
the number of millable canes and yield was
found maximum 141 (000)/ha and144 (t/ha)
with drenching of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC
@ 375 ml/ha at 30 and 60 DAP followed by
131 (000)/ha and 134(t/ha) with soil
application of fipronil 0.3 G @ 25 kg/ha at the
time of planting and 60 DAP and 139 (000)/ha
and 132 (t/ha) with soil application of phorate
10 G @ 15 kg/ha at the time of planting and
60 DAP against 110 (000)/ha and 90 (t/ha) in
untreated control.
113
Pooled data revealed that cumulative per
cent incidence of early shoot borer was
observed minimum (5.92%) for the treatment
of drenching of chlorantranitiprole 18.5 SC @
375 ml/ha at 30 & 60 DAP against (11.16%)
in untreated control. Although the application
of all the insecticides reduces the infestation
of shoot borer as compared to control.
Pooled data of growth and quality
parameters revealed that maximum millable
cane height (1.87 mt) cane girth (2.11 cm),
maximum sucrose (%) in juice (19.16) and
CCS (%) (13.31) was observed with drenching
of chlorantranitiprole 18.5 SC @ 375 ml/ha at
30 & 60 DAP against (1.66 mt, 2.05 cm,
18.44% and 12.76%) in control.
It is evident from these results that
drenching of chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC
(Rynaxypyr @ 75 ai/ha) @ 375 ml/ha dissolved
in 1000 lit of water proved most effective
against shoot borer and increases the yield.
Pandey et.al., (2016) reported that drenching
of chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC @ 375 ml/ha
dissolved in 1000 lit of water during 1st week
of May reduces the top borer incidence and
increases the yield. Bhute et.al., (2009)
reported that the application of Rynaxypyr @
40 g ai/ha proved most effective against all
the pod borers, H. armigera, E. atomosa and
M. obtusa. Rynaxypyr being a new insecticide
from anthranilic diamide group having unique
mode of action which get a place in developing
IPM against borers in sugarcane.
References
1. Gupta, B.D. and P.N. Avasthi (1954): Some
recommendations for the control of sugarcane
pests in India. Indian Sug., 8: 387-405.
2. Teotia, T.P.C., K.M. Gupta, V.G. Rajani and
Ganga Sagar (1963): Effective control of
termites and shoot borer through soil
application of heptachlor in sugarcane cop.
Indian J. Sug. Cane Res. Dev., 7: 203-211.
3. Patil, A.S. and Hapse, D.G. (1981). Research
on sugarcane borers in Maharastra. Proc.
Natn. Symp. Stalk borer. Karnal, P. 165-175.
 Bio-efficacy of Newer Insecticides for the Control of Early Shoot Borer (Chilo Infuscatellus Snell.) in Central U.P.
4. Singh, G.P., Singh, Manager and Singh, R.A.
(1998): Substitution of BHC dust for soil
treatment in sugarcane. Indian Sugar VLVII
(10): 817-819.
5. Nishantha, K.M.D., Bhosle, B.B.; Patange,
N.R. and Bhute, N.K. (2009). Rynaxypyr, a
new insecticide for managing pod borer
complex in Pigeonpea. Indian J. of Entomology,
71 (2): 179-183.
116
K.P. Pandey, A.K. Singh and B.L. Sharma
6. Singh, A.K., Singh, Ajai Kumar, Pandey, K.P.
and Sharma, B.L. (2016). Efficacy of
chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC against different
brood of top borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis
walk.) in sugarcane. National Symposium on
“Challenges, opportunities and innovative
approaches in sugarcane: Agriculture,
Bio-energy and climate change” held at
Shahjahanpur on dated Dec. 21-23rd 2016 pp.
162.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

DETECTION OF SUGARCANE YELLOW LEAF VIRUS

(ScYLV) CAUSING YELLOW LEAF DISEASE (YLD) OF
SUGARCANE USING SEROLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR
TOOLS
Suresh Madugula1*, Uma Devi, G2., Rajakumar, N1.,
Bharathalakshmi, M1 and Kishore Varma, P1.
1
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle, ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh, 531001. 2Department of
Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad -30.
* Corresponding author: Dr Suresh Madugula,
Scientist (Plant Pathology), RARS, Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam, AP – 531001
Mobile:+91-9490068266.
Email: sureshiari@yahoo.co.in

Abstract 1994) and many other sugarcane growing

Yellow leaf disease (YLD) of sugarcane caused
by Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus (SCYLV, a
Polereovirus of the Luteoviridae family) is a
serious disease affecting the crop production
and productivity in India. Present study was
carried out to detect the presence of ScYLV in
YLD infected samples collected from the
different parts of Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana states from both stem sap and leaf
tissue samples with both DAS-ELISA and
RT-PCR tools. Some field samples showed
mixed infection of both SCYLV and SCMV
(Sugarcane Mosaic Virus) confirmed by
electron microscopy studies. RT-PCR and
ELISA assays have been standardized to
detect the virus from the suspected sugarcane
varieties and tissue culture derived seedlings.
DAS-ELISA proved to be effective in detecting
the SCYLV presence in both symptomatic and
asymptomatic sugarcane plants which was
further confirmed with RT-PCR.
Introduction
Yellow leaf disease (YLD) is a recently
identified disease of sugarcane, affecting
sugarcane production significantly in all
sugarcane growing areas of the world. Yellow
leaf disease (YLD) of sugarcane was first
reported in Hamakua (Hawaii) on variety
H65-0782 in 1989 as yellow leaf syndrome
(Schenck, 1990) and subsequently from the
United States mainland (Comstock et al.
countries. The disease is reported worldwide
in more than 30 countries (Lockhart and
Cronje 2000 and Schenck, 2001). In India,
Viswanathan et al. (1999) reported the disease
for the first time and the associated
Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus which assumed
its severity on different sugarcane varieties.
In India, the disease is prevalent in major
sugarcane growing states like Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Madhya
Pradesh (Viswanathan & Rao, 2011).
Currently severe disease incidence is observed
in all the sugarcane growing states in the
country. The incidence of SCYLV in
commercial fields can reach 100% in
susceptible cultivars, and the disease can
cause significant yield losses in susceptible
cultivars even if infected plants do not exhibit
the disease symptoms. Detection of the
disease is very important as this viral disease
is majorly sett borne and planting of infected
setts results in severe reduction in yield as
well as quality (Suresh et al., 2016). Hence
the present study was directed towards the
detection of ScYLV using both serological and
molecular tools from leaf tissue, seedlings as
well as from stem sap.
Experimental Analysis:
Collection of YLD infected plant samples
YLD infection was observed in all the
areas surveyed in Telangana and Andhra

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 Detection of Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus (SCYLV) Causing Yellow Leaf Disease (YLD) of Sugarcane using Serological and Molecular Tools
Suresh Madugula, Uma Devi, G., Rajakumar, N., Bharathalakshmi, M and Kishore Varma, P

Table 1 Details of collection of YLD infected sugarcane samples

No of Average YLD
S.No. Location of the sample Varieties
samples incidence (%)
1. RARS,Anmakapalle farm. Co 997,Co 6907,Co 7219 & Co 12 20
7219
2. Chodavaram, Visakhapatnam 2001A 63 & 81V 48 8 15
district
3. Munagapaka, Visakhapatnam 85V 36 & 83A 30 15 20
district
4. Sa,alkot, East Godavari district 91V 83, 2003V 46 6 50
5. lRARS, Anakapalle farm Co 419, CoA 13322 and 13327, 11 25
Co 7706 & 87A 298 (TCP)
6. Basantpur, Medak Co 86032 & Clone 22 5 65
7. Zaheerabad, Medak CoTL579 & 97A 401 7 80

Pradesh states during 2013-14 and 2014-15
planting seasons (Table 1). Disease severity
grades of 0 to 5 were recorded based on the
nature of leaf symptoms, bunching of leaves
in the top and overall crop growth under field
conditions ((Viswanathan et al., 2016). A total
of 64 infected leaf samples were collected from
7 locations in 5 different varieties of
sugarcane. Irrespective of the variety grown
in a particular area all the varieties showed
the symptoms of YLD in varying extents. In
some areas of Telangana state, both
Fig. 1. Sugar are plants (Variety 2001A63)
showing fixed infection of mosaic and YLD
sugarcane mosaic and YLD symptoms were
observed in the samples collected i.e., mixed
infection (Fig. 1). The mean YLD grades
ranged between 0.9 (85V 36) to 4.7 (Co 95026)
in different cultivars from which the samples
are collected (Table 2) while the ratoon crop
raised from the tissue culture plantlets of 87A
298 showed no symptoms of YLD with a mean
grade of 0.0 on a scale of 0 to 5.
Electronic microscopy
Sugarcane leaf samples with YLD
symptoms and mixed infection symptoms were
packed in tight containers along with dry ice
and sent for Transmission Electron
Microscopy (TEM) studies at Indian
Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New
Delhi. The electron microscopy results also
confirmed the mixed infection of the SCMV
and SCYLV in some of the samples as evident
from the visible symptoms observed in the
field. Both the icosahedral particles of
Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus (SCYLV) a
Polero virus and flexuous filamentous rods of
Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV) a Poty virus
are seen in the TEM photos of partially
purified leaf samples of sugarcane collected
from Telangana region (Fig. 2)
These results confirm the incidence of
both viral diseases at the same time leading

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Fig.2 TEM photographs of partially purified leaf sampes having mixed infection of SCMV (in rectangular
boxes as flexuous rods) and ScYLV (in circle as small spherical/icosahedral particles)

Fig. 3. Agaroseg gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR of different sugarcane genotyupes screened for iknfection;
M-100bp marker, lanes 1 to 11 - Cultivars of AP and Telangana, Lane 12 to 18 Clones from RARS farm,
Lane 19-87A 298 clone (TCP)
to increased disease severity levels. The clearly observed in varieties like 2001A 63
disease incidence levels were as high as 80% both at RARS farm and farmers’ fields.
in Medak area, from where the samples
Serological studies - DAS-ELISA
having mixed infection of both YLD and
DAS-ELISA was carried out using the
Mosaic were collected. Viswanathan (2012)
kit obtained from M/s. AC Diagnostics, USA
reported the increased severity of YLD under
(Code-V093-K1) following the standard
mixed infection with other diseases like
protocol and observations were taken visually
sugarcane mosaic. Under field conditions also
and the colour change was observed
the mixed infection of these two diseases was
photometrically at 405 nm using

119
 Detection of Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus (SCYLV) Causing Yellow Leaf Disease (YLD) of Sugarcane using Serological and Molecular Tools
Suresh Madugula, Uma Devi, G., Rajakumar, N., Bharathalakshmi, M and Kishore Varma, P

Table 2. Detection of ScYLV in different sugarcane genotypes based on visual grade

confirmed by RT-PCR and DAS-ELISA
(from both stem sap and leaf tissue samples)

Visual
Mean RT- DAS OD
S. symptom
Genotype YLD PCR ELISA 405
No expression
grade reaction reaction value@
#
1 91V 83 Bud chip raised seedling 2.4    1.254

2 2003V 46 Single node seedling – stem sap 2.9    1.248

3 2001A 63 Single node seedling – leaf tissue 3.8 +   3.299

4 81V 48 Ratoon – stem sap 1.2    1.321

5 85V 36 Ratoon – leaf tissue 0.9    1.097

6 Clone 22 Ratoon – stem sap 1.8    1.284

7 83A 30 Plant crop – stem sap 2.6    1.294

8 CoTL 579 Plant crop – leaf tissue 4.4    2.094

9 Co 86032 Plant crop –stem sap 3.1    3.131

10 97A 401 Plant - stem sap 4.6    3.128

11 Co 95026 Plant - stem sap 4.7    2.135

12 Co 997 Plant - stem sap 1.4    1.138

13 Co 6907 Plant - stem sap 1.3    2.189

14 Co 7219 Plant - stem sap 1.1    2.184

15 Co 419 I ratoon – stem sap 1.1    1.184

16 CoA 13322 II ratoon – stem sap 2.5    2.175

17 CoA 13327 II ratoon – leaf tissue 1.5    1.986

18 Co 7706 Plant – stem sap 2.6    2.313

19 87A 298 (TCP) Ratoon – leaf tissue 0.0 – – – 0.075

-check

20 Positive control AC Diagnostics, USA NA NA NA NA  1.777

21 Negative AC Diagnostics, USA NA NA NA – 0.313

control
#
+ : Mid rib yellowing, no stunting;++ : Mid rib yellowing coupled with stunting and tip drying.
@OD 405 values more than 2 times the negative control (row 21) are considered as positive for the test
(Ref: Viswanathan 2002)

120
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
thermofischer scientific Multiscan- X, ELISA
reader and the readings were documented.
Visual observations on micro titre plate as
well as ELISA reader gave clear indication of
the presence or absence of the SCYLV in both
the varieties as well as in the tissue culture
plants with respect to colour change.
DAS-ELISA test results were treated as
positive if the absorbance value (OD 405) is
more than 0.626 i.e., more than two times the
OD 405 value of negative control (OD405 =
0.313), whereas as negative if absorbance
value is less than that value (Viswanathan,
2002).
All the 19 samples with typical YLD
symptoms under field conditions were tested
positive in DAS-ELISA, with OD 405 values
(nm) ranging between 1.097 to 3.299 (Table
2), thus confirming the effectiveness of this
serological test towards detection of the virus
in plant samples. Further, samples tested
with stem sap and leaf tissue of the varieties
expressing YLD symptoms were confirmed for
the presence of the virus in DAS-ELISA.
Whereas the ratoon crop raised from the
tissue culture plants of 87A 298 tested
negative with ELISA confirming the efficacy
of tissue culture technique towards
elimination of the virus. SCYLV often persists
in the plants without being noticed by the
growers, in fact, this non-symptomatic stage
seems to be the most common epidemiological
state for this viral pathogen. A screening in
Hawaii revealed that all plants of susceptible
cultivar were infected with SCYLV, but
disease symptoms appeared only occasionally.
The severity of symptom expression varied
with the seasonal variations as it was more
pronounced during the cooler winter months.
Symptoms also often appeared as plants aged
or when they suffered from drought stress
(Schenck and Lehrer, 2000). Thus, this test is
very useful for detecting the virus even when
the plants didn’t show any symptoms but still
have the virus. Further, the DAS-ELISA
121
conducted using stem sap extracted using a
manual pouch piercer and the leaf samples
extracted using extraction buffer didn’t
showed any difference in detection either with
colour change or with OD 405 values (Table
2). Earlier Viswanathan and
Balamuralikrishnan (2004) established that
DAS-ELISA could be used to diagnose the
virus infection in sugarcane using juice of
sugarcane stalks. Thus, instead of extracting
juice from stalks, a small volume of stem sap
can be used for effective indexing of the virus
which makes the detection quick and more
economical compared to the time and cost
driven leaf extraction.
Molecular detection through RT-PCR
Total plant RNA isolation was carried
out following both Trizol method following the
standard protocol (Vega et al. 1997) with
slight modification as per our lab conditions.
The RNA thus obtained was utilized for
further RT-PCR using Eppendorf
Thermocycler. RT-PCR was standardized for
the detection of SCYLV for the local lab
conditions. Primers SCYLV 613 F and SCYLV
613 R of coat protein region (CP) were used
for the study with expected amplicon size of
613bp.
All the samples were tested with
RT-PCR and the samples showed positive
reaction for the virus in RT-PCR test with
presence of a band at around 613 base pair
length confirming the presence of SCYLV in
all samples (Fig.3). This confirms the earlier
results (Viswanathan et al. 2009) where in the
authors detected the presence of the virus
through RT-PCR in almost all the 44 varieties
tested in the study while only 34 entries
showed the typical disease symptoms at field
level. So, RT-PCR is used as a confirmatory
test to determine the sensitivity of ELISA.
Tissue culture plants derived ratoon crop of
87A 298 tested negative for the virus with
RT-PCR affirming the DAS-ELISA reaction.
 Detection of Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus (SCYLV) Causing Yellow Leaf Disease (YLD) of Sugarcane using Serological and Molecular Tools
Suresh Madugula, Uma Devi, G., Rajakumar, N., Bharathalakshmi, M and Kishore Varma, P
Different serological techniques such as
immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM),
ELISA and immuno blot are available for the
detection of the virus along with molecular
tools such as RT-PCR. Production of highly
specific antiserum to SCYLV, following
purification of recombinant viral coat protein
from E. coli, was reported to be highly specific
and a reliable method for the detection of the
virus in the infected host. Schenk et al. (1997)
developed tissue blot immunoassay (TBIA)
technique using polyclonal antisera to detect
SCYLV. Moutia and Saumtally (1999)
reported suitability of double antibody
sandwich-enzyme linked immunoassay (DAS
ELISA), immune specific electron microscopy
(ISEM) and TBIA for the detection of the
virus from the suspected sugarcane clones.
They also found the presence of the virus in
many of the asymptomatic plants through
these techniques. Korimbocus et al. (2002)
expressed the virus coat protein and read
through domain of SCYLV in a bacterial
expression system and using the purified
protein they have developed monoclonal
antibodies. They have developed TBIA to
detect SCYLV using the serum. TBIA has
been the most widely used technique to detect
the virus in different countries (Comstock et
al. 1998; Schenck et al. 1997; Victoria et al.
2005). Subsequently RT-PCR was developed to
detect the virus in sugarcane.
Conclusion:
The present investigation confirmed the
mixed infection of sugarcane plants with
SCMV and SCYLV as a very common
situation in most of the sugarcane fields.
Transmission Electron Microscopy studies
clearly showed the presence of both SCYLV
and SCMV in samples having mixed infection.
DAS-ELISA proved to be effective in detecting
the SCYLV presence in both symptomatic and
asymptomatic sugarcane plants which was
further confirmed with RT-PCR. The study
found that both stem sapand leaf tissue can
122
be used for detection of the virus for
DAS-ELISA. Primers SCYLV 613 F and
SCYLV 613 R of coat protein region (CP) used
in the present study found effective in
detecting SCYLV even under mixed infection
conditions.
Acknowledgement:
Authors are greatful to the Dr K.
Rajareddy, Director of Extension, ANGRAU
and Associate Director of Research, RARS,
Anakapalle for providing necessary financial
and technical support during the period of
study.
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1. Comstock, J.C., Irey, M.S., Lockhart, B.E.L
and Wang, Z.K. 1998. Incidence of yellow leaf
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2. Comstock, J.C., Irvine, J.E and Miller, J.D.
1994. Yellow leaf syndrome appears on the
United States mainland. Sugar Journal. 33-35.
3. Korimbocus, J., Coates, D., Barker, I and
Boonham, N. 2002. Improved detection of
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fluorescent (TaqMan) RT-PCR assay. Journal
of Virological Methods. 103: 109–120.
4. Lockhart, B.E.L and Cronje, C.P.R. 2000.
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detection and distribution of sugarcane yellow
leaf virus in Mauritius. Proceedings of
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Technologists. 24: 451-455.
6. Schenck, S and Lehrer, A.T. 2000. Factors
affecting the transmission and spread of
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Guzmán, M.L. 2005. Resistance to Sugarcane
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13. Viswanathan, R and Balamuralikrishnan, M.
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 SPREADING AND INFLUENCE OF YELLOW LEAF
DISEASE ON ECONOMIC TRAITS OF SUGARCANE IN
UTTAR PRADESH
Sujeet Pratap Singh*, Atul Singh and B.L. Sharma1
Plant Pathology Division, Sugarcane Research Institute, UP Council of Sugarcane Research
1
Director, UP Council of Sugarcane Research
Shahjahanpur - 242 001, UP, India
*
Corresponding author: sujeetsugarcane@rediffmail.com, dirupcsr@gmail.com

Abstract sugarcane yellow leaf phytoplasma (SCYLP),

Yellow leaf disease (YLD) is becoming a
serious concern in sugarcane worldwide. The
crop production and quality are going down
due to the infection of this disease in
sugarcane. An experiment was conducted to
find out the effect of YLD on yield and quality
of two early (Co 0238, CoS 03251) and two
mid late (CoS 97261, Co 05011) sugarcane
cultivars at SRI, Shahjahanpur during the
year 2015-16. The results revealed remarkable
reduction in qualitative and quantitative traits
after infection of YLD. The average losses in
quality and yield were found 2.40 per cent and
11.11 per cent, respectively. The content of
macro nutrients (N, P, K) and micro nutrients
(Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn) were also reduced in infected
plants as compared to healthy plants.
Maximum incidence (30 %) of YLD was
observed on variety Co 05011 at
Shahjahanpur location. It is suggested that
commercial cultivation of sugarcane should be
done using healthy seed material and breeding
programme be initiative for developing YLD
resistant clone of sugarcane. These approaches
would undoubtedly check the losses occurring
due to YLD and increase cane productivity as
well as quality of sugarcane.
Keywords: Yellow leaf disease (YLD),
Sugarcane, Macro and micro nutrient,
Qualitative and quantitative traits.
Introduction
Sugarcane yellow leaf disease (YLD) is
one of the most prevalent disease of sugarcane
worldwide. This disease is caused by
a specific 16SrXII group of phytoplasma
associated with this disease and also caused
by Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV;
Luteovirus) in India. Sugarcane yellow leaf
virus (SCYLV) belonging to the genus
Polerovirus, family Luteoviridae, causes
yellow leaf disease in sugarcane. YLD was
first reported in Hawaii during 1988 (Schenck,
1990) and in India during 1999 (Rao et al.
2000). Thereafter, it was found in other
sugarcane growing regions of the world.
Sugarcane yellow leaf syndrome (SYLS)
associated with sugarcane yellows leaf
phytoplasma (SCYP) was first reported in
India (Gaur et al. 2008). Most recently mix
infection of SCYLV and Candidatus
phytoplasma was reported from Egypt
(ElSayed et al. 2016). In India, SCYLV has
been reported from U.P., Haryana,
Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (Rao et al.
2000).
YLD is becoming a serious concern
affecting quality and productivity significantly
in most sugarcane-growing regions. Yield
losses with the incidence of YLD have been
reported up to 38% in India (Iqbal et al. 2015)
and up to 50% in Brazil (Lockhart et al.
2000). YLD is now playing a major role in
yield losses of sugarcane in several countries.
Quality attributes are also significantly
influenced by this disease (Grisham et al.
2001). Nutrition in the sugarcane plant can
be drastically altered by many pathogens viz;
fungus, bacteria, virus and phytoplasma
(Smith et al. 2000). The changes in of nutrient

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
content level may occur in sugarcane crop due
to biotic and abiotic stress resulting in
nutrient deficiency or excessive nutrients
(Matsuoka and Meneghin, 1999). Present
work illustrates a detail study on survey,
symptomology, quality traits, yield, micro and
macro nutrients status in commercial
sugarcane cultivars affected in Uttar Pradesh
(UP).
Materials and methods
An extensive survey of YLD was carried
out during 2015-16 in various sugarcane mill
zones of Uttar Pradesh. YLD was observed in
AICRP trials, planted at the farm of
Sugarcane Research Institute (SRI),
Shahjahanpur. Four sub-tropical sugarcane
cultivars including two early (Co 0238 and
CoS 03251) and two mid maturing (CoS 97261
and Co 05011) were grown at SRI farm.
Impact of the disease on quality traits such
as brix per cent (BR) and sucrose per cent in
juice (SUC) were analysed using standard
procedures described by Meade and Chen
(1977). Purity coefficient (PUR) and
commercial cane sugar percent (CCS %) was
calculated using following formulae:
PUR  SUC/BR  100
CCS%  [SUC  BR–SUC0.4]  0.73
The aforesaid four varieties with YLD
symptom were selected for qualitative and
quantitative analysis. Leaf sample from
infected and healthy plant of above mentioned
varieties were collected for analysis of macro
(N, P, K) and micro (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn) nutrient
content. Macro nutrients such as Nitrogen
(N), Phosphorus (P) and Potash (K) were
analysed by CHNS (Carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and sulphur) analyser,
Vanadate-molybdate colour method and flame
photometer, respectively. Micro nutrients
content (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn) were analysed by
using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
(AAS) as per standard procedure.
125
Results and Discussion
Survey and surveillance
Usually the characteristic symptoms of
YLD appear during 6–8 months crop age and
last till maturity phase of the crop. The
symptoms of YLD appeared as a distinct
yellowing of leaves spreading laterally from
the midrib into the lamina, and leaves begin
to die from the tip. The incidence of YLD
varied from 1 - 30 per cent on several popular
cultivars at SRI, Shahjahanpur followed by 10
- 20 per cent observed at Sultanpur, Faizabad
and Balrampur districts. Variety Co 05011
was severely affected with the highest
severity of 30 per cent at Shahjahanpur.
Wider range of spreading of YLD in other
part of UP was also observed with the
incidence of 2-20% and 10-15% at Seorahi and
Gorakhpur, respectively in eastern Uttar
Pradesh (Table 1). The results of disease
survey indicated that YLD is spreading
rapidly in cane grower fields in most part of
Uttar Pradesh and most of the varieties are
affected with YLD with incidence of 1-30%.
The results also indicate an increasing threat
of YLD by affecting more cultivars in Uttar
Pradesh (Table 1). The cultivars having high
incidence of YLD infection showed disease
susceptibility. Many cultivars are being
utilized as proven parents in hybridization
program. Hence, there is ardent need to
remove this disease though management
programme and to generate YLD free
progenies for further utilization in breeding
programmes (Comstock and Miller, 2003).
Analysis of qualitative and quantitative
traits
Two early (Co 0238, CoS 03251) and two
mid maturing (CoS 97261, Co 05011) were
compared with healthy and YLD infected
plants. YLD infected plant showed significant
reduction in quality and yield parameters as
compare to corresponding healthy plants.
Commercial cane sugar per cent (CCS %)
 Spreading and Influence of Yellow Leaf Disease on Economic Traits of Sugarcane in Uttar Pradesh
Sujeet Pratap Singh, Atul Singh and B.L. Sharma

varied from 11.64 to 12.56 per cent in healthy quality and yield due to YLD infection in
crop while 11.27 to 12.35 in infected plants. major sugarcane varieties (Table 2).
Reduction in CCS per cent ranged from 1.67
Reduction in quality and yield
% (Co 0238) to 3.26 % (Co 05011) in infected
parameters in YLD infected plants in the
plants due to YLD infestation. The reduction
present study, possibly occurred due to
in cane weight ranged from 5.88 (CoSe 03251)
alteration in metabolic activities of plants
to 22.22 % (CoS 97261) in the affected plant
caused by the infection of phytoplasma or
in a particular cultivar. Thus, the average
RNA virus. This finding is in agreement with
losses in quality and yield were estimated to
the earlier findings in which yield losses of
be 2.40 per cent and 11.11 per cent,
15 to 20 % have been reported due to YLD
respectively. A comparative perusal of the
in Louisiana (Grisham et al., 2002) and also
results exhibited remarkable reduction in
losses in sugar yield (Grisham et al. 2001).

Table 1. Incidence of YLD on various sugarcane varieties at different locations of UP

Sl.No. Commercial cultivars Incidence % Locations

1 Co 05011, CoS 08279, CoS 08272, CoSe 01434, Co 0118, Co 0238, 1-30% SRI Farm,
UP 05125, CoS 8436 Shahjahanpur
2 CoS 767, CoH 10262, CoS 8436, Co 10221, CoPb 10181, Co 10035, 10-20% AICRP Trials,
CoS 10231, CoPant 84211, CoLk 11201, CoLk 11203, Co 0238, CoH SRI Farm
11262, CoS 11232, Co 11027, CoLk 11206, CoH 11263, CoLk 11204
3 CoSe 01434, CoS 08272, Co 0118, Co 0238, CoS 08279 10-20% Sultanpur,
Rauzagaon,
Balrampur
4 Co 0238, Co 0118, CoS 08272, CoS 08279, CoSe 08452 2-20 Seorahi
5 Co 0238, Co 0118, CoS 08272, CoSe 08452 10-15 Gorakhpur

Table 2. Qualitative and quantitative traits in leaf of healthy and YLD infected
plants of sugarcane cultivars.
Qualitative traits Quantitative trait
Cultivars Variable Sucrose % in Purity
Brix % CCS % Cane weight (Kg)
juice %
Healthy 20.6 18.4 89 12.56 12.56
Co 0238 Infected 20 17.86 88.41 12.35 11.68
Reduction % 2.91 2.93 0.66 1.67 7.00
Healthy 20 17.6 88 12.14 6.80
CoS 03251 Infected 19.05 17.1 87.71 11.78 6.40
Reduction % 4.75 2.84 0.33 2.96 5.88
Healthy 19.2 16.88 87.94 11.64 9.0
CoS 97261 Infected 19.76 16.84 85.22 11.44 7.0
Reduction % - 0.24 3.03 1.72 22.0
Healthy 19.26 16.9 87.72 11.65 9.6
Co 05011 Infected 19.49 16.3 85.19 11.27 8.68
Reduction % - 3.55 2.88 3.26 9.58

126
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Earlier, up to 50 % yield losses in Brazil, up The overall results revealed that the
to 14 % losses in sugar yield, 11 % losses in qualitative and quantitative traits reduced
stalk weight and sugar yield have also been due to incidence of YLD in most of the
reported due to YLD infestation. Qualitative commercial cultivars. Reduction in the macro
and quantitative traits were also reduced by 11 and micro nutrients status in infected plant
% and 28 %, respectively in Reunion (ElSaye as compare to respective healthy plants was
et al. 2015). Viswanathan et al. (2014) reported also found remarkable. YLD and phytoplasma
a reduction in plant growth by 39-43% and juice diseases are transmitted by several vectors
yield by 30-34% at harvest in India. Reduction with broad host range due to climate change
in cane yield due to the infection of YLD in (ElSayed et al. 2015). There is a need to
combination with phytoplasma, has been explore the detailed genetic diversity of
reported by earlier workers (Aljanabi et al., SCYLV and phytoplasma also, to gather more
2001; Iqbal et al., 2015). information on its vector, its variable host
Macro and micro nutrients analysis with actual causal agent so that effective
The effect of YLD on macro nutrient (N, management strategies could be formulated.
P, K) and micro nutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn,) Screening and evolution of YLD resistant
were studied. Results revealed that the cultivars is also necessary. The effective
reduction in leaf macro nutrient N content management of YLD by removing virus and
ranged from 27.45% (CoS 97261) to 52.20% phytoplasma from cane stalk through
(Co 0238). Leaf P and K contents were chemotherapy is a tough task. Hot water
decreased from 26.67 to 41.67 and 5.64 to treatment of seed materials is more successful
25.75% in the cultivars, respectively. method to remove phytoplasma. Use of fresh
Maximum reduction in leaf micro nutrient Zn virus-free cane plants generated through
was observed to be 47.17 % (CoS 97261) and meristem tip culture from virus infected seed
Fe contents was recorded 25.69% (Co 05011). of commercial sugarcane may be successful
Maximum reduction in leaf Cu and Mn approach for proliferation of that cultivar
contents was observed in CoSe 03251(55.63%) under seed programme. YLD free plant could
and CoS 97261 (41.89%), respectively (Table3). also be screened through molecular tools
Table 3. Macro and micro nutrient contents in healthy and YLD infected plants of
sugarcane cultivars.
Macro nutrients (%) Micro nutrients (ppm)
Cultivars Variable
N P K Zn Fe Cu Mn
Co 0238 Healthy 1.59 0.24 1.67 38.8 508 1.67 1.67
Infected 0.76 0.14 1.24 20.8 453 1.24 1.24
Reduction % 52.20 41.67 25.75 46.39 10.83 35.0 31.94
CoS 03251 Healthy 1.38 0.17 2.43 30 503 2.43 2.43
Infected 0.97 0.1 2.05 27 378 2.05 2.05
Reduction % 29.71 41.41 5.64 10.0 24.85 55.63 27.91
CoS 97261 Healthy 1.53 0.15 1.53 53 336 1.53 1.53
Infected 1.11 0.11 1.43 28 378 1.43 1.43
Reduction % 27.45 26.67 6.54 47.17 17.86 29.63 41.89
Co 05011 Healthy 2.03 0.18 1.3 58 676 1.30 1.3
Infected 1.45 0.12 1.12 37 503 1.12 1.12
Reduction % 29.56 33.33 13.85 36.21 25.69 32.86 24.42

127
 Spreading and Influence of Yellow Leaf Disease on Economic Traits of Sugarcane in Uttar Pradesh
using marker assisted selection. Subsequently,
commercial cultivation of sugarcane cultivars
should be initiated using healthy seed
material for sustainability of sugarcane
cultivars.
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to Dr Aneg Singh,
Sr. Scientific Officer and Dr Priyanka Singh,
Scientific Officer, for their support in the
analysis of samples for nutrient and quality,
respectively.
References
1. Aljanabi S.M., Parmessur Y., Moutia Y.,
Saumtally S. and Dookun A. (2001) Further
evidence of the association of a phytoplasma
and a virus with yellow leaf syndrome in
sugarcane. Plant Pathol 50:628–636.
2. Comstock J.C. and Miller J. D. (2003).
Incidence and spread of sugarcane yellow leaf
virus in sugarcane clones in the cp-cultivar
development program at canal point. Journal
American Society of Sugarcane Technologists,
Vol. 23.
3. ElSayed A.I.., Soufi Z., Wahdan K.M. and
Komor E. (2016). Detection and
Characterization of Phytoplasma and
Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus Associated with
Leaf Yellowing of Sugarcane. Journal of
Phytopathology, 164 (4): 217–225.
4. ElSayed A.I., Komor E., Boulila M.,
Viswanathan R. and Odero D.C. (2015).
Biology and management of sugarcane yellow
leaf virus: An historical overview. Arch Virol.
DOI 10.1007/s00705-015-2618-5.
5. Gaur R.K., Raizada R. and Rao G.P. (2008).
Sugarcane yellow leaf phytoplasma associated
for the first time with sugarcane yellow leaf
syndrome in India. Plant Pathol. 57:772.
6. Grisham M.P., Pan Y.B., Legendre B.L.,
Godshall M.A. and Eggleston G. (2001). Effect
of sugarcane yellow leaf syndrome on
128
Sujeet Pratap Singh, Atul Singh and B.L. Sharma
sugarcane yield and juice quality. Proc. Intern.
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7. Iqbal A., Tiwari A.K., Kavita and Rao G.P.
(2015). Detection of mixed infection of
phytoplasmas and yellow leaf virus in
commercial sugarcane cultivars and their
impact on yield and quality parameters.
Phytopathogenic Mollicutes, 5 (1-Suppl.): S95-
S96.
8. Lockhart B.E.L. and Cronje C.P.R. (2000).
Yellow leaf syndrome. In: Rott P, Bailey RA,
Comstock JC, Croft BJ, Saumtally AS (eds) A
guide to sugarcane diseases. CIRAD-ISSCT,
Montpellier, pp 291–295.
9. Matsuoka S. and Meneghin S.P. (1999). Yellow
leaf syndrome and alleged pathogens: Causal,
not causal relationship. Proc Int Soc Sugar
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10. Meade G.P. and Chen J.C.P. (197). “Cane
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11. Rao G.P. , Gaur R.K. , Singh M. , Srivastava
A.K. , Virk K.S. , Singh N. , Viswanathan R. ,
Patil A.S. and Jain R.K. (2017). Occurrence
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Tech (2000) 2 (7): 37-38.
12. Schenck S. (1990). Yellow leaf syndrome a new
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Sugar Planters Association, pp 38–39.
13. Smith G.R., Borg Z., Lockhart B.E.L.,
Braithwaite K.S. and Gibbs M.J. (2000).
Sugarcane yellow leaf virus: a novel member
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Gomathi R. , Rakkiyappan P. , Neelamathi
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Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (ScYLV) infection
on physiological efficiency and growth
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climatic conditions in India. Acta Physiol
Plant, 36:1805–1822
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR VIRAL
DISEASES OF SUGARCANE IN COASTAL ANDHRA
PRADESH, INDIA
N. Raja Kumar, K. Vijay Krishna Kumar, P. Kishore Varma, M. Suresh, M.
Charumathi, V. Gouri and M. Bharatha Lakshmi
Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Regional Agricultural Research Station,
Anakapalle-531001, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
Oflate, viral diseases of sugarcane such as
mosaic (sugarcane mosaic virus, ScMV) and
yellow leaf disease (YLD by Sugarcane yellow
leaf virus (ScYLV) are becoming major
bottlenecks in sugarcane cultivation. Both these
diseases are sett-borne. Being sett borne and
vector transmitted, these viral diseases are
assuming more severe form especially in Coastal
Andhra Pradesh, where monoculture, ratooning
and poor agronomic practices are in vogue. Our
Present study is focused on understanding the
prevalence of these viral diseases, varietal
susceptibility and molecular confirmation of
viral infections in Coastal Andhra Pradesh,
India. Cane growing districts such as
Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, Srikakulam,
East and West Godavari districts were surveyed
during 2010-’16 to assess the incidence of Mosaic
and YLD. Further, through Polymerase Chain
Reaction assays, the viral infections in
sugarcane was confirmed. Our survey resutls
indicatd that YLD incidence steadily increased
up to 2013-’14 (highest 78%) and declined
thereafter (to 62%). There was a steady increase
in mosaic disease from 2010-’11 (%) to 2016-’17
(41%). In general, at research fields of RARS,
Anakapalle, cultivars such as 87A298, 2003V46
and Co86032 were found to be susceptible to
both the viral diseases. Our molecular studies
have confirmed the presence of ScMV and
ScYLV in infected samples along with mixed
infections. Our results give an idea on the
prevalence of viral diseases in Coastal Andhra
Pradesh. Our future studies are directed in
ascertaining the economic losses due to these
viral diseases on cane yield and juice quality.
129
KeyWords: Sugarcane, red rot, smut, sett
borne diseases, Pseudomonas fluorescens
Introduction
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is
a major cash crop of India. The country ranks
second in area and sixth in production
worldwide, and thus earning a lot of revenue
and supporting rural employment by various
means. Biotic stresses are a major constraint
to sugarcane production and of these, fungal
and viral diseases are causing economically
significant losses worldwide (Viswanathan,
and Rao 2011). Of various viral diseases
causing major havoc, sugarcane mosaic and
yellow leaf diseases are major ones, causing
devastating losses (Viswanathan, and
Balamuralikrishnan, 2005). These viral
diseases are more prevalent than before and
are assuming as bottlenecks to sugarcane
production in Coastal Andhra Pradesh. A
general increase in severity of these viral
diseases along the transect of cane growing
districts of Coastal Andhra Pradesh is
attributed to monocultivation, increased
rationing, poor agronomic and vector
management strategies, besides farmers
ignorance on the imminent losses due to virus
infection in endemic areas. Since, both mosaic
and YLD are transmitted through setts and
aphids (Melanaphis sacchari and
Rhophalosiphum maydis), the disease is more
problematic in areas with poor vector
management. Coupled with, both these viral
diseases are settborne and thus so, selection
of setts from healthy canes is a pre-requisite
for producing viral free canes under field
conditions.
 Prevalence and Distribution of Major Viral Diseases of Sugarcane in Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India
N. Raja Kumar, K. Vijay Krishna Kumar, P. Kishore Varma, M. Suresh, M. Charumathi, V. Gouri and M. Bharatha Lakshmi
In Coastal Andhra Pradesh, sugarcane is
being cultivated to an extent of 1.065 lakh ha
with an annual production of 73.14 lakh tones
annually. Among different districts,
Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, Srikakulam,
Krishna, East and West Godavari are the
major areas with significant cane production
annually. Recently, there has been a drastic
decline in the production statistics of sugarcane
including quality due to incidence of viral
diseases (Raja Kumar et al., 2015, 2016a). Of
both Mosaic and YLD, mosaic disease incidence
was once a minor disease and is now assuming
a major form. The other viral disease, YLD is
first reported in Andhra Pradesh during 2006
at sugarcane research fields of Regional
Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle, and
is now spreading at alarming levels to all cane
growing areas of Coastal Andhra Pradesh (Raja
Kumar and Prasada Rao 2012). Unfortunately,
no reasonably resistant sources of germplasm
among cultivars are available against these
viral diseases.
For successful management of these viral
diseases, understanding the prevalence and
distribution of these viral diseases is a
pre-requisite. For this, a comprehensive
survey in the cane growing areas is
mandatory. A critical insight on these aspects
will enable to draw valid conclusions on the
nature of spread of these diseases. This is
because, oflate, mixed infections of both YLD
and Mosaic diseases are noticed across all the
cane growing district and irrespective of the
cultivar grown, that too both in plant as well
as ratoon crop. In this context, understanding
the cultivar susceptibility to each of the
diseases assumes significance. Statistics in
these areas are handy for plant virologists to
come up with comprehensive management
strategies for each of the diseases individually
as well as combined through application of
IDM strategies by incorporating field
resistant/tolerant cultivars as a component.
Against this backdrop, the present study was
130
taken up with an objective of assessing the
prevalence of mosaic and YLD in sugarcane
crop grown in Coastal Andhra Pradesh and
molecular confirmation through PCR assays.
Materials and Methods:
Survey for incidence of Sugarcane
Mosaic and Yellow Leaf Diseases
A survey was undertaken in Coastal
Andhra Pradesh in selected districts such as
Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, Srikakulam,
and East Godavari districts from 2010-’11 to
2016-’17. Surveys were conducted thrice in a
crop year in the selected districts. A total of
10 mandals were selected in each district and
three villages from each mandal. Mosaic
incidence was recorded from 10 selected plots
in each village and the data were pooled to
arrive at a mean Mosaic disease incidence.
Same villages were visited every year and
proper care was ensured to visit the same
farmers’ fields every year from 2010-’11
through to 2016-’17. The per cent mosaic
incidence was calculated and the mandals
were categorized as mosaic incidence per cents
as %; 11-16%; 17-23%; 24-37%; and 38-65%
and above. Areas with mosaic incidence of
38-65% and above were categorized as High
risk and sensitive areas and these areas were
mapped using Global Positioning Systems
duly recording the coordinates.
Cultivar susceptibility to Sugarcane
Mosaic Virus and Yellow Leaf Disease
In screening trials for incidence of viral
diseases at Regional Agricultural Research
Station, Anakapalle, the mean disease
incidence (%) of Sugarcane Mosaic Disease
was enumerated based on visual observations
annually. The cultivars that were selected for
the present study were 87A298, 2003V46 and
Co86032, and these cultivars are the
popularly grown cultivars in Coastal Andhra
Pradesh. Data on % Mosaic incidence on these
cultivars were recorded from 2010-’11 to
2016-’17.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Primer Code Primer Sequence Location Expected Amplicon Size

SCMV-F3 (24 mer) 5’-TTT YCA CCA AGC TGG AA-3’ CP 0.98 kbp

SCMV-R3 (24 mer) 5’-AGC TGT GTG TCT GTC TGT ATT CTC-3’ CP 0.98 kbp

SCYLV-615F 5‘ATGAATACGGGCGCTAACCGYYCAC-3‘ CP ~610bp

SCYLV-615R 5‘GTGTTGGGGRAGCGTCGYTACC-3‘ CP ~610bp

Molecular Studies (RT-PCR)

For RT-PCR, the protocols adopted by
Chatenet et al (2005) were used with slight
modifications. Total RNA from sugarcane
leaves showing mosaic symptoms by using
standard protocols. Total RNA was eluted in
a final volume of 40 %L of diethyl
pyrocarbonate-treated (DEPC) water and
stored at -20C. RT-PCR assays to detect
SCMV with primer pairs as detailed below
were used according the protocol suggested by
Alegria et al (2003). RT-PCR assays to amplify
fragments specific to potyviruses of Poaceae
with primer pair oligo 1 n-oligo2n were
performed according to Marie-Jeanne et al
(2000). The RT-PCR program was 50C for 30
min, 95C for 15 min, 30 cycles at 94C for 1
min, 50C for 1 min and 72C for 1 min with
a final 72C extension for 5 min. A 10 %L
aliquot of each amplified product was
analyzed by electrophoresis through a 1.2%
agarose gel.
Fig. 1. Incidence of yellow leaf disease (YLD)
and Mosaic diseases of sugarcane in Coastal
Andhra Pradesh, India during 2010 to 2017.
Our survey results indicated that the
incidence of mosaic disease steadily increased
over years (2010-’11 through to 2016-’17) in
the surveyed areas. The incidence was least
during 2010-’11 (2%) and progressed steadily
and reached peak during 2016-’17 (41%). In
general, the higher incidence of mosaic
disease was observed since 2013-’14 (20%)
(Fig 1). Higher incidence of sugarcane mosaic
disease in Coastal AP is attributed to
increased susceptibility of all cultivars.
Risk & Sensitive Areas with respect to
Sugarcane Diseases

Results Our 6 years survey results indicated the

prevalence and severity of redrot, smut,
Our survey results on incidence of Yellow
mosaic, and YLD in Visakhapatnam,
leaf disease (YLD) from 2010 to 2016
Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and East Godavari
indicated that the disease increased steadily
districts of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India.
up to 2013-’14 (highest, 78%) from 2010-’11
(22%), and thereafter declined up to 2015-’16 Mosaic
(62%). Further, during 2016-’17, the disease is In the surveyed mandals, mosaic disease
on the rise up to 69%. Sugarcane mosaic incidence was least (11-16%) in Narsipatnam,
disease has shown a steady increase in Etikoppaka, Devarapally mandals
incidence over years from 2010-’11 (2%) to (Visakhapatnam); Rajam, Salur, Jami,
2016-’17 (41%). Higher levels of YLD and Ramabhadrapuram, Terlam, Bobbili,
sugarcane mosaic disease in Coastal AP is Merakamudi, Gajapathinagaram,
attributed to increased susceptibility of all Parvathipuram and Nemalam mandals
cultivars in the surveyed areas. (Vizianagaram); Sankili, Santhakaviti and

131
 Prevalence and Distribution of Major Viral Diseases of Sugarcane in Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India
N. Raja Kumar, K. Vijay Krishna Kumar, P. Kishore Varma, M. Suresh, M. Charumathi, V. Gouri and M. Bharatha Lakshmi

Mandasa mandals (Srikakulam). High risk Kasimkota, Anakapalli mandals

and sensitive areas (38-65%) in these districts (Visakhapatnam district); Kapileswarapuram,
include Munagapaka, Atchutapuram, Chelluru, Kadiyam, Korukonda mandals (East
Kasimkota and Anakapalli mandals Godavari district). For rest of the mandals in
(Visakhapatnam) (Fig 2). each of the surveyed districts, the YLD
incidence ranged from 29-54% (Fig 3).
3.2 Cultivar Susceptibility to Sugarcane
Mosaic Disease
Further, our studies at experimental
fields of Regional Agricultural Research
Station, Anakapalle indicated that all the
popularly grown sugarcane cultivars such as
87A298, 2003V46 and Co86032 have shown
increased susceptibility in general over years
Fig 2. Mean Mosaic incidence in different from 2010-’11 through to 2016-‘’17. As a slight
mandals of Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, exception to this, marginal decrease in mosaic
Srikakulam, East Godavari districts of Andhra incidence was noticed on the cultivar, 87A298
Pradesh, India during 2010-’16.
in 2012-’13 (10%) when compared to during
2011-’12 (12%) (Fig 3). Highest incidence of
Yellow Leaf Disease (YLD)
mosaic disease (36% in 87A298; 38% in
In the surveyed areas, YLD was less 2003V46; and 46% in Co86032) was recorded
(0-28%) in Chodavaram, Rolugunta, on all the three cultivars during 2016-’17.
Devarapalli, Kotavuratla, Nakkapalli and Overall, our results suggest that all the three
Payakaraopeta mandals (Visakhapatnam sugarcane cultivars under study were found
district); Rajam, Salur, Terlam, susceptible to mosaic disease over due course
Gajapathinagaram, Kothavalasa, Ranasthalam (Fig 4).
and Nemalam (Vizianagaram district);
On the other hand, irrespective of
Sankili, Santhakaviti and Mandasa
cultivars, YLD has shown no preference in
(Srikakulam district); Tondangi mandal of
cultivars and is rampant as years progressed.
East Godavari district. High risk and
sensitive areas (55-85%) with respect to YLD
in these surveyed districts include
Munagapaka, Etikoppaka, Atchutapuram,

Fig. 4. Mean per cent Mosaic disease incidence in

popularly grown sugarcane cultivars of Coastal
Andhra Pradesh, India during 2010 to 2017.

Fig. 3. Mean Yellow Leaf Disease (YLD)

incidence in different mandals of Visakhapatnam,
Vizianagaram, Srikakulam, East Godavari districts
of Andhra Pradesh, India during 2010-’16.

132
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
3.3 Confirmation of Viral Diseases using
molecular studies RT- PCR
The samples collected during survey
were tested for the presence or absence of the
virus using RT-PCR. Even though two of the
samples didn’t show any symptoms at field
level, all the samples showed positive reaction
for the virus in RT-PCR test with presence of
a band at around 0.98kbp length confirming
the presence of ScMV in all samples (Fig 5).
4. Discussion and conclusions:
Our studies indicated the prevalence of
Sugarcane Mosaic and Yellow Leaf Diseases
in Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Further,
popularly grown cultivars of Coastal Andhra
Pradesh are being prone over time to these
viral diseases, thus indicating the need to act
swiftly in devising plant protection tactics
comprehensively to viral diseases. In the
surveyed districts, there was an increase in
both YLD and Mosaic over time. Significant
number of hot spot areas in each of the
surveyed districts are of concern (Fig 2).
Steady increase in these disease from 2010-’11
to 2016-’17 over years (Fig 3) is majorly
attributed to poor vector management and
rationing of mosaic diseased crop. Earlier
reports also established the relationship
between high mosaic disease with use of
diseased seed material, monocropping, and
Fig. 5. Agarose gel 1.2% showing the RT-PCR amplification product obtained from using the sugarcane
mosaic specific primers (SCMV- F3 and SCMV- R3) Lane showing positive PCR amplification.
133
increased number of rationing and poor vector
management (Raja Kumar et al 2016b). In
particular, aphids play a significant role in
spread of virus diseases of sugarcane, thereby
causing huge economic losses (Singh et al.,
2005). Proper care hence must be taken to
educate the farmers on disease progression
through various factors and on the ambient
climatic conditions that prevail for taking up
the prophylactic measures to overcome the
same.
In our studies, all the popularly grown
cultivars have shown susceptibility over time
from 2010-’11 to 2016-’17 to mosaic incidence
(Fig 3). Increased susceptibility of CVs:
87A298, 2003V46 and Co86032 over time to
mosaic disease is also majorly attributed to
increased number of rationings, use of
diseased seed material and poor vector
management. Our vector transmission studies
have established the presence of virus
particles in aphids collected from diseased
plants/fields. Previously, researchers have
established that proper vector management in
conjunction with other virus management
strategies can significantly bring down mosaic
and other viral disease incidences in
sugarcane (Singh et al., 2005). It is precisely
at this juncture, the role of Integrated Disease
Management of viral diseases assumes
significance.
 Prevalence and Distribution of Major Viral Diseases of Sugarcane in Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India
N. Raja Kumar, K. Vijay Krishna Kumar, P. Kishore Varma, M. Suresh, M. Charumathi, V. Gouri and M. Bharatha Lakshmi
Farmers’ awareness on these viral
diseases is however poor and is of major
concern. In particular, majority of farmers are
ignorant of these viral infections in their
sugarcane fields. They largely attributed the
symptomatology of these viral diseases as
manifestation of sugarcane decline due to
unknown reasons. However, few farmers (%)
opined and attributed that unhealthy seed as
source of these viral diseases. Majority of
farmers are also not aware of vector
transmission of these two viral diseases. In
our surveyed areas, over time, there has been
combined infections of both Mosaic and YLD
during earlier years (2011-’12). As years
progressed, the mixed infections of both these
viral diseases are prominent on a single plant.
This is also true with individual leaves,
wherein leaves have mixed infections of both
these viral diseases in particular during
2016-’17 (Viswanathan,et a.,l 2007).
Our future studies are therefore directed
to devise comprehensive Integrated
Management strategies for viral diseases of
sugarcane in general and mosaic disease in
particular, through application of antiviral
compounds such as IAA and GA; proper and
timely vector management, along with
bringing up awareness to farmers on the
precise use of healthy seed, avoiding
mono-cropping and more rationing.
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2. Marie-Jeanne, V., Loos, R., Peyre, J., Alliot, B.
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Veerabhadra Rao K. 2016b. Distribution and
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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
STUDIES ON POST HARVEST DETERIORATION IN
PROMISING PRE-RELEASE SUGARCANE CLONES
Sujatha T and Jhansi K
Sugarcane Research Station, Vuyyuru
Abstract
Seven promising prerelease sugarcane clones
2007 V 43, 127, 131, 2008 V 109, 216, 240
and 312 were studied for juice quality
parameters upto 72 hours after harvesting
with 24 hours interval at Sugarcane Research
Station, Vuyyuru. Decline in percent juice
sucrose from 0.516 per cent to 7.500 percent
depending upon the clone. Less reduction was
recorded in 2007 V 127, (0.516 %) followed by
2008 V 109 (0.613 %). As the time advances
after harvesting to crushing the brix was
increased in all the clones, maximum increase
was recorded in 2007 V 131 (9.04 %). Less 4
cane weight reduction was recorded in 2007
V127 (1.90%) followed by 2008 V 109 (2.18%).
Titrable acidity index was less in 2007 V 127
(15.21) followed by 2008 V 109 (15.98) at 72
hours after harvesting. Dextan content was
also less in 2007 V 127, 2008 V 240 and 2008
V109. By observing all these parameters it
was concluded that the clones 2007 V 127
and 2008 V 109 were found tolerant to post
harvest deterioration.
Keywords: Deterioration, TAI (Titrable
acidity index), Dextran, Sucrose per cent .
Introduction:
Post harvest deterioration of canes
occurs mainly due to delay in crushing of the
harvested canes. The delay could be either in
transporting or may even be in the yard. Post
harvest deterioration is highly influenced by
several factors viz., variety, moisture content
of cane, condition of the cane, time lag
between harvesting to milling, maturity status
of the crop and weather conditions
(temperature, humidity and rainfall). Apart
from losses in cane weight and sucrose
percent in juice, deteriorated cane adds to
135
reduced juice extraction, there will be problem
of clarification and filtration. The rate of
deterioration and loss in sucrose percent is
very high when the time lag exceeds ‘48’
hours after harvest. The deterioration of the
juice quality is much faster when the canes
are cut into number of bits (Soloman et al
2000).
Sugarcane varieties play a vital role in
retaining recoverable sugar due to their
differences in susceptibility to post harvest
deterioration (Uppal et al., 2000 and Singh &
Solomon, 2003 and Mukund Rao et al., 2010).
Therefore, identification of clones tolerant to
post harvest deterioration is needed to devise
scientific supply and crushing schedule with
minimal loss of recoverable sugar.
Materials and Methods:
Seven sugarcane clones were studied in
post harvest deterioration experiment with
three replications in randomized block design.
Each clone was planted in six rows in eight
meters length with a spacing 80 cm between
rows. Fertilizer dose of 168 kg N + 75 KgP2O5
+ 100 kg K2O / ha was applied. Juice quality
parameters were recoded farm 0 hours to 72
hours after harvesting for every 24 hours.
Loss in 4 cane weight was recorded from 0 to
72 hours after harvesting before each crushing.
Juice sucrose per cent and Brix were recorded
with sucroyzer cum Refractometer. Dextran
content in juice was estimated by Haze method.
TAI was calculated with 0.1 N . NaOH titration
method. This experiment was conducted in
2015-2016 and 2016-2017.
Results and Discussions:
Variation among the clones were
recorded for pre cent juice sucrose to each
interval of crushing after harvest of cane to
 Studies on Post Harvest Deterioration in Promising Pre-release Sugarcane Clones
Sujatha T and Jhansi K

Table 1.Post harvest deterioration in popular sugarcane clones

4 cane weight (kg) Brix

S.No Clones 0 hrs 72 hrs % reduction 0 hrs 72hrs % increase
1 2007 V 43 5.00 4.700 6.00 20.48 20.58 0.48
2 2007 V 127 4.730 4.640 1.90 21.43 21.73 1.39
3 2007 V 131 4.380 4.160 5.02 21.00 22.90 9.04
4 2008 V 109 4.866 4.760 2.18 21.79 23.07 5.87
5 2008 V 216 4.300 3.50 18.60 21.24 21.90 3.10
6 2008 V 240 4.450 3.950 11.23 21.63 21.90 1.24
7 2008 V 312 5.100 4.700 7.84 21.41 21.88 2.19

Table 2: Post harvest deterioration in popular sugarcane clones

% Juice Sucrose TAI

72 hrs after Dextran 72 hrs after
S.No Clones 0 hrs 72 hrs %Reduction
harvesting harvesting. OD
1 2007 V 43 18.56 18.19 1.99 16.11 0.063
2 2007 V 127 19.35 19.25 0.516 15.21 0.041
3 2007 V 131 21.85 21.20 2.974 16.19 0.144
4 2008 V 109 21.20 21.07 0.613 15.98 0.046
5 2008 V 216 22.11 20.45 7.500 18.83 0.193
6 2008 V 240 20.89 19.33 7.460 20.65 0.043
7 2008 V 312 19.60 19.21 1.980 16.08 0.101

72 hours after harvesting. Four cane weight,
Brix, TAI and Dextran content were also
differed for each crushing among the clones
tested. The data was presented in Table 1
and Table 2.
Sugarcane clones 2007 V 127, 131, 2008
V 109, 2008 V 216 and 2008 V 240 were
recorded higher per cent juice sucrose at each
crushing. The sucrose declined in all the
clones from 0 to 72 hours after harvesting
But the less decline was recorded in 2007 V
127 (0.516 %) followed by 2008 V 109 (0.613%)
when compared to other clones. Whereas the
Brix value i.e total stubble solids were
increased as crushing time advances. More
increase was recorded in 2008 V 131(9.04 %).
Dextran content in juice was increased
progressively in all the sugarcane clones
tested for each crushing. At 72 hours after
harvesting the clone 2007 V 127 recorded less
dextran formation followed by 2008 V 240 and
2008 V 109 indicated their tolerance to post
– harvest deterioration Terrible acidity index
was less in 2007 V 127 (15.21) followed by
2008 V 109 (15.98) Lesser the TAI more is
the tolerance to post harvest deterioration.
Loss in cane weight was recorded in all
the clones as crushing delayed. At 72 hours
after harvesting less reduction in cane
weight was recorded in 2007 V 127 (1.90%)
followed by 2008 V 109 (2.18 %) indicating
tolerance of these clones for delayed crushing.
Conclusions:
By observing per cent juice sucrose
reduction, cane weight loss, TAI, Dextran
formation at each interval of crushing the
clones 2007 V 127 and 2008 V 109 were found
tolerant to post harvest deterioration over
other clones tested.

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

References sub-tropical climate. Deterioration of whole

1. Mukunda Rao.Ch, Raja Rajeswari V, Naidu
N.V; and Ramakrishna Rao S. 2010. Study on
post harvest deterioration in sugarcane. Paper
presented in proceedings of 24th R&D
sugarcane workers meet held at Acharya N. G.
Ranga Agricultural University Hyderabad on
17-18th July, 2010 PP: 61-64.
2. Solomon S; Sahi. H.N; Suman A ; Gaur A; Deb
S. and Sing I 2001. A survey of post harvest
biological losses in Indian Sugar Factories; and
emerging challenge Proc 24th ISSCT.PP:
380-381
3. Singh I and Solomon S 2003. Pot harvest
quality loss of sugarcane genotypes under
stalk and bullets. Sugar Tech 5 (4): 850288.
4. Uppal S.K; Sharma S. and Sidhu G.S 2000
Response of sugarcane genotypes to post
harvest deterioration under natural field
conditions exposed to sun vs shade. Crop
Research 199(1): 13-1.
5. Mukunda Rao Ch, Prasada Rao K and
Ankaiah R 2015 study on post harvest cane
quality deterioration in sugarcane published in
SISSTA- Sugar Journal 2015 45th Annual
Convention on 24-25th July 2015 held at
Bengaluru PP 84-86..

137
 MOLECULAR DETECTION OF SUGARCANE YELLOW LEAF
VIRUS IN COMMERCIALLY GROWN SUGARCANE
VARIETIES AND INDEXING OF MICRO PROPAGATED
SEEDLINGS THROUGH RT-PCR
T.M.Hemalatha, M.Hemanth kumar, N.Sabitha, M.S.Balaji and M.Subba rao
Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalle.
Corresponding author E-mail ID: hema_agri@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Disease (SCYLD) is
posing a serious problem in sugarcane
growing areas drastically affecting sugarcane
yields and sugar recovery all over the world.
The disease is caused by Sugarcane Yellow
Leaf Virus, a Polerovirus of the luteoviridae
family inhabiting in phloem tissues. The virus
was isolated from infected samples of the
commercially grown sugarcane varieties from
farmer’s fields of Chittoor and Nellore
districts. Using SCYLV specific primers
(SCYLV-F, SCYLV-R and 613-F, 613-R),
SCYLV was detected by RT-PCR in the
commercially grown sugarcane varieties viz.,
2003 V46, 86V96, Co 86032, 87A298 with
amplification of 1,110 bp (ORF 1 & 2)
replicase protein and 613 bp (ORF-3 & 4) coat
protein. Seedlings were raised using meristem
tip culture and young leaf rolls from infected
sugarcane plants of the commercial varieties;
2003V46, 86V96, Co 86032, 87A298 and these
seedlings were verified for the presence or
absence of the disease using RT-PCR. The
seedlings showing negative amplification for
the coat protein of the virus was confirmed to
be disease free and was preceded to field
cultivation.
Introduction:
Sugarcane is globally an important
source of commercial sugar accounting for
nearly 70 per cent of the world sugar
production. Sugarcane yields are deteriorating
day by day because of lack of good quality
seed. Recovery of sugar has also come down
because absence of good quality canes.
138
Inadequate availability of quality seed of new
sugarcane varieties and poor seed replacement
rate adversely affect the realization of genetic
potential of varieties. Availability of disease
and pest-free, true to type planting material
is an important prerequisite for achieving the
desired yield improvement in sugarcane.
Diseases are one of the major constraints in
the profitable cultivation of sugarcane. Among
the viral diseases of sugarcane, Sugarcane
Yellow Leaf Disease (SCYLD) is among the
world’s most important sugarcane diseases
causing remarkable epidemics and losses of
major proportions. Sugarcane is vegetatively
propagated and it favors accumulation of
pathogens especially the virus titre in further
generations. Hence along with seed canes,
disease causing pathogens are also introduced
into new areas. Slow accumulation of different
pathogens over a period of time makes minor
diseases into major one. Affected planting
material poses a major problem in
propagation and exchange of germplasm, and
eventually in breeding and distribution of
superior genotypes.
SCYLV causes yellowing of the leaf
midrib, leaf necrosis, an imbalance in the
metabolism of carbohydrate and the
accumulation of sucrose in the leaf midrib
(Fitch et al., 2001). The virus is transmitted
by the aphid Melanaphis sacchari (Shenck
and Lehrer, 2000), and is phloem-specific. Due
to this specificity the virus cannot be
transmitted mechanically, through surface
injury to foliage or by short test probes made
by aphids into epidermal cells (Gildhow,
1999).
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
The Luteovirus genome consists of a
single, linear, positive sense single stranded
RNA of 5.6 kb. ScYLV is an emerging virus
evolved from recombination of the ancestors
in the three genera; Luteovirus, Polerovirus
and Enamovirus. SCYLV has a positive sense
ss RNA genome consisting of 5.8 kb nt.
Complete genome sequencing and
characterization of ScYLV has revealed six
open reading frames (ORFs 0-5). P0 (ORF0)
codes for a suppressor of RNA silencing (Abu
Ahmad et al 2006). ORF1 overlaps ORF0 and
ORF2 in the 5’ and 3’ termini, respectively.
An ORF1/2fusion protein is translated via a
frame shift, producing the RNA dependent
RNA polymerase (RdRp) ORF4, which encodes
the movement protein is located within ORF3
which codes for coat protein. ORF5 is
expressed as read through protein with ORF3
and it codes for an aphid transmission factor.
Among the methods employed for
elimination of viruses in sugarcane crop for
developing good quality seed are
thermotherapy and meristem-tip culture
technology. Apical meristem culture was used
by Coleman (1970) and Hendre et al. (1975)
to obtain sugarcane mosaic virus free plants.
This procedure takes into account that viruses
fail to invade the meristamatic region.
Another reason is that the SCYLV spreads
through vascular system and as the
meristamatic region is not vascularized, the
virus cannot invade the meristamatic tissue.
Micro propagation raised plants should be
indexed for confirmation of free from viruses
and virus-like diseases through ELISA, and
molecular methods like RT-PCR. The objective
of the study is to produce virus free seedlings
through micro propagation and indexing the
seedlings for Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Disease
using RT-PCR with an aim to produce quality
seed.
Materials and methods:
The infected leaf samples showing the
symptoms of Yellow Leaf Disease were
139
collected from popular varieties viz., 2003V46,
86 V 96, 87 A 298, Co 7219, Co 86032. The
total RNA was isolated using TRI reagent
(Sigma) & total RNA was reverse transcribed
with revert aid cDNA synthesis kit
(Fermentas, USA) in 20  l of reaction
mixture prepared by using 4.5  l of DEPC
treated Water, 6.0  l of Total RNA-infected
sample, 2.0  l of Reverse primer of the coat
protein (613-R) 5’GTGTTGGGGRAGCGTCCC
YTACC 3’), & and reverse primer of replicase
protein, ScYLV- 613F (5’GTGTTGGGGRAGCG
TCCCYTACC 3’), 4  l of Buffer, 1  l of
RT-Enzyme, 2  l of dNTPs, 0.5  l of Ribolock
/ RNase inhibitor. The reaction was carried
out First strand cDNA was carried out in a
thermo cycler (Master Cycle gradient,
Eppendroff, Germany) at 65C for 5 min
followed by addition of RT-enzyme at for 60
min followed by 70C for 5 min extension.
Using the cDNA synthesized, RT- PCR was
performed in 25  l reaction mixture
containing 2  l of cDNA, 2.5  l of 10x buffer
along with 15mM MgCl2 , 0.5 ml of 10mM of
2 dNTPs mix, 1 ìl of ScYLV613F forward
primer–5’ ATGAATACGGGCGCTAACCGYY
CAC 3’and reverse primer ScYLV- 613F
(5’GTGTTGGGGRA GCGTCCCYTACC 3’),
(10 pico mole), 0.2  l of Taq polymerase and
final volume with sterile Milli-Q water
(Viswanathan et al., 2008). The PCR reaction
was performed with initial 94C for 4 min
followed by 30 cycles of 94C for 30 Sec,
65C for 1 min and 72C for 45 sec and a
final extension of 72C for 15 min. 2  l of
amplification product was analyzed in 1.0%
agarose gel electrophoresis in 1x TBE buffer
stained in ethidium bromide. The genes
coding for ORF1&2 (Replicase Protein) and
ORF3&4 (Coat protein) were amplified from
the infected samples of the varieties 2003V46,
86V96, Co 86032 and 87A298 by using the
specific primers for (ORF1&2) and (ORF3&4)
respectively.
 Molecular Detection of Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus in Commercially Grown Sugarcane Varieties and Indexing of Micro Propagated...
T.M.Hemalatha, M.Hemanth kumar, N.Sabitha, M.S.Balaji and M.Subba rao

Shoot apical meristems (SAMs) and midrib on the abaxial surface of mature leaves
young leaf rolls (YLRs) from infected sources (Fig. 1a). Older leaves show a red coloration
were used for production of virus free of the midrib on the adaxial surface (Fig. 1b).
seedlings using the standardized protocols. Afterwards the leaf blade becomes yellow, dry
The shoot apical meristems and leaf rolls and bleached, proceeding from the tip toward
were washed with Tween 20 for 5 minutes the base of the leaf, and tissue necrosis can
and with Streptomycin for 10 minutes eventually take place.
followed by washing in 70 % ethanol for 1
minute. These were again washed with
autoclaved distilled water and surface
sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 5
minutes. The sterilized SAMs and leaf rolls
were inoculated on shoot multiplication media
(full strength MS medium +IAA+ cytokinins.
The multiple shoots obtained were sub
cultured on same shoot multiplication media.
The multiple shoots obtained from sub
cultured shoots were inoculated on root
initiation media (half strength MS medium +
IBA 1-3 mg/l) for rooting. The rooted plantlets
were transferred to plastic cups in shade net Fig. 1b. Pinkish discoloration on leaf lamina
house for hardening. The infected leaf samples from these
varieties were collected and subjected to
Results and Discussion:
RT-PCR using the specific primers for the
The commercially grown varieties in coat protein 613F and 613R (Viswanathan et
Andhra Pradesh viz., 2003 V46, Co 86032, 86 al., 2008). The coat protein and replicase
V96, 87A298 are infected with the disease protein gene of Sugarcane Yellow Leaf virus
resulting in heavy yield losses. Symptoms of was amplified in all the suspected samples
SCYLV infection in susceptible varieties are (Fig.2 shown for 2003V46 and 86V96). The
characterized by intense yellowing of the

Fig 2. Amplification of coat protein and

movement protein of the Sugarcane yellow leaf
Fig. 1a. Symptoms of YLD on 2003V46 virus from infected samples of the

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Lane1: Amplification of replicase protein of the virus

from 2003V46.

Lane2: Amplification of replicase protein of the virus

from 86V96.

Lane3: Amplification of coat protein of the virus from

2003V46.
Lane4: Amplification of coat protein of the virus from
86V96.

infected YLD samples from sugarcane varieties

viz., 2003 V 46,86V96, Co 86032, 87A298 were
used for standardizing the protocols for
production of virus-free seedlings through
meristem tip culture and young leaf roll
methods. Multiple shoot lets developed from the
apical meristem portion and from leaf rolls were
separated and further sub cultured for another
cycle of shoot multiplication on full strength MS
medium and high concentration of cytokinins.
Later elongated micro shoots about 5-6 cm in
length were excised from culture bottles and
transferred to half-strength MS medium + IBA/
NAA/IAA (1.0-3.0 mg/l). Profuse rooting was
observed from in vitro shoot lets when
inoculated on to half strength MS basal media
supplemented with 3 mg/l IBA. These micro
propagated seedlings were confirmed to be
virus-free using RT – PCR method and were
transferred to green house for hardening and
then preceded to field cultivation. Lal et.al,
(2015) used micro propagation technique for
rapid multiplication of newly developed
sugarcane varieties and for rejuvenation of old
deteriorated varieties.
Fig. 3. Production of tissue culture seedlings
through meristem tip culture.
Fig. 4: Amplification of Sugarcane yellow leaf
virus (SCYLV) with 613-F and SCYLV-613R
primers from tissue culture derived plantlets.
Lane1, 2, 3: Negative amplification for the coat protein
of the virus from tissue culture developed seedlings of
2003V46 (Lane.1) Co 86032 (Lane 2), 86 V96 (Lane 3).
Lane 4, 5, 6: Positive amplification for the coat protein
of the virus from infected samples of 2003V46.
Conclusion:
Sugarcane seedlings developed through
tissue culture techniques are free from
Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus which are
further confirmed by RT-PCR. Hence, using
the tissue culture and molecular methods,
virus free seedlings of commercial varieties
were produced and extended to field
cultivation for multiplication of seed material
for large extent.
References:
1. Abu Ahmad, Y., Rassably, L., Royer, M., Borg,
Z., Braithwaite, K S., Mirkov, T E., Irey, MS.,
Perrier, X., Smith, GR. and Rott, P. 2006.
Yellow leaf of sugarcane is caused by at least
three different genotypes of sugarcane yellow
leaf virus, one of which predominates on the
Island of Réunion. Archive of Virology 151:
1355-1371.
2. Fitch, M.M.M., Lehrer, A.T., Komor. E., Moore,
P.H. 2001. Elimination of Sugarcane yellow
leaf virus from infected sugarcane plants by
meristem tip culture visualized by tissue blot
immunoassay. Plant Pathology 50, 676-680.

141
 Molecular Detection of Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus in Commercially Grown Sugarcane Varieties and Indexing of Micro Propagated...
T.M.Hemalatha, M.Hemanth kumar, N.Sabitha, M.S.Balaji and M.Subba rao

3. Gildow, F.E. 1999. Luteovirus transmission
and mechanisms regulating vector specificity.
p 89 In: HG Smith and H Barker (Eds) The
Luteoviridae. CABI Publishing, New York,
USA.
4. Coleman, R.E. 1970. New plants produced
from callus tissue culture. In Sugarcane
research. 1970 report, 38. U.S. Dept. Agric.
Res. Serv. Pl. Sci. Res. Division.
5. Hendre, R.R., Mascarenhas, A.F., Nadgir, A.L.,
Pathak, M. and Jagannathan, V. 1975.
Growth of sugarcane mosaic virus free
sugarcane plants from apical meristems.
Indian Phytopathology 28, 1975, 175-178.
6. Schenck, S. and Lehrer, A.T. 2000. Factors
affecting the transmission and spread of
sugarcane yellow leaf virus. Plant Disease. 84,
1085-1088.
7. Viswanathan, R., Balamuralikrishnan, M. and
Karuppaiah, R. 2008. Identification of three
genotypes of sugarcane yellow leaf virus
causing yellow leaf disease from India and
their molecular characterization. Virus Genes.
37, 368–379.
8. Lal, M., Tiwari.,A.K.,Gupta, G.N and Kavita.
2015. Commercial Scale Micropropagation of
Sugarcane: Constraints and Remedies. Sugar
Tech. 17: 339.

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

HARNESSING THE GROWTH POTENTIAL - INDIAN SUGAR

SECTOR
CA K.Marimuthu
Executive Vice President, Gem Sugars Ltd

Sugar, the second largest agro based consumption would result in an incremental
industry in India, is a sector of immense demand of over 1 million tons per annum.
importance to the Indian economy. This
industry impacts livelihoods of about 50 Per Capita consumption 2016
million farmers and their families and Per Capita
Sugarcane/
provides direct employment to over 5 lakh Country Consumption
Beet
skilled and semi-skilled persons in sugar mills per Kg
Cuba 61 Cane
and related industries.
Australia 60 Cane
India and China are the top two sugar Brazil 56 Cane
consumers in the world consuming 18% of the Mexico 50 Cane
total production. However, the Asian giants European Union 48 Beet
have the lowest per capital consumption Canada 43 Beet
among the developing countries; India’s per Russia 43 Beet
capita consumption is only 18 kgs. as South Africa 36 Cane
compared to the world average of 24 kg. USA 34 Beet / Cane
However, globally, consumption increases with Egypt 34 Beet / Cane
increasing income as people shift away from Thailand 30 Cane
traditional sweeteners. With income expected Korea 27 Cane/Beet
to grow in both India and China, sugar World 21 Beet
consumption should increase in the coming Rest of world 19 Beet

years at higher than historical growth rates Japan 18 Beet

India 17 Cane
providing sustained market demand. In fact
China 07 Cane
even a 1 kg. increase in India’s per capita

Fig. As income increases, sugar consumption also increases

143
 Harnessing The Growth Potential - Indian Sugar Sector
CA K.Marimuthu

Sugar cycle Sugarcane prices

The sugar industry is typically cyclical Premium for
Sugar RFP Recovery
and given its fragmented nature in India, every 0.1%
Season (Rs) %
increase-Rs.
scale, efficiencies and integrated revenue
model will clearly determine the winners in 2010-11 139.12 9.50 1.46
the long run. 2011-12 145.00 9.50 1.53

Domestic sugar consumption (mn tons) 2012-13 170.00 9.50 1.79

2013-14 210.00 9.50 2.21
2014-15 220.00 9.50 2.32
2015-16 230.00 9.50 2.42
2016-17 230.00 9.50 2.42

SUGAR AND CANE PRICE MISMATCH:

While cane prices have more than
doubled in the last several years, sugar prices
have increased by only 30% as indicated
Industry and Government Policies below:
As sugar has been classified as ‘essential (Amount in Rs.)
commodity’ in India, the Government
Sugar and cane prices
continues to control the industry. Under the
sugar control order, 1966, the Central
Government is empowered to:

 Regulate sugar production

 Regulate the movement of sugar

 Regulate the quality of sugar

 Regulate sugar trade

The sugar control order also empowers

the Government to exercise control over the
industry’s raw material; sugarcane.
Improving Balance sheets
Setting the Fair and Remunerative Price
Given the all-round improvement in the
(FRP) payable to farmers is linked to the
industry, sugar companies’ balance sheets
average recovery rate. However, this is only
have shown tremendous improvement. Sugar
a minimum, and individual states advise mills
is a working capital intensive industry. Sugar
to pay State Advisory Prices (SAP) that is
is mainly produced between November and
generally at a premium over FRP.
May, but is sold throughout the year and
Regulate the movement and distribution hence mills are forced to carry large
of sugarcane. inventories for lengthy periods of time. A high
debt-equity ratio makes the sugar mills highly
Regulate and provide licenses to power vulnerable to business shocks during periods
crushers and khandasari units.

144
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

of downturn. Most of the companies have Area and production

paid off the dues for the sugarcane to the
Production Sugarcane
farmers. This helps in building a long-term Area
(Millon Tonnes) yield
relationship with the cane suppliers. Besides, Year
(Lakh (Tonnes/Hect
sugar mills have also worked out on Sugarcane Sugar
Ha) ares)
restructuring the debt on their balance sheets.
2005-06 42.0 281.17 19.32 66.92
Cane acreage & production 2006-07 51.5 355.52 28.20 69.02
Sugarcane occupies about 2.7% of the
2007-08 50.6 348.19 26.30 68.88
total cultivated area and it is one of the most
2008-09 44.2 285.03 14.68 64.55
important cash crops in the country. The area
undersugarcane has gradually increased over 2009-10 41.7 292.30 18.80 70.02
the years mainly because of much large 2010-11 48.8 342.38 24.35 70.09
diversion of land from other crops to
2011-12 50.4 361.04 26.34 71.67
sugarcane by farmers for economic reasons.
2012-13 50.0 341.20 25.85 68.25
Sugarcane movement
2013-14 50.1 352.14 24.55 69.84
% cane utilization for
Seed, feed & chewing 2014-15 50.7 362.38 25.05 70.86

White sugar Gur & 2015-16 49.6 352.16 25.20 70.07

Year (%)
(%) Khandasari
Increasing diversification of revenues
2010-11 70.0 11.9 18.1
Due to visibility on the revenues from the
2011-12 71.2 12.0 16.8
downstream products there is an increase in the
2012-13 73.4 11.3 15.3 revenues of the sugar mills. This not only
reduces the dependence on a single source but
2013-14 67.7 11.5 20.8
also provide non-cyclical revenue in case of a
2014-15 75.4 11.5 13.1 decline in sugar realizations. Unlike Brazil,
2015-16 67.2 11.5 21.3 Indian manufacturers do not have the flexibility
to switch from sugar to ethanol to take the
advantage of price arbitrage. Overall, a better
revenue mix will provide improved valuations
for the sugar stocks.
India’s Domestic demand-supply Scenario
Particulars 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017P
Opening Stock 7.1 7.6 8.2 6.5 8.8 7.7
Production 26.3 25.1 24.3 28.3 25.1 20.3
Increase in Production 7.79% -4.56% -3.19% 16.46% -11.31% -6.77%
Internal consumption 22.4 23.0 24.0 24.8 24.6 24.2
Growth Y-O-Y 7.69% 2.68% 4.35% 3.33% -0.81% 2.41%
Exports 3.4 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.6 -
Imports - - - - -
Closing Stock 7.6 8.2 6.5 8.8 7.7 3.8
Months of consumption 4.1 4.3 3.3 4.2 3.8 3.0

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 Harnessing The Growth Potential - Indian Sugar Sector
CA K.Marimuthu

Ethanol – strong revenue visibility South Asian electricity generation, still facing
To provide price stability and serious power problems with current
remunerative prices to ethanol suppliers, the generation being about 30 per cent below the
government approved a new pricing demand. Overall, Indian power demand is
mechanism for ethanol supply to public sector projected to increase to 1,192
oil marketing companies (OMCs) to carry out billion-kilowatt-hours (BkWh) by 2020, which
the ethanol blended petrol (EBP) programme, is more than three times, 378 BkWh
which has increased the scope of ethanol consumed in 1996 (Report; Ministry of
industry in India. Agriculture and Natural Resources). One of
the major commercially grown agricultural
Ethanol Demand Forecast (Bln liters)
crops in India is Sugarcane. The plant has
Demand at 5% Demand at
the highest bio conversion efficiency through
blendig 10% blending
photosynthesis and is able to fix around 55
2017-18 1495 2991 tons of dry matter per hectare of land under
2018-19 1621 3241 this crop on annual renewable basis. India
2019-20 1757 3513 produces nearly 40 million metric tons (MMT)
of bagasse and it is being minorly used as
2020-21 1904 3808
raw material in the paper industry. Through
Ethanol Addition in Gasoline programme this source cheaper electricity can be produced
and the greenhouse gases can be minimized
Upto 5% Up to 10% Over 10%
in terms of the usage of biomass as fuel.
EU USA Brazil Therefore, Bagasse, can play a major role in
India Canada USA (FFVs) substituting fossil fuels for the future power
Japan China Canada (FFVs) generation.

Thailand Sweden (FFVs) The current availability of biomass in

South Africa
Recent developments in the global ethanol
market suggest the emergence of ethanol as an
internationally traded commodity. Demand
growth is robust, and for the first time, strongly
supported not only by higher oil prices and
greater need for energy security, but perhaps
more importantly, by global environmental and
sustainability concerns. Bio-fuels, such as
ethanol, are central to worldwide efforts to
abate greenhouse gases and mitigate climate
change.
Co-generation
Conventional fuels such as coal,
petroleum etc are limited in the nature
therefore; alternate sources are needed to
fulfill the demand of energy in future. India,
which accounts for around 85 per cent of
India is estimated at about 500 million metric
tons per year. Studies sponsored by the
Ministry have estimated surplus biomass
availability at about 120 – 150 million metric
tons per annum covering agricultural and
forestry residues corresponding to a potential
of about 18,000 MW. This apart, about
7000 MW additional power could be generated
through bagasse based cogeneration in the
country’s 550 Sugar mills, if these sugar mills
adopt technically and economically optimal
levels of cogeneration for extracting power
from the bagasse produced by them. Though
there had been problems in the past mainly
related to acceptance and continuation of
power rates as per the Government Policy,
further investment can be expected because of
growing demand for power in the country and
the importance of renewal energy sources,

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
Conclusion
Slowly, sugar - power cogeneration -
ethanol distillery would emerge as a key
source to fulfill ever increasing sugar-energy
requirement of India. The green power
cogeneration and bio-ethanol production, as
the renewable green energy sources have huge
potential of converting economic sick sugar
mills into sugar-energy complexes to achieve
the future targets. The contribution of these
by-products based utilization activities has led
to industry turnover of Rs.10-12 thousand
crores. However, in long term, the sugar
industry has the future potential to meet
147
20-25 per cent of total motor-fuel
requirements of India. It could therefore
become a substantial collaborator in reducing
the petroleum import bills and save foreign
exchange and to become environmentally
friendly.
Indian sugar industry and sugarcane
cultivation is passing through a critical phase
of restructuring. Hence, sugar industry
should also harness the potential of sugarcane
production and diversification for power,
bio-ethanol, other bi-products of bio-compost
for sustainable development of industry and
economic prosperity of sugarcane growers.
 PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF SUGARCANE IN INDIA:
GROWTH, INSTABILITY AND DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS
IN SOUTHERN STATES
I.V.Y.Rama Rao 1, H.Srinivasa Rao 2, Ch.S.Vani 3
and M.Bharatha Lakshmi 4
1
Scientist (Agricultural Economics), Dept. of Agricultural Economics,
2
Scientist (Agricultural Economics), Cost of Cultivation Scheme,
3
Scientist (Agricultural Extension), Dept. of Agricultural Extension,
4
Principal Scientist (Sugarcane),
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh-531 001

Abstract
An attempt was made in the present study to
estimate the growth, instability in sugarcane
production in southern states of India, by
estimating the patterns of growth and
magnitude of instability and determining the
factors which caused change in production.
The time series data for the period 1990-91 to
2015-16 on area, production and productivity
were collected from website of Directorate of
Economics and Statistics, Government of
India. Analytical tools like Compound growth
rate (CGR), Coppock’s Instability Index (C.I.I)
and Decomposition of Change in average
production (Hazell, 1984) were employed.
The results revealed that impact of area on
production was marginally higher than
productivity in both period I and II in country
as a whole, as well as in southern states also.
But, it was accompanied with high degree of
instability. Area effect was higher than the
productivity effect on the production
differential in country as a whole, and in all
southern states except in Karnataka, where
vice versa was noticed. So, growth in
production came from area attributing factors
like area expansion owing to provision of
remunerative prices and assured supply of
farm in-puts etc.
Introduction
As per the latest statistics of FAO (Food
and Agriculture Organisation), during 2014,
sugarcane is cultivated in 27.18 Million
hectares (Mha) of area in the world and
production and yield of 1,810.0 Million tonnes
(Mt) and 69.9 Tonnes per hectare (t/ha)
respectively. Among the countries, Brazil with
10.44 Mha of area and 737.16 Mt of
production lead in the world, but in
productivity it was in 36th position with 70.63
t/ha, in which Peru recorded highest with
126.05 t/ha. India ranks second in both area
and production, with an area of 5.01 Mha
(19.76 % of world’s area) and with an average
production of 352.14 Mt (19.61% in world’s
production), whereas, with 70.26 t/ha in yield
it is in 37th position (FAOSTAT, 2016).
As per the advance estimates for the
year 2015-16, among the states in India,
Uttar Pradesh (U.P) leads with 21.60 Lakh
hectares (Lha), followed by Maharashtra (9.87
Lha), Karnataka (4.0 Lha), Tamil Nadu (2.63
Lha) etc (Sugar Statistics, 2016). Production
wise, U.P. leads with 133.20 Mt, followed by
Maharashtra (75.09 Mt), Karnataka (34.20
Mt),Tamil Nadu (27.62 Mt), Bihar (14.24 Mt).
Yield wise West Bengal leads with 115.0 t/ha,
followed by Tamil Nadu (105 t/ha), Kerala
(91.5 t/ha), Karnataka (85.5 t/ha), Andhra
Pradesh (79.4 t/ha).

Keywords: Sugarcane, Area, Production, Studies by Hazell (1984) and Jayadevan

Productivity, Growth, Instability, decomposition, (1991) revealed that the growth in crop
Southern states, India, Andhra Pradesh, production during the post-green revolution
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala period has been accompanied with increased

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
instability and yield fluctuation turned out to
be the major source of production instability.
Rao et al. (2011) revealed that mean
productivity effect (55.92%) was higher than the
mean area effect (25.70%) on the production
differential between the Pre- WTO (1985-86
to1994-95) and Post WTO period (2000-2001 to
2009-10) in North Coastal districts of Andhra
Pradesh. To compare and scaling –up the
results present study was conducted with the
following specific objectives:
1. To estimate the magnitude of growth in
area, production and productivity
2. To calculate the extent of instability in
area, production and productivity
3. To assess the factors causing change in
average production between periods
Materials and Methods
The study pertains to India (Country as
a whole) and four southern states viz., Andhra
Pradesh Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
The time series data for the a period of last 26
years i.e. 1990-91 to 2015-16 was collected on
area, production and productivity from various
publications of the Bureau of Economics and
Statistics, Government of India etc. Total time
period was divided into two equal parts viz.,
Period-I (1990-91 to 2002-03) and Period II
(2003-04 to 2015-16) and analysis was
conducted separately for each period.
Analytical Tools:
(i) Estimation of growth rates:Compound
growth rates were employed to estimate the
growth, by fitting an Exponential function of
the following form.
Y  A.bt
Log Y  Log A  t.log  b
Where,
Y  Area/Production/Productivity
A  Constant
b  (1+r)
149
r  Compound Growth Rate
= t  Time variable in years (1,2,3n)
The value of antilog of ‘b’ was estimated
by using LOGEST function in MS-Excel.
Then, the percent Compound Growth Rate is
calculated as below;
CGR %  [LOGEST Y1 : Yn  1]  100
(ii) Estimation of extent of instability:For
the calculation of extent of instability,
Coppock’s Instability Index (CII) was
employed. CII is a close approximation of the
average year-to-year percentage variation
adjusted for trend. In algebraic form:
C.I.I  [Antilog 

log V  1]  100
[Log Xt1/Xt  m]2
[Log V 
N1
Where,
Xt  Area/ production/ Productivity in the
year ‘t’
N  Number of years
V = log V  Logarithmic variance
m  Arithmetic mean of difference
between the logs of Xt1 etc.,
(iii) Decomposition of Change in average
production: Change in average production
between the periods arises from changes in
mean area and mean yield (productivity),
interaction between changes in mean yield
and mean area and change in yield-area
covariance (Hazell, 1984).
The change in average production
 E P between the periods can be obtained
as follows:
   
 E P  A1,  Y  Y1   A   A   Y   Cov A, Y
 Where,  
A1   Y, Y1   A,  A   Y and  Cov A, Y
are change in mean yield, change in mean
area, changes in mean area & mean yield and
changes in area & yield covariance
respectively.
 Production Performance of Sugarcane in India: Growth, Instability And Decomposition Analysis in Southern States
I.V.Y.Rama Rao, H.Srinivasa Rao, Ch.S.Vani and M.Bharatha Lakshmi

Results and Discussion
(i) Magnitude of growth:
During the period - I, in country as a
whole, impact of growth in area (1.84%) was
more than impact of growth in productivity
(0.24%) on growth in production (2.09%)
(Table1). Similar trend was recorded in
southern states also. Among the states, ranges
of growth rates in area varied between – 6.00
per cent (Kerala) and 3.51 per cent
(Karnataka), in production they were from –
4.31 per cent (Kerala) to 4.52 per cent
(Karnataka) and in productivity varied
between – 0.31per cent (Tamil Nadu) and 1.80
per cent (Kerala).
During the period - II, in country as a
whole, growth in area (2.07%) had higher
influence on growth in production (1.48%)
than growth in productivity (0.40%) in similar
Table 1: Compound Growth Rate (%) of area, production and productivity of
Sugarcane in India and Southern states during period I and II
with the period - I trend. Similar trend was
noticed in Southern states also. Among the
states, growth rates in area varied between –
2.49 per cent (Andhra Pradesh) and 8.29 per
cent (Kerala), in production varied from – 7.42
per cent (Kerala) to 11.64 per cent
(Karnataka) and in productivity varied
between – 12.62 per cent (Kerala) and 6.43
per cent (Karnataka). Growth in area
contributed more towards growth in
production than growth in productivity in
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh,
whereas, vice versa was noticed in Kerala. So,
during period - II, in comparison with period
- I, productivity impact on production was
higher in Kerala, and area impact on
production was higher in Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

Period - I Period - II
States and Country (1990-91 to 2001-02) (2002-03 to 2013-14)
Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivity
Karnataka 3.51 4.52 0.97 6.88 6.43 0.48
Tamil Nadu 2.30 1.98  0.31 1.06  3.07  0.59
Andhra Pradesh 1.98 2.51 0.52  2.49  3.74  0.17
Kerala  6.00  4.31 1.80 8.29  12.62  18.59
Southern States 2.66 3.08 0.40 2.38 0.23  0.29
India 1.84 2.09 0.24 2.07 1.48 0.40

Table 2: Coefficient of Variation (%) of area, production and productivity of

Sugarcane in India and Southern states during period I and II
Period - I Period - II
States and
(1990-91 to 2001-02) (2002-03 to 2013-14)
Country
Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivity
Karnataka 15.7 22.4 10.0 26.6 31.4 8.1
Tamil Nadu 14.2 16.4 4.8 18.2 21.3 5.4
Andhra Pradesh 9.6 13.0 6.5 15.4 17.9 4.3
Kerala 26.1 23.9 12.4 36.3 66.5 64.5
Southern States 12.3 16.4 6.5 14.3 17.8 5.4
India 8.2 9.3 4.0 11.0 14.5 4.9

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Table 3: Components of change in average production (%) in Sugarcane in India and

Southern States between period I and II

Sources of Change
States and Changes in Changes in Area
Change in mean Change in mean
Country mean Area & & Yield
Yield Area
mean Yield covariance
Karnataka 1274.97  1037.88 44.00  181.10
Tamil Nadu  22.24 118.67  1.96 5.54
Andhra Pradesh 130.56  33.33  1.27 4.04
Kerala 80.41  14.59 3.93 30.25
Southern States  35.52 131.80  1.47 5.22
India 1.67 95.77 0.27 2.30

yield covariance (2.3%), mean area and yield

(ii) Extent of Instability:
Among the states, during the period - I,
the lowest instability in area (9.6%),
production (13%) were recorded in Andhra
Pradesh, whereas, in productivity (4.8%) was
recorded in Tamil Nadu. Highest instability
in area (26.1%), productivity (12.4%) were
recorded in Kerala and in production (23.9%)
was recorded in Karnataka (Table 2). Impacts
of area were more on variability in production
was observed in all states. During the period
- II, the lowest instability in area (15.4%),
production (17.9%) and productivity (4.3%)
were noticed in Andhra Pradesh. Highest
instability in area (36.3%), production (66.5%)
and productivity (64.5%) were noticed in
Kerala. Magnitude of instability was higher in
period – II than in period – I in all variables
in all states. That the higher fluctuation in
sugarcane production in recent periods.
Country as a whole, during the period -
I, impact of area variability (8.2%) was more
than productivity variability (4.0%) on
production fluctuations (9.3%). Similar trend
was noticed during the period – II also. This
trend was similar in southern states in toto.
(iii) Whether change in production
caused by productivity or area factors:
Country as a whole, effect of change in
mean area (95.77%) was higher than area and
(1.67%) and mean yield (1.67%) (Table 3).
Thus, change in mean area has higher
destabilizing effect on average production
differential between the period I and II.
Similar trend was noticed in all states
from period – I to period – II, where change
in mean yield has higher effect on production
differential than other components of change
in all states except Tamil Nadu. When
compared about magnitude, it was highest in
Karnataka (1274.97%) followed by Andhra
Pradesh (130.36%), Kerala (80.41%). Thus,
area had higher effect on sugarcane
production in Tamil Nadu (118.67%) and in
rest of the states yield factors had higher
influence on change in production.
References
1. FAOSTAT (2016), available at faostat.fao.org/
sit/567/DsktopDefault.aspx?pageID=567#ancor
accessed on 01/12/2016.
2. Government of India (2016). Agricultural
statistics at a glance 2015 available at
http://eands.dacnet.nic.in/PDF/Agricultural_St
atistics_At_Glance-2015.pdf accessed on
02/12/2016
3. Hazell P. B. R. (1984) Sources of increased
instability in India and US cereal production,
American Journal of Agricultural Economics,
66: 302-311.

151
 Production Performance of Sugarcane in India: Growth, Instability And Decomposition Analysis in Southern States
I.V.Y.Rama Rao, H.Srinivasa Rao, Ch.S.Vani and M.Bharatha Lakshmi

4. Jayadevan C. M. (1991) Instability in wheat 6. Rao, I.V.Y. Rama, Vasudev, N. and Babu.
production in M.P., Agricultural Situation in G.S.K (2011) Impact of WTO on Sugarcane
India, 46(4): 219-223. performance in Andhra Pradesh. Cooperative
Sugars. 42(7):37-40
5. Rao, I.V.Y. Rama, Babu. G.S.K, Rao K.P and
R.Ankaiah (2013) Sugarcane production in Statistics (2016) Indian Sugar LXVII(6):59-76
India: Is it technology led? or Policy led? - Sugar statistics (2016) Cooperative Sugar
An economic insight into Southern States of 48(1):41-80
India, Sugar journal, SISSTA, 233-36

152
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
CLIMATE RESILIENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR
IMPROVED YIELDS IN SUGARCANE
Routu Saritha
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Anakapalle,
Visakhapatnam
Abstract
Climate change impacts on agriculture are
being witnessed all over the world, but
countries like India are more vulnerable in
view of the huge population dependent on
agriculture, excessive pressure on natural
resources and poor coping mechanisms.
Management practices that increase
agricultural production under adverse climatic
conditions also tend to support climate change
adaptation because they increase resilience
and reduce yield variability under variable
climate and extreme events. Sugarcane
occupies a pivotal position in the agricultural
economy and industry of India. Though India
is the second largest producer of sugar in the
world, it lags much behind in the productivity,
owing to many factors. Cultivation under
rainfed conditions is the major contributing
factor and the difference in productivity is as
wide as 62 percent between irrigated and
rainfed sugarcane. In an attempt to popularise
adoption of climate resilient strategies for
increased yields in rainfed sugarcane,
demonstrations were taken up in the farmers’
fields. Results indicated higher yield
realization (20-36 per cent) in plots adopting
improved management practices compared to
the farmers’ practice which served as control.
The improved package also resulted in higher
sucrose percent (18.5) compared to farmers
practice (17.1). Upon analysis through paired
T-test, higher Tcal value (4.03) than the Ttab
value (2.13) proved the results to be
statistically significant. The Karl Pearsons
coefficient for correlation was 0.8 which
indicated that the improved practices had
direct and positive impact on yields in rainfed
sugarcane. Adoption of improved practices was
153
further manifested by registering high benefit
cost ratio (1.49:1) compared to farmers
practice (1.34:1). All these factors together
prove that adoption of improved management
practices designed for rainfed sugarcane would
contribute towards higher climate resilience,
as well as achieving more remunerative
yields.
Keywords: climate resilience, sugarcane,
rainfed
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is
one of the most important cash crops in India
and plays pivotal role in both agricultural and
industrial economy of our country. In the
world, India ranks second in the world in
sugarcane cultivation after Brazil with
average production of 273.93 million tonnes,
which amounts to 22 per cent in world’s
sugarcane production. Sugarcane occupies a
pivotal position in the agricultural economy of
India. Sugarcane is a tool towards agrarian
reform and economic liberation. This is so
because it is a labour intensive crop and
provides livelihood to millions through an
organized industry that it carries with it in
the rural India. In India, it is cultivated on
an area of 4.94 million hectares in 2011 with
a production of 339.17 million tonnes with an
average productivity of 68.6 tonnes /ha,
though, there is a wide variation with
productivity across different regions.
Sugarcane is mainly grown in the states of
Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Gujarat,
which together command an area of 3.7
million hectares, 89% of the total area under
sugarcane in India. Andhra Pradesh with its
area of 1.92 lakh ha, ranks fifth in sugarcane
area of the country with an average
 Climate Resilient Management Strategies for Improved Yields in Sugarcane
Routu Saritha

production of 14.96 M tonnes and productivity whereas it was 29.0 to 43.0 tons per ha in
of 77.9 tons per ha (Anon., 2011). However, farmers practice. The percent sucrose recorded
the productivity is much lower in was 18.5 percent in improved practice which
Visakhapatnam district owing to nearly 60 was considerably higher compared to 17.1
per cent of crop being cultivated under rainfed percent sucrose in farmers practice. The
situation (Rama Rao, 2012). In this backdrop, results were further reinforced upon observing
the present study was undertaken to the benefit cost ratio, which was 1.49:1 in
demonstrate climate resilient management improved practice compared to 1.34:1 in
strategies for improved yields in sugarcane farmers practice.
under rainfed situation over conventional Bakshi Ram et.al, (2011) recommended
practices adopted by farmers. the sett treatment with lime to improve
Demonstrations were carried out at six germination and enhance the capacity to
locations in Ravikamatam, Munagapaka, withstand drought. According to
Yelamanchili, Chodavaram and Kotauratla Rahman(2012), trash mulching resulted in
mandals of Visakhapatnam district over a better crop stand and moisture conservation
period of three years by District Agro and thus contributed to higher cane yield and
Advisory and Transfer of Technology (DAATT) sucrose percent. The role of trash mulching in
centre, ANGRAU, Visakhapatnam. The micro moisture conservation was also stressed upon
farming situation was red loam with clay by Shrivatsava, et.al,(2011).
base-rainfed-small and marginal farmers. Two
Studies conducted by Yadav (2006)
treatments, T-1 being improved management
revealed that application of K increases juice
and T-2 being conventional farmers practice. extraction and induces drought tolerance in
Each treatment was laid out in 2000 m2 and sugarcane. Further, the B:C ratio was also
the total experiment was laid out in 4000m2 high upon balanced nutrient application, as
at each location. The variety was 87A298 at done in the present study.
all the locations. The improved management
for rainfed sugarcane included, sett treatment Table: Yield, percent sucrose and B:C
with 10% lime solution for 1hour, formation ratio of improved package for rainfed
of furrows 60cms apart, trash mulching sugarcane compared to farmer practice
@3t/ha immediately after planting and Average yield (t/ha) Percent Sucrose
application of 75Kg N + 50kg P2O5 + 50kg Year Improved Farmers Improved Farmers
K2O/ha (N was applied in two equal splits on package practice package practice
30 and 60 DAP, half of K2O and entire P2o5 I 58.5 43.0 18.7 17.7
was applied as basal and remaining half of II 35.5 29.0 18.3 16.4
K2 O in October (after cessation of rains). III 39.0 32.5 18.5 17.2
Data on yield and sucrose percent was Mean 44.3 34.8 18.5 17.1
collected and also the benefit cost ratios were Tcal 4.03 4.02
calculated. The data was subjected to paired Ttab  2.13

T-test and also the Karl Pearson’s coefficient R xy 0.8 0.8

for correlation was calculated. Mean B:C 1.49:1 (Improved package)

Ratio 1.34:1 (Farmers practice)
Consistently higher yields were recorded
in plots with improved practices compared to References:
farmers practice. The average yield at 1. Anonymous (2011) Area, production and
different locations and seasons varied between productivity of sugarcane in India, Cooperative
35.5 and 58.5 ton per ha in improved practice Sugar, 43(4): 1112-14. B

154
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
2. Ashok K. Shrivastava, Arun K. Srivastava and
Sushil Solomon (2011), Sustaining sugarcane
productivity under depleting water resources
Current Science, Vol. 101, No. 6
3. Bakshi Ram, Karuppaiyan R and Pandey S
K(2011), Sugarcane cultivation in subtropical
India, SBI,Karnal, pp.17
4. Rahman Md. S(2012) Ph.D thesis, Growth,
yield and quality of plant and ratoon crops of
sugarcane as affected by plant material and
management practices, University of
Rajashahi, Bangladesh.pp.259
155
5. RamaRao, IVY(2012), Efficiency, Yield Gap
and Constraints Analysis in Irrigated vis-a-vis
Rainfed Sugarcane in North Coastal Zone of
Andhra Pradesh, Agricultural Economics
Research Review. pp 167-171
6. Yadav DV (2006) Potassium Nutrition of
Sugarcane, Proceedings of the International
Symposium held at Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana, India, 22-25 November
2006
 URBANISATION - A MAJOR THREAT TO SUGARCANE
CULTIVATION IN THE AREA OF KCP SUGARS VUYYURU.
MEASURES TAKEN TO OVERCOME URBANISATION
G. Venkateswara Rao1, V.V. Punna Rao2, and R.J. Chandra Babu3
1
Chief Operating Officer, 2General Manager, 3D.G.M (cane)
KCP Sugar & Industries Corp Ltd, Vuyyuru

Introduction acreage of 111038.24 suitable for sugarcane

KCP Sugars and Industries Corporation
Limited is one among the leading sugar
manufacturing companies in India, and it was
established in the year 1941 near to Vijayawada
in Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh. This
organisation had recently celebrated Platinum
Jubilee. The crushing capacity of the mill is
7,500 TCD and this is having 15 M.W Co-Gen,
50 KLPD Distillery, and Calcium lactate
production unit of capacity 500 TPA.
Government of Andhra Pradesh has allotted 24
mandals covering 338 villages with a total
cultivation to KCP Sugars.
In 2015 Amaravathi was announced as
new capital for newly formed state of Andhra
Pradesh which lies in the commanded area of
the factory. After announcement of the capital
city a many more changes were happened
surrounding to the capital region and significant
cultivable area was converted to
commercialization like Real Estate, Housing,
Roads formation and commercial complexes etc.
The detailed mandal wise diverted area for
commercialization was mentioned here under.

K C P SUGAR & INDUSTRIES CORPORATION Ltd.,-VUYYURU

MANDAL WISE AYCUT AREA AND DIVERTED FOR URBANISATION
DIVERTED TO URBANISATION
CULTIVABLE AREA
NAME OF FROM CULTIVABLE AREA
Sl.No
THE MANDAL WET DRY TOTAL WET DRY TOTAL
AC. AC. AC. AC. AC. AC.
1 Pamarru 4200.00 84.00 4284.00 455.00 0.00 455.00
2 Pamidimukkala 11636.11 1187.01 12823.12 169.00 0.00 169.00
3 Thotlavalluru 4113.52 5894.89 10008.41 536.25 46.80 583.05
4 Vuyyuru 7396.20 986.40 8382.60 1354.60 117.00 1471.60
5 Movva 2447.53 75.00 2522.53 7.80 0.00 7.80
6 Pedaparapudi 3093.60 109.20 3202.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
7 Gudivada 240.00 0.00 240.00 65.00 0.00 65.00
8 Unguturu 4833.64 654.00 5487.64 62.70 26.00 88.70
9 Kankipadu 10723.66 1364.80 12088.46 2714.09 786.50 3500.59
10 Gannavaram 720.00 600.00 1320.00 800.00 1300.00 2100.00
11 Penamaluru 3423.48 5200.77 8624.25 2224.53 4866.97 7091.50
12 Vja Rural 6559.12 7543.80 14102.92 397.40 5242.90 5640.30
13 Vja Urban 349.80 1263.20 1613.00 0.00 1938.44 1938.44
14 Ibrahimpatnam 4219.20 5502.80 9722.00 156.00 6571.64 6727.64
15 G.Konduru 2031.48 11645.00 13676.48 63.14 183.30 246.44
16 Mylavaram 225.00 435.04 660.04 0.00 0.00
17 Kanchincharla 1620.00 660.00 2280.00 130.00 130.00
Total 67832.35 43205.90 111038.24 9005.51 21209.55 30215.06

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Year wise cane area and Cane Crushed from 2010-11 to 2017-18
S.No Year Cane area in Acers Cane Crushed in M.T’s
1 2010-11 24,643 7,86,392
2 2011-12 23,276 8,71,574
3 2012-13 20,984 7,69,209
4 2013-14 21,477 8,03,318
5 2014-15 24,216 8,33,277
6 2015-16 22,638 8,98,654
7 2016-17 15,202 5,06,540
8 2017-18 (exp) 16,000 6,08,000

The major changes after announcement and due course of time it might lose its
of the Capital identity. This situation is very special and no
1. Commercial activity is increased in the factory is facing problem like this.
factory vicinity, so the new generations
Action plan to overcome from these
are getting good opportunities and jobs.
situations
As a result, there is likely wood of
younger generation leaving the 1. Less scope for the horizontal growth, so
profession of cultivation. we are focusing on the vertical growth.

2. Establishment of small scale industries
in the proximity of the command area.
3. Some of the sugarcane cultivated lands
are diverted to vegetable cultivation as
the demand for the vegetables is very
high.
4. With the formation of the capital, the
land cost is increased 10 to 100 folds, as
a result the land owners are leaving the
farming and diverting their lands into
commercial plots.
5. With formation of shipyard at
Machilipatnam, the avenues for new
development are bright.
2. 70% of the cane growing farmers are
lease land holders, so we are supporting
them by extending lease land advance
amount through bank tie up loans.
3. Labour became very costly and
availability also became difficult, so we
are introducing the mechanization in
every aspect of cane cultivation.
4. Efforts to explore the river beds for the
sugarcane cultivation are in progress.
5. Extending support to the roads laying for
interior plots and converting them into
sugarcane cultivation.

6. 33000 acers of land was acquired by 6. Giving technical support to the growers
Government of Andhra Pradesh and total with the help of strong technical team as
agricultural activity in this area has well as with the support of Regional
become zero. Sugar cane Research Station, Vuyyuru.

All the above conditions forced the 7. Timely supply of inputs like fertilizers,
growers to leave the sugarcane cultivation. If pesticides and bio fertilizers through
this situation continues, the survival of this factory on credit basis and same will be
factory might become a difficult proposition recovered from their cane proceedings.

157
 Urbanisation - A Major Threat to Sugarcane Cultivation in the Area of KCP Sugars Vuyyuru. Measures taken to Overcome Urbanisation
G. Venkateswara Rao, V.V. Punna Rao, and R.J. Chandra Babu

8. By encouraging the small and marginal Steps Taken for the Vertical growth of
farmers through creating extra income in Sugarcane Yield
the form of dairy and poultry etc allied 1. Soil Testing, Soil Mapping: We have
activities. established our own soil testing lab and have
been collecting the soil samples in every
9. Implementing cost of cultivation village. We are doing soil analysis and
reduction techniques like single bud preparing soil maps of every village and these
plantation, single seedlings plantation maps were displayed in panchayat offices of
and usage of bio fertilizer etc. every village.

10. Supply of inputs like fertilizer, We are recommending the fertilizer

dosage based on the soil test analysis and the
pesticides, weedicides, PVC pipes, bio
number of samples analysed year wise are
fertilizer and bio compost to the growers
furnished here under.
with low cost by avoiding the dealers
margins.

Support required from the Research

Stations
1. High yielding, early maturing,
Self-stripping, spineless and non-lodging
varieties are required.

2. Sugarcane is a wonder crop as it is

having year around moisture content in
soil and it also produce year around bio
mass production. It is best suitable crop
to apply bio fertilizer as well as organic
manure, so scientists should standardize
the fertilizer schedules combined with
the bio fertilizer and bio compost usage.
This will decrease the cost of cultivation
Fig. Soil Testing Lab
as well as it also develops organic carbon
content in the soil. 2. Organic Manure: Irma Bio Wonder is
enriched bio compost manufactured in KCP
3. ESB and INB are the major pests in Sugars. This will add organic matter as well
sugarcane, so standardization of dosage as useful microbes to the soil. We are giving
of chemicals to be used, cultural control 5 bags of bio wonder per acre to every
measures to be followed to control these sugarcane farmer. We are supplying
pests. decomposing culture to the growers on cost
free basis.
4. Lot of researches should be done in
 We have supplied to the cane growers
single bud plantation as well as single
Irma Bio wonder consisting of Nitrogen
seedling plantation and we have to fixing bacteria viz. Azospirillum and
popularise number of seedlings required phosphorus solubulizing bateria –
per acre of land based on the soil type.

158
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

No of
S.No Parameters 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
Sample

1 Available Nitrogen as ‘N’ 1000 104 133 96 96 93 112.18

(Kg/Ac)

2 Available Phosphorus as P2O5 1150 56 83 46 45 39 52

(Kg/Ac.)

3 Available Potash ‘K2O’ (Kg/Ac.) 1133 260 121 253 315 294 308.3

4 Electrical Conductivity 1210 0.689 0.579 0.506 0.608 0.689 0.66

(m.mhos/cm)

5 pH 1100 7.81 7.79 7.60 7.68 7.91 7.86

6 Zinc (ppm) or (mg/kg) 1310 0.86 1.07 0.79 0.78 0.73 0.74

7 Copper (ppm) or (mg/kg) 1150 5.15 5.30 4.84 4.63 4.00 3.96

8 Manganese (ppm) or (mg/kg) 1290 25.07 25.78 23.17 19.65 17 17.54

9 Iron (ppm) or (mg/kg) 1320 16.91 15.73 13.47 12.44 11 10.45

S.No Parameters Low Medium High

1 Available Nitrogen as ‘N’ (Kg/Ac) <100 100-200 >200
2 Available Phosphorus as P2O5 (Kg/Ac.) <8 8-20 >20
3 Available Potash ‘K2O’ (Kg/Ac.) <60 60-120 >120
4 Electrical Conductivity (m.mhos/cm) <1 1-2 >2
(Normal) (Moderate) (Unfit)
5 pH <6.5 6.5 - 7.5 >7.5
(Acidic) (Neutral) (Alkaline)
6 Zinc (ppm) or (mg/kg) <0.5 0.5-1 >1.0
7 Copper (ppm) or (mg/kg) <0.2 – >0.2
8 Manganese (ppm) or (mg/kg) <2 – >2
9 Iron (ppm) or (mg/kg) <4.5 – >4.5

Phosphobacator, Trichoderma viridi, Bio

Micorrhiza (VAM) and a growth promoting Net Percentage
S.No Wonder
Year Area of
hormone N-tricontinol (Harita). Utilized
in A.c Utilization
in A.c
 The importance of Irma Bio-wonder was
1 2011-12 23,276 11638.00 50.00
well understood by the sugarcane growers
as it has yielded positive results during 2 2012-13 20,984 11960.88 57.00
last seven seasons. This season, the 3 2013-14 21,477 13315.74 62.00
application of Bio wonder was covered 4 2014-15 24,216 18162.00 75.00
over 80% of the total area. 5 2015-16 22,638 16525.74 73.00
6 2016-17 15,202 11857.56 78.00
7 2017-18 16,000 13600.00 85.00

159
 Urbanisation - A Major Threat to Sugarcane Cultivation in the Area of KCP Sugars Vuyyuru. Measures taken to Overcome Urbanisation
G. Venkateswara Rao, V.V. Punna Rao, and R.J. Chandra Babu

Trichogramma cards to the cane growers. We

have our own bio control lab and same is
being supplying to the cane growers.
We are also producing Trichoderma
Viridi and Pseudomonas Fluorecence to
control the fungal pathogens.
Tricho Percen
Net Cards tage Of
S.No Year
Area utilized Utilization
in A.C
1 2011-12 23,276 10000 42.96
2 2012-13 20,984 10000 47.66
3 2013-14 21,477 9000 41.91
4 2014-15 24,216 8500 35.10
5 2015-16 22,638 7800 34.46
6 2016-17 15,202 7200 47.36
7 2017-18 16,000 8500 53.13

Irma Bio Wonder

Installing Tricho Cards in Sugar cane Fields

Fig. Green Manure Incorporation

We are supplying all types of seeds like

millets, legumes and spices on subsidy basis
to growers to encourage the Dabolkar method
of green manuring.
3. Biological control of ESB and INB: In
this area, Early Shoot Borer and Inter Nodal
Borer are the predominant pests and to
control them we have been supplying

160
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

4. Mechanization of Sugarcane Man Hours /acres in sugarcane cultivation

Cultivation: As labour availability is acute, Man
to overcome this situation we introduced Sl.No Operation %
Hours
mechanical implements for every activity
1 Planting 300 24
starting from planting to harvesting. This will
2 Inter Cultivation
reduce the cost of cane cultivation as well as
labour problem in sugarcane cultivation. Weeding 100 9
Inter Culture 50 3
PRESENT AND FUTURE PROBLEMS OF
Earthing up 125 10
SUGAR CANE FARMERS
Sub Total 275 22
1. Traditional Labour shifting to other
segments of employment. 3 Fertilizer application 50 3
4 Irrigation 100 8
2. Acute shortage of trained labor in sugar
5 Propping 125 10
cane cultivation.
6 Harvesting 400 30
3. Young generation of labor preferring 7 Miscellaneous 50 3
other avenues of employment leaving
Total 1300 100
especially employment related to sugar
cane operations. With a view to decrease number of man
hours in sugarcane cultivation, we are
4. Under the compelling circumstances, it is
introduced different types of machines from
inevitable to resort to mechanization in
seed planting to harvesting and photographs
sugar cane cultivation and harvesting.
depicting of their actual usage in the fields
NEED FOR THE MECHANIZATION are furnished here under.

1. Labour availability for farm operations is

declining year after year because of fast
changing socio-economic conditions.

2. Due to shortage of labor, wages are ever

increasing resulting in higher cost of
cultivation.

3. Farmers are being exploited by the

laborers for various seasonal sugar cane
related operations.

4. Continuous supply of cane to the mills is

frequently interrupted because of
diversification of labor to other segments.

5. Due to the non availability of adequate

local and migrating labor, there is an
urgent need for large scale Cane Planting with Planter
mechanization in sugar cane cultivation
and harvesting.

161
Urbanisation - A Major Threat to Sugarcane Cultivation in the Area of KCP Sugars Vuyyuru. Measures taken to Overcome Urbanisation
G. Venkateswara Rao, V.V. Punna Rao, and R.J. Chandra Babu

Chloropyrifos Drenching with Tractor

Inter cultivation with Tractor

Inter Cultivation with Big Tractor in

Sugarcane Crop

Inter cultivation with Tractor

Special Designed Tractor Tyres for Inter

Cultivation

Conclusion: As urbanization is inevitable

and to sustain sugarcane cultivation in the
command area, we have to resort cost saving
technologies like, Single bud planting, Inter
cultivation and harvesting (Mechanization in
Power Tiller every activity). Through the implementation of

162
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

INM and IPM we have to improve the

average yields or productivity and making the
sugarcane cultivation more profitable than the
other competitive crops, otherwise it is very
difficult to sustain the sugar industry in this
area.

Mechanical Sugarcane Harvesting

163
 CALCIUM UPTAKE OF CERTAIN GENETIC STOCKS OF
SUGARCANE CLONES AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH
UPTAKE OF OTHER NUTRIENTS, YIELD OF CANE AND
SUGAR
S.Thangavelu and K. Chiranjivi Rao
Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore – 641 007
Abstract
In a replicated field trial, 30 sugarcane clones
were studied for the uptake of calcium by dry
leaves, green tops, stem and total above
ground parts at 10 and 12 months. Differences
among clones were observed in calcium uptake
in dry leaves, green tops, stem, total
above-ground parts and kg calcium per tonne
of cane; dry leaves, total above ground parts,
kg calcium per tonne of cane showed
significant difference between stages.
Interaction between clones and stages was
significant in dry leaves, green tops, total
above-ground parts and kg calcium per tonne
of cane. The calcium uptake in above-ground
parts ranged from 18.1 kg /ha as the lowest
in Co 7712 at 10 months to 90.7 kg / ha in
Co 7508 at 12 months. Clones recording high
total calcium uptake in above ground parts
were Co 7201, Co 7508, B 37172, Co 997, Co
678, Co 7204, Co 62101, Co 62175, Co 775
and Co 975. The range of uptake of calcium
in kg to produce a tonne of cane was 0.24 in
Co 617 at 10 months to 0.60 in Co 62101 at
12 months.
Introduction
Calcium is an essential nutrient involved
in certain enzyme activities and eliminates
excess of organic acids through precipitation.
Calcium is also important in counteracting
magnesium toxicity (Clements, 1980). Calcium
as calcium pectate aids in cell development
and middle lamella and it favours hydrolysis
of starch and depresses respiration and thus
causes accumulation of sugars when in
adequate quantity (Mohan Naidu, 1987). It is
related to boron, magnesium, potassium and
164
iron in plant metabolism. It interacts with
manganese and silicon. In calcium deficient
soils its addition assists in better uptake of
potassium (Kakde, 1985). Higher Mg: Ca ratio
also affects the uptake of and translocation of
calcium due to its antagonistic effect or
competition for adsorption sites. Also
magnesium ion rich waters induced higher
uptake of P which may further reduce the
translocation of calcium ions in plants [Gupta
et al., 2000]. The higher concentration of
sodium and chloride in susceptible, genotypes
associated with the poor selectivity uptake of
potassium and calcium which led in reduction
in K/Na and Ca/Na ratio in growing leaves
and stem [Kwon et al., 1999]. The functions
may become seriously impaired by reduced
calcium availability and uptake as well loss
of potassium selectivity or increases the
chloride uptake due to increased membrane
permeability. Sodium induced inhibition of
calcium uptake and transport appears to be
more limiting to shoot growth than sodium
toxicity [Gomathi and Thandapani, 2005].
Juice purity was highly influenced by more
major and micro nutrients uptake and
partitioning of the essential nutrients viz., N,
P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn were
significantly affected due to salt stress
[Sundara, 1998]. A nutrient imbalance in the
soil causes Ca and Mg to be in excess of those
required by the plant at the expense of K.
Excessive uptake of calcium limited the
absorption of potassium and reduced the
mobility of certain micronutrients (Humbert,
1968). It is essential for cell wall production,
formation of new roots, proteins of nucleus,
protoplasm and plastids (Manohar Rao, 1977;
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Singh, 1978). Major and micro nutrients Early

Origin Late maturing Origin
uptake and partitioning of the essential maturing
nutrients viz., N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn Co 775 India Co 419 India
were significantly affected due to salt stress, Co 997 India Co 617 India
while salt induced accumulation of toxic Co 62174 India Co 678 India
elements viz., Na, Cl, Al, Mo and Cu was
Co 6806 India Co 740 India
enhanced particularly in Si 94050 and Co
Co 7201 India Co 853 India
85036 [susceptible genotypes] [Gomathi and
Co 7204 India Co 975 India
Thandapani, 2005]. According to Chatterjee et
al (1991), low calcium reduced cane weight. Co 7304 India Co 1148 India

Kumar et al (1989) reported that calcium had Co 7508 India Co 62101 India
accumulated in smutted cane clones. Cordero Co 7704 India Co 62175 India
et al (1977) showed that the availability of Co 7712 India Co 62399 India
calcium to cane increased as a function of Co J 64 India Co 6304 India
increasing levels of potassium fertilization. Co C 671 India Co 7717 India
But according to Sinha and Singh (1977) due
Co A 7601 India B 37172 West Indies
to potassium deficiency, calcium uptake was
CP 44-101 U.S.A.
increased. Dang et al (1998) reported that a
H 50-7209 Hawaii, U.S.A.
significant positive relationship between
relative calcium concentration in sodic versus N Co 310 Natal,
Coimbatore
normal soil indicated the importance of
calcium nutrition in sugarcane growth on POJ 2878 Java
(Indonesia)
sodic soil. The Na: Ca ratios in the index
leaves of sugarcane in sodic soil were Normal cultural practices seed rate:
negatively correlated with relative cane and 37,500 three budded setts/ha, 75 kg P2O5/ha
sugar yields. Nasir et al (2000) reported that as basal and 250 kg N/ha and 120 kg K2O/ha
the growth rate by sugarcane was mainly due in two splits as top dressings at 45 and 90
to the enhanced uptake of nitrogen, days) in vogue at this Institute were followed
phosphorus, potassium and calcium. An for raising the crop in red sandy loam soil of
attempt was made to determine the calcium the Institute Farm at Coimbatore. One row
uptake of 30 sugarcane clones at 10 and 12 cane was harvested at 10 and 12 months and
months and its association with uptake of simultaneously from six harvested canes,
other nutrients, yield of cane and sugar and subsamples for dry leaves, green tops and
the results are presented below. stem were collected, dried at 80oC and
Experimental analysis powdered. The powdered material was
digested with H2SO4 and H2O2. Digested
Materials and Methods solution was analysed for calcium using
In a replicated field trial 13 early and mureide indicator and EDTA(disodium
17 late maturing clones widely used in dihydrogen ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid)
breeding programme at Sugarcane Breeding (Jackson, 1967). Nitrogen, phosphorus,
Institute, Coimbatore were planted in a potassium, magnesium, sodium were
simple rectangular 5 x 6 simple lattice design determined following standard procedures
in two replications with a plot design of 8 (Jackson, 1967). Sulphate was determined by
rows of 6 metres length at 90 cm apart. The colorimetric method(Blanchar, et al 1965).
clones are as follows: Chloride was determined by titration with

165
 Calcium Uptake of Certain Genetic Stocks of Sugarcane Clones and its Association with Uptake of Other Nutrients, Yield of Cane and Sugar
silver nitrate solution (Saffiqua et al., 1977).
Silicon was estimated by molybdenum blue
method (Hesse, 1971).
Results and Discussion
Mean values of calcium uptake in dry
leaves, green tops, stem, total above ground
parts in kg per ha and Ca in kg per tonne of
cane are presented in Table I. Differences
between clones were observed in calcium
uptake in dry leaves, green tops, stem, total
above-ground parts and kg ca per tonne of
cane. (Significant clonal differences in calcium
per cent were observed only in stem).
Gandana and Martoyo (1990) also reported
that there were differences between cultivars
in calcium uptake. Dry leaves, total
above-ground parts and kg calcium per tonne
of cane showed significant difference between
stages. According to Yang (1993) there were
significant differences in calcium uptake
among genotypes as well as between stages.
Interaction between clones and stages was
significant in dry leaves, green tops, total
above-ground parts and kg calcium per tonne
of cane.
Uptake of calcium by dry leaves
Clonal means over the stages calcium
concentration in dry leaves ranged from 0.160
per cent in Co 617 to 0.227 in Co 7304. Clonal
means over the stages revealed that in dry
leaves uptake of calcium in kg per ha ranged
from 12.4 in POJ 2878 to 38.1 in Co 7201.
From table 1, it was observed that CP 44101
had recorded the lowest calcium uptake of 4.5
kg /ha in dry leaves at 10 months and the
highest was 55.9 kg /ha at 12 months in Co
7508. Clones showing high calcium uptake in
dry leaves were Co 7201, Co 62101, Co 7508,
Co 7204, B 37172, Co 997, Co 62175, Co 775
and Co 975. Clone mean of 30 genetic stocks
indicated higher calcium uptake of 34.5 at 12
months by dry leaves than 13.0 kg /ha at 10
months. Differences between clones in a stage
revealed the highest uptake was 24.5 kg in
166
S.Thangavelu and K. Chiranjivi Rao
Co 997 and the lowest (4.5 kg) in CP 44101
at 10 months; likewise the highest in Co 7508
(55.9 kg) and the lowest in Co 7712 (13.5 kg)
at 12 months. The highest difference between
stages of a clone was observed in Co 7508
while NCo 310, Co 7712, Co 62174 and POJ
2878 had showed least differences between
clones.
Uptake of calcium by green tops
Mean calcium concentration over stages
in green tops had a variation from 0.090 in
Co J 64 to 0.122 per cent in Co 6304. In the
case of green tops, Co 7201 recorded the
highest value of 22.8 kg Ca /ha while the
lowest value of 6.2 kg was observed in CP
44101 (as per clone mean). A perusal of Table
I reveals the range of calcium uptake in kg/ha
by green tops was 4.9 in CP 44101 to 24.2 in
Co 7201 at 12 months. Clones showing high
calcium uptake by green tops were Co 7201,
B 37172, NCo 310, Co 310, Co 419, Co 6304,
Co 997, Co 678, Co 7508, Co 775, Co 7204
and Co 975. Though differences between
stages was not significant in case of green
tops the interaction between stage and variety
was significant and the difference between
stages of a clone showed the highest
difference in H 50-7209 and Co 62175 and
least difference in Co 7712, Co 62399, Co 853
and Co J 64. In the same way clonal
difference of a stage indicated the range
between 6.3 in Co J 64 to 21.4 in Co 7201 at
10 months and 4.9 in CP 44101 to 24.2 in
Co 7201 at 12 months.
Uptake of calcium by stem
The range of calcium concentration in
stem over stages were 0.027 per cent in Co
617 to 0.039 in Co 62101 and Co 62175. With
regard to stem, the highest uptake of calcium
was 20.8 kg/ha in Co 678 and the lowest
was 4.3 in Co 7712 as per the clone mean.
Table 1 showed the range of calcium uptake
in kg/ha in stem as 4.3 in Co 7712 at 10 and
12 months to 22.7 at 10 months. The following
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
clones recorded higher calcium uptake in stem
viz., Co 678, Co 7717, Co 62174, Co 7508, B
37172, Co 7201, Co 62175, Co 997, Co 775
and H 50-7209. Statistical analysis disclosed
that the difference between stages and
interaction between stages and clones were
not significant.
Total uptake of calcium by above-ground
parts
Total above ground parts put together
revealed that the highest calcium uptake in
kg/ha was 75.2 in Co 7201 and the lowest was
22.1 in
Co 7712. As per Table 1 the calcium
uptake in above-ground parts ranged from
18.1 kg/ha in Co 7712 at 10 months to 90.7
kg/ha in Co 7508 at 12 months. It was
reported that 27 to 55 kg calcium per ha was
removed by above-ground parts of sugarcane
(Anonymous, 1981). It was also reported that
calcium uptake by above-ground parts in
kg/ha was 80 in plant crop and 84 in 1st
ratoon in the clone N 14 (Anonymous, 1988).
Sinha and Ghosh (1981) reported the
accumulation of calcium to be more in the late
maturing clone Co 419 than in the early
maturing clone CoJ 64 and was found to be
so in the present study also. According to
Sinha and Singh (1977) due to potassium
deficiency calcium uptake was increased and
70 % total calcium was taken up by 90 days.
Clones recording high uptake of calcium were
Co 7201, Co 7508, B 37172, Co 997, Co 678,
Co 7204, Co 62101, Co 62175, Co 775 and Co
975. Stage mean of 30 genetic stocks indicated
higher uptake of calcium by total
above-ground parts at 12 months (60.5 kg/ha)
than at 10 months (38.4 kg/ha). Differences
between clones in a stage revealed that the
highest total uptake was 63.2 kg/ha in Co
7201 and the lowest 18.1 in Co 7712 at 10
months and at 12 months it varied from 26.2
kg in Co 7712 to 90.7 in Co 7508. Highest
difference between stages of a variety was
recorded by Co 7508, B 37172, Co 7717 and
167
Co 62101 while the lowest differences were
shown in Co 7712, Co 62174, POJ 2878 and
Co 740. Coale et al (1993) reported that 25 %
of total accumulated calcium was removed
from the field as millable cane as was
observed in the present study.
Uptake of calcium in kg per tonne of
cane
As per clone mean the lowest uptake of
calcium in kg per tonne of cane was 0.26 in
Co 678 and the highest was 0.52 in Co 62101.
From the table 1, the range of uptake of
calcium in kg per tonne of cane was 0.24 in
Co 617 at 10 months to 0.60 in Co 62101 at
12 months. Van Dillewijn (1952) reported the
range of calcium uptake to produce a tonne
of cane was 0.15 to 0.40 kg. It is of interest
to note that the uptake of calcium in kg to
produce a tonne of sugarbeet was 1.7 kg
(Draycott, 1972). The varieties recording low
amount of calcium in kg per tonne of cane
were Co 678, Co 6304, Co 7717, CoA 7601,
Co 62174, Co 419, Co 617, H 50-7209, Co
7704 and CoC 671.
Stage mean of 30 clones indicated that
calcium uptake per tonne of cane was lower
at 10 months (0.34 kg) than at 12 months
(0.44 kg). Difference between clones in a stage
revealed that 0.24 kg in Co 617 was the
lowest Ca uptake and 0.47 kg in Co 7712 was
the highest to produce a tonne of cane at 10
months. Likewise at 12 months, the lowest Ca
uptake being 0.27 kg in Co 678 and 0.60 kg
in Co 62101 was the highest Ca uptake per
tonne of cane. According to stage difference of
a clone Co 7304, Co 7508, Co 853, Co 62101
showed wide variations between 10 and 12
months whereas least differences were
observed in Co 775, Co 997, Co 6304, Co
62174 and Co 678.
Correlations coefficients (r) of uptake of
calcium by above ground parts with uptake of
nutrients and yield of cane and sugar are
presented in Table 2. Uptake of calcium by
Calcium Uptake of Certain Genetic Stocks of Sugarcane Clones and its Association with Uptake of Other Nutrients, Yield of Cane and Sugar
S.Thangavelu and K. Chiranjivi Rao

Table 1 Uptake of calcium by dry leaves, green tops and stem in kg/ha
Dry leaves Green tops Stem
S.No Clones
10 m 12 m Mean 10 m 12 m Mean 10 m 12 m Mean
Early clones
1 Co 775 23.3 36.5 29.9 14.9 17.7 16.3 11.2 14.9 13.1
2 Co 997 24.5 38.0 31.3 20.0 16.0 18.0 12.3 15.2 13.8
3 Co 62174 18.0 27.5 22.8 14.5 14.9 14.7 15.3 15.8 15.6
4 Co 6806 14.0 34.8 24.4 15.8 13.0 14.4 11.7 16.0 13.9
5 Co 7201 29.2 46.9 38.1 21.4 24.2 22.8 12.6 16.1 14.4
6 Co 7204 21.8 46.6 34.2 15.2 17.1 16.2 11.3 13.3 12.3
7 Co 7304 8.5 32.1 20.3 9.7 13.8 11.8 9.6 10.1 9.9
8 Co 7704 9.5 30.2 19.9 12.8 10.7 11.8 11.0 11.1 11.1
9 Co 7508 14.3 55.9 35.1 17.2 17.7 17.5 15.5 17.1 16.3
10 Co 7712 5.7 13.5 9.6 8.1 8.2 8.2 4.3 4.3 4.3
11 Co J 64 7.0 23.0 15.0 6.3 7.5 6.9 4.9 5.1 5.0
12 Co C 671 5.6 25.4 15.5 15.1 17.2 16.2 9.6 9.9 9.8
13 CoA 7601 7.2 31.2 19.2 15.5 13.1 14.3 13.2 11.8 12.5
Late clones
14 Co 419 10.1 29.4 19.8 16.4 21.0 18.7 8.1 10.8 9.5
15 Co 617 7.3 29.7 18.5 11.6 18.0 14.8 8.5 9.1 8.8
16 Co 678 12.4 36.2 24.3 20.4 14.8 17.6 22.7 18.9 20.8
17 Co 740 16.4 33.7 25.1 16.4 11.5 14.0 10.8 10.7 10.8
18 Co 853 10.9 36.7 23.8 10.9 9.9 10.4 8.6 9.4 9.0
19 Co 975 14.4 44.6 29.5 17.2 14.9 16.1 9.8 12.2 11.0
20 Co 1148 10.3 30.9 20.6 11.6 14.1 12.9 9.9 11.3 10.6
21 Co 62101 19.3 51.9 35.6 14.3 12.1 13.2 10.2 12.9 11.6
22 Co 62175 16.2 44.5 30.4 18.8 10.8 14.8 13.4 15.2 14.3
23 Co 62399 10.8 26.9 18.9 8.8 8.2 8.5 6.5 8.4 7.5
24 Co 6304 10.0 34.6 22.3 19.6 16.9 18.3 13.5 13.8 13.7
25 Co 7717 13.5 38.2 25.9 13.1 10.3 11.7 16.3 23.3 19.8
26 B37172 17.8 47.4 32.6 19.7 18.8 19.3 13.5 16.2 14.9
27 CP 44101 4.5 22.2 13.4 7.5 4.9 6.2 5.4 6.1 5.8
28 H50-7209 11.9 37.2 24.6 18.3 10.2 14.2 13.3 12.8 13.1
29 N Co 310 10.4 20.5 15.5 19.0 18.9 19.0 6.8 10.8 8.8
30 POJ 2878 6.5 18.3 12.4 7.3 5.7 6.5 5.0 6.8 5.9
Mean 13.0 34.5 14.6 13.7 10.8 12.3

S.Em C.D S.Em C.D S.Em C.D

Varieties (V) 2.2 11.2*** 1.4 7.3*** 1.4 7.3***
Stages(S) 0.3 4.8* N.S N.S.
V/S 2.9 15.0*** 1.7 8.7*** N.S
S/V 2.7 14.0*** 1.3 6.7*** N.S
significant at 0.1% level * significant at 5.0% N. S – non- significant

168
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Table 2. Uptake of calcium by total above ground parts (kg/ha)

and kg Ca / tonne of cane
Total above ground parts kg/ha Kg Ca / tonne of cane
S.No Clones
10 m 12 m v. mean 10 m 12 m v. mean
Early clones
1 Co 775 49.4 68.7 59.1 0.40 0.40 0.40
2 Co 997 56.8 69.2 63.0 0.43 0.41 0.42
3 Co 62174 47.8 58.2 53.0 0.31 0.34 0.33
4 Co 6806 41.5 63.8 52.7 0.33 0.42 0.38
5 Co 7201 63.2 87.2 75.2 0.38 0.43 0.41
6 Co 7204 48.3 77.0 62.7 0.42 0.56 0.49
7 Co 7304 27.8 56.0 42.1 0.31 0.53 0.42
8 Co 7508 47.0 90.7 68.9 0.30 0.47 0.39
9 Co 7704 33.3 52.0 42.7 0.29 0.38 0.34
10 Co 7712 18.1 26.0 22.1 0.47 0.51 0.49
11 CoJ 64 18.2 35.6 26.9 0.36 0.48 0.42
12 CoC 671 30.3 52.2 41.3 0.29 0.42 0.36
13 CoA 7601 35.9 56.1 46.0 0.28 0.36 0.32
Late clones
14 Co 419 34.6 61.2 47.9 0.29 0.36 0.33
15 Co 617 27.4 56.8 42.1 0.24 0.42 0.33
16 Co 678 55.5 69.9 62.7 0.25 0.27 0.26
17 Co 740 43.6 55.9 49.8 0.37 0.43 0.40
18 Co 853 30.4 55.9 43.2 0.32 0.50 0.41
19 Co 975 41.4 71.7 56.6 0.39 0.54 0.47
20 Co 1148 31.8 56.3 44.1 0.33 0.7 0.40
21 Co 62101 43.8 76.9 60.4 0.44 0.60 0.52
22 Co 62175 48.4 70.5 59.3 0.36 0.44 0.40
23 Co 62399 26.1 43.5 34.8 0.39 0.49 0.44
24 Co 6304 43.1 65.3 54.2 0.27 0.30 0.29
25 Co 7717 42.9 71.8 57.4 0.26 0.34 0.30
26 B 37172 51.0 82.4 66.7 0.34 0.46 0.40
27 CP 44101 17.4 33.2 25.3 0.29 0.49 0.39
28 H 50-7209 43.5 60.2 51.9 0.31 0.35 0.33
29 N Co 310 36.2 50.2 43.2 0.42 0.49 0.46
30 POJ 2878 18.8 30.8 24.8 0.38 0.44 0.41
Mean 38.4 60.5 0.34 0.44

S.Em C.D S.Em C.D

Varieties (V) 0.3 1.5*** 0.02 0.11***
Stages (S) 0.8 14.7*** 0.003 0.05*
V / S 0.4 1.2* 0.03 0.14***
S / V 0.4 1.2* 0.02 0.12***

*** significant at 0.1% level * significant at 5.0% level N.S – non-significant

169
 Calcium Uptake of Certain Genetic Stocks of Sugarcane Clones and its Association with Uptake of Other Nutrients, Yield of Cane and Sugar
S.Thangavelu and K. Chiranjivi Rao

dry leaves, green tops, stem and total
above-ground parts had significant positive
association with uptake of all the nutrients
viz., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
magnesium, sulphur, chloride, silicon, and
sodium by dry leaves, green tops, stem and
total above-group parts and yield of cane and
sugar at 10 and 12 months. It is confirmed
that Nasir et al (2000) reported that the
growth rate by sugarcane was mainly due to
the enhanced uptake of N, P, K and Ca as
was seen in this present study. Dang et al
(1998) reported that a positive relationship
between relative calcium concentration in
sodic versus normal soil indicated the
importance of calcium nutrition in sugarcane
growth on sodic soil. Geolingo et al (1999)
noted that correlations between calcium
uptake and biomass varied between cultivars.
However, calcium uptake in kg to produce a
tonne of cane was associated significantly and
positively with uptake of nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulphur,
chloride, silicon and sodium to produce a
tonne of cane and negatively with yield of
cane and sugar at 10 and 12 months.

Table: 3 Correlation coefficients (r) of calcium uptake by above ground parts with
other nutrients and yield of cane and sugar
Dry Green Total above Kg Ca / t
S.No characters Stem
leaves tops ground parts of cane
1 Nitrogen 10 m 0.886*** 0.620*** 0.880*** 0.905*** 0.647***
2 Nitrogen 12 m 0.819*** 0.726*** 0.844*** 0.838*** 0.572***
3 Phosphorus 10 m 0.894*** 0.681*** 0.856*** 0.914*** 0.667***
4 Phosphorus 12 m 0.791*** 0.877*** 0.746*** 0.849*** 0.467**
5 Potassium 10 m 0.928*** 0.619*** 0.904*** 0.944*** 0.661***
6 Potassium 12 m 0.835*** 0.927*** 0.876*** 0.844*** 0.659***
7 Magnesium 10 m 0.884*** 0.668*** 0.958*** 0.978*** 0.841***
8 Magnesium 12 m 0.835*** 0.927*** 0.876*** 0.844*** 0.659***
9 Sulphur 10 m 0.879*** 0.625*** 0.857*** 0.836*** 0.556***
10 Sulphur 12 m 0.758*** 0.860*** 0.730*** 0.800*** 0.514**
11 Chloride 10 m 0.954*** 0.575** -0.801*** 0.829*** 0.548**
12 Chloride 12 m 0.720*** 0.879*** 0.537** 0.712*** 0.504**
13 Sodium 10 m 0.937*** 0.643*** 0.925*** 0.968*** 0.898***
14 Sodium 12 m 0.800*** 0.956*** 0.865*** 0.529** 0.613***
15 Silicon 10 m 0.971*** 0.662*** 0.917*** 0.972*** 0.901***
16 Silicon 12 m 0.592*** 0.923*** 0.873*** 0.906*** 0.721***
17 10th month cane yield 10 m 0.499** 0.680*** 0.957*** 0.846*** 0.532**
18 10th month cane yield 12 m 0.466** 0.544** 0.914*** 0.829*** 0.460*
19 12th month cane yield 10 m 0.503** 0.651*** 0.865*** 0.756*** 0.638***
20 12th month cane yield 12 m 0.416* 0.576*** 0.815*** 0.778*** 0.640***
th
21 10 month sugar yield 10 m 0.575*** 0.626*** 0.898*** 0.855*** 0.415*
th
22 10 month sugar yield 12 m 0.405* 0.596*** 0.892*** 0.845*** 0.394*
23 12th month sugar yield 10 m 0.552** 0.697*** 0.859*** 0.759*** -0.550**
24 12th month sugar yield 12 m 0.425* 0.623*** 0.857*** 0.804*** 0.582***

*** least significant r at 0.1% level ** least significant r at 1.0% level

* least significant r at 5.0% level

170
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
Conclusions
Significant differences between clones
were observed in calcium uptake by dry
leaves, green tops, stem, total above ground
parts, kg calcium to produce a tonne of cane.
The range of uptake of calcium in kg to
produce a tonne of cane was 0.24 in Co 617
at 10 months to 0.60 in Co 62101 at 12
months. The clones recording low amount of
calcium in kg per tonne of cane were Co 678,
Co 6304, Co 7717, CoA 7601, Co 62174, Co
419, Co 617, H 50-7209, Co 7704 and CoC
671. Uptake of calcium by dry leaves, green
tops, stem and total above ground parts had
significant positive association with the
uptake of all the nutrients viz., N, P, K, Mg,
S, Cl, Si and Na by dry leaves, green tops,
stem and total above ground parts and
calcium uptake to produce a tonne of cane
had negative association with cane and sugar
yield and positive association with N, P, K,
Mg, S, Cl, Si and Na in kg per tonne of cane.
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to Director,
Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore-641
007 for encouragement and affording all
facilities.
References
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8. Dang, Y.P., Mehla, A.S., Chhalora, R. and
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Sugarcane November/December : No. 6. 10 –
12
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
JUICE SUCROSE/AMINO ACIDS IN SUGARCANE GENETIC
STOCKS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH OTHER RATIOS IN
JUICE AND CANE AND SUGAR YIELD
S.Thangavelu
Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore – 641 007
Abstract
Differences of sucrose/amino acids ratio in
juice between varieties and between stages and
interaction between varieties and stages were
significant at 0.1% level. CoA 7601 registered
the highest sucrose/amino acids ratio of 981
and the lowest juice sucrose/amino acids ratio
was 339 in Co 678 with the mean of 678. The
higher juice sucrose/amino acids ratio was
recorded in CoA 7601, CoC 671, Co 6806, Co
775, Co 7204 and Co 7712 and lower juice
sucrose/amino acids were showed in Co 678,
Co 853, H 50-7209, Co 975, Co 6304, Co 740
and Co 62399. Juice sucrose/amino acids
increased from 235 at 6 months to 296 at 7
months; 379 at 8 months to 561 at 9 months;
803 at 10 months to 1005 at 11 months; and
decreased from 1145 at 12 months to 1137 at
13 months.
Sucrose/amino acids ratio in cane juice were
associated significantly and positively with juice
sucrose/colloids ratio, sucrose/phenols ratio,
sucrose/protein N ratio, sucrose/titratable
acidity, sucrose/total N ratio, sucrose/pH ratio,
sucrose/ash ratio, sucrose/electrical conductivity
ratio, sucrose/phosphorus ratio, sucrose/
potassium ratio, sucrose/calcium ratio, sucrose/
magnesium ratio, sucrose/sulphate ratio,
sucrose/chloride ratio, sucrose/sodium ratio,
sucrose/silicon ratio, sucrose/reducing sugars
ratio, sucrose/organic non-sugars ratio,
sucrose/total non-sugars ratio, sucrose/fibre
weight ratio, sucrose/fibre volume ratio,
sucrose/fibre density ratio, sucrose/sugar-fibre
ratio, starch, phosphorus, fibre weight, fibre
volume, sucrose-6, 8, 10 & 12 months, sugar
yield-6 months, CCS %-6, 8, 10 & 12 months.
The juice sucrose/amino acids ratio had
significant negative associations with juice
173
total N, colloids, amino acids, titratable
acidity, protein N, pH, ash, electrical
conductivity, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
sulphate, chloride, sodium, silicon, reducing
sugars, organic non-sugars, total non-sugars
and fibre density. The juice sucrose/amino
acids had no significant associations with
juice sucrose/starch ratio, juice phenols and
cane yield - 6, 8, 10 & 12 months.
Introduction
Juice of high sucrose and lower content
of invert sugars, free amino acids, colloids and
ash were conducive for superior quality gur
[Thangavelu, 2006]. High quality juice
contains higher amount of sucrose and purity
percent and lesser amount of non-sugars like
reducing sugars, phenols, starch, colloids,
gums and amino acids and total nitrogen etc.
Higher amount of non-sugars will interfere
with clarification, settling and further
processing in sugar manufacture and result in
poor recovery [Thangavelu, 1980]. A perfectly
ripe cane contains on average of 0.05% N.
Greater part of total N is in the form of
uncombined amino acids and nitrogenous
constituents other than protein. 32 free amino
acids in leaves and 23 in cane juice are
present. Amino acids interfere with the
manufacturing process in a variety of ways.
These amino acids combine with reducing
sugars present in juice forming dark coloured
melanoidins which affects the quality of
sugar. Age, variety of cane, fertilization and
cultivation practices have considerable effect
on the quantity of amino acids present in cane
juice]. Juice sucrose was 70-88% and amino
acids 0.5-2.0% of soluble solids [Thuljaram
Rao et al., 1985]. Thangavelu (2005) reviews
that in addition to sugars, juice contains salts,
 Juice Sucrose / Amino Acids in Sugarcane Genetic Stocks and its Association With Other Ratios in Juice and Cane and Sugar Yield
nitrogenous substances, lipids, gums, wax,
pectins, organic acids and phenols. Ash, EC,
K2O, Na2O, CaO, MgO, Fe2O3 Al2O3, Cl, SO4,
P2O5, SiO2, Cu, Mn and Pb etc are the
inorganic non-sugars present in juice. Khanna
and Chacravarthi (1953) reported that
sugarcane variety should have high juice
content apart from juice with high brix,
sucrose, purity, phosphorus and low nitrogen,
ash, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium,
phenols, and amino acid content and total
non-sugars. Absorbed nitrates are reduced to
nitrites, amides, amino acids and then to
peptides and polypeptides, simple proteins
and nucleo-proteins (Clements, 1980). More
accumulation of other nitrogen containing
fractions viz., proline, glycine, betaine, total
soluble proteins, free amino acids and
polyamines under salinity condition leads in
reduction of nitrate concentration in leaf
(Munns and Termatt, 1986). Phosphorus
deficiency interferes with protein synthesis
and increases accumulation of soluble
nitrogen in the stem (Lakshmikantham,
1983). An accumulation of amino N with a
decrease in protein N indicated that the K
deficient plants were unable to synthesize
protein as usual. Synthesis of simple sugars
and starch, translocation of carbohydrates,
reduction of NO3s and synthesis of proteins
was affected by K (Ricaud, 1965). K deficiency
disturbs protein formation and causes
accumulation of soluble N-forms which impair
the quality of the juice. K also influences the
relation between hydrolysable (sucrose) sugars
and reducing (glucose) sugars, thus
contributing to the improvement of the
sucrose content in the cane (Husz, 1972).
Amino acid cystine forms protein, thiamine,
biotine and hormones need sulphur nutrition
(Manohar Rao, 1977; Singh, 1978).
Phosphorus has a role in sugar accumulation,
protein synthesis and low accumulation of
soluble nitrogen [Mohan Naidu, 1987].
Sulphur plays an important part in
determining the optimum N:S ratio. It is a
174
S.Thangavelu
constituent of protein of protoplasm and
essential amino acids Cystine, Cysteine and
Methionine (Mohan Naidu, 1987). S increases
the synthesis of amino acids, proteins,
chlorophyll and starch in plants and improves
the quality of sugarcane juice (Tandon, 1985).
Asokan and Raj (1982) found that with
different levels of N revealed that the leaf
blade N status at early growth period of the
cane determined the final cane yield and juice
quality; most of non-sugars constituents of
juice, excepting N fractions, calcium, phenol
and amino acids decreased with increase in
leaf blade N content. Heavy doses of N
without P delay the maturity of cane, whereas
P enhances the maturity. It also helps in
efficient utilization of N and reduces the
soluble N content in juice (Rakkiyappan,
1993). In cane juice sucrose should have high
and nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
sodium, chloride and iron minerals and
phenol, amino acids, glucose and fructose
should have low. These characteristics are
present in cane varieties Co 6205, CoC 671,
Co 6806, Co 8021 and Co 86032 [Asokan,
2003]. During froth fermentation, pH drop
provokes sucrose hydrolysis to reducing
sugars, which in turn react with amino acids
to produce browner melanoidin and eventually
humic acid [Arulappan et al., 2016]. Colour of
syrup obtained depends up on the amount and
type of amino acids present in cane juice.
Presence of amino acids in cane juice affects
the crystallization of sucrose due to their
reaction with reducing sugars and formation
of melassigenic substances. Amino acids
combine with reducing sugars to form dark
colored compounds known as melanoidines
which remain in syrup and affect color of
sugar crystals. Unionized compounds are
formed by calcium or magnesium with
hydroxy acids and amino acids which
complicate the crystallization of sucrose
[Asokan, 1985]. Shepherd [1981] emphasized
that none of the phosphate calcium, organic
acids, sulphate, magnesium, and starch was
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

responsible for the refractory behavior of Experimental analysis

certain juice observed from time to time.
Thangavelu and Chiranjivi Rao (2001) that Materials and Methods
juice magnesium recorded significant negative
Thirty sugarcane genetic stocks
associations with brix, sucrose, purity, CCS
comprising 22 Co canes, three state releases
per cent, starch and sugar yield and positive
and five foreign hybrids being utilized in
associations with reducing sugars, colloids,
breeding programme were planted in a simple
titratable acidity, potassium, calcium,
rectangular five x six lattice designs in two
sulphate, chloride, sodium, ash, electrical
replications with a plot size of eight rows of
conductivity, pH, amino acids, total nitrogen
six metres length at 90 cm apart. Among
and colour. Thangavelu and Chiranjivi Rao
these 13 clones are early maturing and 17
(2005) reported that significant associations of
clones are mid late/late maturing. The clones
sulphate in juice were negative with, sucrose,
are as follows:
purity, starch, CCS percent, sugar yield and
positive with reducing sugars, colloids, Mid
Early
titratable acidity, potassium, calcium, Origin Late/Late Origin
maturing
magnesium, chloride, ash, electrical maturing

conductivity, amino acids, sodium and colour Co 775 India Co 419 India
of juice. Thangavelu (1984) reported that Co 997 " Co 617 "
chloride in juice had significant negative
Co 62174 " Co 678 "
association with brix, sucrose, purity and
Co 6806 " Co 740 "
C.C.S per cent and positive association with
reducing sugars. Chloride had no relationship Co 7201 " Co 853 "
with starch, amino acids, phenols, and Co 7204 " Co 975 "
phosphorus. Thangavelu et al., (2003) reported Co 7304 " Co 1148 "
that juice sodium had significant positive
Co 7508 " Co 62101 "
association with potassium, calcium,
magnesium, sulphate, chloride, ash, electrical Co 7704 " Co 62175 "

conductivity, total nitrogen, colloids, reducing Co 7712 " Co 62399 "

sugars and negative association with sucrose, Co J 64 " Co 6304 "
purity, and CCS%. However, sodium in juice Co C 671 " Co 7717 "
had no influence on brix, cane and sugar
Co A 7601 " B 37172 Barbados
yield, fibre%, starch, phenols, pH, titratable
acidity, amino acids, phosphorus, silicon CP44-101 Canal Point.
colour, mud volume and settling time of the H 50-7209 Hawaii. U.S.A.
juice. Thangavelu and Chiranjivi Rao (2002) N Co 310 Natal, Coimbatore
reported that juice silicon content had
POJ 2878 Java (Indonesia)
significant negative association with chloride
and purity and positive association with
Normal cultural practices (seed rate:
amino acids, phosphorus and mud volume.
37.500 three budded setts/ha, 75 kg P2O5/ha
But silicon in juice had no influence on brix,
as basal and 250 kg N/ha and 120 kg K2O/ha
sucrose, C.C.S percent and reducing sugars.
in two splits as top dressings at 45 and 90
days) adopted at this Institute were followed
for raising the crops in red sandy loam soil
of the Institute Farm, Coimbatore during late
season. For juice analysis six canes were cut

175
 Juice Sucrose / Amino Acids in Sugarcane Genetic Stocks and its Association With Other Ratios in Juice and Cane and Sugar Yield
for each sample and juice obtained in small
power crusher was analyzed for its sucrose
and amino acids contents by following
standard procedures (Chen, 1985). Juice
sucrose/amino acids ratio was determined.
The data were fed in Hindustan
Microcomputer and analyzed for statistical
significance, following statistical methods like
analysis of variance and simple correlations.
Results and Discussion
Mean values of juice sucrose/amino acids
ratio from the 30 sugarcane clones at 8 stages
viz, 6 to 13 months after planting are
presented in table I. Differences of
sucrose/amino acids ratio in juice between
varieties and between stages and interaction
between varieties and stages were significant
at 0.1% level. Varietal mean over 8 stages
showed that CoA 7601 registered the highest
sucrose/amino acids ratio of 981 and the
lowest juice sucrose/amino acids ratio was 339
in Co 678 with the mean of 678. The wide
juice sucrose/amino acids ratio was 138 in Co
853 at 6 months to 3398 in Co 7204 at 13
months. The higher juice sucrose/amino acids
ratio was recorded in CoA 7601 (981), CoC
671 (971), Co 6806 (899), Co 775 (879), Co
7204 and Co 7712 (752) and lower juice
sucrose/amino acids were showed in Co 678
(339), Co 853 (369), H 50-7209 (386), Co 975
(414), Co 6304 (420), Co 740 (455) and Co
62399 (484). Significant interaction between
stages of sugarcane clone showed a wide
variation of juice sucrose/amino acids was
noted in Co 7204, CoA 7601, Co 6806, Co 997,
Co 775, Co 62101, CoC 671, Co 617 and Co
1148 and low variation of juice sucrose/amino
acids was observed in Co 740, Co 853, Co 678,
CoJ 64, H 50-7209, Co 62175, Co 975 and Co
7508. With the advancement in age of the
crop juice sucrose/amino acids increased from
6 to 11 months and then decreased from 12
months to 13 months at monthly intervals.
Stage mean of 30 clones of juice sucrose/amino
acids increased from 235 at 6 months to 296
176
S.Thangavelu
at 7 months; 379 at 8 months to 561 at 9
months; 803 at 10 months to 1005 at 11
months; and decreased from 1145 at 12
months to 1137 at 13 months. Significant
interaction between sugarcane clones of a
stage showed the range of juice sucrose/amino
acids from 138 in Co 853 to 435 in CoC 671
at 6 months; 171 in Co 678 to 527 in Co 7712
at 7 months; 200 in Co 678 to 817 in CoA
7601 at 8 months; 300 in Co 678 to 957 in
CoA 7601 at 9 months; 416 in Co 678 to 1469
in CoA 7601 at 10 months; 575 in Co 853 to
1849 in CoC 671 at 11 months; 627 in Co 853
to 2464 in CoA 7601 at 12 months and 594
in Co 853 to 3398 in Co 7204 at 13 months.
Correlation coefficients (r) of juice
sucrose/amino acids N ratio in sugarcane
Correlation coefficients (r) of
sucrose/amino acids ratio with other quality
components and their ratios in juice are
presented in table 2. Correlation coefficients
(r) of sucrose/amino acids ratio in cane juice
were associated significantly and positively
with juice sucrose/colloids ratio (r = 0.437 to
0.715); with juice sucrose/phenols ratio (r =
0.362 to 0.491); with juice sucrose/protein N
ratio (r = 0.580 to 0.747); with juice
sucrose/titratable acidity (r = 0.574 to 0.773);
with juice sucrose/total N ratio (r = 0.865 to
0.921); with juice sucrose/pH ratio (r = 0.516
to 0.757); with juice sucrose/ash (r = 0.362 to
0.734); with juice sucrose/electrical
conductivity ratio (r = 0.403 to 0.723); with
juice sucrose/phosphorus ratio (r = 0.384);
with juice sucrose/potassium ratio (r = 0.460
to 0.753); with juice sucrose/calcium ratio (r =
0.411 to 0.740); with juice sucrose/magnesium
ratio (r = 0.402 to 0.806); with juice
sucrose/sulphate (r = 0.525 to 0.779); with
juice sucrose/chloride (r = 0.362 to 0.781); with
juice sucrose/sodium ratio ( r = 0.448 to
0.682); with juice sucrose/silicon ratio (r =
0.501 to 0.767); with juice sucrose/reducing
sugars ratio(r = 0.614 to 0.754), juice
sucrose/organic non-sugars ratio (r = 0.377 to
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Table : 1. Sucrose/amino acids ratio in cane juice at different stages

Clones Age in months
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 mean
Early
1 Co 775 381 470 562 859 1460 1635 1397 1871 879
2 Co 997 243 306 357 723 1218 1639 1997 1807 693
3 Co 62174 256 325 358 700 1082 1327 1448 1403 673
4 Co 6806 398 475 513 860 1073 1410 1999 2237 899
5 Co 7201 240 284 325 456 854 951 991 929 524
6 Co 7204 313 393 465 790 1092 1606 2051 2398 1165
7 Co 7304 217 250 290 657 966 1681 1159 1362 629
8 Co 7508 238 272 396 515 766 879 988 996 620
9 Co 7704 232 266 377 593 939 1151 1387 1443 827
10 Co 7712 392 527 633 790 909 1053 1111 1054 822
11 Co J 64 243 324 510 653 984 1172 783 838 723
12 Co C 671 435 556 653 882 1334 1849 1868 1865 1236
13 Co A 7601 328 583 817 957 1469 1702 2464 2080 1311
Late
14 Co 419 234 282 340 435 966 1296 1421 1357 846
15 Co 617 182 213 341 506 819 1093 1566 1650 866
16 Co 678 141 171 200 300 416 648 737 730 439
17 Co 740 228 257 318 474 616 642 670 689 455
18 Co 853 138 201 274 439 513 575 627 594 439
19 Co 975 165 213 244 427 648 731 815 811 514
20 Co 1148 212 325 413 596 1081 1387 1551 1547 929
21 Co 62101 198 231 389 591 1001 1201 1470 1780 880
22 Co 62175 206 277 369 458 631 750 830 841 504
23 Co 62399 205 274 314 406 610 727 1177 1398 668
24 Co 6304 159 174 237 361 617 777 925 855 520
25 Co 7717 244 277 497 631 893 1079 1176 1088 767
26 B 37172 225 362 471 532 615 938 1068 1079 658
27 CP 44-101 231 336 398 477 628 1000 1164 1383 739
28 H 50-7209 182 226 296 392 493 604 836 876 486
29 N Co 310 208 272 324 628 801 842 994 997 649
30 POJ 2878 182 218 414 495 697 872 1055 1139 624
Stage mean 235 296 379 561 803 1005 1145 1137 812
S.Em 13.8 4.6 6.5 3.5
C.D. 72.3*** 35.8*** 30.8*** 16.2***
*** significant at 0.1% level

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 Juice Sucrose / Amino Acids in Sugarcane Genetic Stocks and its Association With Other Ratios in Juice and Cane and Sugar Yield
S.Thangavelu

Table: 2 Correlation Coefficients [r] of sucrose/amino acids ratio in juice with other
characters.
Characters Age in months
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1. sucrose/nitrogen 0.865 0.890 0.921 0.919 0.913 0.892 0.867 0.852
2. sucrose/starch 0.126 0.146 0.160 0.152 0.140 0.153 0.164 0.181
3. sucrose/colloids 0.715 0.602 0.506 0.527 0.550 0.519 0.468 0.437
4. Sucrose/phenols 0.484 0.438 0.371 0.445 0.491 0.362 0.185 0.168
5. sucrose/protein nitrogen 0.702 0.699 0.689 0.725 0.747 0.678 0.592 0.580
6. sucrose/titratable acidity 0.632 0.651 0.675 0.719 0.773 0.696 0.615 0.574
7. sucrose/pH 0.757 0.713 0.666 0.677 0.686 0.608 0.530 0.516
8. sucrose/silicon 0.767 0.758 0.734 0.706 0.668 0.594 0.529 0.501
9. sucrose/EC 0.723 0.717 0.698 0.690 0.689 0.550 0.424 0.403
10. sucrose/potassium 0.758 0.680 0.633 0.665 0.709 0.595 0.474 0.460
11. sucrose/ash 0.728 0.732 0.734 0.706 0.677 0.519 0.379 0.362
12. sucrose/phosphorus 0.125 0.088 0.042 0.214 0.384 0.306 0.245 0.228
13. sucrose/calcium 0.740 0.666 0.603 0.618 0.630 0.411 0.683 0.447
14. sucrose/magnesium 0.806 0.779 0.732 0.683 0.617 0.402 0.187 0.154
15. sucrose/sulphate 0.779 0.742 0.696 0.679 0.663 0.607 0.558 0.525
16. sucrose/chloride 0.709 0.755 0.781 0.747 0.684 0.536 0.536 0.367
17. sucrose/sodium 0.682 0.653 0.598 0.570 0.555 0.448 0.063 0.078
18. sucrose/reducing sugars 0.754 0.741 0.735 0.668 0.614 0.619 0.635 0.654
19. sucrose/organic nonsugars 0.685 0.580 0.454 0.591 0.675 0.428 0.394 0.377
20. sucrose/total nonsugars 0.770 0.654 0.542 0.650 0.736 0.581 0.453 0.423
21. sucrose/fibre weight 0.533 0.530 0.537 0.599 0.640 0.532 0.397 0.364
22. sucrose/fibre volume 0.251 0.316 0.374 0.492 0.595 0.445 0.282 0.262
23. sucrose/fibre density 0.724 0.687 0.621 0.638 0.661 0.590 0.449 0.460
24. sucrose/sucrose-fibre ratio 0.619 0.574 0.549 0.604 0.656 0.413 0.390 0.376
25. total nitrogen 0.692 0.729 0.743 0.612 0.475 0.647 0.805 0.728
26. starch 0.346 0.378 0.398 0.373 0.340 0.306 0.266 0.239
27. colloids 0.470 0.311 0.140 0.126 0.106 0.225 0.375 0.395
28. phenols 0.209 0.215 0.227 0.255 0.296 0.172 0.080 0.066
29. amino acids 0.850 0.822 0.823 0.662 0.381 0.644 0.889 0.872
30. titratable acidity 0.250 0.291 0.335 0.221 0.094 0.362 0.572 0.448
31. protein nitrogen 0.385 0.428 0.457 0.442 0.430 0.517 0.577 0.557
32. pH 0.186 0.126 0.069 0.274 0.480 0.398 0.327 0.293
33. ash 0.484 0.488 0.492 0.362 0.197 0.182 0.168 0.144
34. electrical conductivity 0.419 0.422 0.417 0.364 0.264 0.215 0.162 0.107
35. phosphorus 0.319 0.342 0.354 0.369 0.378 0.272 0.130 0.118
36. potassium 0.523 0.419 0.307 0.168 0.015 0.132 0.228 0.251
37. calcium 0.652 0.524 0.435 0.246 0.044 0.082 0.076 0.055
38. magnesium 0.650 0.572 0.471 0.310 0.162 0.119 0.074 0.050
39. sulphate 0.647 0.534 0.420 0.237 0.043 0.194 0.328 0.342
40. chloride 0.516 0.538 0.546 0.362 0.077 0.100 0.140 0.156

178
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Characters Age in months

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
41. sodium 0.369 0.247 0.188 0.194 0.186 0.175 0.192 0.207
42. silicon 0.190 0.286 0.353 0.398 0.449 0.280 0.145 0.134
43. reducing sugars 0.652 0.675 0.690 0.469 0.253 0.381 0.506 0.529
44. organic non-sugars 0.651 0.430 0.185 0.105 0.027 0.168 0.280 0.298
45. total non-sugars 0.677 0.499 0.283 0.166 0.026 0.182 0.310 0.321
46. fibre weight 0.346 0.293 0.229 0.372 0.505 0.394 0.273 0.240
47. fibre volume 0.339 0.282 0.216 0.481 0.488 0.389 0.252 0.232
48. fibre density 0.329 0.274 0.210 0.358 0.462 0.361 0.239 0.206
49. sucrose – 6 months 0.749 0.737 0.683 0.699 0.681 0.574 0.495 0.484
50. sucrose - 8 months 0.481 0.584 0.660 0.625 0.577 0.487 0.355 0.333
51. sucrose - 10 months 0.531 0.528 0.518 0.591 0.679 0.583 0.465 0.449
52. sucrose - 12 months 0.566 0.580 0.591 0.637 0.652 0.595 0.510 0.488
53. sugar yield – 6 months 0.367 0.344 0.339 0.400 0.465 0.388 0.319 0.307
54. sugar yield - 8 months 0.005 0.011 0.009 0.116 0.234 0.153 0.115 0.105
55. sugar yield - 10 months 0.058 0.079 0.094 0.213 0.305 0.231 0.145 0.122
56. sugar yield - 12 months 0.029 0.143 0.106 0.248 0.325 0.246 0.137 0.100
57. cane yield - 6 months 0.037 0.057 0.066 0.154 0.237 0.278 0.013 0.069
58. cane yield - 8 months 0.163 0.235 0.277 0.215 0.140 0.112 0.065 0.046
59. cane yield - 10 months 0.137 0.218 0.273 0.222 0.141 0.107 0.046 0.034
60. cane yield - 12 months 0.129 0.199 0.267 0.246 0.194 0.135 0.034 0.028
61. CCS% - 6 months 0.745 0.724 0.680 0.671 0.674 0.598 0.467 0.433
62. CCS% - 8 months 0.472 0.566 0.647 0.609 0.558 0.483 0.370 0.365
63. CSS% - 10 months 0.550 0.541 0.523 0.627 0.693 0.576 0.473 0.441
64. CSS% - 12 months 0.565 0.570 0.588 0.618 0.655 0.591 0.516 0.500
Correlation coefficients r = 0.572*** significant at 0.1 % level;

Correlation coefficients r = 0.463** significant at 1.0 % level

Correlation coefficient r = 0.361* significant at 5.0 % level

0.685); with juice sucrose/total non-sugars (r
= 0.423 to 0.770); with juice sucrose/fibre
weight ratio (r = 0.364 to 0.640); with juice
sucrose/fibre volume ratio (r = 0.374 to 0.595),
with juice sucrose/fibre density ratio (r =
0.460 to 0.724); with juice sucrose/sugar-fibre
ratio (r = 0.376 to 0.656); with starch (r =
0.373 to 0.398); with phosphorus (r = 0.369 to
0.378); with fibre weight (r = 0.372 to 0.505);
with fibre volume (r = 0.364 to 0.488); with
sucrose-6 months (r = 0.484 to 0.749); with
sucrose-8 months (r = 0.481 to 0.660); with
sucrose-10 months (r = 0.449 to 0.679); with
sucrose-12 months (r = 0.488 to 0.652); with
sugar yield-6 months (r = 0.367 to 0.465); with
CCS %-6 months (r = 0.433 to 0.745); CCS
%-8 months (r = 0.365 to 0.647); CCS %-10
months (r = 0.441 to 0.693); CCS %-12 months
(r = 0.500 to 0.655).
The juice sucrose/amino acids ratio had
significant negative associations with juice
total N (r = 0.475 to 0.729); with juice
colloids (r = 0.375 to 0.470); with juice
amino acids (r = 0.381 to 0.889), with juice
titratable acidity (r = 0.362 to 0.572); with
protein N (r = 0.385 to 0.577); with pH (r
= 0.398 to 0.480); with juice ash (r = 0.362

179
 Juice Sucrose / Amino Acids in Sugarcane Genetic Stocks and its Association With Other Ratios in Juice and Cane and Sugar Yield
to 0.488); with juice electrical conducitivity
(r = 0.364 to 0.422); with juice potassium r
= 0.419 to 0.523); with juice calcium (r =
0.435 to 0.652); with juice magnesium (r =
0.421 to 0.650); with juice sulphate (r =
0.420 to 0.647); with juice chloride (r =
0.362 to 0.546); with juice sodium (r =
0.369); with juice silicon (r = 0.398 to
0.449); with juice reducing sugars (r = 0.381
to 0.690); with juice organic non-sugars (r =
0.430 to 0.651); with juice total non-sugars
(r = 0.499 to 0.677); with fibre density (r =
0.361 to 0.462). The juice sucrose/amino
acids had no significant associations with
juice sucrose/starch ratio, juice phenols and
cane yield-6, 8, 10 & 12 months.
Conclusions
CoA 7601 registered the highest
sucrose/amino acids ratio of 981 and the
lowest juice sucrose/amino acids ratio was 339
in Co 678 with the mean of 678. The higher
juice sucrose/amino acids ratio was recorded
in CoA 7601, CoC 671, Co 6806, Co 775, Co
7204 and Co 7712 and lower juice
sucrose/amino acids were showed in Co 678,
Co 853, H 50-7209, Co 975, Co 6304, Co 740
and Co 62399. Juice sucrose/amino acids
increased from 235 at 6 months to 296 at 7
months; 379 at 8 months to 561 at 9 months;
803 at 10 months to 1005 at 11 months; and
decreased from 1145 at 12 months to 1137 at
13 months. Sucrose/amino acids ratio in cane
juice were associated significantly and
positively with juice sucrose/colloids ratio,
sucrose/phenols ratio, sucrose/protein N ratio,
sucrose/titratable acidity, sucrose/total N
ratio, sucrose/pH ratio, sucrose/ash ratio,
sucrose/electrical conductivity ratio,
sucrose/phosphorus ratio, sucrose/potassium
ratio, sucrose/calcium ratio,
sucrose/magnesium ratio, sucrose/sulphate
ratio, sucrose/chloride ratio, sucrose/sodium
ratio, sucrose/silicon ratio, sucrose/reducing
sugars ratio, sucrose/organic non-sugars ratio,
180
S.Thangavelu
sucrose/total non-sugars ratio, sucrose/fibre
weight ratio, sucrose/fibre volume ratio,
sucrose/fibre density ratio, sucrose/sugar-fibre
ratio, starch, phosphorus, fibre weight, fibre
volume, sucrose-6, 8, 10 & 12 months, sugar
yield-6 months, CCS %-6, 8, 10 & 12 months.
The juice sucrose/amino acids ratio had
significant negative associations with juice
total N, colloids, amino acids, titratable
acidity, protein N, pH, ash, electrical
conductivity, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
sulphate, chloride, sodium, silicon, reducing
sugars, organic non-sugars, total non-sugars
and fibre density. The juice sucrose/amino
acids had no significant associations with
juice sucrose/starch ratio, juice phenols and
cane yield-6, 8, 10 & 12 months.
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to Director
Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore-641
007 for encouragement and affording facilities.
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 SILICATE AND SUGARCANE – A REVIEW
S. Thangavelu
Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore-641 007
Abstract
Brown soils have developed under conditions
of intense silicate weathering with restricted
leaching. Adsorption and desorption
characteristics of both silicate and phosphate
may undergo changes during reclamation and
in turn effect the availability of both anions.
Apparent preference for Cd was increased with
removal of MnO, AFeO and CFeO and
decreased with removal of organic matter of
the soil and the exchange sites liberated on
removal of coatings of oxides of Fe and Mn
from silicate clays were more selective for Cd
than those present in whole soil. Frequent
spraying of solution containing potassium
permanganate [0.1%], sodium metasilicate
[0.1%] on harvested stored cane was found to
be much effective in minimizing invertase
activity and retaining juice quality. Significant
increase in plant growth, cane and CCS yield
due to the calcium silicate slag application of
6 t/ha on vertisol and inceptisol. Si in cane
leaf blade found to be increased where bagasse
ash, fly ash, pond and calcium silicate was
applied. Below 1.50% Si in 3-5 leaf sheaths
growth response to silicate might be expected.
Application of silicates in soils of low P
resulted in high P in green top and enhanced
P mobility in plant tissue. Significant increase
in cane yield was due to silicon @ 400 kg/ha
through bagasse ash [98.90 t/ha], fly ash
[106.06 t/ha], pond ash [111.79 t/ha] and Ca
silicate [106.65 t/ha] over control [89.20 t/ha].
Only grassy shoot disease was recorded upto
3.33% in foliar spray of 2.5% potassium
silicate. Minerals present in cane juice are
phosphates, chlorides, sulphates, silicates,
nitrates and silica. Sodium metasilicate at 20
to 80 moles/ml added to juice was shown to
inhibit inversion till 48 hours. Sodium meta
silicate was helpful in reducing juice N. Silica
182
is present in juice in soluble silica and it
reacts with calcium forming calcium silicate.
1000–1500 ppm was the tolerable limit of K
and silicates, colloidal silica interfered with
settling. Ash mainly silica as organic silicate
increases viscosity in juice and lower the ash
better will be taste and texture of gur and
organic silica is inversely proportional to juice
clarity. Inorganic non-sugars are made up of
phosphates, chloride, sulphate, silicate, nitrate,
Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al and Fe chiefly. Sodium
meta silicate could increase the recovery of
sugar by about 8 to 10%.
Introduction
Clay fraction consists of minerals in clay
size [<2 um], which are crystalline. X-ray
diffraction studies and electron microscopic
investigations indicate that such minerals are
composed of sheets of hydrated alumina and
silica linked by oxygen atoms. Due to small
size they are highly reactive and form the
seat of ion exchange in soil and thus control
and regulate adsorption, retention, and
release of many plant nutrients such as
potassium, calcium, magnesium and
phosphorus. The nature of clay properties
depends on the type of minerals. The
dominant among these clay fractions is the
layer silicate minerals which are formed by
the silica [tetrahedral] and alumina or
magnesia [octahedral] sheets. Cholite mineral
structure consists of typical 2:1 silicate layers
alternated with a magnesium/aluminium
dominated trioctahedral sheet depending on
the acidity/alkalinity of soils. Some minerals
consist of one sheet of silica and one sheet of
alumina. The two sheets are held together by
hydrogen bonding resulting in a fixed
structure. Some minerals consist of 2 sheets
of silica and 1 sheet of alumina [Velayutham
and Bhattacharyya, 2000].
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
Experimental analysis
Soil silicate
Brown soils
Brown soils: These soils have developed
under conditions of intense silicate weathering
with restricted leaching. Aluminium is also
mobile and the residual soil is rich in oxides
of iron. Organic carbon is stable in the surface
horizon and mechanical translocation of finer
particles absent. C/N ratio is variable, being
generally on the low side. Nitrogen reserve is
poor and available phosphates very low
[Khanna et al., 1956].
Soil properties and Nutrient availability
Soil application of any source of silicon
did not affect soil reaction. There was slight
decrease in electrical conductivity in bagasse
ash and calcium silicate applied soil.
Significant increase in phosphate availability
was observed under calcium silicate, fly ash,
pond ash and bagasse ash [Phonde et al.,
2010].
Solubilization of soil phosphorus
Comparing different chemicals and green
manuring, it was found that soil-P was
solublized in the order, EDTA berseen [green
manuring] MgCO3 sodium silicate. These
reduced substantially the transformation of
fertilizer P into Al-P and Fe-P rather
increased water soluble P and Ca-P [Jafri,
1973].
Adsorption & Desorption of
silicate and Phosphate in soil
Reclamation of sodic soil essentially
involves lowering of pH and ESP. It is likely
to bring changes in soluble silica and
phosphorus content of the soil. Likewise,
adsorption and desorption characteristics of
both silicate and phosphate may undergo
changes during reclamation and in turn effect
the availability of both anions. There was
effects of different degrees of reclamation of
sodic soil in water soluble Si and its relation
with different forms of P, characteristics of
silica and phosphate sorption and solubility of
Si [Mongia and Chhabra, 2000].
Soluble silicate and Toxic levels of Mn,
Al and Fe
Although Si is not assigned the role of
an essential element for plant growth,
sugarcane has been shown to give significant
and economic response to Si applications.
Application of soluble silicate has been
credited with the ability to depress toxic levels
of Mn, Al and Fe in the soil solution before
they can enter the plant or to prevent the
localized accumulation of Mn (freckling) in the
leaf (Parish, 1964).
Soil silicon, Iron and Aluminium
The inorganic constituents which form
the bulk of the solid phase of soil consist of
silicates, both of primary and secondary
origin, having a definite chemical composition
and a well defined crystalline structure. A soil
may also contain a certain proportion of
carbonates, soluble salts, and free oxides of
iron, aluminium and silicon in addition to
some amorphous silicates. Under conditions of
weathering the primary minerals are broken
down to small fragments and even to
molecular species such as silica, alumina, iron
oxide etc. The latter are capable of being
synthesized into structurally different silicates
which are called the secondary minerals. They
constitute the most active ingredient of soils
soluble with respect to most of the chemical, physical
and mineralogical properties. The fraction
with particles less than 2 microns [0.002 mm]
is called the clay fraction which colloidal
properties. The soil clay fraction may be
composed of, in addition to secondary
minerals, clay minerals, hydrated iron and
aluminium oxide minerals, and amorphous
materials, the secondary minerals are
dominated in the majority of soil clays. The
clay minerals are aluminosilicates in chemical
composition and have crystalline structure.
183
 Silicate and Sugarcane – A Review
S. Thangavelu

The oxide and hydroxide minerals constitute
a sizable fraction of soils of humid subtropical
and tropical regions and probably account for
variable proportions of iron and aluminium in
those soils. The principle forms of amorphous
minerals in soils are oxides and hydroxides of
iron, aluminium and silicon and do not
constitute significant proportions of soil clays
except higher weathered soils [Velayutham
and Bhattacharyya, 2000].
Absorption and Desorption of cadmium
Phosphorus and Silicate fertilizers in Hawaii
Phosphorus is applied in various forms
in amounts according to soil analysis. It has
achieved success with silicate fertilizers
producing response similar to that obtained
from phosphorus [Husz, 1972].
Silicate fertilizers and Soil mobile phosphate
It was determined that various silicate
fertilizers increase the quantity of mobile
phosphate in soil [Gladkova, 1982;
Matichenkov and Ammosova, 1996].

Apparent preference for Cd was Calcium silicate slag

increased with removal of MnO, AFeO and
CFeO and decreased with removal of organic
matter of the soil and the exchange sites
liberated on removal of coatings of oxides of
Fe and Mn from silicate clays were more
selective for Cd than those present in whole
soil. Sequence of adsorption maximum [part I
& II] for Cd was –AFeO -MnO CFeO whole
soil organic matter. The difference in Cd
adsorption behaviour in these soils in relation
to removal of soil components may be ascribed
to differential role of Fe and Mn coating on
silicate clays and organic colloids. In the
highly acidic Hapludult, removal of these
components liberated large number of C
specific sites than the Dystrochrept. The
values of B [part I & II] for Cd adsorption in
the Dystrochrept as affected by removal of
different components were in the order: whole
There are higher sugar yields by
application of calcium silicate slag more than
lime. This increased soil P availability and
ameliorated aluminium toxicity [Moberly and
Meyer, 1975]. Jadhav et al., (2000) reported
increase in the cane yield of by 25 to 30
tonnes/ha under application of 4 to 6 t of
calcium silicate slag to suru or pre-seasonal
sugarcane in Maharashtra.
Must concentrate from alcohol residues
Must concentrate from alcohol residues is
a viscous product with a dark caramel colour.
At high temperatures and concentrations it is
highly corrosive and thus transportation and
storage is difficult. At 60 Brix it has a
density of approximately 1,000 kg/m3
%
1 Brix 60 Bx

soil > organic matter > -CFeO > -AFeO > 2 Insoluble ashes 9.17

-MnO. In both the soil % desorption of added 3 Soluble ashes 14.47

Cd was higher at levels of added / adsorbed 4 Total ashes 24.64

Cd. Greater retention of Cd in Dystrochrept 5 Total nitrogen 0.79
[i.e. less desorption] was mainly due to its 6 Alkalinity CO3 0.68
higher pH. Desorption behaviour of Cd in both 7 Chloride Cl 3.2
the soils showed that major part of apparently 8 Sulphates SO4 4.38
absorbed Cd was mainly non-specific. The 9 Phosphates PO4 0.01
fraction of adsorbed Cd occupying soil 10 Potassium K2O 7.82
components viz., organic matter, MnO, AFeO
11 Sodium Na2O 1.18
and CFeO in adsorption and desorption of Cd
12 Silicates SiO2 0.12
were secondary to pH [Battacharryya and
Poonia, 2000]. [Ramirez, 1988].

184
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
Sugarcane plant silicate
If a complete analysis of plants is made,
large of number of elements are detected. But
only those which provide nourishment to the
plant and take part in the plant metabolism
are essential. An element is said to be
essential if the plant cannot complete its life
cycle without it, if the element is specific in
its physiological function in plants, and if the
malady that develops in plants in its absence
can be remedied only by that element. In
practice, sometimes, it becomes difficult for all
the criteria to be fulfilled so as establish
essentiality. This is particularly so for all
those elements that is required in very small
amounts. To overcome this difficulty, the term
functional or metabolism nutrients include
mineral nutrient elements that function in
plant metabolism whether their action is
specific or not. Earlier, 16 elements considered
essential for the growth of green plants were
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
sulphur, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron,
molybdenum and chlorine. Sodium, cobalt,
vanadium, silicon, selenium, gallium,
aluminium and iodine are added to the above
list recently. One or the other of these
elements has been found to be essential for a
particular group or species of plants. Carbon
dioxide, water, and molecular oxygen, are the
forms in which carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
are assimilated by plants. Nutrient uptake by
plants accounts for about 10 % of total dry
weight of crops, the remaining percentage
being water. Of the total dry weight only a
small percentage is mineral matter which
comes from soil. The ionic forms in which the
essential elements are absorbed by plants are
NO3  , NH4  [for N], H2PO4  , HPO4   , [for
P], K [for K], Ca2  [for Ca], Mg2  [for Mg],
SO24  [for S], Mn2  [for Mn], Fe2  [for Fe],
Bo33  [for B], Zn2  [for Zn], Cu2  [for Cu],
185
HMoO4  [for Mo], and Cl [for Cl]
[Velayutham and Bhattacharyya, 2000].
Retard post harvest loss
Spraying of harvested cane with benzoic
acid [100 ppm] and formaldehyde [100 ppm]
significantly retarded post harvest losses.
Frequent spraying of solution containing
potassium permanganate [0.1%], sodium
metasilicate [0.1%] on harvested stored cane
was found to be much effective in minimizing
invertase activity and retaining the juice
quality. The efficacy of this method further
enhance if cane heaps are covered with trash
[Desai et al., 1985].
Cane storage and Deterioration
Cane stored after harvest showed an
increase in starch and gum contents initially
but after 48 hours the % of two components
decreased; pH and purity decreased and
titratable acidity, gum RS contents increased.
Deterioration on storage was greater in
chopped cane than in whole stalk cane [% of
wax, PO4 and SiO2 however remained
constant [Bose et al., 1970].
Plant growth, cane and CCS yield
Significant increase in plant growth,
sugarcane and CCS yield due to the calcium
silicate slag application of 6 t/ha on vertisol
and inceptisol [Talashilkar et al., 2001].
Leaf Silicon
The P and Si content in 4th leaf blade
were found to be increased in Si treated plots
compared to the control while N and K
contents did not show any significant
differences. The Si content in sugarcane leaf
blade found to be increased where bagasse
ash, fly ash, pond and calcium silicate was
applied. Leaf Si content was observed higher
at harvest stage compared to grand growth
period [Phonde et al., 2010].

Critical level of leaf sheath silicate
Critical level for silicate is not less than
1.5% of 3 to 6 leaf sheath dry matter
[Lakshmikantham, 1977].
LEAF SHEATH SILICON
According to Clements (1959) it would
appear that below 1.50% silicon in 3-5 leaf
sheaths growth response to silicate might be
expected. Leaf freckle and ring spot disease
was markedly reduced by the application of
Si to Si deficient plants.
Leaf blade & Sheath silicon and
Deficiency
Response to application of SiO2 in terms
of increase in the silicon content and decrease
in the manganese content of cane tissues was
observed. Application of basic slag to low
silicon soils has resulted in significant
increase in cane and sugar yields. Silicon
uptake has increased and the instances of leaf
freckle have been greatly reduced with the
application of slag. Although silicon is not
assigned the role of an essential element for
plant growth, sugarcane has been shown to
give significant and economic response to
silicon applications. Application of soluble
silicate has been credited with the ability to
depress toxic levels of Mn, Al and Fe in the
soil solution before they cane enter the plant
or to prevent the localized accumulation of Mn
[freckling] in the leaf. Apart from this, silicon
has been assigned roles as an enzyme
regulator in sugar synthesis, storage and
retention in the plant. Si deficiency decreased
the rate of photosynthesis in symptom free
leaf tissue of cane whose older leaves were
showing Si deficiency symptoms. This effect
was also obtained in completely symptom less
Si deficient cane growing under a Perspex
roof.
Si content of 3-6 leaf sheath and leaves
at 90 days at Anakapalle was as under (on
dry weight basis):
186
Silicate and Sugarcane – A Review
S. Thangavelu
Table: Silicon content in varieties % on
oven dry basis
Co Co Co Co
419 997 62175 975
1 3-6 leaf sheaths 2.94 3.08 3.31 3.13
2 3-6 leaf blades 4.28 3.74 5.50 4.89
In Hawaii the leaf sheath silicon content
was to be higher than in leaf blades. Below
about 1.50% [silicon in 3.5 leaf sheaths]
growth response to silicate might be expected.
Leaf freckle and ring spot disease are
markedly reduced by the application of silica
to silica deficient plants. Approximate
averages of silicon associated with each metric
ton of millable cane would be millable
cane-2.24 kg; green tops-1.8 kg and trash
about 7.16 kg [entire above ground plant 11.2
kg] [Lakshmikantham, 1975].
P in green tops and Plant tissue
Application of silicates in soils of low P
resulted in high P in green top and enhanced
P mobility in plant tissue [Silva, 1971].
Calcium silicate and Si Deficiency
Janaki and Chitra (2002) reported vital
role of silica in sugarcane and stated
application rate of calcium silicate 120 – 200
kg/ha to correct the Si deficiency more
rapidly.
Silicate fertilizers
Silicon is present in sugarcane in widely
varying quantities and uptake is mostly
excessive. While silicon is usually abundant,
some soils are acutely deficient. Yield can be
increased by silicon fertilization in soils with
low mobile silicilic acid content; examinations
of soils poor in Si (e.g. humic ferrogenous
latosols) show positive relationships between
plant available Si and the Si content in
sugarcane; basic slag, calcium silicate and
steel slag. Si fertilization caused a marked
reduction of manganese; one of the effects on
silicate can be found in the reduction of toxic
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
effects of Mn, Cu and Fe. Calcium silicate and
Calcium carbonate fertilization are
comparable; however, the desired effect may
fail if only lime is applied, because this fixes
silicon even more firmly in the soil. Silicon is
an essential plant nutrient with specific effect.
Silicate fertilizers are applied in quantities of
up to 7000 kg/ha (Husz, 1972).
Silicate fertilization and Toxic effects of
iron
Iron is essential to normal plant growth
and the formation of chlorophyll. Iron
deficiency results in chlorosis and causes
diminished growth. Iron deficiency can be
caused by excessive by excessive CaCO3
content in the soil which prevent iron uptake.
However, Fe-deficiency is found even in red
tropical soils where high iron and manganese
contents adjacently occur; iron deficiency is
found in the Fe:Mn ratio 1:1 and a ratio of
15:1 are desired. Trace elements–Zinc, Copper
and Cobalt are antagonistic to iron. Iron
toxicity can occur through excessive supply,
especially if large amounts of plant available
Fe occur together with potassium deficiency.
The toxic effects of iron can be eliminated or
reduced by liming and by potash and silicate
fertilization (Husz, 1972).
Silicate and Cane yield
Clements (1980) reported that
application of silicate might have better on
yield.
Calcium silicate and Cane yield
Significant increase in cane yield [142.8
t/ha] was recorded at 400 kg/ha Si applied
plots over the control plot [124.5 t/ha]. The
cane yields beyond 400 kg/ha level increased
with increased levels of Si but differences
were not significant except the cane yield
[158.9 t/ha] at 1000 kg/ha. Application of Si
@ 1000 kg/ha was not found cost effective.
Optimum level of silicon @ 400 kg/ha through
calcium silicate as a basal dose found
beneficial to increase cane yield by 18.3 t/ha
187
[Phonde et al., 2010]. In Mauritius Ross et al.,
(1974) observed marked increase in sugarcane
yield with calcium silicate application.
Potassium & Calcium silicate and Cane
yield
Significant increase in cane yield was
due to silicon @ 400 kg/ha through bagasse
ash [98.90 t/ha], fly ash [106.06 t/ha], pond
ash [111.79 t/ha] and calcium silicate [106.65
t/ha] over control [89.20 t/ha]. Foliar
application of 2.5 potassium silicate alone and
soil application of bagasse ash along with
foliar application of 2.5% potassium silicate
significantly increased cane yield to the tune
of 105.44 t/ha and 102.07 t/ha. Pond ash
found to be superior over bagasse ash and on
par with fly ash and calcium silicate.
Equivalent quantity of silicon [@ 400 kg/ha]
applied through bagasse ash from sugar
factory, fly ash and pond ash from thermal
power station and their residual effect in next
two successive ratoon crops were equally
beneficial as due to calcium silicate [Phonde
et al., 2010].
Calcium silicate and Borer
There was significant reduction in borer
performance and borer damage in sugarcane
due to calcium silicate application [Keeping
and Meyer, 1999].
Bagasse ash or Calcium slicate and Cane
and Sugar yields
In medium black soil, only one
application of silicon @ 400 kg/ha through
bagasse ash, or calcium silicate by mixing
with farmyard manures as a basal dose was
beneficial and economical for increasing
sugarcane and sugar yield of plant cane and
its two successive ratoon crops [Phonde et al.,
2010].
Pest and Diseases incidence
Early shoot borer incidence in silicon
applied plots was below 30%, while it was
40% in control. The internode borer intensity
 Silicate and Sugarcane – A Review
S. Thangavelu

was recorded minimum 0.71 and 0.72%, in
pond ash and calcium silicate applied plots
respectively, where as it was 3.88 in control.
Only grassy shoot disease was recorded upto
3.33% in treatment of foliar spray of 2.5%
potassium silicate. Foliar diseases like rust,
pokkali bong, eyespot, ringspot and leaf spot
were not observed so far [Phonde et al., 2010].
Cane juice silicate
Many chemicals have been identified
which can force the ripening of cane, thus

Table I: Chemical constituents of juice

Juice constituents % of soluble solids

1 Sugars Sucrose 70 - 88

2 Glucose 2 – 4

3 Fructose 2 – 4

4 Salts of inorganic acids 1.5 – 4.5

5 of organic acids 1.0 – 3.0

6 Free organic acids Carboxylic acids 0.1 – 0.5

7 Amino acids 0.5 – 2.0

8 Other organic non-sugars Proteins 0.5 – 0.6

9 Starch 0.001 – 0.5

10 Gums 0.3 – 0.6

11 Wax, Fats etc. 0.05 – 0.15

12 Unidentified non-sugars 3.0 – 5.0

[Chiranjivi Rao, 1977].

Table II: Composition of non-sugars

Constituents % of non-sugars
A. Carbohydrates Hemicellulose & Pentosans [xylan] 8.5
[other than sugars] Pectins 1.5 10.0
B. Organic N compounds Higher proteins [albumin] 7.0
Simple proteins [albuminoses & peptoses] 2.0
Amino acids [Glycine, Aspartic etc.] 9.5
Acid amides [Aspargine, Glutamine] 15.5 34.0
C. Organic acids [other than amino Aconitic, Oxalic, Succinic, Glycolic, Malic etc. 13.0
acids]
D. Colouring matter Clorophyll, Anthocyanin, Saccharetin, Tannin etc. 17.0
E. Waxes, fats etc. Cane wax 17.0
F. Inorganic salts PO4s, Cl, SO4, NO3, silicates of Na, K, 7.0
Ca, Mg, Al & Fe chiefly
G. Silica 2.0
Total 100

[Chiranjivi Rao, 1977].

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
countering the negative effects of the climate.
Polaris, Sodium meta silicate and Embark are
some of the chemical ripeners enhance the
ripening of cane. Polaris was found to be most
effective as sugarcane ripener with economic
advantage.
Juice chemical constituents
Commercial value of sugarcane derives
from the preponderance of sucrose [cane
sugar] as a constituent of the mature plant.
Knowledge of the composition of juice and an
understanding of the chemical properties and
reactions of its constituents are essential for
effective control and improvement of the
processes of recovery and refining cane sugar.
Range of chemical constituents of juice is
given in Table I while composition of
non-sugars is shown in Table II. Raw juice
extracted from sugarcane contains sugar and
some other dissolved and suspended
impurities in solution. Dissolved impurities
are reducing sugars [R.S] and other mineral
matter present in cane as normal
constituents. Suspended impurities include
particles of soil, waxes, fats, gums, pectins,
starch, colouring matter etc. which are
compounds of high molecular weight and
dispersed as colloids in juice which can not
be removed by simple filtration.
Cane juice composition
Cane juice  water  dry matter;
Dry matter - sugars  non sugars;
Sugars  sucrose  reducing sugars;
Non-sugars  minerals  organic products;
Minerals  phosphates, chlorides, sulphates,
silicates, nitrates and silica;
Organic products  non-nitrogenaceus
products  nitrogenaceus products;
Nitrogenaceus products  protein matter
 [albumine, peptones]  amino acids –
[aspartic acid]  amides – [asparagin] 
ammonia salts;
189
Non-nitrogenaceus products  tinting
matter  fatty matter aromatics  organic
acids;
Tinting matter  carotene, anthocyanin,
tannins, chlorophyll;
Fatty matter aromatics – wax;
Organic acids – aconotic, malic, oxalic
[Dantas, 1989]
Calcium silicate and Sesquioxides
A reaction not related with the milk of
lime but which may cause an increase in the
lime content respectively an alkalination of
the mud juice is the decomposition of calcium
silicate by reacting with sesquioxides
according to the equation:
n CaSiO3  m Fe2O3  [SiO] n [Fe2O3] m  n CaO
[Honig, 1956].
Chemical ripeners
Use of chemical ripeners like polaris,
sodium meta silicate etc. for improving the
juice quality and recovery, especially in areas
where natural ripening conditions are not
conducive was suggested (Thangavelu and
Chiranjivi Rao, 1981). Chemical ripeners of
sugarcane have improved juice quality and
yield of sugar. Polaris has been found to be
performing well, showing an improvement of
about 10-15% in recoverable sugar and
without any effect on yield of cane when
sprayed about eight weeks before harvest @ 5
kg/ha. The response for sodium meta silicate
was comparatively low 8-10% [over control].
Depending upon the variety, time of
application and prevailing weather conditions,
the response varies [Chiranjivi Rao, 1995].
Sodium meta silicate and Juice quality
Foliar application of chemical ripeners
like Polaris, Ethrel, Sodium meta silicate
about 8 weeks before the scheduled harvest
of the varieties was found to be effective and
economical in improving the juice quality and

recovery without affecting the yields. The
response of the chemicals would be high
(about 10 – 15% over control) during the
incline phase of maturity and low (about 5 –
8%) during the decline phase of maturity. In
areas, where natural ripening conditions were
not congenial (e.g. coastral Andhra, Tamil
Nadu, etc.), the chemical ripeners would be
useful for improving the juice quality and
recovery (Chiranjivi Rao, 1980).
Sodium meta silicate
Sodium metasilicate at 20 to 80 moles/ml
added to juice was shown to inhibit inversion
till 48 hours. Polycide, a wide spectrum
bactericide/fungicide at 2 ml/L and
bactrinol-100 at 100 ppm were found to be
effective in arresting the growth of
“Leuconostoc” bacteria and preservation of
juice till 48 hours. Gur could also be prepared
from the juice preserved with the above
biocides. There was no residual effect of
bactrinol while it was very low (less than 1
ppm) in the case of polycide. The keeping
quality of gur from polycide preserved juice
was comparatively poor as it absorbed
moisture to a greater extent while it was
satisfactory in the case of bactrinol treatment
[Chiranjivi Rao, 1995; Chiranjivi Rao, 1989].
Juice quality and CCS yield
Cane juice brix, sucrose, purity and CCS
percent were not affected by silicon. Due to
increase in cane yield the CCS yield increased
significantly. Increase of CCS yield of 19.8
t/ha was obtained under 400 kg/ha Si over
control [17.0 t/ha], while CCS yields were
found on par at all levels of Si beyond 400
kg/ha. CCS yield was significantly higher
16.44 t/ha in pond ash followed by 16.20 t/ha
in calcium silicate, 16.15 t/ha in bagasse ash
along with 2.5% potassium silicate foliar
application and 15.79 t/ha in fly ash compared
to control [13.26 t/ha]. Pond ash was superior
to CCS yield. Residual effect of bagasse ash
190
Silicate and Sugarcane – A Review
S. Thangavelu
on cane and sugar yield was found significant
in ratoon cane [Phonde et al., 2010].
Juice nitrogen
Srinivasan and Morachan (1978)
reported that total nitrogen content in juice
was significantly influenced by the season of
planting. September planted crop recorded the
lowest amount of nitrogen (329 ppm) and May
planted crop recorded the highest amount
(388 ppm). Frequent irrigation and late
application of nitrogen increased juice
nitrogen significantly. Higher dose of
application of P and K reduced the nitrogen
content. Sodium meta silicate was helpful in
reducing juice nitrogen.
Juice silicon
Silicon is present in dissolved state as
SiO2 and in colloidal or suspended states as
silicate [SiO3] in cane [Asokan, 1983]. Cane
with roots, trash is bound to carry silica.
When the cane is maturing with sufficient
rainfall, the juice that cane contains has
silica. Silica is present in juice in soluble
silica. It reacts with calcium forming calcium
silicate [Sivasankaran and Jayaraman, 2003].
Juice clarification and K2O, Na2O, CaO ,
MgO , Fe 2O3, Al 2O3, Cl, SO3, P2O5 and
SIO 2
Clarification not only aids to remove the
non-sugars and impurities but also changes
the physical properties of cane juice as a
result of which flocculation of certain colloids
may be brought about by change of pH or
application of heat or both.
The form of occurrence of silicic acid in
cane juice is largely an unsolved problem.
Object of clarification is to achieve the
maximum removal of non-sugars in the juice
which [non-sugars] aid molasses production.
Inorganic non-sugars like potassium, sodium,
calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminium
obtained during the process in the form of
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Extracted with the juice in standard Decrease or increase in

Cations
willing process [92-95% sucrose extraction] purification process

1 K2O Extracted to the same extent as sucrose Not removed

2 Na2O Relatively more Na2O is left in the bagasse Not removed

3 CaO Extracted for 75-85% Increase in normal clarification

4 MgO Extracted for 80-90% Decrease with clarification at pH 7.8

5 Fe2O3 Extracted for 50-70% Removal for 50-90%

6 Al2O3 Extracted for 40-60% Removal for 70-95%

Anions Extracted to the same extent as sucrose Not removed

1 Cl Extracted for 75-85% Not removed

2 SO3 Extracted for 75-85% Not removed

3 P2O5 Extracted for 75-85% Removed to P2O5 in clarified juice /--80

mg P2O5 per litre

4 SiO2 Extraction is variable, depending on cane quality, Removed, depending on other removable
10-35% in mixed juice non-sugars

sulphates, sulphites, chlorides, florides, manifesting a possible reduction or increase

phosphates, and organic non-sugars are also
great molasses producers. If any way these
non-sugars increase, the loss of sucrose in
final molasses will increase. It is, therefore,
very highly essential that the clarification
process is very carefully controlled and
maximum percentage of non-sugars are
removed. Reaction should be at proper
optimum temperature and pH to achieve the
greatest removal of non-sugars at this stage.
For this operational conditions and correct
boiling techniques employed at pan floor,
cooling and curing of massecuites at the
required temperatures is most essential
[Khanoikar and Vaidyanathan, 1985].
Liming, Sulphur/Sulphitation
Bentonite
By using sulphur the precipitation of
phosphates of various minerals and organic
constituents of cane sugar juice comprises the
most important factor in the transformation
of its purity, elevating it to a value of from
0.22 to 0.82 points. The remaining mineral
components exercise a very week effect,
in purity, depending on weather the increase
in lime is greater or less than the reduction
in magnesium, iron, aluminium or silicon of
the juice. With respect to nonsugars organic
components, the proteins are the most
important factor in the growth of purity,
adding their effect to that originated by
phosphatic precipitation. Considering that
compounds, such as phosphotic anhydrides
proteins oscillate in their content according to
the variety of the cane, types of soil and
conditions of growth; each juice has a specific
capacity for a definite increase in purity
subject to the content in such eliminable
substances whose variation originates a
growth up to an interval of from 0.5 to 2.7
and points in real purity. Elevation of purity must
be complemented by clarity or turbidity of the
clarified juice so that a definite judgment is
formed on the efficiency of the clarifying
process. If the method of sulphitation and
liming improves the clarity of the juice, its
results are very deficient with some types of
juices of high content in certain colloidal
impurities, such as protein derivatives, gums

191

and silicon, which originate the classic
turbidity or opalescence of the clarified juice.
This muddiness is due only to the proportion
of such substances and is independent of the
content in P2O5 of the juice. Low pH increases
the precipitation of proteinaceous substances;
it avoids the decomposition of reducing sugars
and the excess of lime, proportionating white
sugar. It hydrolyzes a certain quantity of
saccharose and causes an incomplete
precipitation of phosphates, sulphate, silicate
and sesquioxides. High pH stimulates an
efficient elimination of these latter impurities,
it redissolves proteinceous substances and it
is above pH 7, it decomposes reducing sugars
elevating the consumption of lime and
affecting the colour of juice. Colloidal
bentonite exercises its precipitation within
ample zone between pH 5 to 9; all possible
excess coagulates completely and is eliminated
from the juice with only a minimum
concentration of 40 mg of soluble calcium per
litre, a condition amply exceeded in cane
sugar juices [Mallea, 1956].
Settling
Vallimuthu (1986) reported that calcium
was good for settling, coagulating ions and
colloids; chloride in juice resulted in saltish
jaggery; magnesium created problem in
settling; phosphorus in juice 300 to 350 ppm
was useful for clarification; 1000 – 1500 ppm
was the tolerable limit of potassium; silicates,
colloidal silica interfered with settling.
Jaggery silicate
Organic silicate
The considerable point is about the
effectiveness of these clarificants [vegetable or
chemical] in relation to non-sugar impurities.
No doubt most of these are removed by
conventional methods practiced, yet the
impurities which are left in juice as
inseparable particles are non-protein
nitrogenous compounds [amino acids, amides],
polyphenols and mineral matter which cause
192
Silicate and Sugarcane – A Review
S. Thangavelu
color development before or during boiling and
with metal contact. Ash content which mainly
includes silica as organic silicate increases
viscosity in juice. Lower the ash content
better will be taste and texture of gur.
Organic silica is inversely proportional to juice
clarity. Salts of potassium and sodium mainly
as chlorides and sulphates are hygroscopic
which affect the storage of gur [Abha et al.,
1985].
Inorganic non-sugars
Inorganic non-sugars are made up of
phosphates, chloride, sulphate, silicate,
nitrate, sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, aluminium and iron chiefly
(Mathur, 1986).
Sugar recovery
Under sub-tropical conditions, autumn
planted crop proved the best juice quality
followed by ratoon, February planted cane and
late planting in May and
November-December. Spraying of standing
sugarcane crop with 20% molasses solution
resulted in an increase of 1.3 units in sucrose
% in juice over check. Removal of late shoots
[emerged after September] resulted
appreciable increase in sucrose [0.31 to 1.92
units]. Application of CCC at 1000 and 2500
ppm, Ethrel at 1000 ppm and DMC at 1000,
2500 and 5000 ppm in the early season
improved the juice quality, 6 to 8 weeks after
application. Under tropical conditions,
spraying of Polaris to the standing crop, 6 to
8 weeks before harvest has been found to
increase the recovery of sugar by about 10 to
15%. Sodium meta silicate could increase the
recovery of sugar by about 8 to 10% [Mohan
Nadu and Kishan Singh, 1990].
Sugar recovery and Chemical ripeners
The coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and
Tamil Nadu, generally record poor recovery of
sugar due to the unfavourable conditions
[mainly the cyclonic winds and rains during
the North-East monsoon period] at the
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

maturity phase of the sugarcane crop. Many diameter, pedical length and number of
chemicals have been identified which can petals. Panchakavya 5% [an organic
force the ripening of cane, thus countering the preparation is containing cow’s milk, cow’s
negative effects of the climate. Polaris, curd, cow’s ghee, water and jaggery] [Selvi et
Sodium meta silicate and Embark are some al., 2002].
of the chemical ripeners enhance the ripening
Conclusions
of cane. Polaris was found to be most effective
as sugarcane ripener with economic Significant increase in phosphate
advantage. Sprayed at the rate of 5 kg per availability was observed under calcium
ha at 912 months’ age, Polaris improves silicate, fly ash, pond ash and bagasse ash.
sucrose in juice of popular sugarcane varieties Soil-P was solublized in the order, EDTA >
[Co 419, Co 6304 and Co 62175]. Sprayed 6 berseen [green manuring] > MgCO3 > sodium
to 8 weeks before harvest Polaris enhance silicate. Application of soluble silicate has
sucrose% for a period of 3 months. There is been credited with the ability to depress toxic
a reduction in the post-harvest deterioration, levels of Mn, Al and Fe in the soil solution
consequent to foliar application of Polaris in before they can enter the plant or to prevent
some varieties. There is an overall the localized accumulation of Mn (freckling)
improvement in sugar recovery by about 10 in the leaf. It has achieved success with
to 16%. silicate fertilizers producing response similar
Thus application of the chemical Polaris to that obtained from phosphorus. Various
at the rate of 5 kg/ha in 200 litres of water silicate fertilizers increase the quantity of
sprayed on the leaves 6-8 weeks before mobile phosphate in soil. There are higher
harvest increases sugar recovery [Anonymous, sugar yields by application of calcium silicate
1980].Effectiveness of Polaris in improving slag more than lime. This increased soil P
recovery availability and ameliorated aluminium
toxicity. Increase in the cane yield of by 25
Recovery % to 30 tonnes/ha under application of 4 to 6 t
Con % of calcium silicate slag to suru or pre-seasonal
Treated
trol increase sugarcane in Maharashtra. Application rate of
Amaravathi Co 62175 10.96 12.73 16.2 calcium silicate 120 – 200 kg/ha was to
cooperative correct the Si deficiency more rapidly.
sugar mills
Calcium silicate and Calcium carbonate
Salem Co 6304 10.76 11.68 10.4
fertilization are comparable; however, the
cooperative
sugar mills
desired effect may fail if only lime is applied,
because this fixes silicon even more firmly in
Dharmapuri Co 419 8.48 9.53 12.4
Dt. the soil. Silicate fertilizers are applied in
cooperative quantities of up to 7000 kg/ha. The toxic
sugar mills effects of iron can be eliminated or reduced
by liming and by potash and silicate
Development on rose fertilization. Application of silicate might have
Calcium silicate and panchakavya better on yield. Optimum level of silicon @
significantly increased the bush height and 400 kg/ha through calcium silicate as a basal
length of rose flowering shoot. Early flowering dose found beneficial to increase cane yield by
was observed with panchakavya. Calcium 18.3 t/ha. Marked increase in sugarcane yield
acetate and panchakavya improved all other was with calcium silicate application.
floral characters, such as flower weight, flower Significant increase in cane yield was due to

193

silicon @ 400 kg/ha through bagasse ash
[98.90 t/ha], fly ash [106.06 t/ha], pond ash
[111.79 t/ha] and calcium silicate [106.65 t/ha]
over control [89.20 t/ha]. Foliar application of
2.5 potassium silicate alone and soil
application of bagasse ash along with foliar
application of 2.5% potassium silicate
significantly increased cane yield to the tune
of 105.44 t/ha and 102.07 t/ha. There was
significant reduction in borer performance and
borer damage in sugarcane due to calcium
silicate application. In medium black soil, only
one application of silicon @ 400 kg/ha through
bagasse ash, or calcium silicate by mixing
with farmyard manures as a basal dose was
beneficial and economical for increasing
sugarcane and sugar yield of plant cane and
its two successive ratoon crops. The internode
borer intensity was recorded minimum 0.71
and 0.72%, in pond ash and calcium silicate
applied plots respectively, where as it was
3.88 in control. Use of chemical ripeners like
polaris, sodium meta silicate etc. improve the
juice quality and recovery, especially in areas
where natural ripening conditions are not
conducive. Foliar application of chemical
ripeners like Polaris, Ethrel, Sodium meta
silicate about 8 weeks before the scheduled
harvest of the varieties was found to be
effective and economical in improving the
juice quality and recovery without affecting
the yields. Polaris, Sodium meta silicate and
Embark are some of the chemical ripeners
enhance the ripening of cane.
Acknowledgement
Author is thankful to Director,
Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore –
641 007 for encouragement and facilities
afforded.
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 TIME-SAVING SAMPLING METHODOLOGY FOR HARVEST
STAGE ASSESSMENT OF CROP AGE-WISE INTERNODE
BORER INFESTATION AT SUGAR FACTORY-LEVEL
S.Sithanantham1, S.Judy1, C.Thamaraichelvi2, M.Prabakaran1
1
Sun Agro Biotech Research Centre, Chennai-600 125, Tamilnadu. Email: sithanantham@yahoo.co.in
2
Main Biocontrol Research Laboratory, Chengalpattu-603111, Tamilnadu.

Abstract be given emphasis during 7-8 and 9-10

The internode borer (INB), Chilo
sacchariphagus indicus, is an important pest
of sugarcane in South India, often causing
significant loss in yield and sugar recovery in
most sugar factory areas. More recently the
methodology developed to backtrack the INB
infestation at four different crop ages based on
recording the internode position instead of just
the numbers infested, so to reliably partition
for about two months age of the crop. This
method thereby avoids the laborious crop
inspection-based sampling for INB infestation
at different crop ages, which is presently not
easy for the factory level R&D teams to adopt.
As part of an R&D network project (2012-15),
this improved methodology was employed to
characterize the local INB infestation pattern
among eight randomly chosen sugarcane
growing locations (farms) each in two sugar
factories in South India. The observed
variation in age-wise INB incidence among the
farms sampled per factory is illustrated and
the utility of this methodology in additional
factory level R&D initiatives is discussed in
this paper.
At Cheyyar Co-operative Sugar Mills
(Tamilnadu), the crop-age difference in INB
infestation severity was found to vary the
among eight locations (farms) sampled. The
maximum INB infestation was observed
during the crop age of 7-8 months in seven
farms, followed in rank by 9-10 months age
in other farms. The mean INB infestation level
for 5-6, 7-8, 9-10 and 11-12 months age of
crop was 5.63, 24.31, 20.25 and 0.91 percent
internodes, respectively. These results
indicated that borer control interventions may
months, while minimum efforts may be made
during 5-6 months age and none for 11-12
month age. At Bannari Amman Sugars
(Karnataka), the crop age group with
maximum overall INB infestation was four out
of eight farms each in the age groups of 7-8
and 9-10 months, the overall ranking being
maximum at the former age group. The mean
INB infestation level for 5-6, 7-8, 9-10 and
11-12 months age of crop was 4.03, 23.38,
22.50 and 0.44 present internodes, respectively.
These overall results indicated that borer
control may be timed to cover the crop ages of
7-8– months, followed in rank by 9-10 months,
while minimum protection may be considered
during 5-6 months and none during 11-12
months.
This pilot initiative of adopting uniform
methodology by sugar factory level R&D teams
to locally characterise the age-wise incidence
pattern is a time-saving method in
understanding the local INB incidence pattern
and could be recommended to sugar factory
managements Such baseline harvest-time
sampling is an obvious improvement so to
reliably relate the local INB incidence in
different crop ages to guide in evolving and
adopting more relevant strategy for the borer
management, especially for timing to optimize
Trichogramma releases. Further, adopting
such crop phenology related INB assessment
could improve the impact of borer
management in enhancing cane productivity
and sugar recovery at sugar factory level.
Keywords: Internode borer, factory-level
R&D, age-wise pattern, time-saving
methodology

196
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
Introduction
The major R&D thrusts of sugar
industry in India towards maximization of
cane productivity include improved crop
production-protection technologies which also
contribute to enhancing the cane yield in the
locally grown variety, besides improving the
sugar recovery (Jaipal, 2001; Sithanantham
and Kandasamy, 2011). The sugarcane borers
constitute an important constraint to
sugarcane productivity in India include the
early shoot borer-Chilo infuscatellus, the
internode borer-(Chilo sacchariphagus indicus,
the stalk borer-Chilo auricilius and the top
shoot borer-Tryporyza excerptalis, besides four
other borers of limited/occasional importance
(David et al., 1986; Easwaramoorthy, 1983).
In South India, the internode borer (INB)
attack more often causes significant losses in
cane yield and sugar recovery by interfering
with cane weight and juice quality
(Solayappan and Marar, 1974; David et al.,
1979). Manikandan et.al.2013 have confirmed
the relative importance perceived by the
stakeholder opinion surveys that the
internode borer is regarded important by most
cane growers in Tamil Nadu.
The crop duration during which the
internode borer can infest freshly is spread
over a long duration commencing from about
4 months age when node formation
commences till harvest time. . The potential
for biological control of INB through
inundative (weekly) releases of Trichogramma
chilonis during 4-11 month age of the crop
was pointed out from the early field
experiments in Tamilnadu (Sithanantham et
al., 1973), followed by large-area impact
validations with 6-10 releases per season
(Varadhrajan, 1976; Sithanantham and
Solayappan, 1980; Solayappan and Mara,
1974). The first national seminar on biological
control of sugarcane pests in India convened
at Chennai by the Tamilnadu Federation of
Cooperative Sugar factories in 1980 confirmed
197
the scope for Trichogramma in borers
bicontrol in India and called for methodology
improvements in validating/enhancing the
impact of inundative releases (Sithanantham
and Solayappan, 1980), This provided the
scientific impetus to
establishing/strengthening Trichogramma
mass production units under both public and
private sectors in the state (Sithanantham
1983, 1985), leading to Trichogramma
releases against INB under factory-based
program in Tamil nadu (Solayappan and
Jothkumar, 1983) followed by further field
trials by Kalyanasundaram et al. (1993) and
Manisegaran (2004) which confirmed the
benefit to cane yield and/or sugar recovery
from Trichogramma releases in Tamilnadu.
For Trichogramma-based biocontrol of
internode borer to be optimized, it is
important to understand and link to the local
INB infestation pattern as an important basis
for the number and timing of such
Trichogramma releases. The initiative by
Geetha et al. (2009) who undertook
factory-level on-farm trials in Sakthi Sugars
factory area around Coimbatore comparing six
versus twenty four releases of T.chilonis, and
concluded that six releases (fortnightly) and
24 releases (weekly) of Trichogramma for INB
control estimated the cost: benefit ratios of
1:13 and 1:11 respectively, through increase
in cane yield by 12 and 22%, with increase in
sugar recovery (CCS%) by 3.0 and 13.5%
respectively, over no release plots. Geetha
(2010 a, b) has further clarified the critical
role of timing and dose of Trichogramma
release in INB biocontrol. The variation in
local INB infestation pattern and the severity
among different factory locations and across
the seasons in individual factory areas in
Tamil Nadu has been pointed out (David et
al., 1986). Large area sampling for
understanding the local variations in INB
infestation pattern has also been adopted as
means to optimize Trichogramma release for
 Time-Saving Sampling Methodology for Harvest Stage Assessment of Crop Age-wise Internode Borer Infestation at Sugar Factory-level
promoting large area adoption of INB
biocontrol technology in Re-Union Island
(Goebel et al., 2006; 2013).
Sithanantham, (2006) pointed out that
while public research institutions can only
provide generic recommendations for
Trichogramma releases and such other INB
control methods, there is need and scope for
local fine-tuning of the release regimes by
factory-level R&D teams as the key link (as
local technology promoters) in the R&D
continuum between research institutions (as
technology developers) and sugarcane farmers
(the technology adopters). Sithanantham et al.
(2009) surveyed the Trichogramma adoption
scenario among several sugar factories in
Tamil nadu and Andhra Pradesh and found
wide variations in the locally adopted dose
rates/timing of Trichogramma releases. For
sugar factories to assign human resources for
such short term R&D requirements to
optimise pest management technologies locally
we need to offer a time-saving methodology
that could avoid periodical crop inspections.
Further, the harvest stage assessments are
less laborious since they avoid the
interference by the crop canopy. The
improvement considered was to reliably
backtrack the INB infestations at the different
crop age locally, so to time the control
interventions optimally.
The present paper illustrates the basis
and advantages of the time-saving
methodology developed to assess the local INB
infestation pattern at the different crop ages,
which was part of a R&D network initiative
(for two out of 12 sugar factory teams) in
South India and supported by Sugar
Development Fund of Government of India. It
also illustrates the inter and intra-factory
variations in crop age-wise INB infestation
pattern while adopting this more cost-effective
methodology by trained R&D teams from in
two volunteering sugar factories.
198
S.Sithanantham, S.Judy, C.Thamaraichelvi and M.Prabakaran
Materials and Methods
The presently illustrated studies were
undertaken in collaboration with the R&D
teams of two sugar factories - Cheyyar
Co-operative Sugar Mills, Tiruvannamalai,
TamilNadu and Bannari Amman Sugar Mills,
Kamaraja nagar, Karnataka, during 2012-13.,
adopting a common methodology of INB
infestation pattern assessment as harvest
time sampling and assessment. In each
factory, one acre area (assigned to no
treatment) within a farm location (field of
5acre area) growing the common cane variety
and planted during March of the same year
were chosen at eight representative locations
(as detailed in Sithanantham et.al., 2014) In
each location, four sampling sub-plots each
consisting of five adjacent rows of 12 feet were
located in the four quarters of the one acre
field.
During the crop harvest time (in about
12 month old canes), fifty canes were chosen
at random in each sub-sample plot, examined
individually to record the number of canes
showing INB damage (based on bore-holes)
out of the total canes sampled, where by the
per cent canes damaged by INB was
estimated (as also adopted by Geetha et al.,
2009). Further, for assessing the percent
internodes infested by INB was also recorded
in the same 50 randomly chosen canes per
sample plot by counting the numbers of
internodes infested, besides the total number
of internodes in each cane individually (based
on presence of bore-holes) as per Hall (1986).
Further, the recording of the position of the
infested internode (commencing as first
internode from the bottom upwards) was also
taken up (as illustrated in Fig.1) for
associating the INB infestation to the
approximate crop age (as per Sithanantham
et al., 1973; Sithanantham et.al., 2013). This
improved methodology is based on the
well-accepted phenology-linked norm in
sugarcane crop wherein one internode is
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

normally produced in each week after the onset Results

of node formation. Accordingly, the INB
infestation intensity (present internodes
infested) within units of eight successive
internodes from the base of the harvested cane,
could be reckoned as having occurred during
each two month crop age duration. Therefore,
the internode positions 1-8, 9-16, 17-24 and
25-32 from the cane base were deemed to
represent the crop ages of 5-6, 7-8, 9-10 and
11-12 months, approximately, for the purpose of
generalised conclusions on relative infestation
by INB taking place during the four crop ages.
Cheyyar Co-operative Sugar Mills:
The eight locations sampled showed
varying INB intensities among the four crop
ages (Table.1) The mean INB infestation was
estimated as 5.60, 24.31, 20.25 and 0.91
percent internodes respectively for the four
crop ages (5-6, 7-8, 9-10, 11-12 months). The
overall INB infestation on internode basis
among the eight individual locations was
12.50, 13.44, 10.81, 12.81, 17.69, 11.38, 13.56
and 10.19 respectively (Table.1). The
inter-location variability in INB percent was
within the range of 10.19-17.69.

The maximum per cent internodes

infested by INB over the four crop ages was
in the range of 10-20 per cent in one location,
between 20-30 per cent in six other locations
and between 30-40 per cent in the other
location (Fig.2). The combined INB infestation
during 7-8 months and 9-10 months ages in
all the eight locations accounted for more than
two-thirds of the overall INB infestation
across all four crop ages (Fig.2).

Further, the proportion of INB

infestation occurring during 7-8 month crop
age was 40, 46, 55, 58, 43, 54, 45 and 43
compared to the remaining three crop ages
Fig 1. Methodology to backtrack the Internode (5-6, 9-10 and 11-12 months) in the eight
Borer infestation by sampling at harvest individual locations sampled. The other crop
Table.1 Relative internode borer infestation in four crop ages among eight
sugarcane farm location, Cheyyar Co-operative Sugars, 2012-13
Factory & Location 5-6M 7-8M 9-10M 11-12M Overall Mean
1 11.00 ** 20.25**** 17.75*** 1.00* 12.50
2 4.50** 24.75**** 24.25*** 0.25* 13.44
3 2.00** 23.75**** 17.25*** 0.25* 10.81
4 3.50** 29.50**** 18.00*** 0.25* 12.81
5 1.25** 30.25*** 39.00**** 0.25* 17.69
6 3.50** 24.50**** 16.50*** 1.00* 11.38
7 12.25** 24.25**** 17.25*** 0.50* 13.56
8 7.00** 17.25**** 12.75*** 3.75* 10.19
Overall 5.63** 24.31**** 20.25*** 0.91* 12.78
*=least; **=above least; ***=next to max.; ****=maximum

199
 Time-Saving Sampling Methodology for Harvest Stage Assessment of Crop Age-wise Internode Borer Infestation at Sugar Factory-level
S.Sithanantham, S.Judy, C.Thamaraichelvi and M.Prabakaran

Fig.2. Pattern of age wise INB infestation in 8 locations of Cheyyar Co-operative Sugars

Fig.3. INB infestation pattern at four crop ages in eight locations -Cheyyar Co-operative Sugar Mills, 2012-13

200
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Table.2. Relative internode borer infestation in four crop ages among eight
sugarcane farm locations, Bannari Amman Sugars, 2012-13
Factory & Location 5-6M 7-8M 9-10M 11-12M Overall Mean
1 4.50** 23.50**** 15.50*** 0.00* 10.88
2 2.00** 25.25**** 11.50*** 0.00* 9.69
3 6.25*** 27.25**** 5.00** 0.25* 9.69
4 5.75** 20.75**** 12.75*** 0.25* 9.88
5 0.75* 27.75*** 30.50**** 2.50** 15.38
6 1.00** 23.00*** 36.25**** 0.25* 15.13
7 7.00** 14.25*** 31.75**** 0.25* 13.31
8 5.00** 25.25*** 36.75**** 0.00* 16.75
Overall 4.03** 23.38**** 22.50*** 0.44* 12.59
*=least; **=above least; ***=next to max.; ****=maximum

age in which the next higher INB fresh
infestation occurred was 9-10 months age, and
the respective proportions for this age group
out of the total ages in the eight individual
locations was 36, 45, 40, 35, 55, 36, 32 and
31% respectively (Fig.3).
These results further indicated that
based on the local age-wise INB incidence
pattern, the INB control interventions during
the crop ages of 7-8 months and 9-10 months
may be given emphasis, while
limited/minimum efforts for control may be
considered for 5-6 month age, whereas there
may be no need for any INB control for 11-12
month crop age.
Bannari Amman Sugars
The mean INB infestation on internode
basis during 5-6, 7-8, 9-10 and 11-12 month
ages for 4.03, 23.38, 22.50 and 0.44%
internode respectively (Table.2). The overall
internode basis infestation for the eight
individual locations was 10.88 9.69, 9.69, 9.88,
15.38, 15.13, 13.31 and 16.75, respectively
(Table.2).
The share of fresh INB infestation
during 7-8 months alone compared to the
other three ages (5-6, 9-10 and 11-12 months
age) among the eight individual locations was
54, 65, 70, 52, 45, 38, 27, and 38 %
internodes, respectively. On the other hand,
the estimated share of fresh INB infestation
during 9-10 months age compared to the other
crop ages was estimated as 36, 30, 13, 32, 50,
60, 60 and 55 respectively (Fig 4). These
results clarified that the relative INB fresh
infestation among the eight locations was
differing in relative proportion mainly
between 7-8 months and 9-10 months ages of
crop.
Further, the maximum per cent fresh
INB infestation among the four crop ages was
in the range of 20-30 per cent in five locations
and between 30-40 per cent in the other three
locations (Fig.3). Further, the INB infestation
during 7-8 months and 9-10 months in all
eight locations together accounted for more
than three-fourths of the INB infestation
across all four crop ages (Fig.5).
These results suggested that the relative
INB fresh infestation being greater during 7-8
versus 9-10 months age these local patterns
could provide local guidance on the timing of
INB control among these ages. Further, some
attention may be paid also for the crop age
of 5-6 months when about 4% infestation take
place whereas the age group of 11-12 months
may be ignore for borer control since only
0.4% internodes are freshly attacked.

201
 Time-Saving Sampling Methodology for Harvest Stage Assessment of Crop Age-wise Internode Borer Infestation at Sugar Factory-level
S.Sithanantham, S.Judy, C.Thamaraichelvi and M.Prabakaran

Fig.4. Pattern of age wise INB infestation in 8 locations of Bannari Amman sugars

Fig.5. INB infestation pattern at four crop ages in eight locations -Bannari Amman Sugar Mills, 2012-13

202
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
Discussion
The major outcomes of the present study
include validation of the time-saving
methodology adopted at harvest time alone, so
to backtrack the INB infestation at different
crop ages. The scientific reliability and the
relative ease of adopting this sampling system
would render it a preferable option for factory
managements to locally understand the
variability and local pattern of crop-age wise
INB infestation.
The main information assembled newly
in the present study is on the relative levels
of fresh infestation by internode borer (INB)
occurring during the four crop ages (5-6, 7-8,
9-10 and 11-12 months) in individual locations
across two factory areas. The results have
clarified that in both the sugar factories
studied, the intra-factory (inter-location)
variations were substantial, which justifies
the stratification of such estimates across
locations within each factory. This is in
conformity with the observations of David
et.al. (1987). the inter-factory variation was
limited to the inter-location severity levels,
whereas the overall emphasis of the two
major age-groups (7-8 and 9-10 months ages).
While such inter-factory variations could be
explained on the basis of the borer population
dynamics, there is scope to further extend
these sampling studies to the other planting
months and also to compare main versus
ratoon crops within each sugar factory. The
large-scale characterisation of the internode
borer, attempted similarly by Goebel et.al.
(2006) points to the potential usefulness of
such harvest-time sampling methodology for
INB by recording the age-wise position of
internode infested as an improvement over
the hitherto routine system of just recording
the numbers of internodes infested versus the
total number of internodes per cane at
harvest. This time saving methodology is
likely to be adoptable by the factory level R
& D team compared to the laborious crop
203
inspection sampling during different ages of
crop. Such phonology-based backtracking of
the different ages at which fresh INB
infestation would have taken place is a
valuable tool for crop age based INB
infestation pattern characterisation. .As such
this new and more precise methodology can
the usefully deployed for similar age-wise
infestation characterisation in individual
sugar factories.
While there was only limited variation in
the crop age with maximum severity of fresh
INB infestation among the eight locations
sampled in Cheyyar Co-op. Sugar mills, there
was greater variability among the eight
locations in Bannari Amman Sugar mills.
This result points to the fact that within a
sugar factory area and common planting
month, the age-wise pattern of INB
infestation may vary substantially ,therefore
requiring adequate stratification in the
harvest time sampling plan to capture these
local variations.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The simplified and phenology-based
methodology evolved and adopted for
internode borer infestation at different crop
ages by harvest time sampling is a valuable
tool with labour-saving and reliable
backtracking of the age-wise INB infestation
pattern. The results from the two sugar
factory sampling during one crop season from
crops planted in the late season (march) have
shown considerable inter and intra factory
variations in severity and relative crop ages
prone to maximum fresh infestation by INB.
While the INB infestation estimates were
assembled by trained members of the factory
R&D teams in two sugar factories targeting
the cane planted in the main planting month,
it may be valuable to extend such study to
the other planting months also in the
individual factory so that the INB infestation
pattern for each planting month could be
 Time-Saving Sampling Methodology for Harvest Stage Assessment of Crop Age-wise Internode Borer Infestation at Sugar Factory-level
understood, so to form a basis for improved
timing the INB controls strategies for
individual planting months in each sugar
factory area.
The overall goal of the sugar industry to
maximise sugarcane productivity and sugar
recovery at national level could be well served
at individual factory-level by utilizing such
simplified monitoring methodology which is
easy to adopt within the existing resources of
the factory R&D teams.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to gratefully thank the
Sugar Development fund (SDF) of
Government of India, for the financial support
to the network R&D project for bio control of
internode borer in South India. The support
extended by officials of the Tamilnadu
Co-operative Sugar Federation (TNCSF) is
also thankfully acknowledged. The
managements and staff of Cheyyar
Co-operative Sugar Mills and Bannari Amman
Sugar Mills are also sincerely thanked for
their willing participation in this network
initiative. We also thank
Mr.M.R.Manikandan, Research Assistant, and
SDF project for his kind inputs in the early
stage of the project.
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ENGINEERING
&
CO-GEN
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

COGENERATION ENHANCEMENT USING LOW PRESSURE

VAPOUR FOR CRYSTALLISATION
Vivek Vermaand1, Dinesh Saini2
1
Managing Director, Spray Engineering Devices Limited.
vivek.verma@sprayengineering.com
2
Team Leader, Spray Engineering Devices Limited

Abstract which need to be addressed. The time has

Crystallization and power generation in sugar come for the implementation.
factory have very close association with each Key factors
other. Synergically integration of
The key areas which have major impact
crystallization within system has direct effects
on enhancing power export are:
on the factory Cogeneration enhancement.
Cogeneration is actually thermodynamically 1. Reduction in use of process thermal
efficient utilization of fuel where thermal energy with optimized vapour bleeding
energy is used to generate electricity and the scheme.
remaining heat is utilized to meet the process
requirements in sugar industry. This paper 2. Reduction in in-house electrical power
gives an insight to augment power generation consumption.
by use of low pressure vapour from fourth
3. Recovery of waste heat from all streams
effect falling film evaporator using innovative
for use in process or power generation.
approach & efficient technologies and gives
live example of Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan 4. The installation of more efficient
Sugars Pvt. Ltd., Tamil Nadu, India. This cogeneration systems.
plant is exporting surplus power @
100kW/Ton of Cane using efficient and 5. Installation of energy efficient equipment
sustainable technology. The plant is having in the process house.
Spray Continuous Pan (SCP) for 6. Optimization of process layout and
crystallization and utilizes vapour from fourth operational parameters.
effect falling film evaporator.
So one’s thrust should be on
Keywords: Cogeneration, Evaporation, minimization of the steam requirement for
Continuous Crystallization, Refined Sugar, sugar processing through efficient vapour
Colour Value, Massecuite Boiling, Flashing bleeding by most suitable selection of
System. evaporator type and size.

Introduction System configuration and Achievements

In the last two decades many sugar mills
started practicing co-generation and
contributing in reducing the energy deficit
that India is currently facing. But many mills
are unable to realise the benefits of
co-generation for which it is intended for.
There are several factors contributing to the
issue. However apart from the non-technical
factors there exist several technical factors
A live example on embracing various
technologies which are implemented in
Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Sugars Pvt. Ltd.
(DSSPL), (3500 TCD Plant), Tamilnadu, India
is reflected next, that led this plant such
efficiency. The current steam demand of the
plant is 31-32% on cane and achieved highest
exporting power range i.e. 100-105 kW/Ton of
cane.

209
 Cogeneration Enhancement Using Low Pressure Vapour For Crystallisation
Steam is consumed directly or indirectly
mainly in two areas of the sugar processing
i.e. evaporation and crystallization. This paper
presented different techniques to enhance
cogeneration with minimum steam
consumption in sugar factories in order to
make the sugar factory more profitable by
increasing the power export.
This plant operates at 110 bar 540C
cycle with one 110 TPH boiler and 23 MW
Power Generation with Sulphur-Free Refined
Sugar production. Apart from the steam
economy and power generation milestones of
this plant has few more special fatures.
 A modern 2 roller 4-mill tandem plant
with electrical drives and an inline
shredder.
 The clarification is Sulphur free with only
defecation followed.
 A modern boiling house with a
combination of Falling Film Evaporators
(FFEs), Direct Contact Heaters, Spray
Continuous Pan (SCP) for A, B, C, R1
and R2 Massecuite boiling with Melt
Clarification system.
 No Ion-Exchange Column in the plant for
any clarification.
 No Deep Bed Filter is in operation.
 CIP system with full automation in line
FFEs.
 Refined Sugar is produced in Spray
Continuous Pan (SCP) there is no Batch
Pan in the plant.
 Steam and vapour balance done to achieve
31-32% process steam consumption on
cane.
 40% savings on power consumption by the
advanced AC-VFD Motors in the process
plant over the conventional systems.
210
Vivek Vermaand and Dinesh Saini
 Fully automated Sugar and Co-Generation
units with DCS controls.
 State of art cooling and condensing system
with gravity inflow cooling towers.
The achievement of the plant lies in the
process house especially the evaporation and
crystallization, in this plant the systems were
designed and implemented to ensure its
supremacy in achieving the performance.
A. Evaporator station
Concentration of cane juice to saturation
point alone consumes major portion of total
energy demand. The quantum of steam used
for this purpose is very significant for co-gen.
Optimized selection of total temperature
difference and number of effects reducesa lot
the sinking of the energy in this section.
Making availability of more numbers of
streams for process heating and that too at
required temperature & pressure, do
phenomenal improvements in the sugar
process.
Typically, more is the number of
evaporator effects; greater will be the steam
economy. The evaporator station in this plant
was designed to deliver 0.65-0.70 absolute bar
pressure to pans and that too from 4th effect
vapours. The whole thing that lies behind all
this happening is by crystallization with
fourth effect of Falling Film Evaporators
(FFEs). Falling Film Evaporator contrary to
Rising Film and Robert type evaporator can
be easily operated with very low  T i.e. as
low as 3-4  C. FFEs are acting as the
backbone for the efficiency levels that plant
has achieved.
Extensive vapours coming out of the
different effects of the evaporators are used
for juice heaters and vacuum pans. FFEs
making whole evaporation station as amalgam
of efficient bleeding system along with
flashing system with enhancing flash recovery
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

aremaking theplant high energy efficient &

reduced steam demand.
The efficient distribution of liquid for
constant wetting of heating tubes with juice
is well taken care for a trouble-free operation
of a Falling Film Evaporator. The FFE with
hi-tech cascade distributor design forms a thin
and even film of feed solution at inner surface
of the tube maintaining positive juice
circulation. The competent design modification
of falling film evaporators and its distributor
design helped in achieving marvelous
consequences in this plant. The evaporator
station setup at this plant is as under:
Figure 1: Evaporator Station
 Quintuple Evaporator station with seven
identical Tubular Falling Film
2 The bleeding scheme is the heart of
Evaporators (7 Nos.  1500 m ), Total
Heating Surface Area = 10,500 m2 [9000 evaporator station where lot of energy can be
m2 heating surface is in operation and savedfor enhanced power generation capacity
1500 m2 in the standby]. specifically by operating crystallization part
using fourth effect vapours of falling film
 Condensate Flash Vessel System with evaporator.
flashing off vapours from hot condensate
to be further utilised for juice evaporation. DSSPL entire juice heating is only with
Parallelly it eliminates the condensate direct contact heaters (DCH) (no Tubular
pumps of individual steam/vapours Juice Heater or Plate Heat Exchanger).
consumers. Direct Contact Juice Heaters
(DCH) for Raw, Defecated and Clear Juice (a) Mixed Juice is two stages heating, first
& Syrup heating are used in very close with Pan Vapors followed by 5th effect
approach. vapour. These two stages heating raise
 Single Floating Evaporator for cleaning all the juice temperature to 70-74C.
effects.
(b) Limed juice heating is in three stages all
 Working temperature range of the through DCH using 4th, 3rd & 2nd effect
evaporator is 125C to 75C. vapour.
Table 1: Present operating parameters of evaporator station
Operating Pressure Operating Temp.
Sr. No. Evaporator Effects Operating Temp. (C)
(bar A) Difference  T
1 1st Effect 1.8–1.9 118-120 6-8C
nd
2 2 Effect 1.3-1.4 110-112 8-9C
rd
3 3 Effect 0.9-1.0 98-102 7-10C
th
4 4 Effect 0.6-0.65 93-96 5-7C
th
5 5 Effect 0.35-0.40 75-78 12-15C

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 Cogeneration Enhancement Using Low Pressure Vapour For Crystallisation
Vivek Vermaand and Dinesh Saini

Table 2: Vapour bleeding arrangement

Sr. No. Description Configuration Operating Temperature
st
1 MJ 1 Heating Pan Vapour 54-57C
nd th
2 MJ 2 Heating 5 Effect Vapour 74-77C
st th
3 DJ 1 Heating 4 Effect Vapour 86-89C
nd rd
4 DJ 2 Heating 3 Effect Vapour 96-99C
rd nd
5 DJ 3 Heating 2 Effect Vapour 107-110C
st nd
6 CJ 1 Heating 2 Effect Vapour 107-110C
7 All Pans (A, B, C & R) 4th Effect Vapour 86-89C

Figure 2: Process simulation diagram of actual operating Evaporator Station

(c) Clear juice heating is single stage using
2nd effect vapour.
(d) All crystallization part is taken by Spray
Continuous Pan (SCP) which
areoperating with 4th effect vapour of
falling film evaporator.
The said bleeding scheme has reduced
the steam consumption to 31.0-32.0% on cane
and enhanced the power generation capacity.
B. Crystallization
Crystallization is another major energy
intensive area. This section further has
significant effect on the efficiency of the plant.
But in DSSPL all Pans are Spray
Continuous Pan (SCP®) so the demand is of
minimum possible steam pressure for
massecuite boiling. Lower pressure requisite
for this plant for pan bleeding has made
higher impact on the co-gen.
Continuous pans are characterized by
constant boiling point and constant heating
surface to volume ratio in contrast to batch
pan boiling where temperature increases with
boiling. In low pressure operation pans tube
temperature does not increase much and also
improves sugar quality beside thermal energy
benefits there are quality benefits as well.

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

The effect of low pressure boiling on

sugar quality of DSSPL is that their refined
sugar colour is only 33-34IU. The SCP
configurations of pans are efficiently making
optimizing evaporative crystallization of sugar
solutions. SCP has shown high efficiency
without any compromise on the process
parameters.

Spray Continuous Pan (SCP) is easily

operated at very low  T i.e. as low as
20-25C. Spray Continuous Pan played a
significant rolein the reduction of energy
consumption and to enhance power generation
that plant has achieved.

The installed vacuum pan for various

massecuite boiling is as under:

 All three Spray Continuous Pans (SCP)

with 9 chambers each for A, B, C, and R1
& R2 massecuite boiling with complete
automation.
 Capacity of Spray Continuous Pans: A –
50 TPH, B – 20 TPH, C – 15 TPH, R1 –
25 TPH and R2 – 20 TPH.
 Molasses Conditioner for AH, BH, CL and
R1 molasses of direct contact heating type.
 2 nos. of Seed Crystallizer of 20T for A
and B Seeds.
 2 nos. of Grain Crystallizer of 30T for B
and C Grain.
 5 nos. of supply tanks of 2 for syrup &
melt and 3 for molasses storage.
Figure 3: Pan Station
aspects of factory operation and equipment
usage and finally to power generation and
export. This design together reduces the
utility requirements to a greater level in the
sugar process house. Middle pressure steam
requirement is eliminated. Furthermore, all
these together alter the co-gen in an
encouraging way such that the total electricity
generation of the plant gets increased by
9-12% if compared with other factories
operating in the vicinity.

The process engineering design of the Other remarkable parameters of this

plant have made significant impact on various plant are as under:
Table 3: Season wise parameters
Sr. SEASON WISE
Particulars Unit
No. 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14 2012-13
1 Plant Crushing Rate MT 2700 3200 3000 2000
2 Power Consumption per ton of Cane kWh/T 30.61 29.40 30.84 30.79
3 Cane Crushed (Lakh) MT 6.56 5.00 3.88 1.73
4 Crushing Days Days 243 160 130 90
5 Sugar Colour (Season average) IU 33.93

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 Cogeneration Enhancement Using Low Pressure Vapour For Crystallisation
Vivek Vermaand and Dinesh Saini

Table 4: Month wise cogeneration details

Parameters UOM Jan-2016 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16
Power Generation per Ton of Cane kWh/T 135.96 128.11 135.85 135.35
Power Consumption per Ton of Cane kWh/T 32.50 29.81 31.86 30.14
Power Export per Ton of Cane kWh/T 103.46 99.3 103.99 105.21

Other performance parameters of the

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Sugars, Tamilnadu,
India is as under:

Table 5: Performance parameters of

the plant
Sr. Descriptions/
Value
No. Parameters
1. Crushing Capacity 3500 TCD
2. Cane Crushed (Lakh MT) 5.0
3. Bagasse % Cane 27.5
Figure 4: Cogeneration Unit
4. Fibre % Cane 13.10
5. Mixed Juice Purity (%) 81-82
Result and Discussion
6. Mixed Juice Brix (%) 13.8
A lot of opportunities for energy saving 7. Clear Juice Purity (%) 81.9
exist in the sugar industry and there is need
8. Clear Juice Brix (%) 12.5
to exploit these for better performance.It is
9. Syrup Purity (%) 81.75
imperative for cogeneration to be adopted in
10. Syrup Brix (%) 70-75
the industry to increase electricity output and
11. Steam Consumtion of the 31-32% on
to make better use of process steam through
Plant cane
optimised bleeding arrangement supported by
12. Total Heating Surface Area 10,500 m2
efficient evaporators and continuous pans.The
of FFEs
deployment of energy efficient equipment and
13. A Masseciute (%) cane 29
technology for the improvement of
14. B Massecuite (%) cane 11
co-generation can entirely change the present
scenario of sugar industry. 15. C Massecuite (%) cane 8.5
16. Refinery Massecuite (R1) (%) 28
Increasing power export beyond present cane
level of 70-80 kWh/Ton to 100-110 kWh/Ton, 17. Refinery Massecuite (R2) (%) 21
becomes very important for profitability of cane
this industry. 18. Sugar Colour < 35 IU
19. Power Export 100-110
This concludes that 12% of total kWh/Ton
electricity generation can be enriched by
correction in energy management system as Further scope
an ultimate measure in the efficiency There is further scope of improvement in
improvement of sugar plant. Adopting such power cogeneration with addition & balancing
technology and idea, the sugar infrastructure of energy efficient equipments & technologies
will have enough power to cater the energy like bagasse drying, flue gas heat recovery,
demand of themselves and their vicinity. exhaust condensate heating etc.

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

CONSERVATION OF WATER IN INTEGRATED SUGAR

COMPLEX
(ZERO RAW WATER CONSUMTION IN OUR SUGAR AND
COGEN PLANT)
Soundararajan A.N1, Rajasekar R.R2, Damodararajan G.3
1
Sr. GM (W), 2GM (Engg), 3AGM (Process)
E.I.D Parry (India) Ltd., Ramdurg

Introduction Water Balance:

This is the need of the hour on Condensate generation and
TPH
conservation of water. As consecutive failures utilization
of monsoon, agriculture based industries are Exhaust condensate – Using for Boiler -
getting raw materials and water to run the 73-75 TPH
industries are facing very difficult. But for II body – Using for DM plant, Cogen CT
sugar industries, sugar cane is the raw – 31 TPH
material and the raw material itself carrying II Body balance condensate – Using for 32
large amount of water hence there is no need process
to depend water for the operation of the plant. III body condensate 14
It has been proved by us for the past two IV body condensate 14
seasons Parrys sugar industries operated V body condensate 5
without drawl of water from the source. Past VLJH condensate 3
two seasons we started our season there is no RJ II heater condensate 9
water in the Mallaprapha River which is main SJ I heater condensate 10
water source for factory operation. We SJ II heater condensate 3
developed system to reuse of the water for
Clear Juice heater condensate 6
both sugar plant and cogeneration plant and
Condensate from A, B, & C pans 40
achieved zero water drawl from the resource.
Total condensate generation 136
Here we furnishing the water balance Re-using for Mill imbibition and Process 136
and reusing scheme for your reference. Excess condensate sending to ETP 0

215
 Conservation of Water in Integrated Sugar Complex (Zero Raw Water Consumtion in Our Sugar and Cogen Plant)
Soundararajan A.N, Rajasekar R.R and Damodararajan G.

E2 condensate treatment: we are same condensate is cooling in three stages

separating the Evaporator II body condensate
separately from the condensate system. To
recover the heat energy from the condensate
it is passing through duplex heaters for Raw
Juice II heating from 45 to 58 deg. C. The
from 60 deg. C to 30 deg. C and doing ozone
treatment in the last stageof the cooling. After
ozone treatment the COD reduction in the
condensate water is > 50%.

E2 condensate analysis

E2 Condensate Water Parameters Before E2 Condensate Water Parameters After

ozonation Ozonation

Cond TH DO COD pH Cond DO TH COD

pH
muS/cm 2 ppm ppm ppm muS/cm 2 ppm ppm ppm

7.69 148 NIL 0.1 470 7.59 156 1.4 NIL 230

7.72 164 NIL 0.2 410 7.29 168 1.6 NIL 190

7.91 120 NIL 0.1 400 7.85 132 1.3 NIL 180

7.63 164 NIL 0.1 480 7.32 132 1.2 NIL 224

7.86 162 NIL 0.1 390 7.50 134 1.3 NIL 178

216
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Condensate cooling and & distribution:

1. DM plant inlet: Since our Boiler pressure of operation of turbine, after opening
2 turbine rotor cover there is no erosion or
is 45 kg/cm , we are using E2 condensate as
a feed for DM plant after ozonisation, then it corrosion in turbine rotor is found.
is going to Boiler as make-up water. Since
2. Co-gen Cooling Tower: We have started
2012 onwards we are practicing the same.
giving E2 condensate water for Cogen Cooling
By usage of E2 condensate to DM
Tower make-up in the year-2012 from 20%
inlet and outlet to boiler water make up,
and now achieved up to 100% in 2016-17. We
the water parameters of Boiler, steam
condensate are maintained well within started to use biological treatment for cooling
stipulated standard norms and after closer tower water and stopped conventional
chemical treatment.
Cooling Tower Re-Circulation Water Analysis
Cond  TDS TH Cal. Malk Cl SiO2 PO4 Turb Iron as
pH Appearance
Siemens ppm ppm Alk ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm NTU Fe ppm
7.51 1845 922 108 72 112 412 22.8 6.26 73 Turbid
7.52 1940 970 88 54 102 432 23.63 6.53 70 Turbid
7.48 1917 966 92 58 114 429 22.48 6.8 68.4 1.05 Turbid
7.29 1958 979 98 56 112 444 24.09 6.55 65.6 Turbid
7.15 1950 975 107 59 116 452 25.27 6.4 69.4 1.28 Turbid
7.34 1958 979 106 58 118 465 21.21 6.74 67.5 Turbid

217
 Conservation of Water in Integrated Sugar Complex (Zero Raw Water Consumtion in Our Sugar and Cogen Plant)
By usage of ozonized E2 condensate
to Cogen cooling tower, we maintained
cooling tower water parameter within
the norms and checked erosion/corrosion
by corrosion coupon found within limit
(less than 0.03 mpy for Admiral Brass
and for MS it is 0.51 mpy).
3. Sugar Service Water Tank: We have
constructed new RCC tank 250 M3 capacity
for E2 excess condensate storage purpose.
Conclusion:
 E2 condensate 100% separately collection
 Heat recovery maximum wherever
possible before CT
 Cooling in 3 stages maintain 30 deg C
218
Soundararajan A.N, Rajasekar R.R and Damodararajan G.
 COD reduction 48-50% by Ozonation
 Industrial type O2 generator installed
 Storage tanks 700 m3 capacity installed
for storage & recycle
 Required storage capacity is 1000 m3 for
100% collection of condensate
 Maintain high rate of cane crushing to get
water from cane
 Achieved Zero raw water drawl for sugar
& cogen operation
 Additional biological treatment in cogen
CT and stopped chemical treatment.
 Cost saving around Rs. 3450/day and
1.035 Lakhs/month
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

UTILIZATION OF SOLAR ENERGY: AN OPPORTUNITY

FOR THE INDIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY
Anoop Kr. Kanaujia, Vinay Kr. & D. Swain
National Sugar Institute, Kanpur
E:mail: deptofsugarengg@gmail.com

Abstract here to set-up grid connected solar PV power

Use of renewable energy in the context of fossil
fuel depletion and global warming is a
well-known fact and needs no explanation in
present energy situation. The energy demand
in India viz-a-viz foreign exchange saving is
also not to be debated. However, the cost of
fuel/source, the project cost and the
performance of the power plant needs
comparison with the conventional sources of
energy before implementation of any project.
Solar source is the freely available and cost
effective source at present in nation and
worldwide. Sugar industry being the second
largest industrial sector in India, is a
consumer and producer of large source of
power. Hence, use of solar energy in this sector
can save huge quantity of renewable energy to
be used otherwise. In this article, the authors
have tried to find out the areas where solar
power implication is possible and the way how
it can be implemented.
plant to meet out the power demand of the
offices & residential colony and utilize
concentrated solar thermal based energy for
heating the boiler make-up water (RO/DM
water) in a sugar industry.
Use of Solar Power in Sugar Industry
India is located in the equatorial sun belt
of the earth, thereby receiving abundant
radiant energy from the sun. In most parts of
India, clear sunny weather is experienced 250
to 300 days a year. In India, the average solar
direct normal irradiance (DNI) is about 5.0
KWh/m/day, which is comparable with
radiation received in the tropical and
sub-tropical regions. Fig.1 shows map of India
with solar radiation levels in different parts
of the country.

Keywords: Solar PV Power, Concentrated

Solar Power (CSP) heating, fossil fuels.

Introduction
Solar power is the conversion of
energy from sunlight into electrical/thermal
power, either using photovoltaic (PV), or
concentrated solar power (CSP) system (also
known as “concentrated solar thermal”
system). Photovoltaic systems use solar
panels, either on rooftops or in Fig.1 Solar Radiation Levels
ground-mounted solar farms, converting
sunlight directly into electric power using Most of the sugar producing states,
the photovoltaic effect. Concentrated solar although not in high intensity area, still are
power systems use lenses or mirrors in between 5.0-5.5 KWh/m/day which is
and tracking systems to focus a large area of considered economical for production of solar
sunlight into a small beam. The objective is

219
 Utilization of Solar Energy: An Opportunity For The Indian Sugar Industry
power concentrated thermal energy. Solar
energy can be used in sugar factory for two
purposes i.e. for production of power and for
heating of water and juice.
I. For Production of Power-Solar PV Panels
Photovoltaic cells (PV) are the only
device used for generation of power from solar
source. The material used for such cells and
connecting these cells to a single source
collection line is the deciding factor for the
cost of these projects. Better the conversion
efficiency and collection efficiency of these
materials, higher is the cost. Different
materials used for photovoltaic cells with their
conversion efficiency are given in the table 1.
Table 1 Conversion Efficiency
Module
Technology
Efficiency
Mono-crystalline Silicon 12.5-15%
Poly-crystalline Silicon 11-14%
Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) 10-13%
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 9-12%
Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) 5-7%
By drawing a comparison between the cost
of material and conversion efficiency, power
projects for sugar plant is decided and the cost
of such projects range from Rs. 6.5 to 7.0 Crore
per MW. Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy, Government of India, provides a
subsidy of 30% which brings down the cost of
below Rs. 5.0 Crore per MW, which is almost
comparable as the co-generation power projects.
Fig.2 Capital Cost for Solar Plant Installation
Source: CERC 2016
220
Anoop Kr. Kanaujia, Vinay Kr. and D. Swain
Apart from the above cost of the project,
there is another major requisite for such
project is the huge land area requirement of
1-1.5 hectare per MW. In sugar factory, there
is always huge land area and rooftop area
available. Roofs of the sugar go-downs, stores,
workshops etc. can be spared for this purpose.
Power projects of 0.5 – 5.0 MW capacity can
be installed depending upon the area
available in the factory.
Various Methods of Installation of Solar
PV Power Projects
Solar PV power projects installation can
be through:
(i) RESCO Model
(ii) CAPEX Model
In case of RESCO model, the whole
investment is to be done by the third party.
Only land area is to be provided by the factory.
The third party will give a subsidy of Rs. 1.0
~ 2.0 per KWh of power used by the factory.
In CAPEX model, the investment is to
be done by the factory and the power price
will be as per State Government rules.
In the light of SERC Regulations, the
maximum capacity of grid connected solar PV
power project to be installed shall not exceed
100% of the sanctioned connected load /
contract demand of the consumer.
This may add up about 200 MW surplus
power to national grid.
Source: Planning Commission
Fig.3 Tariff for Solar Power
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
II. For Heating Purpose - Concentrated
Solar Power (CSP)
Solar Thermal Power systems, also
known as Concentrating Solar Power systems,
use concentrated solar radiation to produce
heat energy using thermal route. In the basic
process of conversion of solar into heat energy,
an incident solar irradiance is collected and
concentrated by concentrating solar collectors
or mirrors, and generated heat is used to heat
the thermic fluids such as heat transfer oils,
acts as heat carrier. The hot thermic fluid is
then used to heat the desired input. There are
number of solar energy technologies which
can be used for heating applictions and reduce
consumption of conventional fuels mainly
during day time. The technologies include
Fig.4 Parabolic Trough System
Fig.5 Parabolic Tower System
221
solar water heating systems, steam generating
systems and air heating systems based on flat
plate or evacuated tube collectors and
automatically tracked solar concentrating
collectors.
Concentrating solar collectors
Solar collectors are used to produce heat
from solar radiation. High temperature solar
energy collectors are basically of three types;
(a) Parabolic trough system: Parabolic
troughs are line-focusing STE (solar thermal
electric) power plants. Trough systems use the
mirrored surface of a linear parabolic
concentrator to focus direct solar radiation on
an absorber pipe running along the focal line
of the parabola.
 Utilization of Solar Energy: An Opportunity For The Indian Sugar Industry
Anoop Kr. Kanaujia, Vinay Kr. and D. Swain

Fig.6 Parabolic Dish System

(b) Power tower system: In these systems, Table 2 CSP ROI

heliostats (A Heliostat is a device that tracks S.No. Particular Unit Qty
the movement of the sun which is used to
1 Plant Capacity TCD
orient mirrors, throughout the day, to reflect
2 Steam Consumption TPH 104
sunlight onto a target-receiver) reflect and
concentrate sunlight onto a central 3 Feed water TPH 107
requirement
tower-mounted receiver where the energy is
transferred to a heat transfer fluid (HTF). 4 Makeup Water TPH 11
Requirement
(c) Parabolic dish systems: The parabolic 5 Inlet Temperature deg C 25
dish system uses a parabolic dish shaped
6 Outlet Temperature deg C 90
mirror or a modular mirror system that
7 Heat requirement/hr kcal 697396
approximates a parabola and incorporates
two-axis tracking to focus the sunlight onto 8 Heat requirement/day kcal 16737500
receivers located at the focal point of the dish, 9 Boiler Efficiency % 70
which absorbs the energy and converts it into 10 Bagasse Calorific Value kcal/kg 2270
thermal energy and achieve the highest 11 Bagasse Required/day kg 10533
efficiencies for converting solar energy to 12 Surplus Power/day kWh 4681
electricity.
13 Season days Days 160
Economy of Concentrated Solar Power 14 Surplus Power/year kWh 749039
(CSP) in Sugar Industry
15 Cost of Surplus Power Rs in 36
Solar water heating is a well established lakhs
technology and is in promotion nationwide. It 16 Cost of Project Rs in 370
can be used in sugar industries for boiler lakhs
make up water in raising its temperature 17 ROI Years 10-11
from 25 to 90 and thereby saving a
substantial amount of existing fuel i.e. The table 2 shows that the ROI shall be
bagasse. The calculation for 5000 TCD sugar about 10 years for installation of concentrated
plant is shown as under: solar power system for make up water
heating. Apart from being green & clean
source of energy, the system is maintenance
free and durable. Its implementation in sugar

222
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
factories all over India may add about 260
million units to the national grid.
Net Metering
In net metering the price of the
electricity produced is the same as the price
supplied to the consumer, and the consumer
is billed on the difference between production
and consumption. Net metering can usually be
done with no changes to standard electricity
meters, which accurately measure power in
both directions and automatically report the
difference, and because it allows consumer to
generate electricity at a different time from
consumption, effectively using the grid as a
giant storage battery. With net metering,
deficits are billed each month while surpluses
are rolled over to the following month.
Incentives in Solar Energy
Governmental incentives to strengthen
the solar PV powershall positively affect
installations for industrial applications.
Governments create budgets for solar because
of the environmental and economic benefits,
which are lower carbon dioxide emissions and
the creation of high technology jobs within its
industry.More funding will make solar
economical in grid connected projects, which
will then lower the prices because of the high
volume of manufacturing.
The driving forces of connecting solar
energy to the electric grid are
1. governmentally-led programs
subsidies within,
2. customer enthusiasm for solar energy,
3. higher electricity rates, encouraging
alternative energy sources,
4. higher levels of sunlight, making solar
electricity prices fall,
5. solar company marketing strategies, and
6. the number of local suppliers and
qualified installers.
Conclusion
Solar energy is one of the most efficient
ways to achieve sustainable development.
Increasing its share in the sugar industry will
help to enhance the supply of grid connected
power to National Grid, address the threats
posed by climate change, and enable better
security of energy supply on a national scale.
Most of the “new renewable energy sources”
are still undergoing large-scale commercial
development, but solar energy technologies
are already well established.
References
1. Anonymous, “Concentrating Solar Power” in
International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA), 2012.
2. Anonymous, “Renewable Energy in India:
Growth & Targets” in Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE), 2016.
3. Anonymous, “Review and Comparison of
Different Solar Energy Technologies” in Global
Energy Network Institute (GENI), 2011.
4. S. Mishra & P. Tripathi, “Solar Thermal
Electricity Generating System” in International
Journal of Advancements in Research &
Technology, 2012.
5. S.D. Foroudastan & Olivia Dees, “Solar Power
and the and Sustainability in Developing Countries” in
Proceedings of the International Conference on
Renewable Energy for Developing Countries,
2006.
223
 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN COGENERATION AT KCP
SUGARS, VUYYURU
Ch.Prabhu Prasad1, B.Ravindra Reddy2
Manager (Mech)1, Dy.M (Mech)2
KCP Sugar And Industries Corporation Ltd
Abstract
Sugar industry is one of the key industrial
sectors which significantly contribute to the
GDP of the country. The sector has been
adopting some of the best energy efficient
technologies and has immense potential to set
new benchmarks and global standards in
energy management.
Keywords: KCP Sugar And Industries
Corporation Ltd
Potential
The total potential from 851 sugar
factories in India (549 operating, 141 closed
and 161 under implementation) stood at over
16000 MW installed capacity. As on march 31
2016, 291 bagasse cogeneration power plants
at sugar mills were functional with 6027 MW
installed capacity (37% penetration).
Additional 100 plants were under
implementation with about 2000 MW installed
capacity (total penetration 8027 MW or 49%).
With the cooperation of all stake holders,
technology status, experience gained over the
last two decades, continued supportive policy
and regulatory frame work from the central
and many of the state governments, electricity
regulatory frame work from the central and
many of state governments, Electricity
regulatory commissions etc. the balance
potential of over 8000 MW can be harnessed
during the next five years (2017-22).
Some of the key challenges that need to
be addressed include the following.
 Reduction in specific steam and power
consumption.
 Maximization of power export potential.
224
 Making of our industry further green and
sustainable.
KCPS&IC is one of the old and very
progressive groups with a clear mission to
invest in latest energy saving and process
efficient technologies and equipment for
minimizing both thermal and electrical
consumptions in the areas of steam & power
generation plants, process house, which lead
to sparing of additional power for export to
the national grid. Proper automation can also
play proactive tool which helps in avoiding
wastage of energy. By implementing no of
energy conservation measures
 The steam % process has come down from
50 to 32.
 Lowest power consumption per ton of cane
attained 23 kwh.
 Water consumption brought to around 50
litres per ton of cane
 Waste water generation is around 30
litres per ton of cane.
In continuation to the above, KCP strives
to achieve the following in next 2/3 years
 Steam to process to the level of 25%.
 Lowest power consumption per ton of cane
to the level of 18 kwh.
 Water consumption should be to the level
of 25 litres per ton of cane.
 Waste water generation is around 20
litres per ton of cane.
Introduction:
Energy requirement in our country is
increasing day by day. This ever increasing
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

demand can be met by means of saving

energy as much as possible. By effectively
utilizing the variable frequency drives in the
plant. Power saving is obtained by means of
reducing the speed of the auxiliary units such
as Feed water pump, Fuel feeders, ID fan, air
compressors, cooling tower fans and auxiliary
cooling water pump thereby the auxiliary
power consumption is reduced from 13% to 9%
on the total power generation.

Measures implemented
Pinch technologies adopted in Present practice
cogeneration plant In distillery, a TG set of 0.8 MW is in
 Utilization of Live steam through 0.8 MW operation during off season to meet both
TG set to distillery unit. power and steam requirements for distillery
and byproducts units.
 Installed VFD to condensate extraction
pump of 12 MW TG set. A steam line was laid from 100 TPH
boiler to 0.8 MW TG Set by which an
 Replaced higher capacity pump with low additional power of 560 kwh/hr is exported to
capacity, high efficiency main cooling water grid.
pump of 12 MW TG set at co-gen plant.

 Installed VFD’s for ID, FD and SA fans

of both 100 TPH boilers.

 Replaced low efficiency ID fans with high

efficiency fans.

 To run single air compressor for both

sugar/cogen & ancillary units and stopped
cogen plant compressor.

 Power saving by auto on/off controller for Additional Savings

Investment
power Rs (in Payback
cogen cooling tower fans w.r. temperature. S.No Rs.
export to Lakhs/seas period
(in lakhs)
grid on)
Case study No.1
1 560 21.00 53.50 With in
Utilization of live steam through 0.8 MW Kwh/hr one
TG set to distillery unit Crushing
season.
Previous practice
By doing this power consumption
Earlier live Steam from boilers used to reduced and saving is i.e
be sent through PRDS for distillery and 560 kwh 24  4  100 = Rs 53.50 Lakhs per
ancillary units from 42.0 ksc to 4.0 ksc. Since season
there is no provision for extraction of 4.0 ksc
steam through 12 MW TG set. In the
operation there is a loss of heat energy
(enthalpy) by reducing the steam pressure
through PRDS.

225
 Energy Conservation in Cogeneration at Kcp Sugars, Vuyyuru
Ch.Prabhu Prasad, and B.Ravindra Reddy

Case study No.2 Power Investment Savings Rs.

S.No Payback
saving Rs. (in (in
Replacement of high capacity pump with kwh/hr lakhs) Lakhs/season)
period
low capacity high efficiency pump for
1 50 0.80 4.8 With
main cooling water for 12 MW TG set at
50  4  24  100 in one
co-gen plant crushing
Previous practice: Earlier we used to run season.

higher capacity pump i.e 1600 m3/hr 200 H.P

even at low condensate flow. Case study No.3

Present practice: Higher capacity 1600 Installation of VFD for 12 MW TG set

m3/hr pump replaced with low capacity 750
m3/Hr up to 20 T/Hr of condensate flow.
By doing this, power consumption
was reduced that has resulted a saving
of Rs 4.8 lakhs per season
condensate extraction pump
Previous practice: Earlier we used to run
with star delta motor at constant speed i.e
1450 RPM.
Present practice: VFD installed for CEP
pump and speed reduced from 1450 to 1050 rpm.

By doing this we achieved reduction

in power consumption of 20 kwh/hr. i.e
that has resulted in a saving of Rs 1.75
lakhs.

Invest Savings
Power
S. ment Rs (in Pay
Saving
No Rs (in Lakhs/ back period
(kwh/hr)
Lakhs) season)

1 20 2.50 1.75 Within one and

half crushing
season.
Earlier Modified
Pump Capacity 1600 m3/hr 750 m3/hr Case study No.4
Motor HP 200 100
RPM 980 1440
Replaced low efficiency ID fans with
high efficiency fans.
Head 20 Mtrs 20 Mtrs
Load 200 amps 115 amps Previous practice: Earlier we used to run
55% efficiency ID fan for 100 TPH Boiler.

226
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Present practice: Replaced with high that has resulted in a saving of Rs 2.90
efficiency (80%) and higher capacity ID fan for lakhs per season
100 TPH Boiler.
Earlier Modified
ID Fan Capacity 36 m3/Hr 42 m3/hr
Boiler Steam Flow 85 T/Hr 100 T/Hr
Fan efficiency 55% 80%
Motor KW 200 200
Load 192 kwh 162 kwh

Power Investment Saving Rs Pay

S.
saving Rs. (in Lakhs/ back
No
kwh/hr (in lakhs) season) period
1 30 9.50 2.90 With in
30  4  three
24  100 Crushing
season.
By doing this we achieved reduction
in power consumption of 30 kwh/hr. i.e

Total benefits envisaged

Amount invested Benefits envisaged
S.No Case study Payback period
in Rs Lakhs in Rs Lakhs
1 Case Study No.1 21.00 53.50 Achieved with in one season
2 Case Study No.2 0.80 4.80 Achieved with in one season
3 Case Study No.3 2.50 1.75 Achieved with in two seasons
4 Case Study No.4 9.50 2.90 Achieved with in three seasons.
Total 33.80 62.95

Proposed encon projects for next 3 years

Investment
S.No. Project description Benefits envisaged
in lakhs
1 To run VFD motorized feed water pump in place Bagasse saving 1T/Hr 19.00
of 55% efficiency turbo driven feed water pump
2 Installation of VFD to 12 MW condenser cooling To minimize breakdown time 8.00
tower pump
3 Replacement old low efficiency fans and pumps Power saving by 0.3% 36.00
with high efficiency/pumps at boilers
4 Installation of vacuum pump replacing steam Steam saving 10.00
Ejector for power TG sets.
5 Installation of solar inverters for reducing power Power saving by 0.5% 5.00
generation from DG sets.
6 Expansion of Co-generation to. 36 MW, by As ours is 8000 TCD plant, we 2400.00
installation of another 24 MW TG set. have power export potential of
additional 24 MW if Govt offers
remunerative price.
Total Amount 2478.00

227

Conclusion
The sugar industry is actively taking
many steps for the continual improvement in
energy and water conservation front. No
doubt, be it reduction of energy and water
consumption of the mills or improvement in
cogeneration, sugar industry has come a long
way. There is still lot of improvement
opportunities which can be tapped and
benefits can be achieved.
During the last two decades, our sugar
industry had sincerely started adopting
various measures for reducing steam and
power consumption. Consequently
managements of progressive thinking factories
have been conducting detailed energy audits
of their thermal and electrical systems to
identify areas of energy wastages. Innovative
ideas have been evolved and are gradually
adopted that resulted in drastic reductions in
consumption of steam and power. By adopting
the above said measures, the auxiarily power
228
Energy Conservation in Cogeneration at Kcp Sugars, Vuyyuru
Ch.Prabhu Prasad, and B.Ravindra Reddy
consumption had reduced from 13% to 9% of
total power generation.
Energy conservation measures offer
many advantages as discussed above. The
goals could be attained with targeted time
frame of 2/3 years. It is very much worthy to
install station based closed loop systems to
reduce energy consumption thru DCS/SCADA
system. It helps to minimize the usage of both
thermal and electrical energy in cogen plants
so as to export maximum possible electrical
energy to grid.
Acknowledgment
 We express our gratitude to Top
management and Sri G. Venkateswar Rao,
Chief operating officer, KCPS&IC
Vuyyuru and also we have pleasure to
thank to our Mr.P.Sita Rama Rao G.M
(Engg) for his motivation and having
given opportunity to present this paper.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

IMPROVED DRIVE SYSTEM FOR FIBRIZER APPLICATION

P.G. Patil and R.A. Chandgude
Technical Advsier (EE/SE)
Sugar Engineering Division,
Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Pune, India
pgpatil63@gmail.com/ra.chandgude@vsisugar.org.in

Abstract fibrizer assembly consist of shaft, hammers,

The fibrizers is important cane preparatory
device at cane preparatory station. It is used
for preparation of sugarcane into long fibres
and open cells to enable prepared cane to be
crushed in mills. The fibrizer is generally used
after cane chopper OR cane leveller for
preparation of cane.
In fibrizer the rotating high speed of hammers
impacting on sugar cane to open the number
of fibre cells is very important for further
maximum sugar extraction in milling process.
Conventionally, the fibrizers were driven by
steam engines and steam turbines in olden
days, now a day by slip ring motors with slip
ring starters,are installed in vaigne.
In this paper study mainly focuses on
maintaining the desire speed of fibrizer, so as
to have improved Preparatory Index (PI), less
power consumption at cane preparation and
juice extraction. This is achieved by using
squirrel cage induction motor with variable
frequency drive in place of slip ring motor
with liquid resistance rotor starter (LRS)
along with fix buffer resistance and some
times with Auto slip regulator (ASR) with
variable buffer resistance.
anvil plates, etc. The cane preparation is also
depending on clearances of anvil plates, too
much of clearances result in bad preparation
and less clearance result in break of hammers
tips and choking.
To improve the efficiency of the cane
preparation sugar mills are using swing type
fibrizers OR shredders, which results in
improved preparatory.
The fibrizer application basically needs
high starting torque and low starting current.
Generally fibrizer is driven by slip ring
motors with LRS OR ASR. In LRS the slip
ring motor have fixed buffer resistance the
rotor circuit of motor. The amount of
resistance shall be suitable for 15% slip. The
15% slip is created to have maximum torque
to meet the requirement of fibrizer in running
course of time.
In ASR the slip ring motor have variable
buffer resistance in the rotor circuit of motor.
The amount of resistance shall be suitable for
15% slip maximum slip and 3% minimum
slip. The average slip shall be about 8% slip
in running course of time.

Keywords: Cane preparatory index, slip ring

motors, variable frequency drive, power saving,
Fibrizer.

Introduction
In sugar mills two types of fibrzers are
used that is fixed hammers and swing
hammer type. Now day swing hammers types
fibrizers are used. In the fibrizer, hammers
are fixed to hubs and hubs are mounting on Fig.1. Basic slip ring motor with resistance
shaft, which is rotated at specific speed. The starter

229

Thus due to these fixed buffer OR due
variable buffer resistance, power loss (I2R
loss) is bound to happen and being huge due
to high rating of motor.
Fig.2. LRS and ASR starter
Drawbacks of present method of slip ring
motor with LRS/ASR
I. Heavy maintenance: The slip-ring
motors/starters have the maintenance
problems like sparking at carbon brushes,
scaling at electrodes of LRS and meticulous
maintenance of slip rings assembly.
II. Jerks on electrical and mechanical
systems/equipments: The slip-ring motors
and resistance starters generate high
transient torques and current kick during
start-up, which creates high stresses on
mechanical equipment and electrical system.
III. Poor power factor: The slip-ring
motor exhibits very poor power factor at its
operational speed which is about 0.5 to 0.6.
The precise power factor improvement scheme
in 11 KV slip-ring motor is also tedious and
not possible, as the HT capacitor has long
charging/discharging time.
IV. Heavy power loss due to slip
resistance: As the rating of fibrizer motor is
high the power loss due to buffer resistance
of LRS is sizeable.
230
Improved Drive System For Fibrizer Application
P.G. Patil and R.A. Chandgude
V. Low operating speed: The slip ring
motors of 750 rpm, with fix buffer resistance
to create 15% slip will run at 630 RPM. Thus
the tip speed/surface speed of the fibrizer will
reduce and cane preparatory index will be
poor. This will result in increase of mill power
consumption. Ultimately it will lead to poor
performance of the fibrizer and mill station.
In cogeneration plants the power savings
and no down time factors are very important
along with performance of the cane
preparatory and mill station. Therefore, to
avoid the above draw backs, replacement of
slip-ring motors and its resistance starter to
induction motor and improved drive systems
need to be adopted.
Proposed improved drive options
I. Squiral cagr Induction motor operating
on 415/690 volts in 12 pulse VFD drive
configuration.
II. Suiral cage Induction motor operating on
3.3/6.6 KV/11 KV voltage with 11 KV 24
pulse VFD drive and 11 KV/6.6 KV/3.3
KV transformer configuration.
LV/MV VFD Drive with squirrel cage
motor for fibrizer
The drive system shall be heavy duty
suitable for constant torque application having
constant torque up to 10/ 20% to 100% of
speed range.
The said drive system can be installed
as per capacity of plant/fibrizer is as follows.
(A) Up to 750 KW rating it can be in 415
Volt level 6 / 12 pulse system.
(B) From 750-1500 KW rating it can be in
690 Volt level 12 pulse with suitable
ONAN convertor type transformer
system.
(C) Above 1500 KW up to 2500 KW rating
it can be in 11 KV/6.6 KV Volt level 24
pulse with suitable ONAN convertor type
transformer System.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
The 11/6.6 KV drive system is
comparatively efficient than 690 volt drive
system by its system efficiency, high PF,
lower harmonics, etc. However considering the
ease of operation, lower maintenance,
non-requirement of skilled persons and most
importantly the coast effectiveness, the 690
volt system is more advisable.
Fig.3. Proposed improved drive systems
Benefits of improved drive system
I. Elimination of current kick:
With a VFD system, the high inrush
currents during start-up, which typically 2.5
times of the nominal motor current, will be
eliminated.
II. Elimination of Voltage surge:
The start-up of a motor connected on
Direct-On-Line (DOL) comes with high inrush
currents. These currents will cause
remarkable voltage sag at the Point of
Common Coupling (PCC). As a result, many
other electrical loads connected to one of these
PCCs can be severely disturbed and therefore
malfunctioning may occur.
III. Extended life of electrical
mechanical equipment:
Due to the smooth acceleration, in a wide
range adjustable speed and torque control
capabilities of VFD system, the life of
electrical and mechanical equipment will be
extended as jerk are eliminated.
IV. High starting torque:
The VFD drives can estimate the shaft
torque and deliver the same as per
requirement. Also this drive system can
deliver required torque over entire speed
range.
V. Power factor:
VFD system will give improved power
factor about to 0.95 to 0.98, than the slip-ring
motor which has power factor of about 0.5 to
0.6.
VI. Elimination of power loss due to
rotor resistance:
Being squirrel cage induction motor
there shall not be resistance in rotor circuit.
Hence, the huge loss due to resistance can be
eliminated. The losses can be about 150 KW
at 15% slip for 1000 KW slip ring motor with
LRS.
VII. Speed control
The speed of the fibrizer motor can be
accurately controlled depending on
requirement. This may have advantages
compared to the fix speed slip ring motor.
The speed control may be required in
case of-
 Change in fiber % cane.
 Change in cane vearity.
 Dust formation
 Deterioration/damage of tips of fibrizer
hammers.
VIII. Performance
and By controlling the speed of fibrizer with
variable speed drives, preparatory index can
be maintained or improved and subsequently
better mill performance can be achieved with
reduction of loading on mills.
231
 Improved Drive System For Fibrizer Application
P.G. Patil and R.A. Chandgude

Field observations Following are observations.

The data collect from two sugar mills: Table 2: Observations
Fibrizer Mill
 M/s New Phaltan Sugars Ltd., Sl. Speed P.I. P.E.
power power
No. RPM % %
kW/MT kW/MT
 Private sugar mill
1 630 3.67 81.93 6.92 67.11
The data is collected where VFD are 2 680 3.82 83.74 5.86 69.17
installed to fibrizer. The observations were
3 730 4.04 86.70 4.90 70.25
taken for different speed of fibrizer, power
consumption for fibrizer and mill, preparatory  As speed of fibrizer increases, the PI is
index, primary extraction and mill extraction. also increases.

Table 1: Fibrizer details  PI improved by 4.77 units at 730 rpm of

fibrizer and overall mill performance
Phaltan Private
sugar sugar mill (less power consumption and improved
Particulars
(system with (system with primary extraction) and improved.
415 volts) 690 volts)
Width mm 1700 mm 2000 mm
Swing Diameter mm 2100 mm 2200 mm
No. of Hammers 96 126
Weight of Hammer Kg 19.5 kg 21 kg
Inlet opening mm 120 mm 110 mm
Discharge mm 20 mm 26 mm
Motor rating kW 1050 kW 1100 kW

Case-I: M/s New Phaltan sugar works Ltd Fig. Graph-1. RPM vs PE and PI for mill
application
Visits were paid to M/s New Phaltan
sugar works Ltd. during year 2013 – 2014 at
that time the average crushing rate was 2000
TCD. The Fibrizer was installed with one no.
600 kW and one no. 450 KW AC motor with
soft starter. During the season sugar mill had
faced problem of tripping of TG set. The
tripping was due to heavy current kicks of
fibrizer motor and soft starter.

To solve this problem, it was suggested Fig. Graph-2. RPM vs Power consumption for
to replace the soft starter by VFD. mill and fibrizer application

Accordingly Sugar mill implemented the

suggestions during the off season.Visit was
paid to factory in season 2015-16 in month of
March for detailed observations regarding the
performance and power consumption. The
data was collected at 128 TCH crushing rate
with fibre % cane 14.

232
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Table 3: Findings
Fibrizer at - 630 rpm Fibrizer at - 730 rpm

Total
Units Load Load Total load Load Load Load Load Difference
Load
on on (fibrizer  on PI on on on PI in power
(fibrizer 
fibrizer leveller leveller) mill fibrizer leveller mill consumption
leveller)

kW/ 3.68 1.65 5.33 6.92 81.9 4.04 1.68 5.72 4.90 86.70 1.63
MT

kW/ 26.25 11.78 38.03 49.46 29.14 12.0 40.64 34.98 11.85
TFH

Net Revenue in case of power export: 5.00 Rs. 51.58 Lakh / season
Lakh tone cane * 1.63 kW/MT of cane Against the expenditure of about Rs. 60 Lakh
(power saving due to VFD)* Rs. 6.33

 As speed increased from 630 to 730 rpm, PI improved from 81.93 to 86.70%.

 As PI improves from 81.93 to 86.70%, power consumed at milling is reduced from 6.92 kW/MT
(49.46 kW/TFH) to 4.90 kW/MT (34.98 kW/TFH).

Case II: Private sugar mill Observations

Visit was paid to private sugar mill Increase in speed of fibrizer increases PI,
during season 2015-16 and observation taken PE and reduces in power consumption at mill
as follows. station

Crushing rate 150 TCH and fibre % cane Table 4: Summary of results
was 14.5. The fibrizer motor was operating on
690 Volt and PF observed 0.95. The VFD was New Private
installed at fibrizer drive. Particulars Units Phaltan sugar
sugar mill
Table 4: Fibrizer speed 730 RPM
Speed RPM 730 730

Fibrizer Fibrizer power kW/MT 4.04 4.0

Speed P.I. Mill power P.E.
power
RPM % kW/Ton % P.I. % 86.70 87.0
kW/Ton
Mill Power kW/MT 4.90 5.10
730 4.0 87.0 5.10 72.0
P.E. % 70.25 72.0
 Speed of fibrizer was maintained for
optimum speed of 730 RPM .

 Power consumption at fibrizer station was

found 4.0 kW/ MT of cane

 Power consumption at milling station was

found 5.10 kW/ MT of cane.

 VFD has been installed for fibrizer since

beginning of plant in 2012-13 and is
working smoothly.

233
 Improved Drive System For Fibrizer Application
P.G. Patil and R.A. Chandgude

Table 5: Camparision between slipring motor with resistance starter and cage motor
with VFD starter
Sr. Slipring Motor With Resistance
Description Cage Motor With VFD Starter
No. Starter
1 RPM (speed) 630 RPM due to 15% slip of fix Buffer 730 RPM due to 2% standard slip
resistance
2 Power Very Low about 0.5 to 0.6 being slip ring Very high about 0.95 to 0.98 being cage
Factor motor motor with VFD
3 Losses Heavy I2R losses due to resistance in rotor I2R Losses are eliminated as there is no
circuit of slip ring motor. resistance in rotor circuit of cage motor.
4 Maintenance Heavy maintenance due to sliprings and No maintenance as there is no sliprings
carbon brushes. and carbon brushes in cage motor.
5 Jerks Heavy jerk to mechanical and electrical No jerk to mechanical and electrical
equipments due to variation in torque equipments as the cage motor and VFD
demand and slip variation of slipring motor gives smooth and gradual rise in torque.
and resistance starter.
6 Preparatory Poor PI due to low RPM of slip ring motor Improved PI due to improved RPM of cage
Index (PI) and resistance starter motor and VFD. Result in to improved mill
parameters. Also the Gear Box
temperature, mill motor temperature and
mill power consumption will reduces.
7 Cost Cheap Costly but the pay back can be of one or
two seasons only.

Conclusion
 From study it is concluded that as
Fibrizer speed / surface speed maintain
about 730 to 740 rpm Preparatory Index
and Primary Extraction increases.
 As PI improves from 81.93 to 86.70%,
power consumed at milling is reduced
from 6.92 kW/MT (49.46 kW/TFH) to 4.90
kW/MT (34.98 kW/TFH).
 By installing improved drive system, the
heavy and sizeable rotor resistance losses
(I2R losses) and losses on account of low
power factor of slip ring motor can be
avoided. Also the down time due to slip
ring motors maintenance problem can be
avoided.
 Hence, the improved drive system to
fibrizer, improves the efficiency of cane
preparation with less power consumption
at cane preparation and juice extraction
station.
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to Shri K.R.
Patil Head Sugar Engineering and Director
General Shri Shivaji rao Deshmukh for
encouraging the study on “Improved Drive
System for Fibrizer Application”.
References
1. Publication Paper “Medium Voltage Drive in
Sugar Industry” By G.Scheuer, T. Schmager,
L.C. Krishnan
2. Publication Document “ACS 6000 multi drive
provide speed control for turbine Test bench”
by ABB
3. Patent “Medium Voltage PWM Drive &
Method” US5625545A
4. Installation “Metec Sugar, Ethiopia fibrizer
Drive 5.5 MW” by Saishidhha Engineering
5. Installation “ACS1000 Variable Frequency Drive
for energy saving” at Santa Matilde Sugar.
6. “Recent Trends in Foundation Design &
Vibration Analysis for fibrizer” Case study for
machine like fibrizer. Published by STAI
during 8th Joint Convention of STAI/DSTA
dated 28-8-2005. By Shri K.R.Patil Head Sugar
Engineering VSI.

234
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

REDUCTION OF BAGASSE MOISTURE AND POL IN

MILLING BY INCREASING TRASH PLATE HEEL
CLEARANCES
J. William1 P.Devarajulu2 Jaswinder singh Cheema3
1
Deputy Manager (Mech).2G.M (Technical),3 Unit Head.

Abstract The following the Steps taken to improve

This is an attempt to reduce the Bagasse mill efficiency as well as to reduce the
moisture and Bagasse pol loss in milling. The bagasse Moisture and Bagasse Pol%.
present investigation was carried out to control
Bagasse loss as well as Bagasse moisture. In 1. Cane preparatory index was
diffusion plant generally Bagasse pol loss is maintained at 91 + throughout the season
very less i.e 1.0 to 1.2% comparing mill plants. Cane preparation plays vital role in juice
Where as industry achieved best figs in milling
extraction from cane. We are continuously
1.5-1.6% with the moisture of 49-50.5%.
achieving preparatory Index more then 91 
Introduction by implementing the best maintenance
practices with the following cane preparatory
Our old milling tandem comprising of
devices.
5mills with ac motor VFD drives installed
2011 by ISGEC.Last three season we are
No.of
continuously working on how to reduce of Swing
Sl.No Motor HP row &
Dia
Bagasse moisture and Bagasse pol loss Knife
further industry best fig. Cane Chopper 350 Both side 1600 mm 8 / 38

M/s NSL sugars (P) limited taken Aland Cane Leveller 500 Both side 1600 mm 4 / 48
Co-operative sugar of 1250TCD on lease basis Cane Fibrizer 1262Both side 2300 mm 8 / 152
for 30 years on 2010. Subsequently
management has expanded the plant to 2. Mills
7500TCD and 34MW Cogen on 2012.
 We run the entire mill tandem from cane
Details of our milling tandem. carrier to Last mill by DCS system.

No Size Under Motor Top  Maintaining Donnelly chute Level with

Gear Coup
of of feed KW/ roller
mill mill roller drive
box ling help of mill speed auto mode. If Donnelly
5 ”40  80” Toothed 750/AC, Foot Lotus Rope
chutes levels high corresponding mill
Mills under VFD mount coupling speed will raise. If Donnelly chutes level
feed planetary
low same mill speed will come down. In
this way always Donnelly chute levels are
During the crushing we achieved the
maintaining 50% in auto mode.
bagasse moisture and bagasse pol the
following seasons
 All feed rollers made all teeth meschart
Bagasse Bagasse Pol grooving all the teeth instead of
Season
Moisture % % alternative teeth where most of the
2014-15 50-51 1.70-1.80 industries doing.
2015-16 49-50 1.55-1.62
 Initially only four mills having top roller
2016-17 47.5-48.5 1.43-1.48
as Lotus roller expect 5th mill.

235
 Reduction of Bagasse Moisture and Pol in Milling by Increasing Trash Plate Heel Clearances
 During the 2015-16 season we converted
5th mill top roller also as a Lotus roller.
Which helps juice drainage efficiently..
 We are maintained imbibitions hot water
temperature 82C to 85C with 33 to 34 on
cane installed auto imbibitions system.
 We installed 4th mill inter carrier motor
VFD control the speed of the carrier
controlled based on 5th mill Donnelley
chute level.if chute level low Inter rack
carrier speed will increase, chute level
high carrier speed will decrease by
automation. Chute level will maintain
always 50%.in this way 5th mill will run
uniform speed which will helps better
extraction and control the moisture.
 RME increased from 96.12 to 96.80.
 During the season mill running by DCS
system we are easily maintaining
minimum speed from 2 RPM to 3.5 RPM
accordingly the mill load.
3. Increased juice drainage area by
increasing Trash plate heel clearance
Last three seasons.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Season
mill mill mill mill mill
2014-15 20 mm 20 mm 20 mm 18 mm 15 mm
2015-16 35 mm 35 mm 35 mm 30 mm 30 mm
2016-17 45 mm 45 mm 40 mm 35 mm 35 mm
2017-18 50 mm 50 mm 45 mm 40 mm 40 mm
(proposed)
The above heel clearances we improved
drainage juice discharge side.This is major
role played in milling to reduce bagasse
pol as well as Bagasse moisture.
chute which was helped to reduce
Bagasse moisture 1 to 1.5 units.5th mill out
let bagasse moisture around 48.5-49.05. After
disintigator Bagasse moisture 47.5-48.0%.
236
J. William, P. Devarajulu and Jaswinder singh Cheema
SAVINGS
A. Power saving in mills due to auto
mation mills
Due to mill auto mutation we are saving
1 unit per ton of cane as compeer non auto
mutation mill.
For that for 4 lack cane crushing
We saved 4 lack units which is
equivalent to 4 lack  5  20 lacks.
Net saving=20 lacks.
All mill motors being control by auto
mode according to the Donnelley chute level
is as well as mill motor loads.
B. Bagasse pol% reduced from 1.7 to 1.42
resulted in increase of sugar recovery by
0.06%
Every ton of cane we cane save 0.6 kg
of sugar.
For 4.0 lac cane crush we save
400000  0.6  24000 kgs
considering rate per kg sugar @32/-.
Cost of 24000 kgs  24000  32  768000
Net saving=768000/-
C. During the season 2015-16, we have
achieved the following benefits at power
plant with the reduction in Bagasse
moisture.
 Moisture % reduced from 51.00 to 47.5
resulted in increase of Bagasse GCV to
2420 Kcal/Kg there by fuel saving of 8100
MT
 Power plant auxiliary power consumption
reduced from 8.5% to 8.30%. Per day
energy saving 1200 units appx. resulted
in energy saving of 168000 KwH(140 days
season).
 Boiler steam to fuel ratio increased from
2.35 to 2.45 which resulted in
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
improvement of boiler efficiency from 68%
to 70%.
 Clinker formation at boiler super heater
zone was reduced drastically.
Constraints overcome
When plant starting and stopping Cush
Cush falling was observed in the 4th and 5th
mill juice gutter with the increased trash
plate heel clearance. Close monitoring is
required during start and stop time for
clearing the fallen Cush Cush in juice gutter
to avoid jamming.
Effect of milling results on recovery
 Recovery increases by 0.00625%
increasing 1.25% PI.
 Recovery increases by 0.11% if we
increase primary mill extraction by 1.00%.
 Recovery increases by 0.125% cane if we
increase mill extraction by 1.00%.
 Recovery increases by 0.5% by increasing
imbibition% fiber by 100% (from 200% to
300%).
 Recovery increases by 0.250% cane by
decreasing Bagasse pol by 1.0% in
Bagasse.
 1% reduction in bagasse moisture
increases boiler thermal efficiency by
0.50%.
Conclusion
Implementing all the above efforts we
achieved reduction of Bagasse moisture and
Bagasse pol with minimum investment with
our existing convention mill.
Acknowledgement
by
The authors are great full to the
management of NSL sugars Mr.Ravindra S
Singhvi - MD, Mr.Jaswinder singh cheema -
Unit Head for giving permission to submit the
paper to SISTTA 2017 and also sincere
thanks to all my HOD’s who was contributed
in this.
237
 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN KCP SUGARS WITH
MODIFIED EVAPORATOR CONFIGURATION
G.Venkateswara Rao1, K.Sri Hari Babu 2, A.Swamy3
1
Chief Operating Officer, 2General Manager (Production), 3Asst.Manager (Process),
KCP Sugar And Industries Corporation Limited
Abstract
Increase in energy cost, operational cost for
sugar production and various other factors are
dragging the sugar industries in to severe
financial crunch day by day and the existing
of the industry has become an indefinite.
In the present scenario, the consumption of
energy in sugar industry has become a matter
of great importance. It is high time to
introduce modern equipment, technology, latest
systems and techniques to bring down the
energy consumption to the significant level in
the industry.
Significant revenues can be arrived by using
the excess bagasse as raw material for various
value added products. Industries are not able
to influence the unappropriated sugar cane
and sugar policies framed by the state and
central government. Hence, the only way out
which is in the hands of industry is to
generate the revenues from the bagasse by
optimizing the energy consumption in the
industry.
In this line KCP Sugars continuously
exercising to develop and implement various
most modern technologies towards the thermal
as well as electrical energy conservation. On
our continuous efforts, we could able to
maintain 30-32% on steam % cane.
This paper highlights the energy conservation
through modified evaporator vapour bleeding
system.
Introduction
Before 1960 steam consumption is
around 65 % on cane, extra fuel is required
to generate the steam for power generation
and process needs. In 1970’s the concept of
238
vapour cell is borned and after successful
working of vapour cell the steam consumption
is drastically dropped from 65 % to 55 % on
cane.
The steam consumption is further come
down to 50-45 % on cane when the DEVC
 QUAD evaporator configuration came in to
picture. Shortage of electricity to the
industries forced to Install Co-generation
units and getting the revenues by
synchronizing the surplus power to the grid
is started by the industries from early 1995’s.
After 2005, many industries in India had
vigorously working on energy conservation
part and developed many pinch technologies
and achieved steam % cane around 30%.
However technocrats in almost all the
industries are still driving and developing
road maps to achieve the steam % cane of
18-20%.
KCP Sugars is in the continuous journey
of maintaining good product quality and
resource conservation. With focus on energy
conservation, our team developed many in
house techniques and state of art technologies
and implemented successfully to bring down
the steam% cane to the tune of 30-32% on
cane. Our team feels that the bagasse is
called as a “WHITE GOLD”
This paper highlights the initiatives
taken by the KCP Sugars towards energy
conservation.
KCP SUGARs developed the
TEVC+Quintuple evaporator configuration
first in Indian industry. The challenges from
this configuration have successfully overcome
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
in the first run itself and operated effectively
in four crushing seasons. Though the
configuration named as a TEVC  Quintuple
but it works as a sixtuple mode i.e the vapour
from the TEVC 1st effect was bleed to the 1st
body of quintuple.
In this configuration the steam % cane
was maintained 32-34% on cane and the
bleeding pattern is discussed below.
Evaporator configuration old system. (TEVC
 Quintuple)
In this configuration TEVC 1 effect is st
Falling film evaporator of 3200 M2 Heating
surface, TEVC 2nd and 3rd effects are Robert
type evaporators of 2900 M2 and 2150 M2
Heating surface. Duplex bodies of 2480 M2
heating surface acts as floating bodies for
TEVC configuration and total heating surface
of quintuple is 5195M 2. The change of vapor
bleeding options from exhaust -1st vapour and
1st vapour-2nd vapor are already presented and
discussed in forums like SISSTA and STAI etc.
In our continuous journey, we have further
studied this configuration and modified as
TEVC+Quadruple. In this configuration,
TEVC1st effect is Falling film evaporator of
3200 M2 heating surface and TEVC 2nd effect
heating surface was enhanced from 2900 M2 to
3770 M2. Floating duplex bodies of 2480 M2
heating surface were changed as TEVC 3rd
effect and 2900 M2 body was changed as
floating body in TEVC configuration. The
existing quintuple configuration of 5195 M2 is
modified as quadruple of 3895 M2 and vapour
from TEVC 1st effect is bleed to the 1st body
of the quadruple.
239
By doing this modification the quantity
of vapour produced from the 2nd effect is
improved and the quadruple set is just
worked as a concentrator. There is no change
in the outlet brix of the syrup as compared
to earlier setup.
Due to the increase of the heating
surface of the 2nd effect enables the adequate
supply of 2nd vapour to the 3rd effect and
there by utilization of 3rd vapour at the pan
station improved and maintained
comfortably. This arrangement is also facilitates
to replace the exhaust usage by 1st vapour and
1st vapor by 2nd vapour in the pans station and
curing house. With this arrangement the steam
%cane has come down to 30% at a crush rate
of 7500TCD. The details of the modified
configuration and steam %cane comparison for
last two seasons is given below.
Evaporator configuration new system.
(TEVC  Quadruple)
The concept of TEVC is developed for
maximum utilization of low grade vapours in pan
station and 1st or 2nd vapour in remaining
stations instead of exhaust.. In this configuration
Quadruple set works as concentrator.
During the 2016-17 cane crushing season
we have achieved 31.6% steam on cane with
an average imbibition%cane 31.71. In the
Month of February’2017 steam % cane is
30.78% with an average of 7556TCD. During
the month of February, we have also recorded
29% steam% cane at about 7 days. Due to
shortage of labour, the average crush rate in
 Energy Conservation in KCP Sugars With Modified Evaporator Configuration
G.Venkateswara Rao K.Sri Hari Babu and A.Swamy

the month of December 2016, January 2017 Increase in the TEVC 2nd effect heating
& March is at 7265TCD resulting the total surface facilitates to take up the
steam %cane is slightly high as compared to following energy conservation measures.
the February month.
1. Sulphited juice final heating with
February month date wise steam 1stvapour is replaced with 2nd vapour.
consumption details are furnished
The entire sulphited juice heating from
2016-17 season 2015-16 season
72  102C is being followed in two stage
February February heating with 2nd vapour only.
month data month data
2. Utilization of 1st vapour for the
Cane Steam Cane Steam
Date quadruple set instead of exhaust.
in MT % cane in MT % cane
01 7628.4 31.6 7838.2 31.96 During the previous seasons we have
02 7645.8 30.6 7640.3 33.76 utilized the 1st effect vapour for the quintuple
set for 3 or 4 days, after 3rd or 4th we are
03 7494.1 31.2 6550.8 36.53
forced to utilize exhaust for remaining days
04 7548.7 31.6 7533.6 33.57
due to shortage of 1st vapour, during the
05 7526.7 31.7 7252.3 34.65
present season we have utilized 1st effect
06 7543.9 30.5 7529.4 33.93
vapour for the complete run .
07 7488.2 30.9 7337.9 34.80
08 7823.9 29.7 7359.5 34.77 3. Utilization of 1st and 2nd vapour for
09 7502.3 31.2 6144.5 37.60 the evaporator soda boiling instead of
10 7828.0 31.3 7659.7 32.38 exhaust.
11 8023.1 29.3 7397.1 33.65 In general, evaporator quadruple set
12 7969.2 29.2 7286.8 33.46 soda boiling is carried out with the help of
13 7861.0 29.8 7376.6 32.76 exhaust steam. This season we have tried
14 7760.2 29.9 5956.9 41.03 TEVC 1st vapour instead of exhaust for the
15 7462.6 30.2 7138.6 35.37
soda boiling and 2nd effect vapour is used for
soda boiling of the TEVC set. In place of 1st
16 7350.1 30.9 7232.8 36.45
vapour.
17 6945.5 30.9 7728.7 33.97
18 7594.7 29.4 7710.1 33.46 4. Effective utilization of 3rd and 2nd
19 7092.9 30.5 7604.7 34.25 vapour in pan floor
20 7308.7 30.5 7365.4 31.95 Earlier seasons we used to run 3
21 7410.7 30.3 7729.5 33.38 continuous pans of 900HL capacity with 3rd
22 7360.7 30.8 7113.4 34.97 vapour. During the season another continuous
23 7612.6 29.4 7600.9 32.84 vacuum pan of 380HL capacity is also added
24 7202.4 30.5 7773.3 33.64 in the 3rd vapour circle. C-Massecuite
25 6293.2 30.9 7641.1 33.43 continuous pan is also boiled with the 2nd
26 6161.6 31.5 7494.7 33.43 vapour instead of 1st vapour.
27 4907.4 **34.9 7617.1 33.28
5. Utilization of 2nd vapour for pans
28 5185.5 **36.2 7318.9 34.69 body wash instead of 1st vapour or
29 – – 6829.2 34.95 exhaust.
Average 30.78 34.31
In general exhaust steam is used for the
** – House Liquidation and short supply pans body washing after every strike of the
of cane due to closure of season. pan. Earlier seasons we used 1st vapour for

240
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
pans body washing, this season we have
utilized 2nd vapour for pans body washing
and attained good results
6. Utilization of 1st vapour for Batch
and continuous pans sight glass washing
instead of water.
In general hot water is used for batch
and continuous pans sight and light glasses
for better vision, we have utilized the 1st
vapour for sight and light glasses of all batch
and continuous pans.
7. Effective utilization of 1st vapour at
sugar vertical melter for sugar melting
along with exhaust as correction heating.
In general live steam or exhaust is used
for the sugar grain melting in the sugar
Melter of vertical type. We have been utilizing
exhaust steam for sugar melting from the
past so many years. Last season we have
arranged one separate coil in the bottom of
the melter with 1st vapour provision, another
coil with exhaust provision is also kept for
correction heating by providing auto
temperature control valve. During the
operation we observed the maximum
O G.Venkateswara
temperature of 75-80 C is attained with this
1st vapour only and the exhaust is not at all
used.
All the above modifications functioned
without any difficulty and resulted the energy
conservation.
Conclusion
The average steam % cane with TEVC
 Quintuple configuration is maintained
around 32%, after modifying the configuration
241
to TEVC+Quadruple with effective vapour
bleeding system we have achieved 30% in the
month February, 2017.
The average steam % cane for 2016-17
season was recorded as 31.60%, which is due
to the low rate of crushing in the month of
December, 2016 and January, 2017. We might
have achieved the steam %cane around 28%,
if the crushing rate is maintained
7800-8000TCD.
By implementing the aforesaid energy
conservation measures we have achieved the
less steam consumption, further we are
planning to utilize the TEVC 2nd vapour for
the quadruple set instead of 1st vapour as an
option. The modification work was already
taken up, and we are expecting further
reduction in steam consumption below 29% in
the ensuing season. We are still exercising on
this aspect and many projects were already
identified which are under discussion stage.
Acknowledgement
We are grateful to our management and
our beloved chief Operating Officer shri
rao and Shri K.Sri
HariBabu, General Manager (Production),
R.Narendra Kumar, Addl.Manager (Process)
and our technical team members for their
kind support to present the paper and
encouragement to introduce innovative
concepts for improving the efficiency and
quality of the product.
References
1. E.Hugot – Hand Book of cane sugar
Engineering.
 SALIENT FEATURES OF BATCH CENTRIFUGAL MACHINE
1750 KG 2512 AC & DC - AN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN
INDIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY SUPPLIED BY FC – KCP
N.Gopalakrishnan, E.Merlin, C.Anand, T.Rajapriyan, Dilip
Fives Cail – Kcp Ltd, Chennai

Abstract Layer thickness loaded mm 225

In the Sugar Industry centrifuging process plays Basket volume m3 1,117
a vital role for the separation of sugar crystals Ratio H/D 0,623
and molasses from the mother liquor. This Max.rotation speed rpm 1050
separation is performed by batch type of 1750 g factor 1047
kg DC & AC / Charge centrifugal machines for
casting width mm 2200
Am/c design has been evaluated by FivesCail -
Kcp Ltd, Chennai in terms of higher capacity
per cycle, increased number of cycles per hour
and also efficient syrup separation, uniform
crystal size, less recirculation of molasses, less
wash water consumption and saving of power
energy in terms of AC & DC drive thyrister
control system.
Keywords: Batch Centrifuges, 2512, Timer,
AC & DC Drive cycle operations, maintenance,
sugar moisture etc.

Introduction
Over the past 35 years the capacity of
batch centrifugal has increased from typically
500 kg to 2000 kg per cycles. The paper looks
at the process performance of a modern
centrifugal machine (1750 kg/cycle) Fives Cail
– Kcp notice can have a significant impact
and the efficient of sugar house mainly highly
automated, less moisture and higher gravity
factor of benefits like higher capacity
handling, low sugar moisture on discharge,
less recirculation of molasses, less production
of dust and highly automated resulting less
operator and staff.

Description of the 2512 batch centrifugal

machine
Type of batch
centrifugal 1750 kg
FC KCP machine
Basket load kg 1750
Basket internal diameter mm 1700
Basket internal height mm 1060

242
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Main sub assembly of the machines: Loading disk and basket discharge valve
(2512 machine)  Flat disk for uniform massecuite loading
and massecuite stability.

 No projection of massecuite onto

discharger or the washing spray.

 Basket discharge valve opening by raising,

positive security in the event of air
pressure loss, efficient, maintenance – free
sealing between basket and valve.

Power
 AC or DC.
 Monitory casing  Energy recovery.
 Suspension assy  Large electrical overload capacity.
 Basket assy
Drive motor
 Plough assy  Boosted ventilation.

 Washing arrg  Low maintenance.

 Feeding assy  Little electrical loss.

 Massecuite feeler assy  Low energy consumption from 0.8

KWh/TMC.
 Hood lifting arrg
The operation of the outputs is
 Syrup separator assy
interlocked with one or more than one of the
Basket and shaft inputs is to activate plough forward solenoid
values hood total up proximity signal should
 Stainless steel.
be present in the PLC and at the same time
 Advantageous height – to – diameter ratio hood total down proximity should not be
enhances machine stability. present likewise for rest of the solenoid
values.
 Maintenance simplified by the possibility
of removing the bottom and top of the The following is the speed information
basket. for the above machine:

 Very high perforation rate for optimal  Charging speed – 1800 RPM
removal of molasses (80 cm2/m2 of basket
 Curing speed – 1050 RPM
shell).
 Discharging speed – 60 RPM
Massecuite feed
DC motor of 224 kw & AC motor of 280
 Controlled – opening upper butterfly
kw is employed for the machine. The control
valve.
system is a thyristerised digital drive
 Lower butterfly valve stops dripping and integrates with PLC (Programmable logic
supports the load of the distributor. Controller). Drive will take care of speed

243
 Salient Features of Batch Centrifugal Machine 1750 Kg 2512 AC & DC - An Advanced Technology in Indian Sugar Industry ...
N. Gopalakrishnan, E. Merlin, C. Anand, T. Rajapriyan, and Dilip

control and the whole process like charging, Operator interface

washing, discharging etc will be done by PLC.
 User – friendly control panel.
PLC consist of CPU (Central Processing
Unit) input modulus and output modulus.  Numerous applications: process cycle
monitoring, operator help, choice of
Inputs to the PLC
language, controls, etc.
(a) Proximity limit switches
 Easy configuration with many options.
(b) Push buttons.
(c) Status feedback of contactors and  Display and record of faults.
breakers etc.
Pneumatic feed
They are all of 24 V DC supply. Some
potential free contactors are also used as  Operation possible using a compressed air
feedback to the PLC. Network 5 bar.
Output from the PLC will be used
Section of 2512 centrifugal advantages
(i) To achieve the solenoids provided to
the field.  User friendly control panel.

(ii) To light up the indication lamps.  High – precision discharger, mechanism

(iii) To energize main contactors etc. 100% clean.

 Retraceable washing spray.

Automation control
Wide choice of leading PLC brands.  Well – sealed basket discharge valve.

Networking possibilities.  High – stability basket.

General specification for batch centrifugal machine
Sl.No. Description 2512 BCF M/c
1 Capacity for massecuite/cycle 1750
2 Charging Speed 180
3 Curing Speed 1050
4 Ploughing Speed 60
6 Gravity Factor 1050
7 GD Sq. Empty 3436
8 GD Sq. Full 6932
9 GD Sq. After spinning 5624
10 Basket Dia 1700
11 Basket Height 1060
12 Max. Layer thickness 225
13 Massecuite per Charge 1750
14 No. of charges/hr DC 18 to 21
AC 23 to 24
15 Max. Revolution speed 1050
16 Power 224
280

244
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Sl.No. Description 2512 BCF M/c

17 Power Consumption for Ton of Massecuite 08-1.1
18 Water Consumption 8% of sugar
19 No.of Cycles 18-20
20 Residual Sugar 5
21 Moisture at machine chute 0.08 - .12%
22 Crystal breakage Nil
23 Safety futures Spring applied and air released breaking,
Pneumatic system, control of emergency loop
relays cards communication, vibration sensor,
speed control on basket shaft
24 Massecuite Handled Different type of massecuite (refinery, plantation
and raw) can be easily handled
25 Grease type SERVO GEM EP-2
26 Air operations (Pneumatic cylinder& valves) 7 Bar (g) & 20 cu.m/hr
Pressure and Qty

Main dimensions
1 Center Distance between Machines mm 2200
2 Basket holding volume cu.m 1.1
3 Basket dimensions –  67"  42" ( 1700  1060 mm) – 230
Lip
4 Drainage Hole mm 9
5 Drainage No. of Holes – 59
6 Drainage No. of rows – 20
7 % of hole area – 1.3
8 Working screen material and sizes – Brass and 2746  1059  24 swg - 2 Nos
9 Working screen dia hole and % opening area – 0.6 and 26%
10 Backing screen material and slot sizes – SS 304, Lanced / Stapped (2.86/2) & pierced
type (4)
11 Backing Screen material and sizes – 5405  1059  24 swg
12 Casing Height mm 1750
13 Casing Dia mm 1960
14 Height of ration Favorable height of 0.62 enhances machines stability
diameter ratio
15 Motor supporting columns height mm 1352
16 Shaft Dia & Length mm 175 & 2442
mm Linear Guide Type

245
 Salient Features of Batch Centrifugal Machine 1750 Kg 2512 AC & DC - An Advanced Technology in Indian Sugar Industry ...
Operating procedure for
functioning of the machine
 To observe the vital parameters like water
pressure and temperature and air
pressure.
 To see whether the corresponding valves
are in open condition.
 To clean the machine completely with hot
water including syrup separator cylinder
provided beneath the machine to avoid
dust and other debris.
 To operate the pneumatic cylinders
manually for complete verifications of the
movement.
 To check the ‘Proximity limit Switch’ for
tightness and correct level or else to solve
accordingly.
 To lubricate all pneumatic cylinders for
smooth operation.
 To see whether free amount of air is
coming out of the vent provided on the
main motor. This air thus coming shall be
enough cool. Else to inform electrical
department for cleaning of the filters.
 To run the machine in ‘Manual mode’
without load and to observe all the
operation of the machines including syrup
separator.
 To take load in ‘Manual mode’ and to do
discharging process in ‘Manual mode’ for
at least one or two cycles before switching
to Auto mode.
 To put the machine in ‘Auto mode’, the
method as explained and to observe
requisite parameters continually for
optimum performance of the machines.
 Irrespective of machine working in
‘Auto/Manual’ mode operator has to see
the machine continually and he should not
move from the working platform in order
to control the machine in case of
N. Gopalakrishnan, E. Merlin, C. Anand, T. Rajapriyan, and Dilip
before difficulties. There should be no excuse for
this as the machine is highly sophisticated
and wholly depends on the quality of the
massecuite, operator has to adjust
Increase / Decrease the load with the use
of Charge sensor.
Functioning of the machine (2512)
First the machine will pick up 180 rpm.
Charge sensor solenoid value will operate to
control load on the machine. Then lower and
upper value will open one by one lower value
being the first. Machine will be loaded with
massecuite and the upper value will be closed
as soon as charge sensor pushed by the
building layer of massecuite (or) if the
massecuite timer elapses. Chute wash to clean
the feeding pipe in between two values will
item be energized. Simultaneously machine
will accelerate to 1050 rpm. On crystallization
of chute wash lower value will be closed.
All the washes and syrup separation will
occur sequentially while the machine is
accelerating to 1050 rpm. Upon reaching 1050
rpm it will stay for present time for curing.
After completion of curing 1050, machine will
decelerate to 60 rpm. Discharging of sugar
will takes place at 60 rpm in steps as follows.
1. Hood to total up position.
2. Plough to forward position.
3. Plough to down position.
Sugar will be discharged when plough is
moving down. After crystallization if this all
the above will come to original position in
steps as follows.
1. Plough to up position.
2. Plough to backward position.
3. Hood to total down position.
Then followed by basket wash to clean
the screen and it will pick up to 180 rpm for
next cycle.
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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Sequence of Cycle Operation Time Graph

Maintenance during the Campaign - 2512 Comparison to other Make Batch

(For Day) Centrifugal Machines 1750 kg 2512:-

(a) Emergency brake 1. Achieved two cycles greater than other

make machines per hour.
 Check the wear of pads
2. Achieved 20% more capacity than other
 Minimum residual height of lining
make machines per cycle i.e. 1750 kg.
requiring their change 4 mm.
3. Less moisture e.g. 0.1 compared to other
 Erection-adjustment machines after ploughing.
(b) Discharging plough 4. Less power consumption (AC & DC) per
 Check the plough assembly. cycle.
5. Residual sugar is less compared to other
(c) Basket bottom hood cone
make machines i.e. 5- 10 kg, Resulting
 Check wear of guiding rings recirculation of molasses is less
compared to other make machine, so that
 In case of clearance more than 1mm at
diameter, change them. boiling house capacity is increased.
6. Efficient syrup separation in-between AH
(d) Pneumatic cylinders
TO AL, (16-20) units compared to other
 Disassemble all pneumatic cylinders to make machines.
check them and possibly replace their
7. Bold grain production is possible
gaskets.
compared to other make machines e.g.
 At re-assembly, slightly oil the inside of above 1500 microns 60%.
the cylinders. 8. Maintenance is very less compared to
(e) Basket screens other make machines, during season and
off season.
 Visual check.
9. Super-Heated wash water consumption is
(f) Basket very less compared to other make
 Visual check. machines per cycle.

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Renuka- Renuka- Renuka- Nangalambal Warana

SL.No Description Bajai D.C
Mundra D.C Athani D.Cm Haldia D.C D.C SSK D.C

1 Capacity of <1750 (D.C) < 1750 (D.C) < 1750 (D.C) < 1774 (D.C) 1750 (D.C) 1770
the machine /
cycle (kgs)

2 No.of Cycles / 18-21 18-21 18-21 19-21 19-21 18-20

hr

3 Bagging 0.0356 0.04 0.03 0.0312 0.035 0.03

sugar
moisture

4 Bagging 40C 40C 41C 41C 41C 40C

sugar Temp

5 Power 0.96 Kw – – – – –
consumption
per cycle

6 Residual < 5 kg < 5kg – – – < 5 kg

sugar

Major customers in India  No of cycles per hour for DC machine

1. Sivasakthi Sugars, Karnataka. (18-21) & AC machine (23-24) is greater
than other machines.
2. Warana SSK Ltd, Maharashtra.
 Residual sugar is very less resulting
3. Bajaj Hindustan Ltd, U.P.
recirculation is minimized.
4. Dwarakesh sugars, U.P.
 Less moisture content, after ploughing.
5. DSCL, U.P.

6. EID Parry India Ltd, Tamilnadu.  Less power consumption.

7. Nandi SSK Ltd, Karnataka.  Higher gravity factor.

8. Renuka Sugars, Karnataka & Gujarat.  Purity drop in between AH to AL, 16-20
9. Nirani Sugars, Karanataka. units for better syrup circulation of
molasses.
10. Prabhulingeswar Sugars, Karanataka.
 Less maintenance during season and
11. Triveni Industrial Ltd, U.P.
off-season.
12. Siruguppi Sugars &Athani Sugars,
Karnataka.  Highly automated.

13. Mouli Sugars, A.P  Saves man power.

Conclusion  Suitable for all applications like raw,

 Higher capacity achieved more than 1750 kg. refined and plantation white sugar.

249
 Salient Features of Batch Centrifugal Machine 1750 Kg 2512 AC & DC - An Advanced Technology in Indian Sugar Industry ...
N. Gopalakrishnan, E. Merlin, C. Anand, T. Rajapriyan, and Dilip

Acknowledgement References
Authors are very much thankful to the 1. K.R.S.Patel - Modern Batch Centrifugal
Machines – Efficient Design & performance
management of FivesCail – KCP Limited,
STAI Annual convention during the year 2007.
Chennai, and Tamilnadu for giving us
2. Operation and maintenance manual for 2512
permission to present this paper for this Batch Centrifugal Machines by Fives Cail –
seminar, thanks to SISSTA, for helping to Kcp, Chennai.
present this paper for this Annual Convention 3. E. Hugot – Handbook of Cane Sugar
at Tirupathi in June 2017 and also thanks to Engineering
various technical officers for attending this
seminar.

250
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
TO REMOVE FEED ROLLER OF LAST MILL, REPAIR IT
AND FIT BACK ON THE POSITION, WITHOUT USING
MILL HOUSE CRANE & WITHOUT STOPPING
CRUSHING/MILL OPERATION
R.B. Patil
Works Manager, Shree Pandurang SSK Ltd.
rb_patil121@rediffmail.com
Background
In Cane sugar industry there is vast
scope to reduce stoppages, down time by very
careful, perfect overhauling and maintenance
during off season and proper preventive
maintenance during season. To make changes,
alterations, modifications in off season by
studying and finding out proper, perfect
solution and remedy on the faced problem &
stoppages during the season.
In our factory during last season we
observed our last mill No 5 , Size “33  66”,
it’s feed roller ‘s crown side bearing failure.
Needed to take huge stoppage for dismantling
mill and TRPF remove feed roller (weight 14
ton) at last, repair and replacement of bearing
and re-assembly of mill. As our factory is a
sugar complex having sugar, co-generation &
Distillery plant, we could not afford such a
huge stoppage of around 68 to 72 Hrs. leading
to huge loss of whole complex around more
than Rs. 1.5 Crore during above stoppages.
Actual Total Work Quantum to carryout
above work.
(a) To dismantle tail bar coupling, oil piping,
water piping, top and Discharge
scrapper. mill hydraulic rams, discharge
chute, top and discharge rollers.
(b) To remove TRPF Rollers & guards, mill
side cap, rake carriers and its drive
shaft.
(c) To remove feed roller with mill house
crane & take it in mill house lathe
machine, for polish cut and replacement
of bearing.
251
(d) To fit repaired feed roller on the position
and re-assembly of discharge roller,
discharge chute mill.
(e) Setting of mill & trash plate, Assembly
of top roller, TRPF with guard, hydraulic
ram, tail bar coupling .
(f) Oil piping, Water piping, empty trial of
mill and to put mill in running
operation.
The times span of 68 to 72 hrs.
required to carry out above overall work
was as below.
(a) To dismantle all mill with TRPF &
finally to remove feed roller after
removing rake carrier and its drive shaft
for fitting wire ropes to lift the roller
with mill house crane-24 Hrs. (Min.)
(b) To dismantle both bearing. to take - 2
polish cut (rough & smooth) to roller
journal, to take seat and fit new bearing
liner and assembly of mill roller. - 20
Hrs. (Min.)
(c) To fit the feed roller in mill head stock
& Do assembly of mill, TRPF and
Resetting of rollers and trash plate, Oil,
Water piping, empty running trials of
mill - 28 Hrs. (Min.) Total Stoppage
around 68 to 72 Hrs. (Min.)
But we decided immediately to start the
crushing on four mills by fitting bypass chute
for 5th mill and remove only feed roller for
repair without dismantling overall mill
assembly. It was not possible to hold and lift
the feed roller by the mill house crane as
crushing operation and rack, rake carriers
 To Remove Feed Roller of Last Mill, Repair It and Fit Back on the Position, Without Using Mill House Crane & Without Stopping ...
were running and no proper space for wire
rope fitting to hold the same roller. but we
decided to accept this challenge of difficult
task In my Previous factory without mill
house crane i had removed taper wedges
below mill feed roller for machining purpose
with the help of chain block, screw jack, rope
& chain.
The technique and steps used for this
task & operation during running mill
tandem.
(a) The feed roller was binded with
discharge roller by using chain & rope
at both crown and off side at pintal and
square end of roller for holding it during
removing feed side caps of mill head
stock and not to slide feed roller
immediately from taper wedges.
(b) On the both crown and off side two 10
ton. capacity chain block were mounted
by taking chain binding support from top
of mill head stock and chain block chain
was supported and binded on both side
of feed roller.
(c) As roller was needed to take away by
sliding it towards mill house slab
concrete platform, both feed side caps
were taken out by removing bottom pin.
But there was a big challenge and
question where to rest the feed roller
near juice tray after sliding it from
taper wedges and how to take it away
by sliding towards concrete platform? but
when you have strong determination to
accept the challenge god helps and gives
solution on the problem like “We will
find the way if we have strong will
power”.
The new concept & idea came in our
mind and we filled all juice tray with loose
bagasse and made it compact as concrete floor
by strocking it with heavy weight along with
water spray.
252
R.B. Patil
(d) Then we decided to put one MS Plate of
size 1 M  2 M  12 mm thick near
bottom side mill headstock on juice tray
which was filled with compact bagasse
and rest the roller on this plate with
chain block and sliding on the taper
wedges.
(e) The roller was rested at center of the MS
plate of 2 meter long which was kept at
horizontal position on the compact
bagasse. Considering not to move and
slide roller on MS plate while pulling
roller outside along with plate, we made
a rectangular frame around rested
portion of roller on plate by welding 4"
Channel on plate around it.
(f) Compact bagasse and bagasse bales were
also kept and levelled near bottom
housing of head stock and concrete
platform. The level of juice tray bagasse
and this concrete platform bagasse was
made equal for sliding and pulling this
roller along with plate outside the mill
housing.
(g) Compact bagasse space and area was
extended by placing bagasse bales on
ground portion walking track near mill
juice pump up to height 2 meter from
ground and compact baled bagasse depo
of 2.5 m  2.5 m  2 m Ht. was made to
match level of compact bagasse on juice
tray - concrete platform. Thus like
monorail we made compact bagasse area
having width 4 feet  15 feet long.
(h) We give supported ms plate of 2.5 meter
height on end side of bagasse depo on
ground by taking Channel support of
factory building wall for not to drop and
slide bagasse bales while pulling roller
outside.
(i) We decided to take round hole of 1 meter
dia. on factory building wall to enter
mobile crane boom inside factory for
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

pulling the MS plate along with roller
outside mill housing and wherever
possible used mill house crane from one
side to hold the roller up slightly so that
it will become easy to pull it out. Also
chain block were used as supporting
power during pulling it.
(j) Thus we had now confidence to pull out
this roller out of mill head stock with
chain block and mobile crane boom by
sliding the ms plate on compact bagasse
and finally we achieved our target to pull
out roller out of mill head stock.
(k) Now it was easy to bind and lift the
roller with mill house crane to roller
grooving lathe machine.
(l) It was repaired by taking journal cut and
replacing bearing.
(m) But real challenge was how to put it
inside mill head stock from compact
bagasse depo as it was very difficult to
pull it out at initially and more than 3
hours time was required for pulling it
outside mill head stock. It was 5 times
difficult to put it back near mill head
stock and juice tray before lifting it for
fitting on position with the help of 10
ton capacity 2 chain blocks
(n) Again we used idea to make this bagasse
platform more compact and sturdy and
to give 6" slope(in 15 feet length) to
compact bagasse towards crown side mill
head stock. So that feed roller kept on
framed MS plate can be easily slided by
placing 1.5 inch dia. rolling pipe in
between bagasse platform and MS plate.
(p) With hard efforts and using chain blocks
we fitted feed roller at its position, also
side caps were fitted and pinned with
this chain block. remaining work was
also completed and mill was kept
running empty for trial.
(q) During this operation our crushing was
going on with 6000 MT per day with
“40  80” zero mill and remaining
“33  66” three mills with TRPF without
affecting any crushing. co-generation and
distillery production.
I think this is the first experiment in
Indian sugar industry, which was successfully
completed with hard work and great
determination. This will be the guide line to
save huge loss and stoppages to other
factories in India where such mill bearing
problem will arise. Hence i decided to give
paper on this subject in this convection .
I am very much thankful to our hon’ble
chairman Shri SudhakarPant Paricharak
saheb and managing director Shri Yashwant
Kulkarni Saheb along with board of directors
of Shree Pandurang S.S.K Ltd. Shreepur
for encouraging me to publish this paper in
the SISSTA convention 2017.

(o) By this idea and arrangement within 5

minutes we take roller on sliding plate
at bottom of mill head stock. Here we
used mobile crane boom power for
pushing roller and plate inside the mill
head stock.

253
 SOLAR POWER - AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE FOR
ENERGY COST REDUCTION
G. Venkateswara Rao1, M. Varatharajan2 and V. Anantha Ramaiah3
COO1, AGM (Elec.)2 Adl.Manager (Elec.)3
KCP Sugar And Industries Corporation Ltd, Vuyyuru

Abstract plants causes pollution, which is likely to be

In present scenario sugar industriesfacing more acute in future due to large generating
severe financial crisis due to different reasons. capacity and greater awareness of the people
At this stage, reduction of electricity bill on pollution.
during off-season will help for sustainability
of industry to some extent. Sugar industries
are equipped with vast roof tops, Solar panels
have to be installed on these rooftops for power
generation and in house consumption by which
monthly power bill will be reduced. This
article reviews the introduction of solar energy
and its case studiesin sugar industry and
ancillary units.

Keywords: Solar energy, Photovoltaic cells, Fig 1. Fuel Wise Installed capacity of
solar pump, Inverter, Grid, and etc. Generating Plants in India

1. Introduction
While a majority of the world’s current
electricity supply is generated from fossil fuels
such as coal, oil and natural gas, these
traditional energy sources face a number of
challenges including rising prices, security
concerns over dependence on imports from a
limited number of countries which have
significant fossil fuel supplies, and growing
environmental concerns over the climate
Fig 2. Picture shows scope for further
change risks associated with power generation installation of renewable energy sources
using fossil fuels. The electricity requirements
of the world including India are increasing at Renewable energy sources such as solar,
alarming rate and the power demand has biomass, geothermal, hydroelectric and wind
been running ahead of supply. It is also now power generation have emerged as potential
widely recognized that the fossil fuels (i.e., alternatives, but the advantages of solar
coal, petroleum and natural gas) and other power are easily made apparent when
conventional resources, presently being used measured against other methods.
for generation of electrical energy, may not be
either sufficient or suitable to keep pace with K.C.P Sugar and Industries Corporation
ever increasing demand of the electrical Ltd is one among the leading sugar
energy of the world. Also generation of manufacturing companies in India. Its allied
electrical power by coal based thermal power business consists of manufacturing and

254
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

marketing of Rectified Spirit, Extra Neutral

Alcohol, Ethanol, Incidental Cogeneration of
Power, Organic Manure, Mycorrhiza, Calcium
Lactate and CO2. Company has two sugar
factories located in Krishna District, Andhra
Pradesh having an aggregate crushing
capacity of 11,500 tons per day.
Generally off-season maintenance activities
will be carried out during day time only, during
which abundant sun shine is available for solar
power generation. One can go for feasibility
Fig 5. Sunshine duration
study to install solar PV panels on warehouse,
boiling house sheds, guest house, colony and
etc. Power generated from this panels after
inversion will be connected to existing power
system for in house consumption. Warranty for
Solar panels is 25 years. It indicates that life
of solar panels will deliver fruits for minimum
25years with 10% performance reduction
around on 11th year. In view of long term
planning, we had implemented following two
solar projects on pilot scale.
Fig 6. Month wise power consumption from
Transco 2017
2. Meteorological data of the proposed
location
A. Case Study 1:

1. Installation of 50 KW solar panels at

Ancillary Unit:
An initiative was taken by the
management to install 50 KW solar power
plant to reduce monthly energy bill burden
and diesel consumption. On-Grid Solar
Roof-Top Systems/Solar Power Plants are
systems that generate electricitythrough
Fig 3. Radiation photovoltaic panels. These systems are
designed and installed to cater the electricity
requirements of an industry or residence.
These are similar to captive power plants,
wherein the power generated is used for the
day-to-day requirements of an entity. The
entire system comprises of Solar Photovoltaic
Panels mounted on suitably designed module
mounting structures, a PCU (Power
Conditioning Unit)/Solar-Inverter to convert
Fig 4. Temperature the Direct Current (DC) generated by the PV

255
 Solar Power - An Alternative Source For Energy Cost Reduction
G. Venkateswara Rao, M. Varatharajan and V. Anantha Ramaiah

Array to Alternating Current (AC). The panels

can be mounted either on the roof-tops of any
structure or on empty grounds and for that
matter any shadow-free zone. Poly-crystalline
panels are used due to its cost effectiveness.
Efficiency of panels is 15% and inverter is
98.3%. Home load varies from 30 to 40 KW.
50 KW solar Power plant is connected to grid
and depending on home load, power
consumption from grid will vary 30 KW to
20 KW. Warranty for solar panels is 25
years and for power conditioning unit is 5
years. Maintenance cost is very less. Net Fig 8. Monthly Power Consumption and
Estimated power Generation from Solar Plant
Power exported to grid will be settled for
every 3 months by Discoms at Pooled Cost A. Equipment Details and Performance
per unit. With the present day available state M/s. Novus
of art technology, one can remotely monitor Equipment Parameters
Green, Hyd
the daily energy generation by the plant by
Solar Panels Make TATA Solar
sitting across any corner of the world.
Installed 50.4 (315 Watts
Capacity (KW)  160 Nos)
Mounting Type Fixed Tilt
Make ABB String
Inverter
Capacity (KW) 30,20

B. Challenges
1. Total load is of single phase and due to
which system takes more time for
synchronization during power
interruptions. Power system loading was
redesigned and balanced.
2. During power outages, load will be
charged on DG set. In this case, there is
a probability of reverse power from Solar
power plant to DG set when consumption
is less and solar generation is more. We
had installed Reverse power relay to DG
set to avoid this case
Considering major inputs payback period
for solar project will be around 5 years.
Fig 7. Power Generation Graph for one day

256
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
Fig 9. Solar panels installed on roof top
Fig 10. KW Inverter and Controls
C. Case Study 2
Our agricultural Research farm had 2
nos of 5 HP submersible water pumps for
irrigation purpose. During severe power crises
Discom had not given supply during day time
and irrigation has to be done during nights
only and that too power supply is very
irregular. To overcome this we had installed
2 nos of 4.8 KW solar panels.
257
Installation of 4.8 KW solar panels to
submersible water pump and System Components:
The solar water pump system consists of
the following major components:
1. Solar PV Modules.
2. Structure
3. Pump Controller
4. 3-Phase AC Pump
D. Pump Controller
The pump controller converts the DC
Voltage input from the PV Modules into a
3-phase AC Supply to run a 3-Phase AC
submersible pump. The controller includes an
MPPT controller to maximize power delivered
by the PV modules and also includes an
energy management computer that controls a
VFD.
The on-board computer continuously
measures the available input power from the
solar panels and adjusts the speed of the
motor by modulating the voltage and
frequency of the 3-phase AC output. This
enables the controller to match the power
required by the pump to the power available
from the solar modules at any point in time.
In this manner, the controller enables the
pump to operate under all levels of insolation,
including times when power available from
the modules is significantly lesser than the
power required by the pump at rated voltage
and frequency.
Fig 11. Average daily water output by month
for 5 HP pump with 15 to 35 M head
 Solar Power - An Alternative Source For Energy Cost Reduction
G. Venkateswara Rao, M. Varatharajan and V. Anantha Ramaiah

2. Equipment Details and Performance:

Equipment Parameters M/s. Sun Edison
Make HHV Solar Techno
logies Pvt
Solar Ltd, Bangalore
Panels Installed 4845 (285 Watts
Capacity (KW)  17 Nos)
Mounting Type Fixed
Type Submersible
Pump Set Location at 65 feet depth Fig 12. 4.8 KW Fixed Tilt Solar panels
Water Table at 30 feet depth
Make Toshiba
VFD
Capacity (KW) 4
Power Generated 3.5
Max Output
in KW

E. Challenges
After installation we observed that water
pumping is irregular and pump is stopping
even for small cloud passages. This problem Fig 13. 4.8 KW Solar panels with Auto
was rectified by fine tuning the controller. Tracking

E. Pros of Solar Energy

Comparison of Submersible (conventional)
6 hp and Submersible (solar) 6 hp  This is an inexhaustible source of energy
and the best replacement to other
Submersible Sub non-renewable energies in India.
6 hp mersible
Particulars  Solar energy is environment friendly.
(Conven 6hp
tional) (Solar) When in use, it does not release CO2 and
1 No of panels – 20 other gases which pollute the air.

2 Water 60,000- 30000  Solar energy can be used for variety of

discharge 1,00,000 purposes like as heating, drying, cooking
(lt/hr) or electricity, which is suitable for the
3 Time require 5 Hr 10 Hr rural areas in India.
to irrigate one
acre  You don’t need a power or gas grid to get
solar energy. A solar energy system can
4 Power 4.5 Units –
consumption/ be installed anywhere. Solar panels can be
hr easily placed on houses. Hence, it is quite
inexpensive compared to other sources of
5 Electrical – 27
generation units/Hr energy.

6 Space 96 sq.yd F. CONS of Solar Energy in India

requirement
 We cannot generate energy during the
night time

258
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Capacity Utilisation in % 100 100 100 100 100 95 95% 95% 95% 95%
No. of Units Generated in Lakhs 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72
Power Tariff Rate per unit Rs. 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50
Rs. in
Income_______ A 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.415 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4
Lakhs
Expenses Rs. in
Lakhs
Mintenance 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
MiscExps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Expenses_______B 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
PBDIT_______(A-B) 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.32 5.30 5.30 5.30 5.30
Cash in flows 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.32 5.30 5.30 5.30 5.30
Cumulative cash in flows 5.60 11.20 16.80 22.40 28.00 33.32 28.62 43.92 49.22 54.52

 Standalone solar system may not be Conclusion

reliable even during day time as power
generation varies instantlyeven for cloud
passes over panels.
 Only those areas that receive good amount
of sunlight are suitable for producing solar
energy.
 The land space required to install a solar
plant with solar panel is quite large and
that land space remains occupied for
many years altogether and cannot be used
for other purposes.
 Energy production is quite low compared
to other forms of energy.
1. Future Plans:
S.No Description
1 Installation of 500 kw solar PV panels on
factory sheds.
2 Installation of 300 kw solar PV panels at
employee’s colony.
3 Installation of 5 kw solar PV panels at
Zonal office.
Capacity of Solar power in KW
Estimated power generation per year
Project Cost (Rs. in Lakhs) after subsidy
Power Tariff Rate per unit
One major advantage with the use of
renewable energy is that as it is renewable it
is therefore sustainable and so will never run
out. Renewable energy facilities generally
require less maintenance thantraditional
generators. Their fuel being derived from
natural and available resources reduces the
costs of operation. Even more importantly,
renewable energy produces little or no waste
products such as carbon dioxide or other
chemical pollutants, so has minimal impact on
the environment. Initial cost of Solar panels
is little bit high and efficiency of panels is
less. However, solar energy is at par with the
grid tariffs for most of the commercial and
industrial consumers in India. In above case
study (1) monthly energy cost was reduced by
70%.
In view of continuous rise in energy
charges and to reduce off-season energy cost,
it is time to go for solar energy for residential
colonies, Agriculture farms, and factory sheds
etc. Harnessing solar energy directly and on
a large scale is an attractive, long-term means
50
for reducing carbon dioxide emissions
75600 associated with electricity generation.
25
7.5

259
 Solar Power - An Alternative Source For Energy Cost Reduction
G. Venkateswara Rao, M. Varatharajan and V. Anantha Ramaiah

Acknowledgement References
We express sincere gratitude to the 1. Energy report from Govt. of India, Ministry of
Management of KCP Sugar And Industries Power.
Corporation Ltd for giving permission to 2. Solar Power Plants: Fundamentals,
publish the paper and also encouraging us to Technology, Economics by Lorin L. Vant- Hull
introduce new technologies 3. Solar Photovoltaics - Fundamentals,
Technologies and Applications by Solanki C.S
4. MNRE Website

260
PROCESS
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

REDUCTION OF TOTAL LOSSES IN E.I.D PARRY

(INDIA) LTD, SANKILI
1
G. Raja Rao and 2A. Seshagiri Rao
1
DGM-Engg, 2DGM-Process

Abstract 2014-15 season is 2.01. We have targeted to

Present scenario sugar industry is very crucial keep Total losses around 1.90 % and followed
for all of us as it is facing tough economic the following action plan.
crisis. At this juncture, the sugar industry has Addressing the Issues of Reducing Total
to concentrate on minimizing the total losses Losses
by improving the plant efficiency. So we have
Sugar losses in the plant is mainly
concentrated on the factors associated with
depends on
operational losses during manufacturing
process. Weare all aware that major losses in  Bagasse% cane
the sugar process are pol loss in bagasse, pol
 Milling efficiency
loss in filter cake, Pol loss in molasses and
unknown losses.  FM % Cane

This paper deals the way of approach of our  Method of process in reducing FM purity
Technical team in reducing the total losses  Boiling house performance
during 2015-16 & 2016-17 and make through
for profitability in recovering the losses.  Efficiency of the equipment

Keywords: Plant efficiency, pol loss in  Skilled manpower

bagasse, pol loss in filter cake, Pol loss in
molasses. Profitability
Introduction
Our plant E.I.D Parry (India) Ltd is
located at Sankili village, Srikakulam District
of AP and it is a part of Muruguppa group.
Now day’s sugar industry is struggling for its
viability due to non-availability of sufficient
cane, government policies on cane & sugar
prices and harvesting labor etc. To overcome
this problem we have to emphasize for a
biggest source by means of minimizing the
total losses and improving the efficiency
parameters. The assessment of technical
performance of any sugar plant is basically
depends up on said losses. Cutting the cost
on R&M, wages & reduction of manpower etc.,
will not resolve the crisis but will aggravate
the problem in different way. Hence, we have
focused on improving the plant efficiency by
reducing the losses from 2015-16 season
onwards. Our Total Losses for the season
 Adapting new technologies
The following are the major losses in the
plant during sugar manufacturing
process
1. Loss in Pol% Bagasse
The extraction of the maximum sugar
into mixed juice by improving the juice
drainage and to minimize the Pol% in the
bagasse is ultimate goal of the milling section.
This loss is about 22.5% in total losses.
2. Loss in Pol % in FM
The sugar loss in FM mainly depends on
quality of the cane and method of process.
This contributes about 74%
3. Loss in POL % In filter cake
The mixed juice contains bagacillo
particles and Mud. While removing these
impurities during the process, this sugar loss
will takes place through press mud. It is
ranges around 3.5%

263
 Reduction of Total Losses in E.I.D Parry (India) Ltd, Sankili
G. Raja Rao and A. Seshagiri Rao

4. Unknown losses
This loss contributes the leakages,
overflows and inversion through delay in
process. This varies from .05 to .03%
Action plan Implemented for the
reduction of pol% bagasse
Our Pol % Bagasse for the season
2014-15 season is 1.85 and targeted to reduce
to 1.60 % by improving milling efficiency.
We have improved Milling efficiency by
taking the following measures
2015-16 season
1. Increasing Heel clearance
The gap between trash plate and
discharge roller OD is called as Heel
clearance the most important area in milling
is juice drainage area. Better the juice
drainage, better the milling performance. If
the provisions such as messhart Grooves,
lotus rollers, static collars, GRPF, TRPF and
heal clearance are made for better juice
drainage, consequently the reabsorption is
reduced and pave the way for reduction of pol
and moisture content in bagasse.
Many milling experts had conveyed their
experience that recovery increases with
increase in imbibition and there may or may
not be any indication on Pol% bagasse. They
recommended 250% imbibition % fiber as
optimum imbibition. With conventional/
designed heel clearance, it will not be possible
to handle 250% imbibition % fibre
from mill into juice tray. Higher the heal
clearance, higher the juice drainage and
better the milling efficiency.
The heel clearance maintained in most
of Indian factories are 10 to 20 mm depending
up on the mill size and capacity of the mills.
In line with industry practice, our unit also
maintained the heel clearance for all mills for
the season 2014-15 is about 10 to 12 mm and
increased to 30 to 45 mm in the next two
seasons to improve the juice Drainage in the
mills. The heel clearances are the three
consecutive seasons are tabulated in the Table
No.1.
2. Applying Hot water maceration of about
60  65C & high percentage of
maceration of 32.5% on cane.
3. Globules welding on OD of top &
discharge rollers
4. Chevron cutting for top & feed rollers
and GRPF top & bottom rollers
5. Me-chart grooves for 1st& 4th GRPF
Bottom rollers
The Increase in Heel Clearances
contributed in bigger way in reducing the pol
content and moisture content in the bagasse.
The pol % bagasse is reduced from 1.85 to
1.71% and Moisture is reduced from 49.42 to
48.01 % which are shown in Table No .2 & 3
Table 1 - Heel Clearance

This is an area of importance when the Mill 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

extraction efficiency is being inefficient due to Zero mill 12 mm 35 mm 45 mm
lesser drainage area which causes
First mill 10 mm 30 mm 35 mm
reabsorption of juice and effect the pol %
bagasse and moisture % Bagasse. The power Second mill 10 mm 30 mm 35 mm
consumption on mills is also increased due to
Third mill 10 mm 30 mm 40 mm
reabsorption of juice by bagasse blanket.
Fourth mill 12 mm 35 mm 45 mm
Irrespective of plant capacity, the heel
clearance can be maintained from 40 mm to
80 mm so as to facilitate for free flow of juice

264
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Heel Clearance Drawing Table-2: Pol % Bagasse

Table No-3: Moisture % Bagasse

2016-17 season
We have not achieved the pol % Bagasse
as targeted in 2015-16 season due to failure of
hydraulic Rams and reconditioned them during
the 2016-17 off season. The following measures
are taken for further reduction of losses.

1. Heel clearance Increased further up to

45 mm
2. Applying Hot water maceration of about
70  75C and high percentage of
maceration of about 34 % on cane.
3. Nozzles provided for better penetration of
imbibition water into Bagas seat third mill
4. Uttam mills A-frames hydraulic rams
reconditioned for applying optimum
hydraulic load
5. VFD’s provided for 2nd, 3rd& 4th Mill
juice pumps for uniform imbibition
6. Mill chute level vs mill rpm automation
for Zero, first & fourth mills. Mat level
in the Donnelley chute is maintained
about 600-900 mm
7. Fine tuning of zero mill level with
respect to mill rpm & elevator rpm
8. Automation for imbibition flow
respect to juice flow
9. Providing of lotus rollers for all first &
second mill tops so that all tops are lotus
By taking the above measures milling
efficiency is increased, consequently the pol %
bagasse is reduced from 1.71 to 1.55 % and
Moisture is reduced from 48.01 to 47.95 %
which are shown in table No .2 & 3.
Steps taken for controlling Final
molasses purity:
The sugar loss through Final molasses
contributes about 75% which is highest among
the remaining twolosses. Our FM purity for
the season 2015-16 was 32.15. Hence our
team focused more on this area and identified
the following hurdles and rectified accordingly
in achieving the FM purity to 31.58% in
2016-17 season
In Sankili unit C massecuite is being
boiled in continuous pan, massecuite is dropped
to the receiver at ground floor and pumped to
air cooled maturity Crystallizer. Then it passes
with by gravity to Twin Crystallizers (TVC) and gets
cooled with cooled condensate before going to
transient heater.
Maximum Brix of C massecuite was
maintained 96-97 and purity of final molasses
could be achieved 32-33. The following
improvements have been made to increase the
C- massecuite Brix %100 to control the Purity
of Final Molasses

265
 Reduction of Total Losses in E.I.D Parry (India) Ltd, Sankili
G. Raja Rao and A. Seshagiri Rao

Before After
Earlier C-continuous pan used to be boiled in manual Now being boiled liquor flow Vs condensate flow in
mode. auto mode and achieved consistency in massecuite
brix 99 to 100
Earlier Molasses conditioners for AH,BH and C-light Now all molasses conditioners are modified and
are not in operation taken into operation with temperature control about
72 Deg C
C-continuous pan discharge line used to be chocked Existing 300 mm discharge line got replaced with
now and then due to higher brix. 400 mm line and found no jamming of discharge line
after this modification
C massecuite pump failure due to over load at higher C massecuite pump delivery line size of 250
brix values mmreplaced with 300 mm line and there are no over
load tripping throughout the season
During winter the inter connection pipe line between Inter connection pipe is provided hot water jacket to
1st and 2nd Mono vertical Crystallizers was getting overcome the problem
cooled and found no free flow of C massecuite from
one to the other
There is no gradient between NO.1 and No.2 MVCs Provided a gradient of 1.2mtr between two vertical
and found no emerging of C- massecuite from the Crystallizers and found massecuite of 100 plus Brix
outlet vertical Crystallizer in to Pug mill when the emerging from the outlet Crystallizer
brix of C- massecuite crosses beyond 96-97.
Cooling of C massecuite in vertical Crystallizers was Installed New FRP cooling tower to get cooling water
done with cooled condensate from Over Head Tank about 30 – 32 deg C so as to maintain C-Massecuite
and its inlet temperature is 35-36 DegC. out let Temperature 44 to 48 Deg C before transient
Massecuiteoutlet Temperature is maintained at 50-52 heater
Deg C before transient Heater
The sugar at the outlet of FBD has been found softy Installed additional open hopper to avoid lump
lumps and found recirculation of sugar and high formation and recirculation
purities of intermediate products

Table-4: Average FM Purity Achieved December 2016 month average

FM purity 29.90

Steps Taken for controlling Pol % Filter

Cake
The following measures are taken in
controlling the sugar loss through press mud

 Earlier filter cake washing was done from

overhead tank water with a pressure of 1
to 1.5 kg/cm2.
 Washing being done through a pump with
Achieved best ever final molasses purity
VFD and maintaining a pressure of 2.5 to
of 31.58% as against previous best of 32.23% 3.0 kg/cm2.
during 2015-16 season as shown in the
 Found uneven face in tri-union valves &
Chart.No.4
they have been corrected and arrested

266
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

vacuum leakages. Arrested all leakages in
the spider pipes, filtrate lines and bottles,
condenser bottles etc.,
 High filtrate and Low Filtrate Lines are
modified for free flowing of Filtrate Juice
which facilitated for better Extraction of
Juice from Cake
Table-5: Pol%Filter Cake
Achieved best ever pol% filter cake of
1.75% for the year 2016-17 as against 1.87%
achieved in the year 2015- 16. And results are
shown in the Table No.5
Revenue on Reduction of Total Losses
After implementation of above action
plan, we have achieved best ever total losses
of 1.91 in 2016-17 as against 1.97 % during
2015-16 and the results are shown in Chart.
The season 2014-15 is taken as base for
calculation purpose.

Table-6: Total Losses

Table-7: Input Data

Season 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

Cane Crushed in Tons 637632 600088 476043
Bagasse % cane 28.47 27.17 27.52
SteamGeneration in Tons 306379 295192 290792
Steam Fuel ratio 2.17 2.2 2.27
Bagasse Saving in T 1854 5903

Table-8: Tangible Benefits

Season Total Losses % Recovery Gain % Bags in Qtls Savings In Lacs

2014-15 2.01
2015-16 1.97 0.04 2400 84.00
2016-17 1.91 0.06 2856 108.52
Total Savings 192.52

Savings On Total Losses for Two Years:Rs 192.52 lacs

Intangible Benefits Returns on Power Generation due to
By implementing above measures, Steam Saving of Bagasse for Two Yrs:Rs. 164 Lacs
fuel ratio is increased from 2.17 to 2.27 due Total Savings
to reduction of Bagasse Moisture %,
Savings on Controlling of Total losses +
consequently bagasse is saved and Boiler
Saving On Bagasse =192.52+164 = Rs.356.52
efficiency is increased by 1%
Lacs

267
 Reduction of Total Losses in E.I.D Parry (India) Ltd, Sankili
G. Raja Rao and A. Seshagiri Rao

Investment on Controlling Losses = Acknowledgement

Rs.30.00 Lacs
Net Savings in Recovering Losses =
Rs.326.52 Lacs
Conclusion
Our Target is to achieve pol% bagasse
1.45 by Installation of tri-nozzle Lotus for zero
mill & Fourth mill top rollers, macerater for
third mill and implementing of chute level vs
mill speed for remaining mills for 2017-18
season.
The authors are expressing their sincere
gratitude to Shri V. Ramesh M.D., Shri S.
Suresh, Dy.MD, Shri T. Rajasekhar, Sr. VP,
Shri J. Venkat Rao Sr.AVP and Shri
A.Nagasesha Reddy, Sr.GM-Works for their
encouragement and giving usan opportunity to
present this paper. Our sincere thanks to
engineering & Process team of the Plant for
their cooperation and efforts in achieving the
best ever results.
References
1. Hugot.E–A Hand Book of Sugar Cane
Engineering

268
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
INVERT SUGAR SYRUP PRODUCTION FROM
SUGARCANE JUICE
Vinitanjali Banerjee, Santosh Kumar and Narendra Mohan
National Sugar Institute
Kanpur
Abstarct
The conversion of sugarcane juice directly into
invert sugar syrup has been studied in which
the sugarcane juice from two sugarcane
varieties Co 0238 and CoSe 1434 was clarified
using natural clarificant Aloe vera. The
clarified juice was subjected to inversion with
citric acid. The results obtained were
encouraging and showed inversion % of 96.6.
The clarified juice was also inverted using
cation/anion exchange resins and the data
showed 98 % inversion. The syrups were
chemically analyzed for various parameters
and were comparable to those obtained for
standard invert syrups. The invert sugar
syrups so produced were quite stable when
analyzed up to 3 months. Production of invert
sugar syrup directly from sugarcane juice
shall be cost effective by dispensing away of
the necessity of producing sugar in the first
stage and then dissolving the sugar to convert
it into invert sugar syrup, requiring energy
and other inputs at both stages.
Keywords: Sugar cane juice, Invert Sugar
Syrup, Aloe vera, Citric acid and Ion exchange
resins.
Introduction
Sugar is the main sweetener being used
world over in confectionery, soft drinks,
pharmaceutical, ice-cream industry etc. and
also for domestic consumption by individuals.
It is mostly produced from sugarcane juice
and part using sugar-beet. The consumption
of sugar is increasing continuously globally
while the production is stagnant from last 6-7
years. In our country too, the scenario is same
wherein sugar production is constant in the
range of 240-280 lakh tones since last many
269
years (except for the current sugar season
2016-17) while the consumption is increasing
mainly due to demographic changes, growth
in income and increased share of consumption
by urban population due to higher
consumption of sugar in confectionery, soft
drinks etc. The consumption of sugar showed
an increase to 260 lakh tons in 2014 from 175
lakh tons in 2005, showing an annual increase
of 3.4%. The per capita consumption has also
increased up to 19.8 kg in 2015 from 16.3 kg
in 2006.
As far as invert sugar is concerned, it is
1.3 times sweeter than sugar1 and basically
is an equi-molar mixture of glucose and
fructose and is normally produced from
sugar2. It has a formula C12H24O12 and is a
mixture of dextrose and fructose resulting
from the hydrolysis of sucrose with
acid/enzyme3,4. Invert syrups have long been
known for their hygroscopic properties – the
ability to attract and retain moisture longer,
thus affecting their shelf life.
Hydrolysis of sucrose is a chemical
reaction during which a molecule is split as
a result of ionization of water into its ions,
H+ and OH– and these become part of the
new component.
Acid/Enzyme
C12H22O11  H2O  C6H12O6  C6H12O6
Sucrose Sucrose Invert Sugar
In other words, the segments of water
molecule have become a chemical part of new
glucose and fructose molecules because of
which the invert syrup stays as syrup instead
of settling out or crystallizing as a simple
sugar/water mixture5. The Invert sugar also

has certain properties which provide benefits
in food applications viz. increased sweetness,
humectancy, crystallization control, texture
softening, flavour enhancement, freezing point
depression, increased shelf life etc6. Invert
syrups have a wide application in
confectioneries, pharmaceuticals, baking
industries etc. due to these incomparable
properties7.
The conversion of invert sugar mainly
involves the production of sugar in crystalline
form in plantation sugar factory followed by
its dissolution in hot water (melting) and then
inverting it to glucose and fructose and then
concentrating it further. Thus lot of energy
input is required at all these stages.
The present study aims at the production
of invert syrup directly from sugar cane juice
with a view to carry out value addition and
fulfilling the growing demand of sugar from
beverage industry and to save energy input
in crystallizing sugar and remelting, the
additional steps being carried out at present.
The invert sugar syrup thus directly produced
from sugar cane juice shall also help to cope
up with the demand of bulk consumer which
account for around 60% of total consumption
and shall be a low cost alternate sweetener.
Because of presence of extraneous
matter, the juice needs to be clarified to
remove quantities of fine fibers along with
complex organic substances like fats, waxes,
proteins, pectins etc. and these are needed to
be removed from the juice for better clarity.
Most of these impurities in the juice are
removed by heating at elevated temperature
along with addition of clarifying agents
(synthetic as well as natural) though natural
clarificants are preferred over synthetic ones
because of absence of inhibitory toxic
substances in them8. In the present study the
raw sugarcane juice has been clarified with
natural clarificants and then inverted using
acid and strong cation and anion exchange
270
Invert Sugar Syrup Production From Sugarcane Juice
Vinitanjali Banerjee, Santosh Kumar and Narendra Mohan
resins and their relative efficiencies are
presented here.
Materials and Methods
Sugar cane
Two prominent sugarcane varieties of the
subtropical region viz. Co 0238 and CoSe 1434
were obtained from the farm attached to
Institute. The raw sugarcane juice was
analyzed for Brix, pH, TRS, Pol, Purity, Ash
content and Colour as per standard Indian
and ICUMSA methods.
Process for clarification
The raw sugarcane juice was heated to
boiling with steam @1 kg/ sq cm g, 120 C
from a baby boiler. Clarification was carried
out with Aloe vera as a natural clarificant
giving a retention time of around 30 minutes.
Aloe vera was found to be very effective
during earlier studies conducted at the
Institute9. The clarified juice was centrifuged
at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes so as to remove
the suspended & precipitated impurities prior
to subjecting it for inversion.
Inversion process
By Citric Acid (AR grade)
The clarified sugarcane juice was
inverted and concentrated simultaneously by
using citric acid @1.5g/l. The concentration
was carried out under vacuum of 450 mm Hg
to obtain concentrated Invert syrup.
Inversion using Ion Exchange Resins
Cation exchange resin :FFIP225H
Anion exchange resin: NIP
In other set of experiments, clarified
sugarcane juice was diluted 1.5 times and
then inverted by passing through cation
exchange resin followed by anion exchange
resin column; and the resulting inverted
solution was concentrated under vacuum of
450 mm Hg into Invert Syrup.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

This process was repeated for both the

varieties of sugarcane and the invert syrups
prepared were analyzed for pH, Brix,
Reducing and Total Reducing Sugars, Colour,
% inversion, F/G ratio, Ash Content, Acidity,
Specific Gravity. The shelf life of the syrup
was also checked by analyzing the same
parameters time to time along with the total
viable count. Fig. Invert Syrups Formed During The Study

The Reducing Sugars (RS) and Total

Reducing Sugars (TRS) were determined by
Lane and Eynon Method10 while the other
parameters were determined by using FSSAI
methods for honey analysis11. The colour of
the Invert syrup was measured at 400 nm on
double beam UV-Vis Spectrophotometer,
model Shimadzu UV 2600.
Figure 1 A: Showing the variation of Inversion
The clarification using steam prevents and colour reduction (Citric acid)
the charring of sugarcane juice whereas citric
acid was chosen as it is a mild acid, an edible
one, gives good results and is commercially
used as preservative in squash, pickles etc.
and in many food preparations. Ion exchange
resins although are slightly costly but they
can be reused again and again after
regeneration and provide a means of inversion Figure 1 B: Showing the variation of pH, F/G
ratio, acidity and ash (Citric acid)
as well as clarification and thus producing
invert sugar syrup almost resembling honey.

Results and Discussion

The sugarcane juice of sugar cane
varieties Co 0238 and CoSe 1434 was taken
for this study in the months of January,
February and March. In earlier study at the
Figure 2 A: Showing the variation of Inversion
Institute, the juices have been clarified by and colour reduction (Ion exchange resin)
using commercially available flocculent, FCS-2
and natural clarificants: Deola (Hibiscus
ficulneus), Hibiscus esculentus, Moringa
olifera and Aloe vera and best results had
been obtained with Aloe vera. Hence the above
juices were clarified with Aloe vera and then
inverted with Citric Acid and Ion Exchange
Resins. The results obtained are presented in
Figure 2 B: Showing the variation of pH, F/G
tables 1, 2 and figures 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B.

271
 Invert Sugar Syrup Production From Sugarcane Juice
Vinitanjali Banerjee, Santosh Kumar and Narendra Mohan

Table-1 : Analysis of Invert Syrup after Citric Acid inversion (Jan.-March 2017)

Month Variety Parameters (Citric Acid Inversion)

% % Colour F/G Specific
pH Brix Acidity Ash
Invert Red. Ratio Gravity
CO 0238 3.5 75 49.20 70.00 3.99 0.6063 1.398 0.0145
Jan.
CoSe 1434 3.5 66 24.16 51.90 1.62 0.4477 1.341 0.0204
CO 0238 3.8 69 22.14 80.22 2.05 0.2845 1.352 0.0155
Feb.
CoSe 1434 3.8 69 35.09 81.76 9.36 0.6388 1.365 0.0160
CO 0238 3.8 70 61.60 81.39 7.79 0.2258 1.388 0.0125
Mar.
CoSe 1434 4.2 75 96.60 60.30 3.46 0.5750 1.340 0.0146

Table-2 : Analysis of Invert Syrup after Ion Exchange resin inversion (Jan.- March 2017)

Month Variety Parameters (Ion Exchange Resin Inversion)

% % Colour F/G Specific
pH Brix Acidity Ash
Invert Red. Ratio Gravity
CO 0238 5.5 72 34.36 48.19 3.27 0.0814 1.321 0.0009
Jan.
CoSe 1434 4.5 67 98.00 70.00 4.58 0.4299 1.407 0.0016
CO 0238 5.3 68 25.42 89.58 6.51 0.0185 1.387 0.0010
Feb.
CoSe 1434 4.5 68 91.50 92.64 6.80 0.1064 1.377 0.0005
CO 0238 8.0 68 24.90 77.67 7.05 0.0216 1.362 0.0018
Mar.
CoSe 1434 5.5 71 34.30 82.50 2.72 0.0446 1.344 0.0014

It is seen from table 1 and fig.1 A and
1 B, that the final pH of the inverted syrup
using citric acid ranged from 3.5-4.2 in both
of the above varieties when the juice was
taken in the months of January, February
and March. The inversion% varied from 22-96,
the best inversion of 96.6% was seen in the
sugar cane variety CoSe1434 when the juice
of sugar cane harvested in March was taken.
The inversion percent with sugar cane variety
Co 0238 was comparatively less and was
around 60% in the juice of the sugar cane
harvested in March. The results for inversion
% for the months of January and February
ranged from 22 – 49%.
The colour reduction ranged from 51-81%
in all the cases the best results were seen
with variety CoSe 1434 harvested in
February. The F/G ratio varied from 1.62-9.36,
acidity of the syrups was nearly 0.2-0.6%
having specific gravity around 1.3 and ash
content 0.01-0.02 g/100 g. It was seen that
colour reduction showed a high value in all
the cases and considerable inversion was seen
in all the juices with a final value of 96.6%.
Thus, sugar cane juice after clarification can
be inverted by the above procedure in order
to produce invert sugar syrup of good quality
directly from sugar cane juice.
The results of invert syrup obtained from
sugar cane juice followed by clarification and
then treatment with Ion Exchange Resin for
inversion are presented in table 2, fig. 2A and
2B. It is seen from the table that the pH of
syrups ranged from 4.5-8.0 and the percent
inversion varied between 24-98%, the
maximum inversion was seen with variety
CoSe 1434. The sugar cane harvested in the
month of January showed 98% inversion with
70% colour reduction and 91.5% inversion

272
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
with 92.64% reduction in colour in the sugar
cane harvested in February. The results were
not encouraging with the sugar cane
harvested in March. The inversion percent
ranged from 25-34% in the sugar cane variety
Co 0238 harvested in the months of January,
February and March.
The colour reduction in all the cases
ranged from 70-92% (with the exception of
variety Co 0238 and the sugar cane harvested
in January where it was only 48%). The F/G
ratio varied from 2.72-7.05, acidity in the
syrups ranged from 0.019 - 0.43% with
specific gravity of 1.3 and ash content 0.5-0.18
mg/100 g. It was seen that ash content was
very low when the juice was inverted with Ion
Exchange Resins as a result of removal of
inorganic impurities. Such syrup shall be of
superior quality since presence of excess salts
is undesirable in edible food items. Ion
Exchange Resins thus resulted in the
production of syrup with high inversion
percent, more reduction in colour and a very
sweet taste similar to honey. The invert syrup
thus when stored was stable up to 3 months
and the analytical parameters did not change
to any significant extent.
Conclusion
It is concluded that sugar cane variety
CoSe 1434 was found to be a better variety
for Invert syrup preparation and use of Ion
Exchange Resins provide the better mode of
Inversion with considerable reduction in color
and minimal ash content. The syrups, thus,
produced also showed stability as analytical
parameters did not change during storage up
273
to 3 months. Further studies on stability of
the stored invert syrup being still in progress
with re-validation of experiments and
extending studies further on other sugarcane
varieties.
Acknowledgement
We express our sincere thanks to the
staff and scholars of Biochemistry Division for
their cooperation during the course of present
investigation.
References
1. www3.hhu.desugarinvertzuckersirup
2. Ester Junko Tomotani, Michele Vitolo,
Department of Bichemical and Pharmaceutical
technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Braziliian
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 46, n.
3, jul-sat, (2010).
3. https://en.m.wikipedia.org
4. www.dict.die.net, www.thefreedictionary.com
5. www.giapo.com
6. www.cabdirect.org, Iranian Food Science and
Technology Research Journal, Vol.6, No. 2,
pp.105-112, ref.13 (2010).
7. www.britishsugar.co.uk, www.expressindia.com
8. Shukla, A. Thesis “ Studies on the efficiency
of natural and chemical flocculants on Cane
Juice clarification” 7.
9. Banerjee V, Kumar S, Paroha S, “Production
of Invert syrup from sugarcane juice using
natural clarificants and Citric acid”, July,
STAI (2016).
10. Verma, N C, System of Technical Control of
Cane Sugar Factories in India, (1988) 13, 34,
40, 48.
11. old.fssai.gov.inPdfDraft_Manuals
 Minimization of Scale Formation in Evaporators, Effective Cleaning and Post Reduction
Arulappan A and Manjunatha C

MINIMIZATION OF SCALE FORMATION IN

EVAPORATORS, EFFECTIVE CLEANING AND POST
REDUCTION
1
Arulappan A, 2Manjunatha C
1
Sr.V P Tech Corporate NSLSL, 2Dy Manager Process, NSLSL Koppa

Abstract 2. an effect of scale inside the tube,

This presentation deals, understanding heat
transfer theory, effect of scaling on heat
transmission co-efficient, mechanism of
scaling, composition of scale, root causes for
high scaling, methods of cleaning, process
optimization to reduce the scaling, selection of
best practices to reduce cost of scale removal.
Introduction
Evaporation is a key unit operation in a
sugar mill and it is the principal factor that
determines plant energy efficiency. Evaporator
scaling is the unavoidable evil which affect
the plant capacity, increase steam % cane,
leading to stoppages and cost to the company.
Minimizing the scale formation and effective
cleaning of scale is one of the basic
responsibilities of process chemist for
consistent operation of mill, reducing steam
consumption and reducing cost of sugar
production.
Scaling and Heat transmission in heaters
and evaporators
Scaling on the inside of the tubes occurs
over time, as components within the juice,
mainly inorganic materials viz. calcium,
magnesium & metallic salts present in juice,
become saturated and precipitate. This
precipitated salts depositing on heating
surface of the juice heaters, evaporators and
pans where concentration takes place i.e. close
to the tube surface.
Heat transmission theories says that
there are a number of resistances to heat
transfer in series,
1. a resistance due to a liquid film inside
the tube,
3. the resistance of the metal tube,
4. a scale layer on the outside of the tube
and
5. A resistance to transfer through the
condensing vapor on the outside of the
tubes.
Scale foul the heating surface and reduce
heat transmission coefficient of heaters and
evaporators in a large amount and hence
important to deal more with this.
The coefficient of heat transmission
varies with time is usually represented by
1 1 1 1
  a or   c   or k  k0 e c 
k k0 k k0
k is the value after  hours
Where, kois the value at time zero with
clean tubes.
The scale resistance a increases with
time  as the scale builds up and depends on
constant c.
The value of c derived on the thickness
of the scale, the components in the scale and
the nature the precipitates.
Scaling will have severe effect when the
scale thickness is more, scale has low density
and component has a low thermal
conductivity.
Values of the constant c usually varying
between 0.1 and 0.22 (m2  K)/(kW  day) for
a final effect Robert evaporator; values for
other effects were very low, indicating that
the first three effects scale formation less.

274
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
The coefficient c has the value of 0.19
for a Robert evaporator and a value between
0.18 and 0.26 for a falling film and plate
evaporators.
Effect of scale on plant operation
In a factory operation, scaling of
Evaporator reduces heat transfer leads to
1. Low syrup brix.
2. Poor pan boiling.
3. Increase steam consumption.
4. Increase stoppages.
Mechanisms of scale formation
Scale formation in evaporator tubes is a
complex process. Scaling might form due to
1. Scaling on the inside of the tubes occurs
overtime, as components within the juice,
mainly inorganic materials, become
saturated and precipitate.This high
concentration of takes place where
boiling occurs, i.e. close to the tube
surface,with the result that some of the
precipitates attaches to the tube surface.
2. Concentration: During concentration
process, as water is evaporated, scale
components solubility is reduced until
precipitation takes place (above
saturation). These precipitate starts to
grow as crystal by depositing on the
surface of tubes, plates, wall of vessel
and pipe lines.
3. Particle deposition: Cane juice contains
much suspended and colloidal matter. It
may act as nuclei for the crystallization
of various species, it may attach itself to
the tube wall and encourage deposition
of scale.
4. Distribution.The distribution of these
deposits in the tubes depends mainly on
the speed of circulation or the state of
agitation of the liquid; the deposits form
275
where the liquid is stagnant and where
the speed of circulation is low
5. The most soluble species and those
present at the lowest concentrations will
be found as scale, in the later vessels.
Generally the higher the syrup brix, the
more scale is produced. It is accepted
that pH will also affect the solubility.
Composition and Nature of scales.
The composition of the scale is affected
by the composition of the cane which is
affected by the soil and climatic factors. The
composition of the scale does change little
with the season of crushing. The extent of
scaling is also influenced by the pH control
at the station, both the value of the pH, which
affects the composition of the juice, and the
steadiness of control.
It is apparent that calcium is a major
ingredient in the scale.
(a) Inorganic salts of calcium: Phosphates,
sulfites, sulphates, Silicates etc
(b) Organic calcium salts: oxalate, glycolate,
aconitate etc
(c) Metallic oxides: oxides of magnesium,
aluminum and iron etc
(d) Silica; this forms the greater part of the
deposit in the last vessel
The nature of scale depends on
composition of juice, process of clarification;
viz. defecation, carbonation or Sulphitation
Sulphitation process had more scaling.
Operational conditions, Bleeding of vapour
from the evaporator bodies, Duration of run
(Operation of the vessel) & Syrup/juice brix
plays important role in deciding the nature of
the scale.
Generally the scale in the first few
effects consists of calcium and phosphate. It
is somewhat softer than the scale in the last
few effects that is characterized by a much
 Minimization of Scale Formation in Evaporators, Effective Cleaning and Post Reduction
higher of concentration of silica, which is
harder and more difficult to remove. Oxalate
also seems to be a major component of scale
and interacts with silica to form very
intractable scale.
Calcium silica and calcium phosphate are
formed as colloidal particles in suspension
before being deposited around the crystalline
material (oxalate). It has been observed that
scale tends to form in layers, suggesting that
particular conditions in evaporators cause
deposition of different materials. Calcium
salts: phosphate, sulphite, sulphate, and
carbonate
Reasons for scaling
1. Cane composition: Presence of Non
sugars in juice ; Calcium, magnesium,
metallic salts and organic acids. Scaling will
be more when received soar cane due to the
presence of more free organic acids, volatile
impurities. Cane lodging in the field and
nature of the soil from where cane supplied
is also important. Cane from Mica/ Silica soil
area increases soluble silica content of juice
which will precipitate in the process and form
harder scales in evaporator.
2. Chemical reactions: High temperatures
and retention times will cause chemical
reactions to take place. Sucrose can
caramelize and the monosaccharide can
decompose to form organic acids; these in turn
react with calcium ions, resulting in the
formation and precipitation of organic calcium
salts
3. Velocity of juice: This is possibly the
most important factor in cane sugar factories.
Low and/or erratic juice flow rates result in
severe fouling. In the worst cases, dry-out
occurs and tubes or plates are blocked.
4. Degree of liming: In general more
liming causes more scaling due to
precipitation of residual soluble calcium salts
during evaporation.
276
Arulappan A and Manjunatha C
5. Temperature of juice: Pre liming / Cold
liming increases the degree of scaling in juice
heaters because solubility of calcium salts will
be more and are precipitated later as the
temperature increases. Hot liming cause black
colored organic scales which can be removed
easily by baking/cracking steam.
6. Juice pH: If juice pH level is high, the
level of residual CaO in CJ increases and
remain in colloidal state in juice and later
become scale in evaporators.
7. Lime Quality: Lime with higher % age
of silica & sulphate gives higher & very hard
scales in evaporator bodies.
8. Poor settling: poor Juice clarification
lead suspended particle in clear juice. It may
act as nuclei for the crystallization of various
species, it may attach itself to the tube wall
and encourage deposition of scale.
9. Brix of syrup: The most soluble species
and those present at the lowest concentrations
will be found as scale, in the later vessels.
Generally the higher the syrup brix, the more
scale is produced.
10. Usage of cold water: Poor quality raw
water usage in evaporators during
intermittent mill stoppage leads for high and
harder scaling.
11. Unbalanced steam and juice to
evaporators: Shortage of juice in
evaporators will increase brix, charring of
juice and increase scaling.
12. Juice stagnation: Retention of juice in
evaporator during stoppages.
13. The state of the tube surface inside
the tube: Un polished surface or improperly
cleaned tube attract more scaling.
14. Design: It has also been found that the
relative geometries of liquid inlet and outlet
piping can affect the occurrence of scaling.
Poor distribution of feed can lead to
non-uniform concentrations and regions of
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
localized high concentration, where
precipitation of scale is enhanced. It has also
been shown in practice that scaling is more
severe in an oversized evaporator system than
one which runs continuously at capacity.
Distribution of Scale in sulphitation
process sugar plant.
Major inorganic constituents of scale are
Ca, Mg, SiO2, SO3, SO4 and P2O5, while
minor constituents are iron, chlorides, and
oxalates etc.
 More phosphate in the First two Effects
 More sulphates & oxides of Ca, Mg & Fe
in II Effect.
 More oxalates and Silicates in III and IV
Effects
 More SiO2 and calciumsalts of organic
acids in the last vessel.
Minimizing Scale Formation
1. Cane
Cane juice contains much suspended and
colloidal matter. The effects of suspended
matter are not clear. Hence supply of fresh
and clean cane is require to minimize scaling.
Better if washed before milling.
2. Control over process
Operational factors
 Juice flow stabilization: Steady
operations with the correct juice flow rate
reduce fouling and allow longer periods of
operations.
 Addition of P2O5: Supplementing P2O5
to MJ results in good clarification and
addition of P2O5 to Clear Juice will allow
to form phosphate scales in the first and
second effects which are softer and can be
easily removed. This will reduce other
calcium salts scale in later bodies which
are very harder for removal.
 Juice heating: Solubility of calcium salts
decreases with temperature and hence hot
277
liming is preferred at temperature at
65-72oC.
 Liming and Sulphitation: Liming
should be just adequate to complete
clarification reactions to remove non
sugars. Excess liming and cold liming to
be avoided. Sulphitation vessel to be
designed for 30 Sec-1 minute reaction time
and 6-7 m retention time for normal rate
of crushing. When shock liming employed,
shock should not go beyond 6 Sec.
Adequate capacity sulphur burner is must
to neutralize the excess lime if any.
 PH: It is accepted that pH will affect the
solubility of calcium salts as well as silica.
If maintained juice pH7.3 CaO will be
more and if less than 6.7 again silica will
be more. Hence sulphited juice pH should
be maintained within the range of 7.1 to
7.3 . Automatic control of pH will helps
greatly to minimize the scaling.
 Juice velocity: It is believed that juice
velocities in the tube and pH are
important. Turbulent flow of juice in
heaters will not allow scale to deposit on
tube surface.
 Clarifier: Steady withdrawal of juice is to
be maintained with clear juice clarity at
45+ and PH 7.0. Carryover of mud from
clarifier should be avoided.
 Uniform clear Juice: flow into the
evaporators and Operating at just above
the rated capacity.
 Steam: Constant and correct steam flow
for the rate of crushing.
 Juice level: in raising film & Robert type
evaporators to be kept 25-35% only. In
case of FFE proper juice distribution to
all the tubes and maintaining wetting rate
16-25 L/cm2/H with adequate capacity
re-circulation pumps. Re-circulation
pumps valves to be kept open in case of
 Minimization of Scale Formation in Evaporators, Effective Cleaning and Post Reduction
FFEs and operated at maximum load
always.
 Brix of syrup: Don’t allow high syrup
brix more than 65. Optimum is 58-62
 Justified steam usage: Excess steam
usage and fluctuations to be avoided to
minimize scale formation. Care should be
taken to avoid High syrup brix.
Best cleaning practices: Thorough
rinsing, cleaning, and washing of juice heater
and evaporators for clean and polished
surface, which will minimize the rate of
scaling initially.
3. Evaporation Design
 Balanced Vapour Bleeding: Extensive
bleeding of vapors will give better steam
economy but scaling is rapid in the last
vessels and affecting performance of the
plant in the limited duration of the run.
Hence selection of evaporator
configuration and vapour bleeding system
to be justified for consistent operation of
the plant and for cost benefits obtainable
by steam savings with that configuration.
 Usage of DCH: Direct contact heaters
will helps to maintain continuous and
steady vapour bleeding from evaporators,
so that constant rate of evaporation will
minimize the scaling.
 Properly designed juice distribution
system: Even Juice distribution all the
tubes will minimize local heating and
concentration of juice, reduce
caramelization of sucrose and avoid
destruction of reducing sugars to form
organic acids which intern reacts with
lime and for scale products. This will
minimize the scale formation.
 Proper size of Juice inlet and outlets:
Should be provided to maintain correct
velocity of juice and avoid juice
stagnation.
278
Arulappan A and Manjunatha C
 Steam/ vapour Entries& distribution
to calandria: Multiple entries should be
preferred and steam/ Vapour distribution
baffle to be arranged so that steam should
reach entire calandria evenly.
 Parallel bodies: When operating 2 or
more bodies (Parallel) for single effect,
selection of heating surface, steam and
juice lines is very important to maintain
constant and uniform juice and steam to
each vessel. This will keep constant juice
brix and minimize scale.
 Floating evaporator arrangement is best
for consistent plant operation as well as
for cleaning of individual body based on
scaling.
4. Addition of scale inhibitors.
Anti-scalants such as polyacrylic,
polymaleic compounds and organophosphates,
which are supposed to modify the crystal
habit or precipitation characteristics of
components like Oxalates to prevent scale
forming in the tubes. No anti-scalant chemical
have been consistently successful in the cane
sugar industry as there is no much effect to
prevent silica scale.
It is reported by experiences of many,
that dosing of anti-scalants to clear juice and
evaporators lead to a softer scale, which is
easier to remove and some others shared that
they enable to extend run days from cleaning
to cleaning. Optimum dosage and proper
monitoring of anti-scalants will certainly
minimize the effect of scale formation.
Methods of Cleaning and Cleaning
Agents used.
A. Mechanical cleaning
(a) Scrapping with the use of rotating
flexible shafts, tool head cutters and
Turk head brush.
(b) Steam Blasting
(c) Hydro jetting
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

B. Chemical Cleaning practices for tubular juice heaters

1. Neutral cleaning cleaning.
(a) Water (b) Alkali followed Acid Cleaning will
(b) NaCl with Ammonium sulphate certainly works in the 1st and 2nd effects
evaporators. Many are following this
(c) EDTA with pH adjustment where falling film evaporators used for
2. Alkali cleaning 1st&2nd effects. In some cases Acid
boiling followed by Alkali boiling found
(a) Caustic soda (NaOH) with Soda
ash(Na2CO3)/ Sodium phosphate Na3PO4 to be effective.

(b) Soda Ash with NH4F (c) Alkali boiling followed by Mechanical
Cleaning is the common and the most
(c) Sodium phosphate Na3PO4
economic combination for the bodies
3. Acid cleaning with Corrosion where scales are harder. Usage of
inhibitors like rhodine, formalin, dilute chemicals such as Caustic soda, Soda
molasses etc. Ash, Common salt in combination is the
(a) Commercial HCL with fluorides/NaCl cheapest and effective in this model.
(b) Sulfamic acids with fluorides (d) Online chemical cleaning with alkali
(c) Sodium bi sulfate followed byacid or in reverse combination
(d) Alumina ferric (Aluminum and ferric sulfate). in case of floating falling film
(e) Fermented Molasses evaporators are reported that works
(f) Citric acid good. Though it is expensive,
(g) Formic acid effectiveness of the cleaning to be
examined where season days are more.
C. Combination of both Chemical &
Mechanical cleaning. Evaporator tube cleaning in NSL SL
Selection of combination of cleaning is Koppa
determined by cost structures, plant condition,
NSL Sugars Ltd, Koppa, 5500TCD sugar
and run time of vessel and nature of scale.
plant using complete set of floating FFE for
(a) Steam baking and mechanical cleaning the effects where all juice heating performed
with turk head brush is the common by DCH.

Particulars Pre FFE I Effect II Effect III Effect IV Effect V Effect

2 2 2 2 2
Heating Surface 2000 m 3650 m 3650 m 3650 m 3650/3000 m 3000 m2
Run days 60-70 24-30 18-20 14-16 12-14 8-10
Alkali Boiling 8-12 Hrs 8-12 Hrs 8-12 Hrs 8-12 Hrs 8-12 Hrs 10-16 Hrs
Caustic Soda 300 Kg 500 Kg 500 Kg 600 Kg 650 Kg 700 Kg
Soda Ash 50 Kg 50 Kg 50 Kg 100 Kg 100 Kg 100 Kg
Salt 50 Kg 50 Kg 50 Kg 75Kg 75 Kg 50 Kg
2
Alkali Kg/M H.S. 12-15 12-15 15 15-17 18-20 20-25
Acid boiling No No No No No No
Hydro jetting at 600-700 bar yes yes yes yes yes Yes

279
 Minimization of Scale Formation in Evaporators, Effective Cleaning and Post Reduction
Arulappan A and Manjunatha C

Selecting of evaporator body for cleaning (i) Keeping no choking tubes.

will be based on the scale up of the body with
(j) Checking distribution plates with water
time at particular point where heat transfer
for even distribution.
rate is reduced and sufficient vapor
generation is ceased to a juice heating and Steps taken for cost reduction:
pan boiling. 1. Own Hydro jet pumps
Acid boiling of I and II effect FFEs 2. Out sourcing specialized people with
planned to avoided hydro jetting. Due to low Justified contract rate for hydro jetting,
thickness of tubes (0.8mm) and longer with all consumables and pump
crushing season mechanical cleaning only is maintenance with minor spares
being employed for all the body to ensure /consumables for machines.
continuous crushing.
3. Usage of only basic chemicals such as
Evaporator Cleaning Practices in NSL SL caustic soda flakes, washing soda &
Koppa. common salt.
(a) Complete empty of Juice and proper 4. Re use of boiled chemicals of first bodies
rinsing 2 or 3(last bodies) times with to to next with supplementing.
water and transferred to juice tank and
imbibition tank to reduces chemicals Cost details
consumption to neutralize juice Particulars Rate Rs/unit Total Amount
constituents if left. Hydro jetting 11.5 per tube Rs 29.36 Lacs

(b) Judicial selection of FFE cleaning Caustic soda 37 per kg Rs 18.87 Lacs
decided by pressure difference across the 50MT
body , Vapor production and requirement Soda Ash 16.5 per kg Rs 00.82 Lacs
suit juice temperature, pan boiling, syrup 5MT
brix and Crushing rate and time Salt 3MT 3.5 per kg Rs 00.10 Lacs
available to complete cleaning to suit
Total Amount spend for Rs 49.15 Lacs
crushing rate. evaporator tube cleaning

(c) Soda boiling time and cleaning scheduled Total cane crushed 2015-16 972784.777 MT
for convenient to better inspection Cost per ton cane crushed Rs 5.05

(d) No prolong of cleaning of last vessels to Conclusion

avoid hard scale & choking of tubes.
(e) Proper checking and repeat cleaning of
left scale.
(f) Correcting Plan for future chemical
cleaning if felt poor softening in the
present cleaning.
(g) Proper cleaning and washing of juice
distribution plates after tube cleaning.
(h) Removal of scale manually and washing
followed with recirculation of water 2-3
times to avoid scale to retain on tube.
Scaling of evaporators is unavoidable,
but it can be minimized with control measures
in cane supply, milling and boiling house
operations. Judicial selection of cleaning,
methods will improve the plant performance
and reduce cost of cleaning.
Acknowledgement
We wish to record our gratitude and
sincere thanks to our Management, Sri
Ravindra Singvi, MD &CEO for encouraging
to carryout research and to publish this
paper.

280
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
We are also thankful to Sri. Malhari
Naik, Unit Head and all our colleagues of
NSLSL Kopa unit for the support given to
carryout the trials and to establish the best
practices.
References
1. Principles of sugar technology , Vol 2 by Peter
Honig
281
2. Introduction to cane Sugar Technology by G.H.
Jenkins
3. Hand book of Cane sugar engineering by
E.Hughot.
4. Cane Sugar Engineering by Peter Rein.
5. Development of descriptor tools for the
australian sugar mill evaaportor scale By D.W.
Rackemann, W.O.S., Doherty and C.P. East by
Doherty
6. Cane sugar Hand book, J.P Chen and Chou.
 APPLICATION OF MICROWAVE HYDROTRAC - 03 PROBE
FOR ONLINE BRIX DETERMINATION IN INDIAN SUGAR
INDUSTRY - AN OVERVIEW
N. Gopalakrishnan
Sr.Manager, Fives Cail - KCP Ltd, Chennai

Abstract Hydrotrac HT03 Microwave probe

Boiling massecuite in Vacuum pan requires  Hydrotrac - unaffected by purity
Continuous regulation of the dissolved solids  Operates at 800 MHz
concentration, Crystal content, consistency and
super saturation. Many sugar factories are  Calibrate using software
still operating without any automation or in  Reliable design - ex concrete industry.
adequate automation of pan boiling.
 Output - Brix
It is well known that major steam requirement
is utilized at pan boiling. So the pan boiling
has a major contribution on plants in terms
of energy efficiency.

A major challenge in massecuite boiling is

measuring the required parameters in order to
have a control of these massecuite properties.
Fives Fletcher has been supplying electronic
sensors for Vacuum Pan Crystallization Recommended applications
control for more than 25 yrs to Sugar
Industries. Information on practical aspects of  Evaporators
the use and application of these Brix probe is
 Vacuum Pans
presented.
 Melters
Keywords: Probes, Crystallization, Radio
frequency, Micro Wave Sensors.  Magma Minglers

Introduction  Pan Supply Conditioning Tanks

During initial periods of Batch and  Molasses Conditioners

Continuous VACUUM Pan Automation,
Conductivity Probes were extensively used for  Bagasse Moisture
measurement of Brix, as its one type of
indirect methods for measurement of Brix. Specification (Technical)
Later Radio Frequency (RF) Probes were
introduced for measurement of Brix. Specification : Construction
Body : Stainless steel, 64 mm
As a latest development in technologies,  465 mm
Microwave probes were introduced for Faceplate : Insulator Alumina Ceramic
measurement of Brix and which has gained a
Mounting : Stainless steel flange 304,
huge momentum in the sugar industry for its
105 mm
accuracy and reliable measurement.

282
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Measurement Range Operating : Sensor is rated for

Typically in sugar solutions and Temp operation up to 125C,
massecuites the measurement range is:- with max.
Process temperature 140C
Moisture : 2% - 50% Water content
Environmental : Sensor is rated to IP65
Brix : 50 - 98 Bx
Protection
Temperature : 0 - 100 Sensing Volume

Electrical connections
Twisted Connector
Hydrotrac Connections Description Cable Colour
Pair Number Pins
1 A 15-30 V DC Red
1 B 0V Black
2 C 1st Digital Input Yellow
2 — – Black (cut back)
3 D 1st Analogue Positive  Blue
3 E 1st Analogue Return  Black
4 F RS485 (A) White
4 G RS485 (B) Black
5 J 2nd Digital Input Green
5 — – Black (cut back)
6 D 2nd Analogue Positive  Brown
6 K 2nd Analogue Return 
H Cable Screen Cable Screen

Scope of supply
 4 meter, 6 pair cable with 22 AWG,
0.35 mm2 conductors with connector
supplied.

 Recommended Cable Types: Belden 8306,

Alpha 6383

 Special Cable with stand high

temperatures.

 The properties of the water molecule with

its two positively charged hydrogen atoms
positioned on one side and the negatively
Fig. Water molecule Electric dipole
charged oxygen on the other. it can be
seen that the molecule is electrically a
dipole.

283
 Application of Microwave Hydrotrac - 03 Probe for Online Brix Determination in Indian Sugar Industry - An Overview
N. Gopalakrishnan

Normal movement within a water polarity, while the water molecules will
solution turn around by 180, as they are subjected
to each pulse.
Response to change in moisture

 All these molecules and ions will be

randomly oriented. the non-ionized
material, like sugars and the majority of
the organic non-sugar impurities are not
Sensing volume
affected by the electric field.
Movement within a water solution
subjected to D.C

 If decrease the moisture, the resonant

 The charge sensitive molecules, like water
(bi-polar) and ions will be attracted by the
opposite charges and so line up. The
cations will be drawn towards the cathode
and the anions towards the anode.
Movement with a water solution subject
to microwaves
 The ionic material will oscillate backwards
and forwards following the change in
frequency will increase f1, with increasing
moisture, the resonant frequency will
decrease, changing from f1 to f2, and also
the amplitude of the wave will reduce
from a1 to a2.
 The Hydrotrac measures a sample of
product approximately the size of a 100
mm sphere.
New mechanical seal arrangement

284
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Evaporator syrup Brix Installation photos of various factories

M/S. EID Parry, Sangli (Andhra Pradesh) - 2008

Lab Brix System Difference (Lab Brix  System

Description Sl.No Compartment
a Brix b Brix) Accuracy c  a  b
FC-KCP 1 8 85.1 85.6 0.5
Continuous 2 9 85,9 86 0.1
Vacuum pan 3 10 87.1 87.8 0.7
For 1000 HL ‘A’ 5 12 90.2 90.6 0.4
Massecuite 6 13 91.4 92 0.6

M/S. NSL Krishnaveni Sugars, Andhra Pradesh - 2011

Level Lab Brix System Brix Difference (Lab Brix system
Sl.No. Description
a b c Brix) accuracy d  b  c
75 85 85.6 0.6
1 A - Batch Pan 95 91.6 92.1 0.5
78 89.3 89 0.3
98 93.6 94.2 0.6
2 B - Batch Pan
98 93.6 94.2 0.6
75 93 93.2 0.2
3 C - Batch Pan
96 98.9 99 0.1

M/S. Warana SSK Ltd, Maharashtra (Refinery - 500 TPD) - 2010

Lab readings Difference (Original
Sl. Level System
Description Original Original refraction Refractrometer Brix
No. a Brix d
Brix b from Ether Brix system Brix)
1 Refinery Melter 70 68 67.5 67.9 0.4
2 R1 Syrup 75 72 72.3 72.5 0.2
3 Evaporator – 72 71.6 71.3 0.3
4 Refinery Pan 1 – 90 89.8 89.7 0.1
5 Refinery Pan 2 – 89.5 89.7 90.3 0.6
6 Refinery Pan 3 – 89.8 90.2 90.6 0.4

285
 Application of Microwave Hydrotrac - 03 Probe for Online Brix Determination in Indian Sugar Industry - An Overview
N. Gopalakrishnan

M/S. Davangere refinery sugars (Refinery - 500 TPD) - 2012

Lab readings

Sl. Level Phase Dilluted Orig Diff (Orig

Description Dillute S/M
No. a b Purity refract RO Original refrac ref meter
D Brix Brix
d meter Brix Brix f meter  S/M Brix
c h
e Brix g j  g  h

1 Refinary 57 Single 17.7 93.69 17.8 87.95 89 89.6 0.4

Pan No. 1 77 17.7 88.57 17.8 87.95 89 88.7 0.3
A1
(Inst.
No.53340) 83 A1 18.1 87.04 18 90.3 90 89.4 0.6

2 Refinary 55.4 A1 17.49 97.54 17.6 87.45 88 88.1 0.1

Pan No. 2
76.6 Single 16.86 92.82 16.6 84.3 83 83.6 0.6
(Inst. No.
533303) 95 A1 17.7 91.68 17.7 88.3 88 87.6 0.4

3 Refinary 65 A1 17 98.34 17.2 84.45 86 86.3 0.3

Pan No. 3
70 A1 17.3 90.6 17.4 86.3 87 87.5 0.6
(Instr. No.
55166) 95 A1 18 89.42 18.2 89.8 91 90.7 0.3

Installation in Batch pan & Continuous pan

 The probe should be installed in the pan at a location which will allow good circulation over
the sensing face at all times. For batch pans, this is usually in the bottom saucer about 1/2
the radius of the pan in from the outside edge.

286
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Installation in pipe line

PC Connectivity

Calibrations Advantages
 Brix calibration pre-configured  Reliable operation
 User adjustable using supplied HydroCom  Cost effective measurement
software  Easy calibration
 Brix seeding point calculator  Easy Installation
 Output  A  B.e C.us  D.us2
 Wide range of applications
 Better exhaustion of massecuites

287
 Application of Microwave Hydrotrac - 03 Probe for Online Brix Determination in Indian Sugar Industry - An Overview
N. Gopalakrishnan

 Improved control of crystal growth  Trend graph or numeric display

 Excellent repeatability of output signal
 Growing acceptance in the sugar industry
Hydro-View IV (Hydronix)
Multi-Function Touch Screen
Hydro-View (Local Viewer)
Features:-
 Intuitive 4.3" LCD color display touch screen
 Displays measurements upto 4 sensors
 Configurable measurements display for
each sensor
 Communicates with upto 16 sensors
 Simple material calibration using multiple
points for high accuracy
Display  Database stores multiple material
calibrations
 Configuration of all sensor parameters
 Logging of sensor data
 USB backup and restore
 Easy to install into new or existing systems

288
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Typical installation and Connectivity

Conclusion: massecuite boiling in plantation white sugar,

Online microwave brix measurement has
become a method to control the parameters
like, liquor flow control, steam flow control,
level control to achieve better exhaustion of
uniform crystal size, reduction of steam &
energy consumption. This online brix
measurement is suitable for all the
raw boiling & refinery boiling.
References
1. E Hogut - Hand book of Sugar Engineering
2. M Taylor and M A Getaz Fives Fletcher
Limited, Derby, England.

289
 CRYSTAL YIELD DURING SEPERATION OF SUGAR
Ashok Kumar Nanda1
1
President-Sugar Spray Engineering Devices Limited
ashok.nanda@sprayengineering.com
Abstract
This paper challenges that presumption in the
light of the real limits to crystal content in the
vacuum pans and the effect of wash water
addition and dissolution in centrifugals.
Practical pan yields ought to be over 55%
crystal % massecuite and have the propensity
to be limited by physical constraints in high
purity massecuite. The yield or crystal recovery
of modern batch centrifugals should certainly
exceed 90% providing an overall yield of white
sugar in excess of 50% on massecuite. In the
contest of energy conservation, washing of
sugar in the centrifugal machines is of great
importance. The small quantity of water, while
washing away the thin film of colored
molasses surrounding the crystals does two
kinds of harm (i) dissolves a small quantity
of sugar and (ii) introduces more water into
the process, thereby increasing the requirement
of steam. This paper discusses the impact of
washing on overall sugar. The washing of
crystal in centrifugal machine with and
without syrup washing is beneficial to
maximum yields with minimum steam
consumption.
Keywords: Sugar, Refinery, Energy,
Massecuite, Centrifugals, Pan Yields, Crystal
Content
Introduction
Centrifugals used to separate sugar
crystals from mother liquor conventionally
using a fine screen, allowing the mother
liquor to pass through the screen whilst the
crystals are retained on the screen. A
centrifuge machine is a unique energy
efficient machine that works by spinning a
vessel containing the material to be separated
at high speed. Used widely in sugar and allied
290
industries, the centrifuge spins at high speeds
and pushes the heavy particles usually the
solids to the peripheral side of the vessel in
addition to swinging its contents around and
using their inertia to make them separate.
Centrifugal Machines comprise Batch type
centrifugal machines and Continuous
centrifugal machines. The Batch centrifugals
are used generally on high grade massecuites
as well as give good quality crystals. Other
than this, Continuous centrifugals is used
universally on B and C massecuites in raw
factory though some factories do have
continuous fugals on their A massecuites.
Traditionally, the performances of
centrifugal machines are judged on the basis
of Capacity, Pan Yield &Centrifugal Yield and
Steam Consumption whereas, the efficiency of
Machine Drives are measured by the power
consumption.Yields are improved by careful
control of washing of crystal in the centrifugal
machines.
The crystal content or pan yield is the
weight % of a massecuite that is crystalline
sucrose. The Centrifugal yield is the % of
crystals in the massecuite that leave the
machine as sugar and overall or stage yield
is white sugar % output from centrifugal as
a % of massecuite input (Pan Yield x
Centrifugal Yield).
Usual Expectations
 50% yield on dry matter is often assumed.
 Gives 8:4:2:1 output of R1 – R4 sugars.
 15/16 or 93.75% recovery from fine liquor
to R4 jet / runoff.
 50% yield on dry matter =45% overall yield.
 Achieved perhaps by 53% pan yield by
85% centrifugal yield.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Limitations  With poor Plough action and high wash

There are some limitations on the yield water, Centrifugal yield can fall to 80% or
in the centrifugal machines. below.

Pan Limits In the contest of energy conservation,

Pan crystal content may be limited by:
 Massecuite flow considerations.
 Achievable brix – pan circulation limits.
 Higher temperatures increasing solubility.
 High super saturation – short boiling
times.
washing of sugar in the centrifugal machines
is of great importance.
The small quantity of water, while
washing away the thin film of coloured
molasses surrounding the crystals does two
kinds of harm,
(i) Dissolves a small quantity of sugar.

 Dilution of massecuite with pan steaming. (ii) Introduces more water into the process,
thereby increasing the requirement of
Massecuite Limits steam.
At 70C, 1.05 saturation mother liquor is
+/-77.5 Brix, rest of solids is in crystals. Washing of Sugar (Get over the drawbacks)
Crystal content at varying massecuite brix:  Saturated Dissolve Add water
Steam Less Sugar
Note: Crystal % (Pan Yield) increase with rise
 Super- Heated Dissolve no No added
in brix of massecuite.
Steam sugar water
Table 1: Massecuite Limits  Super-Heated Improve
MASSECUITE BRIX 80 89 90 91 Wash Water Washing
Efficiency
CRYSTAL% 46.7 51.1 55.6 60.0
 Clarified thin Dissolve No added
juice Sugar Water
Physical Limits
 Bulk Sugar has void fraction 0.43-0.46.  Clarified syrup Dissolve No No added
Sugar Water
 Minimum mother liquor quantity 54-57%
Volume, to fill the gap and create fluidity. Effect of Yield on Pan Steam
 Crystal Density 1600, Liquor Density 1370 It is clear that the steam
Kg/M3. consumption/ton sugar increases considerably
with fall in overall yield and brix.
 Resulting Massecuite 57.3-60.4%.

Centrifugal Limits
 Feed rate may limit acceptable crystal
content.

 Washing with water (solvent) dissolves

sugar (product) up to 3.5 kg per liter of
wash.

 Plough not cleaning screen reduces yield

1 – 2%.

 Batch white sugar centrifugal yield up to Fig. 1 Effect Of Yield On Pan Steam
95%.

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 Crystal Yield During Seperation of Sugar
Ashok Kumar Nanda

Fig. 2 Crystal purification in the centrifugal

From the graph, it is clear that the steam
consumption/Ton Sugar increases considerably
with fall in overall Yield and Brix.
Advantages of Batch Machines
 Higher degree of separation of crystals
from mother liquor, in cases of both white
sugar and raw sugar.
Fig. 3 Wash water reduction with and without
syrup wash
 New techniques like direct current motor,
three phase A.C. motor with frequency
converter helps to reduce this power
requirement to 1 kWh/Ton.
Disadvantages of Batch Machines

 Adoption of syrup washing of crystals in  Low efficiency of energy use,due to

the centrifugal machines. No crystal frequent starting and acceleration of
breakage during spinning of massecuite. machines every time a new charge of
massecuite is taken into the basket. And
frequent application of brake to stop the
machines.
Pan Yield
Table 2: Pan Yield
Brix Pol Purity Non-Sugar Pan Yield
MASSECUITE
A 92.00 80.96 88.00 11.04 43.38
B 95.00 66.50 70.00 28.50 30.15
C 100.00 54.00 54.00 46.00 26.98
MOLLASSES (MOTHER LIQUER)
AH 78.00 58.50 75.00 19.50 ---
BH 85.00 44.20 52.00 40.80 ---
CH 90.00 27.00 30.00 63.00 ---

Effect of Washing on Molasses Purity vs. Centrifugal Yield

Table 3: Effect of Washing on Molasses Purity vs. Centrifugal Yield
Massecuite Purity 54 54 54 54
Molasses Purity (Before Machine) 30 30 30 30
Pan Yield 26.98 26.98 26.98 26.98
Molasses Purity after Machine 33.50 33 32.50 32
Centrifugal Yield 79.29 85.77 92.17 98.47

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Effect of Washing on Centrifugal Yield

Table 4: Effect of Washing on Centrifugal Yield

Particulars Brix Pol Purity Non-Sugar Pan Yield Centrifugal Yield

MASSECUITE
A 92.00 80.96 88.00 11.04 43.38 ---
B 95.00 66.50 70.00 28.50 30.15 ---
C 100.00 54.00 54.00 46.00 26.98 ---
MOLLASSES BEFORE MACHINE
AH 78.00 58.50 75.00 19.50 --- ---
BH 85.00 44.20 52.00 40.80 --- ---
CH 90.00 27.00 30.00 63.00 --- ---
MOLLASES AFTER MACHINE
AH 75.00 57.00 76.00 18.00 38.67 89.13
BH 83.00 45.65 55.00 37.35 23.69 78.60
CH 88.00 29.48 33.50 58.52 21.39 79.29

Limitations of using batch machines for low grade massecuits

Table 5: Limitations of using batch machines for low grade massecuits

Limitation Batch Machines Continuous Machines
Principal of Working Filtrations Screening
Temp. of Massecuite 70 50
Viscosity Low High
Screen Aperture 0.38 0.09
Grain Size High Low
Purity of Massecuite High Low
Crystal Contents High Low
Washing of Sugar Efficient Inefficient
RPM Low High
Plough Efficiencies Dependent –

Highlights  Overall yield can be as high as 54% or

 Overall yield determines refinery vacuum 60% on a dry matter basis, minimizing
pan capacity steam/sugar ratio for a given steam.
feed brix.  In practice over all yields can be as low
 Centrifugal yields from 80% to +/- 95% as 30%.
depending on wash water and plough
Centrifugal Machines Drives
efficiency.
Power Consumption
KWh/Ton values are dependent on:

 Designed conditions

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 Crystal Yield During Seperation of Sugar
Ashok Kumar Nanda

 Type of motor used (Pole changing, DC,  No inbuilt mixing no inbuilt melting
AC with VFD) requires Magma Mixture and Melter.

 Duration of ploughing & feeding phases &  In built mixing arrangement no Magma
sequence holding Mixture required.
 Basket Loading:
 In built melting arrangement requires no
1. Lower the basket weight/ton of Magma Mixture no Melter.
massecuite, the less power consumption.
Conclusion
2. Less weight of basket to accelerate to
spin speed. In the energy conservation, washing of
sugar in the centrifugal machines is the
Modern VFD A.C. Motor Driven
important roll. The original crystals are
Batch centrifugal machines consume 1.2 melted 20-25% without syrup washing with
kWh/Ton for high grade massecuite and 2.5 addition of water. The addition of water, while
kWh/Ton for low grade massecuite washing away the thin film of coloured
 Continuous centrifugal machines 6.0-9.0 molasses surrounding the original crystals
kWh/Ton of massecuite does dissolves 20-25% quantity of sugar and
thereby increasing the requirement of steam
Power Requirement Phase but washing of original crystal in centrifugal
 The power requirement is comparatively machine with syrup washing before water
low during washing, charging and washing is 10% melted crystals with
spinning of the machine. minimum steam consumption. For minimum
power consumption, sugar plant should
Continuous Centrifugal Machines Installed centrifugal with VFD rather than
 Removal of accessories like Pug Mills, pole changing and run machines at designed
Magma Mixtures, Magma Pumps/ conditions with control the pan yield and
Rearrangements. grain size.

294
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
APPLICATION OF ENZYMES IN SUGARCANE JUICE
PROCESSING A TECHNO-COMMERCIAL PAPER
Gautam Kapoor, Dr. J.S. Arya, Dharmender Pathak
Catalysts Biotechnologists pvt Ltd.,
Abstracts
Experiences in Indian Sugar Industry
India is a leading manufacturer of sugar in
the world. During the processing of sugarcane
juice for the production of raw and refined
crystal sugar, many issues have been observed
which hitherto remained unattended or
ignored.
A primary issue is dextran formation due to
Leuconostoc Mesentroide contamination, which
is soil-borne and begins immediately upon
harvesting. The other common issue is the
presence of starch in the raw juice which, if
not hydrolyzed, leads to various process
related problems such as indecorous
breakdown of the polysaccharides that subsist
in juices & syrups, acidity and presence of
residual sugar in the primary and mixed
juices.
Dextran and starch play a critical role in
sugar manufacturing, especially in affecting
sugar yield during production. Dextranase and
amylase are known enzymes for the breakdown
of dextran and starch, respectively. Similarly,
acidity and residual sugar are also influencing
factors for sugar yields and qualities.
Proteolytic enzymes (alone or in combination)
are well known to improve acidity reduction,
kill or suppress the bacteria (reducing
dextrans formation in cane juice by inhibiting
Leuconostoc ssp.)and reduction of reducing
sugar in juices &syrups, therefore, ultimately
improving the purity (Pol) level.
During Plant Trials, application of dextranase
and amylase enzymes indicated 55% dextran
reduction at 3 ppm and 75% starch reduction
at 5 ppm, respectively. 70% advantage in total
acidity reduction, 9% advantage in reducing
sugar reduction and 38% advantage in purity
295
enhancement were also observed at various
stages of the sugar process during plant
trials.In terms of ROI, the total recovery of up
to 300% is observed to be achievable.
Introduction
Sugar production is carried out through
various processes such as sugarcane
harvesting, transport, milling, clarification,
evaporation, crystallization, centrifugation and
drying. At the time of sugarcane harvesting
in the field,the bacterium ‘Leuconostoc
Mesenteroide’ attacks the exposed areas of the
sugarcane and starts forming dextrans by
utilizing the sucrose molecule. Prior to
harvest or damage of sugarcane rind, dextran
concentrations are almost zero or very low in
the sugarcane. L. Mesenteroideis a lactic acid
(a bacterium), which comes under
theLeuconostogenus, isable to produce enzyme
dextransucrase. Under favorable temperature
and humidity conditions, the dextransucrase
hydrolysis the sucrose for the formation of
dextrans. These dextrans are extracted in the
sugar mill, along with the juices, and
contaminate the sugar mill flow, reaching
levels exceeding 10,000 ppm (1%) in the juice
in very extreme cases.
Dextrans: Dextrans are bacterial-originated
high molecular weight glucose polysaccharide,
comprising mainly of -(l-6) linkages with
small side chains of -(1-4), -(1-3) and -(I-2)
linkages. The harmful effect of dextrans
begins at their formation due to the irreversible
sucrose consumption. The formation of
one-gram Dextran molecule requires 4 gram of
sucrose molecule.
Dextranase: Dextranase plays an important
role in industrial applications, since these
enzymes can de-polymerize various
 Application of Enzymes in Sugarcane Juice Processing A Techno-commercial Paper
troublesome microbial dextran deposits.
Dextranase is produced by the microbial
strains. According to the functions,
Dextranase are classified in many groups such
as dextran hydrolysis, glucodextranases,
exoisomaltohydrolases, and branched-dextran
exo-1,2--glucosidases.n Dextranases are
promising for future use in various scientific
and biotechnological applications.
Starch: Starch is another essential molecule
in sugarcane, which is extracted into
juiceduring factory milling and plays a crucial
role in sugar manufacturing process. Starch
is a naturally-occurring poly saccharide in the
sugarcane plant, consisting of repeating
glucose units, which comprise of a mixture of
linear (amylose) and branched (amylopectin)
structured components in a ratio of 20:80.
Starch exists in the form of granules when
the sugar cane is crushed to extract the juice.
Amylase: Amylase has a great deal of
application in starch saccharification. The
amylolytic enzymes find a wide spectrum of
applications in food industry for production of
glucose,high fructose corn and maltose
syrups,reduction of viscosity in sugar syrups,
reduction of haze formation in juices and the
solubilization and saccharification of starch
for alcohol fermentation in brewing industries.
Amylases are enzymes which hydrolyze starch
molecules to give diverse smaller polymers
composed of glucose units.
Proteases: Proteases are the single class of
enzymes which occupy a pivotal position with
respect to their applications in both
physiological and commercial fields.
Proteolytic enzymes catalyze the cleavage of
peptide bonds for the hydrolysis of proteins.
Proteases to be used in the food industry are
mainly produced by fungi.
Disadvantages: Dextran and starch are
undesirable impurities because they cause
processing difficulties in the sugar factories
and refineries. These molecules increase the
296
Gautam Kapoor, Dr. J.S. Arya and Dharmender Pathak
viscosity of massecuites, reduce the
crystallization and centrifugation rates, cause
occlusion of starch into the sucrose crystal,
increase molasses production, reduce
filterability & affination of raw sugars and
impede refinery de-colorization processes. In
addition, the total acidity and reducing sugars
are also critical parameters which affects to
the yield of sugar. High acidity in sugarcane
juices increase the inversion of sucrose which
is directly associated with loss of sugar.
Keeping all these parameters in mind,
Catalysts Bio technologies Pvt.Ltd. have
carried out application trials of the amylase,
dextranase and proteolyticenzymesat very low
concentration in sugar processes to provide
the economical solutions of these problems in
the sugar industry.
Materials and Methods
Application of amylase and dextran a
seen zymes was used to hydrolyze starch and
dextran at 5ppm and 3ppm
concentration,respectively, while Proteolytic
enzymes were used to reduce microbial
contamination at 3 ppm in split manner in
the sugar process. Dosing points for the
enzyme applications are mentioned below.
Amylase, dextran, acidity, reducing sugar and
purity level activities were observed at the
milling station, mixed juice tank, clarifier and
evaporators before and after dosing of
enzymes.
Result
To observe the performance of amylase,
dextranase and Proteolytic enzymes, the plant
trial was conducted and percentage reduction
in starch, dextran and total acidity at various
stages of sugar process like milling station,
mixed juice, syrup, massecuites and final
molasses, etc.,depending on starch and
dextran content, was observed.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Case Study The total acidity before and after enzyme

In plant trial, the maximum 71% dextran application were observed at 9.1% and 2.1%,
reduction in Amassecuites and minimum 47% respectively (Figure 3). Reducing Sugars
dextran reduction in final molasses were before and after enzyme application were
observed (Figure 1) while average 55% observed at 38% and 3.1% respectively (Figure
dextran reduction was observed after 4). The purity level drops before and after
application of dextranase enzyme. enzyme application were observed as 0.58%
and 0.36%, respectively (Figure 5).
In case of starch, maximum 90% starch
reduction in Amassecuites and minimum 65%
starch reduction in C massecuites were
observed (Figure 2) while average 75% starch
reduction was observed after application of
amylase enzyme.

Fig. 1. Dextran reduction observed during sugar process on various stages at 3 ppm dose of dextranase

Fig. 2. Starch reduction observed during sugar process on various stages at 5 ppm dose of amylase

297
 Application of Enzymes in Sugarcane Juice Processing A Techno-commercial Paper
Gautam Kapoor, Dr. J.S. Arya and Dharmender Pathak

Fig. 3. Comparative average triable acidity was observed in primary and mixed juice before and after application
of proteolytic enzymes.

Fig. 4. Comparative average Reducing Sugars was observed in primary and mixed juice before and after
application of proteolytic enzymes.

Fig. 5. Comparative average Pol Drop was observed in mixed and clear juice before and after application of

298
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
Discussion
Based on the plant trial,the application
of the dextranase and amylase enzymes shows
55% dextran reduction at 3 ppm and 75%
starch reduction at 5 ppm, respectively, while
70% advantage in total acidity reduction, 9%
advantage in reducing sugar reduction and
38% advantage in purity enhancement were
observed at various stages of sugar process.
Advantages
On the basis of observations, it is
concluded that
 5 ppm of amylase, 3 ppm of dextranase
and 3 ppm of proteolytic enzymes are
suitable for the applications for reducing
the starch, dextran and total acidity
content, respectively, in sugar process at
significant level.
 Application of these enzyme improve the
juice clarification, juice filterability,
boiling rate and purging at centrifugal
 It also reduces the viscosity in syrup,
water consumption, steam % cane, final
molasses purity, molasses % cane, boiling
house losses and total losses.
 Applications of these enzymes explored
their application of during the sugar
manufacturing which is economic, safe and
eco-friendly solution for sugar industries.
Conclusion
In sugar industries, starch, dextrans,
total acidity and reducing sugar are vexing
parameters which lead towards the loss on
sugar production. A major cause of dextran
and acidity formation in sugarcane juice is
bacterial contamination (Leuconostoc
Mesentroide or Lactobacillus spp.). Due to the
high acidity, sucrose inversion occurs and
purity level (pol) goes down, which leads to
the losses in sugar recovery. To eliminate
these threats in the sugar industry,application
of enzymes, particularly amylase, dextranase
and proteolytic enzymes are the best
approaches to enhance the sugar production.
The amylase, dextranase and proteolyticenzymes
299
offer significant benefits in term of reduced
process viscosity, prevention of excess scaling,
enhancement in clarification, filtration,
crystallization process efficiency and on return
of investment.
References
1. Efraín Rodríguez Jiménez (2009): Dextranase
in sugar industry: A review; Sugar Tech. Vol.
11 (2); 124-134.
2. Gillian Eggleston and Adrian Monge (2004);
Optimization of sugarcane factory application
of commercial dextranases in the US; SPRI;
Conference on Sugar Processing Research.
3. James s. Rauh, James A. Cuddihy, Michael J.
Opelka (1999): Analyzing Dextran in the Sugar
Industry: A Review of Dextran in the Factory
and a New Analytical Technique; 30th
Biennial Meeting American Society of Sugar
Beet Technologists February, Orlando, FL.
4. K.F.Mahmoud, A.Y.Gibriel, Azza A. Amin1, M.
N. Nessrien, N. M.Yassien and Hanna A. El
Banna1 (2014): Microbial Production and
Characterization of Dextranase;
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. Vol. 3 (9);
1095-1113.
5. M. A. Naidu and p. Saranraj (2013): bacterial
amylase: a review; IJPBA, Vol. 4, (2); 274 -287.
6. P G Morel Du Boil and S Wienese (2002):
Enzymic reduction of dextran in process
-laboratory evaluation of dextranases; Proc S
AfrSugTechnol Ass; 76.
7. P M de Souza; P de O Magalhães (2010):
Application of microbial amylase in Industries
A Review; Brazilian Journal of Microbiology;
Vol 41: 850-861
8. R. P. Fulcher and p. A. Inkerman (1974):
Preliminary studies on the enzymic “Removal”
of dextran from deteriorated cane juice;
Forty-first conference; 179.
9. Ravno and Purchase (2005): Dealing with
Dextran in the south African Sugar Industry;
Proc S AfrSugTechnol Ass.; Vol. 79; 38.
10. Vengadaramana A. (2013): Industrial
Important Microbial alpha-Amylase; Sch. Acad.
J. Pharm., Vol 2 (3):209-221
Websites
1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2257
58862
2. http://www.ijcmas.com
BY-PRODUCT
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

SPENT WASH / VINASSE / STILLAGE INCINERATION

TECHNOLOGY
Sankar. B1, Prakash. K2
COO - Energy, Marketing Head - Energy
1
Fives Cail-KCP Limited, 2Dr.P.V.Cherian Crescent, Egmore, Chennai-600008
E- Mail ID: sankar@fivescail-kcp.com.,
2
Fives Cail-KCP Limited, 2Dr.P.V. Cherian Crescent, Egmore, Chennai-600008,
E- Mail ID: sales.energy@fivescail-kcp.com

Abstract
Distillery Industry leads the list of Industries
that degrade environment most. The effluent
from distillery is denoted as – Slop, Spent
wash, Vinasse or Stillage. Effective Disposal
of the vinasse from distillery has been one of
the major problems being faced by the
Industry.

Fig. 3. Vinasse

As per a research paper published in

Fig. 1. FCKCP Make Spentwash Incinerator
Installed At Rajshree Sugars And Chemicals
Limited, GINGEE, Tamilnadu
Fig. 2. Vinasse
SERONICA – The Journal of Socio
Environmental Research Organisation, Issue:
Volume 1 Number 3, September 2010.
High nutrient load present in Distillery
vinasse, when applied to agricultural land
leads to Eutrophication (enrichment of
nutrients leading to undesired vegetation),
which proved not to be a right method of
disposal. (Reference)
Bio methanation with Bio composting has been
giving some interim relief in disposal of
distillery effluent but with lot of challenges.
Distillery Effluent is a valuable source for
plant nutrients. Sizable amount of waste still
remains unutilized even after production of
biogas and bio compost. Hence, this can be an
option, only in the absence of a fool proof
technology for distillery effluent treatment.
(Reference)
Vinasse Concentration and Incineration is the
next option, which has drawn the focus of
Industry in the past few years. Incineration

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 Spent Wash / Vinasse / Stillage Incineration Technology
Sankar. B, and Prakash. K

technology has had lot of challenges during Ammonical Nitrogen PPM 70

these long years, in terms of ash chocking, ash
Phosphate PPM 250 - 370
clogging, clinker formation and corrosion of
boiler components. Continuous and consistent Potash (K20) – PPM 8,000 – 10,000
operation of boiler is also another big Total Solids – PPM 1,03,000 – 1,10,000
challenge. Upon continuous improvement, the Volatile solids PPM 65,000
technology has today reached a maturity level
Ash PPM 34,000 to 40,000
where industry can have confidence. Hence,
vinasse incineration can claim to be today the Table 2
best viable solution to treat distillery vinasse
economically to meet the zero liquid discharge Ultimate analysis of Spent wash/Vinasse @
from the distillery. 60% Solids

It is also attractive to notice that complete Carbon 22.22 %

steam and power requirement of the distillery Hydrogen 21.15 %
is met, thereby making distillery self-reliant,
Oxygen 14.5 %
besides meeting pollution norms.
Nitrogen 1.85 %
Keywords:
Sulphur 0.62 %
1. Vinasse, 2. Incinerator, 3. Travelling
Grate, 4. Bag Filter, 5. Air to cloth ratio Moisture 40 %
Ash 18.66 %
Typical characteristics of Effluent from
distillery (in India): Gross Calorific Value (GCV) 1750 kCal/kg

Table 1 below shows the typical Root cause of the problem

characteristics of vinasse coming out of a Significant quantity of chemicals, that
distillery plant, with molasses as feed stock. are applied in the form of various fertilizers
The highlighted parameters are the to sugarcane, is present in the harvested cane
problematic to the environment and render processed in the factories. In the sugar
the vinasse more hazardous. Table 2 below production process, these chemicals are
shows the ultimate analysis of concentrated separated as non sugars and form part of
vinasse, with a gross calorific value of 1750 Final Molasses. When this final molasses
Kcal/kg, considered as a fuel to the become the feedstock for distillery, these
incinerator. chemicals are further accumulated in the
reject, called vinasse. Vinasse, generally
Table 1 comes out of distillation at a solids
Characteristics of distillery effluent concentration of 10 % to 25 % depending upon
process technology. This vinasse is further
% Solids 11.5 to 12.5
concentrated to 55 – 60 % solids before
Colour Reddish Brown
incineration.
PH 4.0 to 4.8
Following are the features of ‘Fives Cail
Smell Caramel Smell
KCP brand’ spent wash incinerator, which
Temperature 80C ensures dryness of ash particles and hence
Chemical Oxygen demand 88,000 To 1,24,000 enables simple online ash cleaning during
PPM operation and withdrawal.
Biological Oxygen Demand 30,000 To 45,000
PPM
Total Nitrogen PPM 12,000 TO 15,000

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Salient features of Fives Cail KCP brand 3. Concentrated Spent wash / Vinasse+
spent wash incinerator Biomass + Bagasse
1. This incinerator is a three pass boiler 4. 100 % Bagasse
with tall furnace, which gives very high 5. 100% Indian / Imported coal
residence time (10.0 seconds) in the 8. Wall type soot blowers are provided in
furnace. Hence, low flue gas the water wall panels of 1st and 2nd
temperature, well below initial ash pass to remove the ash deposition from
deformation temperature is ensured the tubes periodically. With regular
before the gas reaches super heater coils. cleaning of water wall panels, desired
2. No screen tubes are provided at the furnace outlet temperature (ie., well
furnace exit. below 540 Deg C) is achieved.
3. A set of specially designed slop gun is Retractable soot blowers are provided in
strategically located in down shot the super heater zones. Rotary soot
position at about 10 to 11 m height from blowers are provided in evaporators and
furnace top. The concentrated vinasse is economizers.
injected through these guns along with 9. Bag filter proved to be the most suitable
steam for atomizing. Atomized vinasse technology for collection of particulate
will have more surface for fasted matter in the flue gas, in this particular
combustion. About 65 to 70 % of application. Bag filters are used as dust
combustion of vinasse is completed in collector, as 80 % of the ash particles are
suspension. These guns can be cleaned of 20 microns size. The air to cloth ratio
during boiler running without stoppage. is maintained in the range of 0.5
m3/m2/minute - 0.7 m3/m2/minute. The
4. Travelling Grate technology is most
outlet dust concentration of 50 mg / N
suitable for such critical application,
cub.minute. can be achieved.
where bottom ash and potash rich fly
ash are made available separately, so Case – 1
that potash rich fly ash is salable at The presented vinasse incinerator with
better commercial price. coal as supporting fuel at Rajshree Sugars
5. Two stage superheater with one and Chemicals Ltd, Gingee, India with the
attemperator (A desuperheating following parameters.
arrangement to maintain superheater
outlet temperature) is provided in 1. Distillery Capacity : 80,000 liters per
horizontal third pass of boiler to ensure day
consistency of steam temperature. 2. Incinerator Capacity : 30 tons per hour
6. Conventional Air Preheater is not 3. Boiler pressure : 45 kg/sq cm (a)
considered in this boiler. Steam coil air 4. Steam temperature : 400 Deg.C
preheater is provided at the discharge of 5. Supporting fuel : Coal
secondary air fan and forced draft fan to 6. Steam turbo generator : 3 MW
avoid dew point corrosion. capacity
7. ‘FC-KCP’ brand spent wash / vinasse 7. Slop quantity fired : 250 – 260
incinerator is a multi-fuel fired boiler. (@ 58 – 60 % Solids) tons/day
The proposed spent wash / vinasse 8. Coal consumption (4500 : 55 – 60 tons/day
incinerator is suitable for the following gross calorific value)
fuel combinations:
9. Maximum Quantity of Concentrated
1. Conc. Spent wash / Vinasse + Bagasse, Spent wash / Vinasse which could be
2. Conc. Spent wash / Vinasse+ Indian / burnt in the Incinerator for 24 hours:
Imported Coal 12 tons per hour @ 60 % Solids.

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 Spent Wash / Vinasse / Stillage Incineration Technology
Sankar. B, and Prakash. K

Highlights and Noteworthy Achievements

Average monthly coal consumption and
vinasse consumption was recorded for 34
months from the date of commissioning. The
graph presented at figure 3 shows the ratio
of coal to total fuel. The percentage of coal on
total fuel in weight was determined for every
month, which includes all operational
fluctuations, scheduled stoppages and initial
startups after every stoppages etc. From the
graph it can be noticed that at the initial
months the coal consumption is having ups
and downs. Later the operation became Fig. 4 Coal % on Total Fuel Consumption
smooth. We may conclude from the graph that
20 to 25 % of coal (Avg. gross calorific value Table 3 shows the analysis of various
4500  200 kcal/kg) by weight is required as ashes collected from various points. Table 4
a support fuel to burn concentrated vinasse. shows the percentage of ash collected at
Ash Analysis various points. From data it is clear that
bottom ash is rich of silica and potassium
Ash from the slop fired boiler is collected
content is significant. Hence, this ash is used
from four different points.
as earth filling. Ashes from all other points
1. Bottom Ash – At furnace front which are rich in potassium are collected
together, and are being sold to local fertilizer
2. 2nd Pass & Superheater hoppers
manufacturers.
3. Evaporator and Economiser hoppers

4. Bag Filter hoppers

Table 3
Ash Analysis Report - 30 TPH - Slop fired Boiler
(Chemical composition as per lab Report)
Description Bottom ash (%) Second pass (%) Eva & Eco (%) Bag filter (%) Total (%)
Alumina 5.11 3.23 2.41 3.09 3.62

Iron 3 3.63 2.79 3.92 3.43

Calcium 14.91 11.28 11.17 7.52 10.85

Magnesium 9.54 14.3 14.26 3.8 8.67

Potassium 6.63 13.69 15.89 20.85 14.77

Sodium 2.42 4.01 4.26 5.06 3.99
Silica 54.29 34.18 34.8 27.29 37.55
Titanium 0.28 0.15 0.11 0.15 0.18
Phosphorous 0.48 1.51 1.45 0.87 0.94
Sulphur 3.14 13.82 12.66 22.65 13.97
Unburnt Carbon 0.2 10.21 7.82 7.36 5.71
Oil – – – – –

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Table 4 3. Pressure : 45 kg/sq cm (a)

4. Temperature : 400 deg c
Ash %
5. Supporting fuel : bagasse
Bottom ash 30
6. Operating at : 45 tons per hour
Second pass 15 7. Steam turbo : 6.6 mw
Eva & Eco 15 generator capacity
8. Operating at : 6.5 mw
Bag filter 40
9. Continuously : 150 Days (Without
Total 100 operated stoppage on Account
of Cleaning)
10. Maximum slop : 397 tons
burnt/day
11. Commissioned : May 2016

Highlights of Mankapur Vinasse Incinerator

1. Commissioned on 25.05.2016 with
bagasse.
2. Concentrated spent wash was fed on
30.05.2016 at a rate of 4 tons per hour
with bagasse as support fuel. The steam
generation was 20 to 23 tons per hour.
At this load the Incinerator was operated
for one day.
3. Slop feeding on Incinerator was
increased to 10 tons per hour on
31.05.2016 and operated.

Every drop of vinasse produced in the
distillery has been incinerated till date.
The incinerator has been operated
continuously for 64 days on full load of slop
firing, with the help of supporting fuel
without any issues.
Mechanical cleaning was never done for
ash. Water washing was never done for ash.
Cleaning was carried out only with
compressed air.
Case – 2
The presented vinasse incinerator with
bagasse as supporting fuel at Mankapur Chini
Mills Limited, Mankapur, India with the
following parameters.
1. Distillery capacity : 120,000
day
2. Incinerator capacity : 45 tons per hour
4. The Incinerator was stopped for 2 days
for first formal inspection.
5. The Incinerator was started again from
13.06.2016.
6. Boiler reached full load with Spent wash
+ Bagasse on 22.06.2016.
7. Incinerator has reached its MCR capacity
of 45 tons per hour steam generation with
concentrated spent wash firing of 15 to
15.92 tons per hour consistently. All
parameters are found in acceptable limits.
8. Incinerator was operated for more than
150 days continuously without any
stoppage on account of cleaning. All
parameters are consistent and within
acceptable limits.
9. Daily about 380 tons of concentrated
spent wash is incinerated. So far, more
liters per than 78,000 tons of concentrated spent
wash has been incinerated in this
incinerator.

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 Spent Wash / Vinasse / Stillage Incineration Technology
Sankar. B, and Prakash. K

Spent Wash Incinerators - Domestic

Capacity Pressure Temp Qty.
Customer Year of Commissioning
TPH Kg/cm2 (g) Deg. C Nos.
Rajshree Sugars & Chemicals 30 TPH 44 400 1 2012,
Ltd., Tamil Nadu
Jamkhandi Sugars Limited, 22 TPH 44 400 1 Commissioned in 2016. Yet to
Karnataka be put in Commercial Use.
Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan 23 TPH 44 390 1 Commissioned in 2016. Yet to
Sugars Pvt. Ltd., Tamil Nadu be put in Commercial Use.
United Spirits Limited, Uttar 20 TPH 44 400 1 Commissioned in 2016. Yet to
Pradesh be put in Commercial Use.
Gem Sugars Limited, 24 TPH 44 390 1 Under Execution
Karnataka
Mankapur Chini mills, Uttar 45 TPH 44 400 1 Commissioned 2016
Pradesh
Balrampur Chini Mills 45 TPH 44 400 1 Commissioned 2016
Limited (Babhnan Unit),
Uttar Pradesh
K.M Sugar Mills Limited, 16 TPH 44 390 1 Under Execution
Uttar Pradesh
Swaraj India Agro Limited, 33 TPH 44 410 1 Under Execution
Maharashtra
Dhampur sugar Mills, Uttar 75 TPH 44 400 1 Under Execution
Pradesh
Dhampur sugar Mills, Uttar 35 TPH 44 400 1 Under Execution
Pradesh, Asmoli Plant
L.H. Sugar Factories Limited 23 TPH 44 400 1 Under Execution
Uttar Pradesh, India

Spent Wash Incinerators - International

Capacity Pressure Temp Qty.

Customer Year of Commissioning
TPH Kg/cm2 (g) Deg. C Nos.
PT. Molindo Raya Industrial, 56 TPH 44 400 1 Under Execution
Lawang, Indonesia

Photo Gallery

Fig. Spentwash / Vinasse Incinerator at

Fig. Spentwash / Vinasse Incinerator at Mankapur Chini Mills Limited, Uttar Pradesh
Jamkhandi Sugars Limited, Karnataka (Bagasse supported)
(Bagasse & Coal Supported)

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

10. This incinerator incinerated 397 tons of

concentrated spent wash in a day, which
is the highest so far, averaging out to
16.54 tons per hour against guarantee of
15.2 tons per hour.
11. It is observed that incinerating
concentrated spent wash with the
support of bagasse, looks to be better,
easier and more consistent than with
support of coal.
More data on performance shall be
presented in future
Fig. Spentwash / Vinasse Incinerator at
Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Sugars Private Limited, Other Highlights of FCKCP Brand
Tamil Nadu (Bagasse & Coal Supported) Vinasse Incinerator are,
1. Operation friendly with minimum
manpower.

2. Operable round the year irrespective of

monsoon.
3. Easy cleaning method.

4. Thermal shock to the boiler avoided

5. Reduced maintenance cost.

6. Distillery Effluent is converted into
potash rich manure.

7. Safety to environment.
Fig. Spentwash / Vinasse Incinerator at United
Spirits Limited, Uttar Pradesh (Spentwash 8. Bagasse to slop ratio is guaranteed for
Blended Rice Husk) 35:65 based on heat value.
9. Coal to slop is guaranteed for 30:70
based on heat value.
10. Coal (GCV - 5500 kcals/kg) to slop is
guaranteed at a ratio of 18:82 by weight.
11. Great relief of spent wash / vinasse
disposal problem.

Fig. Spentwash / Vinasse Incinerator at

Rajshree Sugars & Chemicals Limited, Gingee,
Tamil Nadu (Bagasse & Coal Supported)

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 Spent Wash / Vinasse / Stillage Incineration Technology
Sankar. B, and Prakash. K

Fig. 5 Optimized Model Representation of Spent Wash/Vinasse Incinerator

References
1. SERONICA – The Journal of Socio
Environmental Research Organisation, Issue:
Volume 1 Number 3, September 2010.

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

PRESERVATIVES AND JAGGERY [GUR] AND SUGAR

PRODUCTION – A REVIEW
S. Thangavelu
Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore – 641 007

Introduction preservation at 500 ppm. Gur could be

Preservatives are effective and promising
in minimizing the stale cane loss and useful
in juice preservation and can be used in mill
sanitation, particularly the carrier, milling
tandem and other stations in juice processing
to minimize microbial population. Chemicals
could control the inversion of sucrose and
preserve the juice by arresting the growth of
microorganisms. Good preservatives can
control the growth of microorganisms and
thereby jaggery brix may be retained by
arresting the deterioration due to
microorganisms. Gokhale (1919) reported the
gur making from coconut and quantity per
tree, chemical composition, deterioration on
keeping and effect of different preservatives
of the juice and gur from them.
Experimental Analysis
Preservatives for Sugars in Jaggery
Preservatives are added to gur during
manufacture at the time of cooling the jaggery
just before molding and jaggery is kept well
wrapped in alkathene films.
Juice Preservation and Bactrinol-100
Bactrinol-100 a broad spectrum
anti-bacterial agent was found to be effective
in arresting the growth of bacteria and juice
prepared from juice treated with Bactrinol
[1000, 2000 ppm] even after 48 hrs after
harvest. The degradation products of
Bactrinol-100 caused inversion of sucrose
while making gur. Dipping the cut ends
immediately after harvest in Bactrinol
solution appears to be promising in
minimizing the stale cane loss. The scope and
usefulness of Bactrinol-100 for sugar industry
were indicated [Chiranjivi Rao and
Thangavelu, 1987].
Bactrinol
Chiranjivi Rao and Thangavelu (1987)
reported that bactrinol-100 at 250 ppm and
500 ppm were effective up to 24 hrs only,
while at 48 hrs loss in sucrose, purity followed
by increase in R. S. and reduction in pH could
be noted. At 1000 ppm, the juice quality even
after 48 hrs was comparatively better since
higher concentration (3000 ppm) tended to
bring down the juice quality. Reduction in
jaggery sucrose and purity and increase in R.
S. content in jaggery was noted compared to
control due to Bactrinol treatment. At 2000
ppm, the reduction in sucrose and purity were
higher even at ‘0’ hr. This could be due to
degradation of Bactrinol at higher
temperature and causing inversion of sucrose

Storage in Treatments in ppm

Traits
hrs control 250 500 1000 2000 3000 Mean
1. Purity 0 90.55 91.14 90.79 90.18 89.76 89.80 90.33
2. 24 90.48 90.73 90.60 90.25 90.02 90.41
3. 48 90.60 82.04 87.72 87.80 87.03 84.99
4. 87.41 87.86 89.80 89.20 88.95
S.E Treatments 0.82 periods 0.26 Doses 0.33 PxD 0.58
C.D. Treatment 0.1.74** periods 0.78** Doses 0.099** PxD 1.75**

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 Preservatives and Jaggery [GUR] and Sugar Production – A Review
S. Thangavelu

as revealed by higher levels of R. S. in treated sucrose, purity, R. S. and pH factors indicated

samples. Dipping the cut ends of cane in 2000
ppm solution of Bactrinol for 5 minutes and
analysis at 24 hrs interval up to 120 hrs
together with untreated control for brix,
sucrose, purity, R. S. and pH factors indicated
Bactrinol to be effective and promising in
minimizing the stale cane loss. Bactrinol-100
was found to be useful in juice preservation
and in view of its broad spectrum
antibacterial nature, it could be used in mill
sanitation, particularly the carrier, milling
tandem and other stations in juice processing
to minimize microbial population. The values
of purity with different treatments of
Bactrol-100 were presented below:
In case of jaggery purity varied from
87.41 in 250 ppm bactrinol to 90.55 % purity
in control. The range of jaggery purity was
84.99 at 48 hours to 90.41 % in 24 hours. The
wide difference was 80.60 in 250 ppm
Bactrinol at 48 hours to 91.14 at 250 ppm
bactrinol at zero hour.
Bactrinol and Brix
Good preservatives can control the
growth of microorganisms and thereby jaggery
brix may be retained by arresting the
deterioration due to microorganism.
Chiranjivi Rao and Thangavelu (1987)
reported that dipping the cut ends of cane in
2000 ppm solution of Bactrinol for 5 minutes
and analysis at 24 hrs interval up to 120 hrs
together with untreated control for brix,
Bactrinol to be effective and promising in
minimizing the stale cane loss. Bactrinol-100
was found to be useful in juice preservation
and in view of its broad spectrum
antibacterial nature, it could be used in mill
sanitation, particularly the carrier, milling
tandem and other stations in juice processing
to minimize microbial population. The values
of brix with different treatments of
Bactrol-100 were presented below:
The range of brix was 21.14 % in 250
ppm Bactrinol-100 to 21.54 in 2000 ppm
treatment; the brix % varied from 21.23 % at
24 hours to 21.57 % in 48 hours. The wide
variation of brix % was 21.06 at 24 hours in
250 ppm treatment to 21.82 in zero hour at
3000 ppm Bactrinol-100 treatment.
Bactrinol and ASH
Chiranjivi Rao and Thangavelu (1987)
reported that ash % jaggery was the lowest
in 0 hr (1.23 %) treated than the 24 hrs
treated (1.70) and then 48 hrs treated (1.69).
The range of ash % jaggery was 1.15 % in
2000 ppm treated Bactrinol – 100 at 0 hr to
1.71 % in 1000 ppm bactrinol – 100 treated
at 48 hrs.
Bactrinol on Microorganisms
Chiranjivi Rao and Thangavelu (1987)
reported that bactrinol-100 at 250 ppm and
500 ppm were effective upto 24 hrs only,
while at 48 hrs loss in sucrose, purity followed
by increase in R. S. and reduction in pH could

Storage in Treatments in ppm

Traits
hrs control 250 500 1000 2000 3000 Mean
1. Brix 0 21.63 21.10 21.37 21.54 21.52 21.82 21.37
2. 24 21.06 21.24 21.37 21.32 21.15 21.23
3. 48 21.26 21.60 21.66 21.78 21.64 21.57
4. Mean 21.14 21.40 21.52 21.54 21.33
S.E Treatments 0.16 periods 0.20 Doses 0.27 PxD
C.D. Treatment 0.35** periods 0.60** Doses 0.81** PxD NS

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
be noted. At 1000 ppm, the juice quality even
after 48 hrs was comparatively better since
higher concentration (3000 ppm) tended to
bring down the juice quality. Reduction in
jaggery sucrose and purity and increase in R.
S. content in jaggery was noted compared to
control due to Bactrinol treatment. At 2000
ppm, the reduction in sucrose and purity were
higher even at ‘0’ hr. This could be due to
degradation of Bactrinol at higher
temperature and causing inversion of sucrose
as revealed by higher levels of R. S. in treated
samples. Dipping the cut ends of cane in 2000
ppm solution of Bactrinol for 5 minutes and
analysis at 24 hrs interval upto 120 hrs
together with untreated control for brix,
sucrose, purity, R. S. and pH factors indicated
Bactrinol to be effective and promising in
minimizing the stale cane loss. Bactrinol-100
was found to be useful in juice preservation
and in view of its broad spectrum
antibacterial nature, it could be used in mill
sanitation, particularly the carrier, milling
tandem and other stations in juice processing
to minimize microbial population.
Polycide
‘Polycide’ a wide spectrum
bactericide/fungicide was found to arrest the
growth of Leuconostoc spp. and juice could be
preserved and gur could be prepared
[Chiranjivi Rao et al., 1982]. Dipping the cut
ends immediately after harvest in polycide
[5000 ppm] was found to be useful in
minimizing the stale cane loss. Polycide @ 2
ml/lit was found to be effective as a
preservative and gur could be prepared even
after 48 hours of storage. The residue in gur
was found to be low [less than one ppm]
[Anonymous, 1985].
Policide and Bactrinol
Sodium meta silicate at 20 to 80
moles/ml added to juice was shown to inhibit
inversion till 48 hours. Polycide, a wide
spectrum bactericide /fungicide at 2 ml/L and
313
bactrinol-100 at 100 ppm were found to be
effective in arresting the growth of “
Leuconostoc” bacteria and preservation of
juice till 48 hours. Gur could also be prepared
from the juice preserved with the above
biocides. There was no residual effect of
bactrinol while it was very low (less than 1
ppm) in the case of polycide. The keeping
quality of gur from polycide preserved juice
was comparatively poor as it absorbed
moisture to a greater extent while it was
satisfactory in the case of Bactrinol treatment
(Chiranjivi Rao, 1989).
Formalin or Bactrinol
Fermentation loss due to
micro-organisms is to be avoided by sprinkling
chemicals like formalin [1 ml/lit] or
Bactrinol-100 [2.5 g/10 lit of water] [Asokan
and Rupa, 2007; Asokan 1995 & Asokan and
Chiranjivi Rao, 1992].
Policide, Formalin and Sodium Meta
Bisulphite
The setting of gur and its quality based
on physical examination from stale cane
stored upto 96 and 120 hours was found to
be poor in all cases. Gur could be prepared
from juice preserved with polycide [2 ml/1 lit]
and formalin [2 ml/lit] sodium meta bisulphite
[1 g/lit] of 48 hours, while LaNO3 [0.6 g/lit]
was found ineffective. Gur obtained above was
analyzed for polycide residue and it was found
to low [less than 1 ppm] [Chiranjivi Rao and
Seshadri, 1985].
Humidity % 90 80 70 50 40 30
Moisture % 33 24 15 11 6.25 1.5
Benzoic Acid, Boric Acid, Salicylic Acid
and Thymol
Kunte (1951) studied the use of benzoic
acid, boric acid, salicylic acid and thymol as
preservatives and their effect on microflora.
Microflora caused inversion making gur more
hygroscopic. Use of the above chemicals kept
gur away from these microflora arresting,

increasing in hygroscopicity. Kunti (1952)
reported that micro-organisms like fungi
caused inversion of sucrose and depositing
hygroscopic products of their metabolism
might be causing. Gurs absorbed greater
quantity of moisture. Chemicals used to curb
microorganisms were benzoic acid, salicylic
acid, boric acid and thymol and as
preservatives to improve keeping quality.
Kunte (1950) reported that sugar did not
absorb moisture below 80 % humidity, while
jaggery would absorb moisture above 40 %
humidity. Normally gul contained about 5 to
7 % moisture. Above had large surface:
whereas, 1 12” x 7/8” cubes, surface was less.
First case 90 % humidity gur absorbed 32 %
moisture in 7 days. In 2nd, 63 days moisture
was 15 %. At humidities below 70 % moisture
seemed to have reached an equilibrium and
slow diffusion. Some absorbed less than 20 %
moisture and had only become soft, while
others had absorbed over 40 % moisture and
turned into syrupy liquid. Micro-organisms
like fungi caused inversion of sucrose and
depositing hygroscopic products of their
metabolism might be causing. Gurs absorbed
greater quantity of moisture. Chemicals used
to curb microorganisms were benzoic acid,
salicylic acid, boric acid and thymol and as
preservatives to improve keeping quality.
Silver Nitrate and Mustard Oil
Silver nitrate and mustard oil as
preservatives were added to gur during
manufacture at the time of cooling the
products just before moulding. One set was
exposed to atmosphere throughout the
Treatments % loss in weight
I yr II yr III yr Ave.
A. control 6.8 10.4 1.9 6.0
B. Mustard oil 3.9 2.2 0.0 1.9
C. Paraffin liquid 4.4 2.2 0.7 2.7
C. D. NS 0.38 NS 0.43
Preservatives and Jaggery [GUR] and Sugar Production – A Review
S. Thangavelu
monsoon while the other was kept well
wrapped in alkathene films. All treatments of
the former set completely liquefied and
showed profuse growth of microorganisms
within a month of the onset of monsoon while
the latter set did not exhibit any significant
treatment differences (Anonymous, 1957).
Mustard Oil and Liquid Paraffin
Mukherjee et al., (1985) reported that
highest depression in sucrose (9.4) under
control (A) and least (3.0) under mustard oil
treatment (B), value for liquid paraffin (5.6)
under (C) lying in between the two. Loss in
weight was found to be highest (6.0) with
control (A) and least (1.9) with mustard oil
treatment (B), while value for liquid paraffin
(2.7) under (C) occupying intermediate
position. Percent loss in weight as well as loss
in sugar under mustard oil and liquid paraffin
blankets inhibited least deterioration,
although mustard oil manifested distinctly
superior trend.
Under mustard oil and liquid paraffin
(treatments B and C, respectively), the taste
of rava was quite good without fungus attack
whereas in case of control (treatment A) taste
was some what sour accompanied with some
fungi.
Sulphanilamide
Walawalkar (1950) reported that sweet
juices from palm trees (date, coconut, sago
etc) were collected for toddy (fermented juice)
or for conversion into liquor. The fresh juice
contained 10 – 14 % sucrose and could be a
useful source of sugar, thus replacing cane
+ % loss in sugar
I yr II yr III yr Ave.
8.1 10.7 9.5 9.4 Fungus growth, sour taste
3.0 2.3 5.7 3.8 Taste good
5.0 5.5 6.1 5.6 Taste good
NS 0.70 NS 0.61
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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
sugar and releasing fertile land for other food
crops. Palm juice fermented very quickly; to
prevent inversion and fermentation the usual
practice was to add small amounts of lime to
the pots, but that lime did not prevent
inversion, and later on the juice fermented.
Palm juice was slightly acid (pH about 6.0)
when fresh, but it soon became acid (pH about
4.0), and then was fermented to produce toddy
by airborne bacteria. Juice could remain fresh
and unfermented for a few hours if it was
kept alkaline (above pH 8.0). In order to
preserve palm juice from inversion and
fermentation, so as to convert it into either
gur or sugar, a preservative was needed.
Sulphanilamide when added to palm juice in
quantities 10 – 60 ppm (40 – 250 mgm to a
gallon) preserved the juice in fresh condition
from 5 to 20 days.
Bacteriostatic Dyes
Bactericides may be used as
preservatives in jaggery to control bacteria.
Two types of microorganisms were on rod
shaped bacteria belonging to Bacillaceae
family and the other a yeast actively
hydrolyzed sucrose in gur. Bacteria was more
active in carrying the reaction towards
completion than yeast. 10 dyes were tested for
their bacteriosatic properties (from 1 to 10
ppm) except crystal violet which could
partially suppress the growth, others had no
effect. In metals, silver alone could check the
growth of bacteria and yeast on plates but of
silver oxide were (i) added directly on plates
(ii) added to media and then sterilized and
(iii) added to gur solutions and growth of
organisms was studied. The results showed
that oligodynamic action of silver was marked
when silver was heated with media or on
adding in cold media only and a dilution up
to 3 ppm was efficacious in checking growth
(Anonymous, 1956). To find out a preservative
for gur in storage, ten dyes were tested for
their bacteriostatic properties. Except crystal
violet which could partially suppress the
315
growth of microorganisms, others had no
effect (Anonymous, 1957).
Polycide, Sodium Meta Bisulphite,
Foemalin and Bactrol
Gur was prepared from juice preserved
with polycide [1000, 2500 ppm], formalin
[1000, 2000 ppm] and sodium meta bisulphite
[10,000 ppm]. Polycide @ 2500 ppm and
formalin were found to be effective against
Leuconostoc bacteria and good setting of gur
was obtained at 72 hours of storage in case
of polycide @ 2500 ppm. The untreated juice
was fermented and the pH dropped from 5.6
to 4.1 after 24 hours of storage while the pH
of juice preserved with polycide was around
6.0 even after 72 hrs of storage [Chiranjivi
Rao, 1984].
Sanitation
D – Mill sanitizes bactericide penetrated
Leuconostoc cells easily kills them almost
completely and inhibit the dextran, sucrose
and invertase activity up to 99.99 %
[Srivastava et al., 1990].
Liquid Jaggery
In preparing liquid jaggery, preservatives
are added to minimize the crystallization and
avoid the formation of microorganisms in the
jaggery and preserve the quality and taste.
The liquid jaggery free from impurities is
filled in sterilized bottles. Benzoic acid and
citric acids are added as preservatives and
also to check crystallization. It is utilized as
sweetening agent in food and drinks in
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Kerala, Andhra
Pradesh and Tamilnadu [Jaswant Singh et al.,
2011]. Patil et al., (1985) prepared liquid
jaggery and preserved with sterilized and
unsterilized bottles with different
preservatives and analyzed the quality
attributes after storage for one year.
The treatments denoted as follows: T1-
Kakavi filled in unsterilized bottle, T2-
Kakavi filled in unsterilized bottle + 1 % citric
 Preservatives and Jaggery [GUR] and Sugar Production – A Review
S. Thangavelu

Non- Color Microbial

Treatments Brix pH R.S. Crystallization Taste
R.S. intensity growth
Initial 64 6.1 19.30 41.80 60 Nil Sweet Nil
T1 58 5.2 28.10 33.00 81 Nil Sour Profuse
T2 60 4.5 30.50 30.60 52 Nil Sour Medium to high
T3 66 5.6 22.70 38.20 73 5 Slightly Sour Medium
T4 62 4.7 28.60 32.20 56 Nil Sour Medium to high
T5 65 5.6 21.40 39.60 68 15 Sweet Nil
T6 65 5.0 26.10 34.80 50 5 Sweet Nil
T7 65. 5.8 21.40 39.40 70 14 Sweet Nil
T8 65 5.3 37.00 37.50 58 8 Sweet Nil

acid, T3- Kakavi filled in unsterilized bottle +
0.1 % potassium metabisulphite, T4 – Kakavi
filled in unsterilized bottle + 0.5 % benzoic
acid, T5- Kakavi filled in sterilized bottle, T6-
Kakavi filled in sterilized bottle + 1 % citric
acid, T7- Kakavi filled in sterilized bottle +
0.1 % potassium metasulphite, T8- Kakavi
filled in sterilized bottle + benzoic acid.
Kakavi stored in the unsterilized bottles with
or without preservatives deteriorated in its
quality. However crystallization was minimum
when citric acid or benzoic acid preservatives
were added. Sterilization of bottles without
any preservatives or addition of citric acid,
potassium metabisulphite and benzoic acid
were effective in retaining the initial qualities
of Kakavi. The Kakavi with these treatments
was free from microbial growth and
maintained its sweetness. Thus it was
inferred that the Kakavi in sterilized bottle
could be preserved in good condition for about
one year. Similarly addition of citric acid at
1 % reduced crystallization of kakavi and use
of 0.1 % potassium metabisulphite or 0.5 %
benzoic acid improved the keeping quality of
Kakavi preserved in sterilized bottles (Patil et
al., 1985).
Rava Jaggery
Attempts of checking micro organic
process leading to deterioration of jaggery by
incorporating small doses of antiseptic
substances viz., formaline, boric acid, several
sulphanamide drugs (sulphanilamide,
sulphanamide, sulphathiazole,
sulphaguanidine) and chloroform added
during manufacture have also failed to check
microorganism processes leading to
deterioration of jaggery. Samples pertaining to
these treatments suffered loss of weight and
sugar along with fungal attack, unpleasant
odour and sour taste. Under mustard oil and
liquid paraffin cover to rava gur under storage
effectively checked the loss of sugar and loss
in weight to the rava gur, without any
association with fungus and unpleasant taste
whereas in case of control taste was some
what sour accompanied with some fungi
(Mukherjee et al., 1985).
Keeping Quality, Deterioration and
Storage
Mixing sugar with jaggery improved its
keeping quality. Improvement depending upon
the proportion of sugar added. Coating jaggery
with sugar also improves the keeping quality.
Wax coating (250 g wax for 40 kg gur) was
found satisfactory for storage of gur. Use of
desiccating agent like calcium chloride and
fungicidal agent like sulphur dioxide proved
effective in preventing growth of moulds in
jaggery kept in air tight containers. Use of

316
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

chloroform failed to check the loss due to
microorganism. Out of ten dyes tested for
their bacteriostatic properties only crystal
violet which could partially suppress the
growth of microorganisms, others had no
effect. Silver nitrate and mustard oil as
preservatives added to gur during
manufacture did not improve the keeping
quality. Gur manufactured from partially
limed juice at 10.5 g calcium oxide per 37 kg
of juice suffered least deterioration during
storage. Sulpha drugs in 10 and 15 ppm
dilutions did not prove effective [Baboo and
Singh, 1986].
Storage Methods
Several methods for storage of jaggery
were [i] packing materials, [ii] storage
blankets, [iii] containers, [iv] godowns, [v] cold
storage, and [vi] chemical preservatives
[Baboo and Singh, 1986].
Storage of Rab
Storage of Rab with mustard oil @ one
chatak per md of juice; sodium meta
bisulphite @ 10 g /1 12 md juice;
sulphanilamide tablets @ 4 tablets per 112 md
juice and control were studied. Preservatives
were mixed in the pan during manufacture
with viscous mass and then transferred to
containers. Material was conducted both
before and after the storage period. Maximum
losses in weight occurred in treatment
receiving mustard oil and minimum with
sodium meta bisulphite. Sugar losses were
maximum with mustard oil and minimum
with sulphanilamide tablets. None of the
treatments proved satisfactory (Anonymous,
1958).
Composition of Different Palms Juice
Nature and composition of palm juice: -
The sweet juice obtained by tapping any
sugar-yielding palm is called ‘neera’. It is a
transparent liquid with a sweet taste and
flavour. When freshly drawn from the tree, it
is almost neutral and water-like; but exposure
to the atmosphere makes it easily susceptible
to the action micro-organisms which ferment
it to form the intoxicant beverage toddy with
an acidic reaction and foul smell. For the
preparation of gur and sugar it is vital
importance that the juice must be preserved
fresh by the addition of a proper preservative.
Lime is being used universally for
preservation. The addition of lime prevents
the fermentation of the juice by imparting to
it a strong alkaline reaction which inhibits the
action of yeast and other microorganisms. The
juice so collected is rich in sucrose content
and its importance as an invaluable source of
sugar.

Chemical composition of different palms’ juice:

No Traits Palmyra juice Coconut juice Date palm juice Sago palm juice
1. Solids or Brix % 13.5 18.7 14.6 10.9
2. Pol % 11.8 15.9 12.2 9.7
3. Sucrose % 11.7 15.8 12.0 9.7
4. Purity % 87.4 85.0 83.6 89.0
5. Reducing sugars % 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.1
6. Pectins and gums % 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.03
7. Ash % 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.3

[Joshi and Gopinathan, 1956].

317

Cane Juice for Beverage Purposes
Among 25 popular and promising
varieties, juice from CoC 671 and Co 86250
was best preferred for consumption as
beverage [as judged by organolyptic test].
Sodium benzoate was equally effective as
potassium meta-bisulphite as a preservative
and keeping quality of bottled juice with the
preservative was found to be good even at 8
weeks of storage at room temperature
[Anonymous, 1991].
Proteolytic Enzymes as Molasses
Preservative
Molasses is an intermediate product
obtained during sugar process. It generally
contains 35-45 % fermentable sugars and has
more than 85o brix [i.e. only 15 % moisture].
Basis composition, it is very difficult for
microorganisms to survive in this
environment for too long. However,
microorganisms like Lactobacillus spp. and
Gram–ve Coccobacilli possibly Pseudomonas
spp. are able to survive in this medium and
deteriorate the molasses. Therefore, molasses
preservation requires specific solutions which
can stop deterioration and maintain total
reducing sugars [TRS] levels in molasses to
produce alcohol. Therefore two groups of
proteolytic enzymes were developed which
prevents the deterioration of molasses by
preventing the microbial growth at while
preserving 3-5 % of TRS content during
storage molasses up to six months or till
application continued [Gautam Kapoor et al.,
2016].
Protein Molasses
Protein molasses is a blend of
carbohydrates and proteins in proportions
allowing for content of 15 to 16 percent
proteins and between 38 and 40 percent dry
matter. It is a viscous liquid similar in
appearance to an intermediate molasses from
the manufacture of raw sugar. The protein
supply consists of a feed yeast cream, the
318
Preservatives and Jaggery [GUR] and Sugar Production – A Review
S. Thangavelu
energetic for the intermediate molasses from
the raw sugar production process, blended to
obtain the proper composition. A 37 %
solution of formaldehyde is added as a
preservative agent to prevent decomposition
[Ramirez, 1988].
Conclusions
Preservatives are effective and promising
in minimizing the stale cane loss and useful
in juice preservation and can be used in mill
sanitation, particularly the carrier, milling
tandem and other stations in juice processing
to minimize microbial population. The keeping
quality of gur from polycide preserved juice
was comparatively poor as it absorbed
moisture to a greater extent while it was
satisfactory in the case of bactrinol treatment.
Silver nitrate and mustard oil as
preservatives were added to gur making and
kept well wrapped in alkathene films did not
exhibit any significant treatment differences
In order to preserve palm juice from inversion
and fermentation, so as to convert it into
either gur or sugar, a preservative was
needed. Sulphanilamide when added to palm
juice in quantities 10 – 60 ppm (40 – 250 mg
to a gallon) preserved the juice in fresh
condition from 5 to 20 days. Oligodynamic
action of silver was marked when silver was
heated with media or on adding in cold media
only and a dilution up to 3 ppm was
efficacious in checking growth. In preparing
liquid jaggery, preservatives are added to
minimize the crystallization and avoid the
formation of microorganisms in the jaggery
and preserve the quality and taste. Attempts
of checking micro organic process leading to
deterioration of jaggery by incorporating small
doses of antiseptic substances viz., formaline,
boric acid, several sulphanamide drugs
(Sulphanilamide, sulphanamide, sulphathiazole,
sulphaguanidine) and chloroform added
during manufacture have also failed to check
microorganism processes leading to
deterioration of jaggery. Under mustard oil
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
and liquid paraffin the taste of rava was quite
good without fungus attack.
Acknowledgement
Author is thankful to Director,
Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore –
641 007 for encouragement and facilities
afforded
References
1. Anonymous, 1956. Study of efficacy of bacterio
static chemicals as preservatives of gur. Ann.
Rpt, Sugarcane Research Station, Bihar. 243 -
245
2. Anonymous, 1957. Study of efficacy of
bacteriostatic chemicals as preservatives of
gur. Ann. Rpt, Sugarcane Research Station,
Bihar. 234 – 246
3. Anonymous, 1957. The wealth of India: A
Dictionary of raw materials and Industrial
Products: Industrial Products (Series), Vol. IV,
Council of Scientific Industrial Research, New
Delhi, India.
4. Anonymous, 1958. Studies on storage of Rab.
Ann. Rpt. Sugarcane Research Station, Bihar.
328
5. Anonymous, 1985. Polycide and jaggery.
Research Highlights. 1985. Extension
Publication No. 16..Sugarcane Breeding
Institute, Coimbatore 641007, India p 10
6. Anonymous, 1991. Sugarcane juice for
beverage purposes Research Highlights.
1990-91. Extension Publication No: 36
Sugarcane Breeding Institute,
Coimbatore-641007, India p 09
Asokan, S. 1995. Ch. 9. Jaggery. (In
Sugarcane Production manual. Ed: Alexander,
K. C. and Arulraj, S.), Sugarcane Breeding
Institute, Coimbatore-641 007. 86 - 93
7. Asokan, S. and Chiranjivi Rao, K. 1992.
Preparation of good quality jaggery. Extension
Publication: No. 37. Sugarcane Breeding
Institute, Coimbatore-641 007
8. Asokan, S. and Rupa, T. R. 2007. Ch. 13.
Jaggery making and jaggery quality. [In
Sugarcane. Eds. Rajula Chandran,
Thiagarajan, R., Puthira Prathap, D. and
Vijayan Nair, N.], Sugarcane Breeding
Institute, Coimbatore-641007. pp 280
319
9. Baboo, B. and Singh, K. 1986. Jaggery Storage
research in India (1935–1984)–A Review IE (I)
Journal Ag 66: January, 76-80
10. Chiranjivi Rao, K. 1984. Juice preservation
and gur preparation. Ann. Rpt. Sugarcane
Breeding Institute, Coimbatore. 78
11. Chiranjivi Rao, K. 1989. Role of Agricultural
chemistry in evolution of improved sugarcane
quality improvement and productivity. Paper
presented at the National Symposium on “Soil
enzymes and their importance in Agriculture”
XXIInd Ann. Conf. of Indian Soc. of
Agricutural Chemists held at TNAU,
Coimbatore, Dec. 11 – 12, 1989
12. Chiranjivi Rao, K., Seshadri, K., Murthy. I. Y.
L. N. and Selvarajan, L. 1982. ‘Polycide’ - A
potential bactericide for cane juice
preservation. Proc. Ann. Conv. of Sug. Tech.
Assoc. 46: C 52 – C 56
13. Chiranjivi Rao, K. and Seshadri, S. 1985. Ann.
Rpt. Sugarcane Breeding Institute,
Coimbatore. 52
14. Chiranjivi Rao, K and Thangavelu, S. 1987.
"Bactrino - 100" - A potential and promising
biocide for sugar industry. Proc. Ann. Conv.
Sug. Technol. Assoc. of India. 50: G 27 - 33
15. Gautam Kapoor, Arya, J.S. and Dharmender
Pathak. 2016.Proteolytic enzymes as molasses
preservative. 46th Annual convention of
SISSTA Sugar Journal, 395-398
16. Gokhale, V. G. 1919. Palm gur manufacture in
the Bombay Presidency. Bombay Dept. of
Agric. Bull. No. 93. 66 pp
17. Jaswant Singh, Singh, R. D. and Anwar, S. I.
2011. Alternative Sweeteners Production from
Sugarcane in India: Lump Sugar [Jaggery]
Sugar Tech [December] 13[4]: 366-371
18. Joshi, B. C. and Gopinathan, N. 1956. Sugar
yielding palms as a potential source of sugar
supply. Proc. Int. Soc. Sugarcane Tech. 9: 287
– 298
19. Kunte, M. V. 1950.A note on keeping quality
of gul. Deccan Sug. Tech. Assoc. 7: R 1 - 6
20. Kunte, M. V. 1951. Proc. Dec. Sug. Tech.
Assoc.
21. Kunte, M. V. 1952. Studies in the absorption
of moisture by gul(jaggery) during storage.
M.Sc. Thesis, University of Poona, Pune.
22. Mukherjee, S. R., Prasad, M. and Prasad, C.
R. 1985. Study on storage of Rava Gur. Proc.

National Seminar-cum- Group Discussion on
Jaggery Manufacture and Storage. Dec 18-19,
1985. Indian Inst. of Sugarcane Res. Lucknow
– 226 002. 150 - 153
23. Patil, J. R., Wandre, S. S. and Gojare, D. G.
1985. Kakavi quality in relation to sterilization
and preservatives. Proc. National
Seminar-cum-Group Discussion on Jaggery
Manufacture and Storage. Dec 18-19, 1985.
Indian Inst. of Sugarcane Res. Lucknow – 226
002. 84 - 86
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24. Ramirez, J.H. 1988. Handbook of sugarcane
derivatives. GEPLACEA Group of Latin
American and Caribbean Sugar Exporting
Countries. Mexico. pp 239
25. Srivastava, M. K., Shukla, S. P. and Dixit, A.
P. 1990. Measures to check sugarcane post-
harvest Biodeterioration. Proc. Sug. Tech.
Assoc. India, 52 : Ag 77 – Ag 90
26. Walawalkar, D. G. 1950. Sulphanilamide as a
preservative for sweet juices from palm trees.
Nature: 4, march. 165 (4192) : 370
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
ZINC AND JAGGERY [GUR] PRODUCTION - A REVIEW
S.Thangavelu
Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore – 641 007
Abstract
A higher concentration of juice nutrients: P, K,
Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn and Fe with lower N was
associated with higher sucrose content in cane
grown with organic manure as compared to
that of cane grown with chemical fertilizer.
The levels of nutrients : K, P, Ca, Mg, Mn,
Zn, Cu, Fe were higher in natural sugar
[jaggery] for cane grown with organic manure.
The juice of varieties CoJ 64, CoJ 76, CoJ 81,
CoJ 67 which produced excellent and good
quality gur had low N/P2O5, Fe/P2O5, K, Ca,
Mg and Cl and high content of P, Zn, Mn and
Cu compared to the juice of Co 1148, Co J 79
and CoJ 77 which gave gur with medium and
poor quality. The gur of Co 1148, CoJ 77 and
CoJ 79 contained comparatively higher zinc,
manganese, and copper than that of CoJ 76,
CoJ 78 and CoJ 81. Kokute, a non-centrifugal
sugar compromising sugar and molasses
contained the order of magnitude: K >, Ca >,
Mg >, Na >, P >, Fe >, Mn and Zn and
average contents (ppm) were 12776, 2055,
1279, 204, 149, 77, 13 and 10. Prevented
contamination by using galvanized iron ware
and did not increase zinc content and gur
samples would be light. Zinc in juice, gur,
shakkar, brown sugar and white sugar was
1.282, 2.552, 2.994, 2.264 and 0.2025. Copper,
Chromium, Lead, Iron, Nickel, Zinc, Sodium,
Calcium, Magnesium, Manganese and
Potassium were present in syrup and gur.
Prevented contamination by using galvanized
iron ware and did not increase zinc content
and gur samples would be light. gur could be
kept in furnace ash, wrapped in paper coated
with paraffin wax and coconut/castor oil
mixture (2:1), gunny bags painted with zinc
oxide paint and metal drums. Out of several
methods of storage [i] galvanized iron drums
[ii] in deal wood boxes lined with paraffin wax
321
coated paper and [iii] gunny bags coated with
white zinc oxide paint were found practical
and economical. Following methods
maintained the gur intact in respect of quality
as well as quantity: (a) Storage of gur blocks
stitched in gunny bag coated with white zinc
paint; (b) Storage of gur blocks stitched in
gunny bags coated with a preparation of glue
and linseed oil; (c) Storage of gur blocks
wrapped in paraffin wax coated paper and
stitched in gunny. Hessain bags painted with
zinc white paint were used for packing gur.
Introduction
Perumal, (1999) reported that
comparative sugars and nutrients levels in
cane juice and natural sugar (jaggery) (NS)
prepared from cane grown with organic
manure (OM) and chemical fertilizers (CF)
were studied. Application of press mud cake
(PMC), sugarcane trash and release of
earthworms as organic source to the soil
improved the soil fertility. A higher
concentration of juice nutrients: P, K, Mg, Ca,
Mn, Zn and Fe with lower N was associated
with higher sucrose content in cane grown
with OM as compared to that of cane grown
with CF. The NS prepared from cane grown
with OM was superior in respect of color and
sucrose content (11 % higher than CF – cane)
to NS of CF – cane. The levels of nutrients :
K, P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe were higher in
NS for cane grown with OM. There was a
steady increase in cane yield in OM –
treatment over years, whereas a decline in
yield was observed in CF – treatment.
Experimental Analysis
Juice Extraction
Crush the harvested cane in a three
roller mill drawn by bullock or by power. The
extraction is from 55 to 60 percent. Collect

the extracted juice in plastic buckets and pour
into the circular pan made of iron/zinc/copper
sheets placed over a furnace [Thuljaram Rao
and Srinivasan, 1980].
Juice Sugar
Increased sugar content in juice was
found by the application of boron, zinc,
manganese, iron and molybdenum [Tanhna,
1967].
Zn & Fe on Sucrose and Yield of Cane
and Sugar in Plant Crop
Application of zinc and iron or their
combinations showed visible impact on the
growth of sugarcane besides having significant
influence on the juice quality parameters.
Juice sucrose percent was significantly higher
with the micronutrients, the best being the
treatment 37.5 kg each of zinc sulphate and
ferrous sulphate. Application of 37.5 kg/ha of
zinc sulphate and 37.5 kg/ha of ferrous
sulphate gave significantly higher cane yield
[128 t/ha] over control [94 t/ha] and zinc
sulphate at 25 kg/ha [99 t/ha]. Application of
25 kg/ha zinc sulphate and 25 kg/ha ferrous
sulphate was on par with 37.5 kg/ha each of
zinc sulphate and ferrous sulphate. Sucrose
percent was significantly higher with 37.5
kg/ha each of zinc sulphate and ferrous
sulphate [16.75 %] over control [14.95 %].
CCS yields were higher with the application
of zinc and iron at 25 and 37.5 kg each, but
difference between two levels, was not
significant; thus suggesting that 25 kg/ha
each of zinc sulphate and ferrous sulphate
was adequate to increase cane and sugar
yields [Jambagi et al., 2016]
Zn & Fe on Sucrose and Yield of Cane
and Sugar in Ratoon Crop
Weather the micronutrient requirements
need to be applied to the following ratoon crop
also or that applied to the plant crop itself
was sufficient was investigated. Results
pertaining to ratoon were showed that
significantly higher percent juice brix was
322
Zinc and Jaggery [GUR] Production - A Review
S.Thangavelu
recorded in 37. 5 kg/ha zinc sulphate plus
37.5 kg/ha ferrous sulphate and the rest of
the treatments were on par with each other.
Significantly higher sucrose percent was
recorded in 37. 5 kg/ha zinc sulphate plus
37.5 kg/ha ferrous sulphate over all the
treatments. CCS yield differed significantly
among the treatments. Highest CCS yield was
recorded in 37. 5 kg/ha zinc sulphate plus
37.5 kg/ha ferrous sulphate followed by 25
kg/ha zinc sulphate plus 25 kg/ha ferrous
sulphate. Application of micronutrients to
ratoon [in addition to plant crop] did not
influence cane population or cane juice quality
but significantly increase cane and sugar
yield. Zn and Fe levels declined after plant
crop and naturally therefore there was
response to application of these nutrients in
ratoon crop [Jambagi et al., 2016]
Thus there was response to application
of zinc and iron in the alkaline soils of the
region. It was found that zinc and iron have
to applied both to the plant and ratoon crops
[Jambagi et al., 2016]
Stage Fe [ppm] Zn [ppn]
1. Initial 1.60 0.28
2. After plant crop 1.20 0.18
3. After ratoon crop 1.15 0.17
[Jambagi et al., 2016]
Zinc and Boron on Juice Quality
Spraying of zinc and boron at maturity
phase was found to be beneficial with regard
to juice quality [Samuels et al., 1952]
Spartin on Juice Quality
500 kg per ha of “Spartin” containing Ca,
Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B was applied to
cane in addition to a normal feed of 150 kg
N and 70 kg P2O5 per ha showed that it did
not increase in cane yield significantly but
reduced juice quality by comparison with cane
receiving only N-P treatment [Mathur, 1975].
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Juice Juice Cane CCS CCS

Treatments
Brix Sucrose yield t/ha % yield t/ha
1. Control 16.97 14.95 94 10.32 9.75
2. ZnSO4 25 kg/ha 17.45 16.11 99 10.69 10.79
3. FeSO4 25 kg/ha 17.78 15.81 109 10.97 12.03
4. ZnSO4 37.5 kg/ha 17.85 16.52 105 10.99 11.49
5. FeSO4 37.5 kg/ha 18.58 16.62 106 11.56 12.25
6. ZnSO4 25 kg/ha + FeSO4 25 kg/ha 18.58 16.53 123 11.47 14.13
7. ZnSO4 37.5 kg/ha + FeSO4 37.5 kg/ha 18.77 16.75 128 11.64 14.98
CD [0.05] 1.05 1.00 21.02 0.73 2.34
C.V % 3.29 3.54 10.79 3.72 10.80

[Jambagi et al., 2016]

Juice Brix Juice Sucrose
Treatments With Without Mean With Without Mean
1. Control 20.00 19.59 19.80 17.59 16.75 17.17
2. ZnSO4 25 kg/ha 19.97 19.69 19.83 17.44 16.88 17.16
3. FeSO4 25 kg/ha 19.30 19.39 19.35 16.43 16.68 16.56
4. ZnSO4 37.5 kg/ha 19.45 20.30 19.88 16.64 16.64 16.64
5. FeSO4 37.5 kg/ha 20.50 19.64 20.07 17.99 16.81 17.40
6. ZnSO4 25 kg/ha + FeSO4 25 kg/ha 19.00 18.72 18.86 16.21 15.70 15.96
7. ZnSO4 37.5 kg/ha + FeSO4 37.5 kg/ha 20.80 20.84 20.82 18.54 18.11 18.33
Mean 19.86 19.74 19.80 17.26 16.80 17.03
CD[0.05] C.V % CD[0.05] C.V %
Treatment 0.88 3.73 0.995 4.93
micronutrient NS NS
Interaction NS NS

[Jambagi et al., 2016]

Cane yield t/ha CCS yield t/ha
Treatments With Without Mean With Without Mean
1. Control 72 67 70 8.72 7.68 8.20
2. ZnSO4 25 kg/ha 74 61 68 8.92 7.02 7.98
3. FeSO4 25 kg/ha 79 71 75 8.57 8.04 8.31
4. ZnSO4 37.5 kg/ha 76 66 71 8.56 7.27 7.92
5. FeSO4 37.5 kg/ha 78 62 70 8.92 7.20 8.06
6. ZnSO4 25 kg/ha + FeSO4 25 kg/ha 86 69 77 9.47 7.24 8.36
7. ZnSO4 37.5 kg/ha + FeSO4 37.5 kg/ha 82 70 76 10.57 8.70 9.63
Mean 78 66 73 9.10 7.60 8.35
CD[0.05] C.V % CD[0.05] C.V %
Treatment 6.63 7.73 0.05 8.66
micronutrient 3.54 0.45
Interaction NS NS

[Jambagi et al., 2016]

323

Quality of Jaggery
According to Kapur et al., (1988), the
presence of excess nitrogen and iron with low
phosphorus adversely affected the quality of
gur; inoganic non-sugars collectively called
ash, have deleterious effects on the efficiency
of vacuum pan operations and on the quantity
of sugar lost in molasses. The juice of
varieties CoJ 64, CoJ 76, CoJ 81, CoJ 67
which produced excellent and good quality gur
had low N/P2O5, Fe/P2O5, K, Ca, Mg and Cl
and high content of P, Zn, Mn and Cu
compared to the juice of Co 1148, Co J 79
and CoJ 77 which gave gur with medium and
poor quality., K2O, Na2O, CaO, MgO, Fe2O3,
Al2O3, Cl, SO4, P2O5, SiO2 etc were the
inorganic non-sugars present in juice.
Mineral Nutrients
Nakasone et al., (1989) reported that in
kokute, a non-centrifugal sugar compromising
sugar and molasses contained the order of
magnitude: K >, Ca >, Mg >, Na >, P >, Fe
>, Mn and Zn and average contents (ppm)
were 12776, 2055, 1279, 204, 149, 77, 13 and
10. Iron and (to a lesser extent) magnesium
were significantly higher in the lower grades.
Nutrie K Ca Mg Na P Fe Mn
nts
In 12776 2055 1279 204 149 77 13
ppm
Colour
Phenol formed purple pigments with iron
and imparted greenish dark colour to gur.
Pronounced effect of boiling the juice in iron
pan on colour of gur was obvious. Same juice
when evaporated in a porcelain dish gave very
light coloured gurs. If sufficient quantity of a
souble citrate was added to iron-phenol colour
and pH adjusted at 5.5 colour completely
disappeared. Optical Density of gur solution
after addition of 20 % ammonium citrate
reduced the colour. Darker shade was due to
iron and phenol. Iron in pan and phenol in
juice gave blue green pigments. Sample of non
Zinc and Jaggery [GUR] Production - A Review
S.Thangavelu
phosphate treatments had a very dark colour
compared with gur samples treated with
phosphates. However, phenol contents of those
samples were not so low and they were found
to be present in corresponding quantities in
gur samples also. The lighter colour of gur
indicated a less corrosive action of those juices
on iron pan. That was confirmed by adding
soluble iron salts to light colour gur from
phosphate treatment and again evaporating to
dry solids caused of less corrosive action did
not appear to be due to higher phosphate
content. The treatment iodine having a severe
deficiency of phosphate gave a dark gur with
O. D. Of 86 while gur from treatment iodine
well supplied with phosphate read 39. Such
organic acid salts possessed dissolving action
on iron. Cane juice contained organic acid
salts dissolved iron. Phenol - iron pigment
was chief cause of dark colour of gur and
prevented by addition of citrate. However, due
to the presence of calcium in the juice a large
quantity of citrate was required to effectively
suppressed the colour. Besides its high cost,
such large quantity of citrate impaired saltish
taste to gur and was likely to impair its
keeping quality. Elimination of phenols was
not practicable under the present process of
Zn
gur boiling due to the presence of organic
10 acids and juice iron contamination from
crusher, storage tanks, pipe line and boiling
pan which contributed. Prevented
contamination by using galvanized iron ware
and did not increase zinc content and gur
samples would be light (Anon, 1954-55).
Nonsugars
Gupta, (1951) reported that inorganic
non-sugars collectively called ash, have
deleterious effects on the efficiency of vacuum
pan operations and on the quantity of sugar
lost in molasses. The juice of varieties CoJ 64,
CoJ 76, CoJ 81, CoJ 67 which produced
excellent and good quality gur had low
N/P2O5, Fe/P2O5, K, Ca, Mg and Cl and high
content of P, Zn, Mn and Cu compared to the
324
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
juice of Co 1148, Co J 79 and CoJ 77 which
gave gur with medium and poor quality., K2O,
Na2O, CaO, MgO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, Cl, SO4,
P2O5, SiO2 etc are the inorganic non-sugars
present in juice.
Inorganic Non-Sugars and
Keeping Quality
Kapur and Kanwar (1990) studied that
inorganic constituents and its influence on the
keeping quality in jaggeries in sugarcane.
Nitrogen varied from 2.10 to 3.88 mg/g was
highest in gur of CoJ 64 followed in
descending order in CoJ 81, CoJ 78. CoJ 76.
CoJ 77, CoJ 67, CoJ 79 and Co 1148. P2O5
was highest (0.72 mg/g) in gur of CoJ 64 wile
that of K in CoJ 78 (1.45 mg/g). Minimum of
these 0.30 and 1.00 mg/g of gur were noticed
in CoJ 77 and CoJ 79. Gur of early maturing
varieties CoJ 76, CoJ 78 and CoJ 64
contained appreciably lower contents of
calcium, magnesium, and chloride as
compared to those of mid and late varieties.
Jaggeries of varieties CoJ 79, Co 1148 and
CoJ 77 which had higher content of calcium,
magnesium and chloride absorbed more
moisture during storage resulting in higher
deterioration with respect to sucrose, purity,
reducing sugars. The highest of these were
noted in gur of Co 1148 and the lowest were
CoJ 78. Iron content varied from 37.5 (CoJ
78) to 110 ug/g in CoJ 64. The gur of Co 1148,
CoJ 77 and CoJ 79 contained comparatively
higher zinc, manganese, and copper than that
of CoJ 76, CoJ 78 and CoJ 81. The
deterioration in color of jaggery was
independent of these factors. Jaggery of
varieties CoJ 64, CoJ 81 which lost more color
transmittance on storage contained higher
amounts of nitrogen and iron.
Micronutrients Composition
Zahida Parveen et al., (1990) reported
that concentration of cromium in juice, gur,
shakkar, brown sugar and white sugar was
0.09, 0.154, 0.17, 0.136 and 0.05 ppm. Zinc in
juice, gur, shakkar, brown sugar and white
sugar was 1.282, 2.552, 2.994, 2.264 and
0.2025. Manganese for juice, gur, shakkar,
brown sugar and white sugar were 1.46,
3.214, 3.506, 2.59 and 0.314 ppm.
Jaggery Preparation of Syrup Rich in Trace
Metals
Trace elements present in liquid jaggery
is important for health point of view.
Bokhari (1984) reported that syrup was
prepared by treating cane juice with sodium
dihydrogen phosphate and polyacrylamide and
boiled. The scum was removed. The juice was
cooled, centrifuged, re-boiled with further
addition of polyacrylamide and concentrated
to 70o Brix. The yield of syrup was 23 % on
juice. Copper, Chromium, Lead, Iron, Nickel,
Zinc, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium,
Manganese and Potassium were determined.
Lead contents were 0.18 – 0.42 ppm in gur;
0.55 – 0.67 ppm in syrup; daily intake of lead
from these sources would be well below the
limits set by FAO/WHO. All the other metals
especially Chromium was considered
beneficial to health. They were present in
syrup and gur; but most of them were absent
in white sugar.
Sugarcane Clones
The juice of varieties CoJ 64, CoJ 76,
CoJ 81, CoJ 67 which produced excellent and
good quality gur had low N/P2O5, Fe/P2O5, K,
Ca, Mg and Cl and high content of P, Zn, Mn
and Cu compared to the juice of Co 1148, Co
J 79 and CoJ 77 which gave gur with medium
and poor quality. K2O, Na2O, CaO, MgO,
Fe2O3, Al2O3, Cl, SO4, P2O5, SiO2 etc were
the inorganic non-sugars present in juice.
Good jaggery had higher sucrose, lime,
phosphate, less glucose, ash, chloride and
organic non-sugars (Anonymous, 1948-49).
Palmyra Neera, Nunku and Jaggery
Neera and nunku from palmyra tree are
giving benefits. Nature gives palmyra tree as
325

gifts to us for summer. In summer, nunku
gives water nutrient to our body. Palmyra
jaggery and palmyra candy have medicinal
quality. High Vitamin B, Vitamin C, iron,
calcium, zinc, sodium, magnesium, potassium,
thayamin, ascorbic acid and proteins are
present in nunku. Nunku controls fats and
reduce the body weight. Those wish to reduce
body weight with food control can use nunku.
Nunku water induces apetite and fills
stomach. It is wonder that nunku is a
medicine to loose motion. Nunku controls the
thrust. Person with anaemia disease is cured
by nunku and induced activeness. Anthuchine
present in nunku controls breast cancer of
women. Nunku controls smallpox disease
formed during summer and induce disease
resistant. Likewise, neera is a good drink
suitable to our weather; it controls body
temperature and cools the body. Our body
facing all inconveniences during summer
protected by vitamins and micronutrients of
neera are more. It cured anaemia disease.
Juice from crushing nunku and tender
coconut may be drunk. Eating palmyra
jaggery prepared from neera with sukku
[ginger] will induce good apetite. When sukku
[ginger], pepper and palmyra jaggery are
eaten by baby delivered mother, mother milk
will produce more; children will get good
nutrition [Anonymous, 2017].
Ayurvedic Medicine
Jaggery is very good for anemic people
as it is a good source of iron that helps in
increasing hemoglobin level in the body. It is
also a very good source of manganese and
selenium and thus acts as an antioxidant
scavenging free radicals from the body. In
addition, jaggery also possesses moderate
amounts of calcium, phosphorus and zinc.
Jaggery thus helps to maintain optimum
health and it also helps in the purification of
blood, preventing rheumatic afflictions and
disorders of bile as stated in Shshruta
326
Zinc and Jaggery [GUR] Production - A Review
S.Thangavelu
Samhita, Chapter 45, sloka 146 [Rakkiyappan
et al., 2010; Anonymous, 2010].
Packing Materials
Gur storage to suit market and transport
conditions the under mentioned methods
proved effective in maintaining quality of the
gur through the monsoon methods; in gur
blocks wrapped in {ia) paper coated with
paraffin wax; (ib) mixture of paraffin wax and
coconut oil (2: 1 ratio); (ic) mixture of paraffin
wax and castor oil (2: 1); ii) storage of blocks
in closed deal wood box lined with paraffin
wax coated paper; iii) Storage of blocks
stitched in gunny bag coated with white (zinc
oxide) paint; iv] storage under ash; no loss in
weight was observed in methods [ia], [ib], [ic],
[ii] and [iii]. Ash method showed a weight loss
of 11 to 12 percent during storage
(Anonymous, 1949).
Paraffin Wax, Deal Wood Box Gunny
Bags and Zinc Paint
Wrapping gur blocks in paper coated
with paraffin wax; or mixture of paraffin wax
and castor oil; storage in closed deal wood
boxes lined with paper coated with paraffin
wax; package in gunny bags coated with
asphalt or zinc white paint; package in gunny
bags lined with alkathene; storage in furnace
ash; packing in gunny bags and embedded in
ash; While storage in furnace ash did not
result in deterioration of color, other methods
led to considerable darkening; however the
molassine portion of gur was partly drained
out by direct contact with ash, resulting in a
loss of 12 % by weight during storage. Gur
blocks packed in gunny bags and embedded
in ash retained their freshness and taste
without loss of weight. Again metal containers
with rubber padded lids had been designed for
storage of large quantities of gur in markets
or mandis. Metal containers with a capacity
of 4 – 5 md had been designed. Lime was
placed at the bottom of the container to keep
the air dry (Anonymous, 1957). Singh (1961)
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
reported that gur could be kept in furnace
ash, wrapped in paper coated with paraffin
wax and coconut/castor oil mixture (2:1),
gunny bags painted with zinc oxide paint and
metal drums.
Zinc Oxide and Paraffin Wax
Baboo and Singh (1986) reviewed that
gur kept in paper coated with paraffin wax
and coconut/castor oil (2: 1 ratio) and wrapped
in hessain painted with zinc oxide was
recommended.
Zinc White Paint, Furnace ASH and
Paraffin Wax
Khanna and Chacravarti (1949) reported
that 1).block wrapped in paper coated with
paraffin wax or mixture of paraffin wax and
coconut oil 2: 1; 2). Storing jaggery blocks in
closed wooden box lined with paper coated
paraffin wax; 3). Blocks stitched with gunny
bag coated with zinc white paint and 4).
Blocks kept in furnace ash found that they
were suitable for storage of jaggery.
Zinc Paint, Gunny Bags and Paraffin
Wax
Gur blocks were stitched in gunny and
then embedded in ash. Gur blocks maintained
their quality through the monsoon and no
deterioration was observed in respect of
hardness and taste etc. At the same time gur
blocks were free from losses in weight as
against 12 % with ash storage. Following
methods maintained the gur intact in respect
of quality as well as quantity: (a) Storage of
gur blocks stitched in gunny bag coated with
white zinc paint; (b) Storage of gur blocks
stitched in gunny bags coated with a
preparation of glue and linseed oil; (c) Storage
of gur blocks wrapped in paraffin wax coated
paper and stitched in gunny (Anonymous,
1951).
327
Zinc White Paint Coated Gunny Bags and
Paraffin Wax
Jaswant Singh (1999) reviewed that
furnace ash was the best storage blanket for
jaggery wherein sucrose increased by 1 to 4
% from May to October and decreased in
glucose and moisture were 1 to 4 and 0.8 to
4.0 % respectively and the weight loss of
jaggery amounted to 11.7 % as against 34.3
in case of bhusa method. Storage of jaggery
blocks stitched with gunny bags coated with
zinc white paint and glue-linseed oil also
blocks wrapped in paraffin wax coated paper
stitched in gunny maintained the gur intact.
Zinc White Paint, Paraffin Wax, Plaster
of Paris and Deal Wood Box
Out of various methods used several
proved effective in completely checked loss in
weight and deterioration in quality viz. i]
storage of blocks wrapped in paraffin wax
coated paper and stiched in hessain, ii]
storage of blocks in a deal wood box lined
with paraffin wax coated paper, iii] storage of
blocks stitched in gunny bag coated with
white [zinc oxide] paint or a preparation of
glue and linseed oil. These methods were tried
under actual commercial conditions and found
practical and economical [Khanna and
Chakravarti, 1951]. Khanna and Chacravarthi
(1951) reported that among methods of gur
stitched in a gunny and embedded ash, gunny
bags coated with various moisture proof
materials viz. zinc white paint, low grade lime
and glue, linseed oil and glue, paraffin wax
and plaster of paris, blocks wrapped in
paraffin wax coated paper and stitched in
gunny, blocks stitched in drill cloth bag coated
with glue/paints, block kept in closed deal
wood box stitched over with coal tar coated
gunny, modified ash storage method was
cheap and effective.

Deal Wood Box, Paraffin Wax and Gunny
Bags Coated with Zinc Oxide Paint
Gur blocks stitched in gunny and then
embedded in ash remained intact in respect
of quality and quantity. 1) Wrapping in
paraffin wax coated paper and stitched in
hessian, 2) in deal wood boxes lined with
paraffin wax coated paper and 3) gunny bags
coated with white zinc oxide paint were found
practical and economical (Anonymous, 1959).
Gunny Bags Coated with Zinc Paint,
Hessian Bags and Glue-linseed Oil
Jaswant Singh (1999) reviewed that
furnace ash was the best storage blanket for
jaggery wherein sucrose increased by 1 to 4
% from May to October and decreased in
glucose and moisture were 1 to 4 and 0.8 to
4.0 % respectively and the weight loss of
jaggery amounted to 11.7 % as against 34.3
in case of bhusa method. Storage of jaggery
blocks stitched with gunny bags coated with
zinc white paint and glue-linseed oil also
blocks wrapped in paraffin wax coated paper
stitched in gunny maintained the gur intact.
Hessain Bags Painted with Zinc Paint
and Alkathene Bags
Hessain bags painted with zinc white
paint were used for packing gur. Gur kept in
these bags did not deteriorate. Alkathene bags
and hessian bags lined with paper and coal
tar were also suitable (Anonymous, 1950).
Paraffin Coated Paper and Gunny Bag
Coated with Zinc Oxide
Out of various methods used several
proved effective in completely checked loss in
weight and deterioration in quality viz. i]
storage of blocks wrapped in paraffin wax
coated paper and stitched in hessain, ii]
storage of blocks in a deal wood box lined
with paraffin wax coated paper, iii] storage of
blocks stitched in gunny bag coated with
white [zinc oxide] paint or a preparation of
328
Zinc and Jaggery [GUR] Production - A Review
S.Thangavelu
glue and linseed oil [Khanna and Chakravarti,
1949].
Furnace ASH, Powdered Charcoal and
Gunny Bags Coated Over with Paint
[Zinc]
Khanna and Chacravarthi (1955)
reported that gur wrapped and kept in bhusa,
powdered charcoal and furnace ash, the latter
was found best. Paper coated with paraffin
wax provided a very suitable wrapping
whether kept in open rack or inside a wooden
box. In the former ants damage the paper.
Gunny bags coated over with white (zinc
oxide) paint also appeared to be suitable
containers for gur storage.
Furnace ASH, Gunny Bags with Zinc
Paint and Paraffin Wax
A blanket of furnace ash afforded an
excellent protection from moisture and
inhibiting moisture. Gur remained perfect
conditions of hardness, crystalline texture,
taste and color maintained and no fungus
growth. If the gur is to be stored, prior to
being embedded in ash, gur is to be stitched
inside a covering of gunny loss in weight was
completely prevented while quality was
maintained. Moisture proof wrapping
materials: 1] gunny bags coated with Zn white
paint 2] Blocks were stitched in gunny bags
coated with a preparation of linseed oil and
glue 3] Blocks were wrapped in paraffin wax
coated paper and stitched in gunny bags
(Chopra, 1952).
Trace Elements and Growth Promoters
Studying the effects of trace elements
[Zn, Fe, Mg and Co] and growth promoters
[NAA, ammonium metavenatate and vitamin
B1] on yield and quality of sugarcane cv CoC
671, Zn alone or a mixture of trace elements
+ growth regulators applied to the soil or
foliage under current fertilizer practices
increased CCS % but did not affect cane yield
/ unit area [Patel et al., 1992].
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Variety & N&K Fertilizers and soils and Juice Micronutrients

Table: Micronutrients content of juice

Micronutrient contents ppm

Variables Plant cane Stubble cane
N-P2O5- K2O Fe Mn Zn Cu Fe Mn Zn Cu
CP 52-68 21 1.0 1.4 0.8 15 1.1 1.7 0.6
L 60-25 20 0.9 2.8 0.6 18 1.1 2.3 0.5
L 62-96 19 1.6 1.9 0.7 19 1.8 2.5 0.7
L 65-69 22 2.0 2.4 0.6 21 2.2 3.1 0.5
LSD- 0.05 NS 0.3 0.8 0.2 NS 0.6 0.9 0.2
80-0-0 19 1.4 2.3 0.7 21 1.5 2.4 0.6
80-0-80 21 1.4 1.9 0.6 18 1.7 2.5 0.5
160-0-0 20 1.4 2.0 0.7 16 1.6 2.3 0.5
160-0-80 23 1.3 2.4 0.7 17 1.4 2.3 0.6
LSD- 0.05 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS,
Baldwin silt loam soil 24 1.3 2.0 0.7 16 1.6 2.8 0.6
Baldwin silt loam-Iberia clay 22 1.3 2.1 0.6 21 1.4 2.4 0.6
Iberia clay soil 16 1.5 2.3 0.7 17 1.7 2.0 0.5
LSD- 0.05 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

[Golden and Abdol, 1977]

Jaggery as Medicine for Rats High test Blackstrip
Composition
A single oral dose of gur 200 mg/kg with molasses molasses
lead 10 mg/kg for 6 weeks restored the 4. Total sugars 0.39 1.6
inhibited activity of amino levulinate [g/100 ml]
dehydratase, mean cell haemoglobin content, 5. Total solids % 2.75 8.62
increased urinary aminolavulinic acid 6. Ash % 0.54 2.42
excretion, blood zinc protoporphyrin and 7. COD [ppm] 28,749 92,224
reduced the uptake of lead in liver, kidney 8. BOD [ppm] 10,000 30,000
and blood. Many adverse effects of lead could
Metals [ppm]
be reduced by simultaneous administration of
9. Na 116 294
gur (Flora and Surendra Singh, 1988).
10. K 1830 5600
Composition of High Test Molasses and
11. Mg 192 1500
Blackstrip Molasses
12. Ca 273 2000
High test Blackstrip
Composition 13. Fe 28 16
molasses molasses
14. Cu 49.5 12.5
1. pH 3.8 4.7
15. Zn 4.00 4.10
2. Brix 3.2 11.3
16. Total acidity [g/l] 2.65 5.25
3. Density [g/ml] 1.0149 1.0431
[Belardo, 1987].

329

Conclusions
At the close of season, crushers should
be cleaned and oiled before storage. This
prevented frothing to a certain extent and
also facilitated easy flow of jaggery from the
pan to the cooling trough. 1).block wrapped in
paper coated with paraffin wax or mixture of
paraffin wax and coconut oil 2: 1; 2). Storing
jaggery blocks in closed wooden box lined with
paper coated paraffin wax; 3). Blocks stitched
with gunny bag coated with zinc white paint
and 4). Blocks kept in furnace ash found that
they were suitable for storage of jaggery.
among methods of gur stitched in a gunny
and embedded ash, gunny bags coated with
various moisture proof materials viz. zinc
white paint, low grade lime and glue, linseed
oil and glue, paraffin wax and plaster of paris,
blocks wrapped in paraffin wax coated paper
and stitched in gunny, blocks stitched in drill
cloth bag coated with glue/paints, block kept
in closed deal wood box stitched over with coal
tar coated gunny, modified ash storage
method was cheap and effective. Gur kept in
paper coated with paraffin wax and
coconut/castor oil (2: 1 ratio) and wrapped in
hessain painted with zinc oxide was
recommended.
Acknowledgement
Author is thankful to Director,
Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore –
641 007 for encouragement and facilities
afforded.
References
1. Anonymous, 1948-49. Composition of cane juice
and quality of gur. Ann. Rpt. Mad. Agri. Res.
Sta. 15-17
2. Anonymous, 1949. Manufacturing technique.
Ann. Rpt. Sugarcane Res. Sta. Bihar.
3. Anonymous, 1950. On improved methods of
manufacture and storage of gur. CSRS, Pusa
4. Anonymous, 1951. Ann. Rpt. for 1949-50 of the
Cent. Sugarcane Res. Sta. Pusa. 97 - 102
5. Anonymous, 1951. Ann. Rpt. for 1950-51 of the
SRSC in Assam. SRS, Jorhat. 18
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Zinc and Jaggery [GUR] Production - A Review
S.Thangavelu
6. Anonymous, 1954-55. Ann. Rpt. Sugarcane
Research Station, Anakapalle, 59 - 62
7. Anonymous, 1957. Experiments on bulk
storage of gur at the Indian Institute of Sugar
Tech. Kanpur. Indian J. of Sugarcane Res. and
Dev. 1 (3): 185 – 186
8. Anonymous, 2017. Benefits of palmyra
products. Tamil Daily, Sunday, 12th March,
2017, Coimbatore, Vol. 66 No. 188 Tax
advertisement p12
9. Baboo, B. and Singh, K. 1986. IE (I) Journal
AG. January, 66: 76 – 80
10. Belardo, A. 1987. High test molasses-an
alternative raw material for the production pf
Puerto Rican rum. Proc. Inter-American
Sugarcane Seminars Sugar: Uses, Energy and
By-Products, Vanguard, Miami, Florida, U.S.A.
91-105
11. Bokhari, S. T. A., Ali, S. and Khan, S. 1984.
Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 27 (2): Apr, 116– 120
12. Chopra, R. R. 1952. Indian Farming 1 (5): 15
13. Flora, S. J. S. and Surendra Singh, 1988. Pak.
J. of Sci. Indus. Res. 31 (10): 722 – 724
14. Golden, L. E. and Abdol, I. B. 1977. Effects of
N and K fertilizers and soil type on yield
components and nutrient uptake of four
sugarcane varieties. La. Agri. Expt. Sta. Bull.
700
15. Gupta, K. K. 1951. Proc. Sugar Technol. Assoc.
India. 20 (1): 16 – 20
16. Jambagi, A. M., Sundara, B. and Kongawadi,
B.Y. 2016. 46th Annual Convention of SISSTA
Sugar Journal, 74-77
17. Jaswant Singh, 1999. Bharatiya Sug. March.
23 - 32
18. Kapur, J., Gandhi, K. and Kanwar, R. S. 1988.
Proc, Ann. Conv. Deccan Sug. Technol. Assoc.
India. 38 (I) : 243 - 248
19. Kapur, J. and Kanwar, R. S. 1990. Indian Sug.
40 (4): 235 - 237
20. Khanna, K. L. and Chacravarti, A. S. 1949.
Curr. Sci. 18 (4): 127 - 128
21. Khanna, K. L. and Chacravarti, A. S. 1949.
Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 30 (2): 99 – 119
22. Khanna, K. L. and Chacravarti, A. S. 1955.
Scientific Monograph – Researches on
technical aspects relating to improvement of
gur Industry in Bihar. Indian Central
Sugarcane Committee. New Delhi.
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23. Mathur, B.S. 1975. Indian Sug. 23: 179-181 28. Samuels, G., Dago-Lopes, M. A. and Laundran,
P. 1952. Sugar, 47 [11]: 49-51
24. Nakasone, Y., Takara, K., Wada, K., Tanaka,
J., and Yogi, S. and Nakatani, N. 1996. 29. Singh, R. N. 1961. Kheti 14 (8): 11 – 12
Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 60 (Hindi)
(10): 1714 - 1716 30. Tanhna, R.V. 1967. Micronutrients increase
25. Patel, H.S., Mehta, N.J., Patel, M.P. and sucrose content. Plant Food Rev. 8 [1-4]:
Vekariya, P.D. 1992. Indian Sug. [in field crop 31. Thuljaram Rao, J. and Srinivasan, T.R. 1980.
anstracts] 45 [2]: 148 Training Manual for Sugarcane Production.
Direcrorate of Extension, Ministry of
26. Perumal, K. 1999. Proc. Sug. Tech. Assoc.
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1-95
27. Rakkiyappan, P., Bhaskaran, A. and
32. Zahida Parveen, Najma Akhlaq and
Palaniswami, C. 2010. Jaggery making and
Muhammad Yaqub, 1990. Pak. Sugar J. 4 (1):
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Coimbatoe-641 007. 58-68

331
MANAGEMENT
&
GENERAL
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES AND THEIR ROLE WITH
IMPORTANCE IN EFFECTIVE EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT
IN SUGAR INDUSTRY
Girish kohli
Manager (HR), Triveni Engg. & Ind. Ltd. Sugar Unit Deoband
Sugar Tech (AVSI), MBA(HR) (Univ. of Wales)
Abstract
Employee engagement has long been shown to
have a direct relationship with business
metrics such as productivity, quality, customer
loyalty and talent retention. As organizations
look for every competitive advantage to move
their business forward the leadership
development should become an undisputed
priority.
Employee engagement is a vast concept that
touches almost all parts of human resource
management. If every part of human resource
is not addressed in appropriate manner the
employees fail to fully engage themselves in
their job in response to such kind of
mismanagement. The employee engagement is
built on the foundation of earlier concepts like
Job Satisfaction, Employee Commitment and
Organizational citizenship behavior. To fulfill
these factors, an effective Employee leadership
is very essential. In this context employee
engagement and employee leadership is
broader in scope.
Keywords: Employee engagement, Leadership
development.
Introduction
Leadership is an important component of
getting a business as growth oriented up and
running. Leaders are responsible for
organizing and inspiring a team of people to
work effectively hard so that the business
can thrive. Good leaders are made and not
born. If one has the desire and willpower with
good efforts he can become an effective
leader. Good leaders develop through a never
ending process of self-study, education,
training, and experience. Effective
335
communication by leadership is the key to win
organizational trust and confidence.
Engagement is the “positive emotional
connection an employee has to their work and
their workplace”. In short caring about work
leads to commitment and wanting to give
more than what is required or expected.
Employee engagement is a positive emotional
connection to the work they do and a
“thinking connection” to the belief in the
goals, purpose and mission of that work.
Employee engagement studies and surveys
consistently site management and leadership
credibility as a crucial factor in this
connection.
Employee Engagement
Employee engagement refers to a
condition where the employees are fully
engrossed in their work and are emotionally
attached to their organization. One can’t
achieve anything unless and until one is
serious about it. An employee must be
dedicated towards his work and should take
it as a challenge. Work should never get
monotonous as it would then be a burden for
the individual. Employee engagement is also
referred as them employee’s willingness to
work for the success of his or her job and
organization. It reflects how employees feel
about the overall work experience i.e. the
organization, its leaders, the work
environment and the recognition and rewards
besides conpensation they receive for their
efforts. Engagement contributes significantly
to an organization’s performance leading to
improvements in service quality, customer
satisfaction and long-term financial results. It
consists not just of traditional notions of job
 Leadership Challenges and their Role with Importance in Effective Employee Engagement in Sugar Industry
satisfaction but of an active commitment to
do the job well and help the organization
achieve its goals and strategies.
Engaged employees take pride in their
organization and work. They take ownership
of their projects, talk positively about
themselves, their employer and the goods and
services they help deliver & view working for
their organization as a career not just a job
and above all perform better. According to a
survey by Coffman (Simon and Schuster,
1999) “A highly engaged workforce is 50%
more productive than an unengaged workforce
and displays retention rates that are 44%
higher”. The employee engagement cannot be
improved only by designing and implementing
effective human resource strategies but their
involvement and quality of output produced
by them also depends on their relationships
with their colleagues, subordinates and
seniors. It is a basic need of human beings to
belong and to be belonged. Such collaborations
can be a major contributor to the success of
an organisationa company.
Leadership
Leadership is an ability to align and
utilize the best available skill which sets to
deliver their role efficiently in the
organization. Leader should have a clear
vision and the key strategic pillars. He should
engage with right people who have right skills
to deliver on it. Organizations should
encourage leaders to engage with their staff
to provide details of strategy and key strategic
initiatives. This will result in two way
dialogue and encourage their staff to own the
strategy. By engaging with their team the
people will recognize that their leaders
genuinely care for them. There is a lot of
evidence suggesting that fully engaged staff
will have a major impact on business results.
particularly
336
Girish kohli
The factors that drive Engagement
When leaders understand the factors
that drive employee engagement them they
are then able to create the conditions that
drive higher levels of organizational
performance.
1. Being part of a winning organization.
2. Working for admired leaders.
3. Having positive working relationships.
4. Doing meaningful work.
5. Recognition and appreciation.
6. Living a balanced life.
These drivers factors are all basically
related to feelings an employee has towards
their role with regard to personal value,
respect, and freedom. In short employee
engagement is largely driven a feeling that
the organization values his contribution and
that it is doing its best to remove barriers
from getting the job done the “right” way.
Leadership in Current Scenario
Leadership challenges vary by
organization but many of the most common
have to do with motivating, encouraging, and
effectively managing people. This is
particularly true in business settings where
employees must learn to work together in
order for a company to be profitable. Many of
the most common leadership challenges arise
when leaders are either unaware of common
pitfalls or are inattentive to developing
problems. As businesses shift towards
collaboration model, the biggest challenge that
leader’s today face is investing time in
grooming leaders and employees to follow the
leaders. In a rapidly changing world of work,
leaders face an increasingly complex challenge
understanding what motivates employees and
drives job satisfaction, commitment, pride and
advocacy. Leadership has paramount
importance in present competitive business
environment because with the help of
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
leadership a company will face investigate all
the problems very efficiently and positively.
The workplace carol: A balance of work
and life
In the modern workplace set up more
focus should be on life balancing incentives.
factors, Innovative incentive schemes such as
increased vacation time may encourage
employees in a prolific and productive
manner. Apart from this letting an employee
to pursue personal interests in office such as
continued education or gym memberships will
become more prevalent in present days.
Jack of all trades: The corporate heroes
In the present business world the
employee must have the aptitude of wearing
adopting multiple roles. Corporate leaders are
becoming aware of the idea that in a
downsized business environment and an
employee should be able to handle multiple
tasks.
Corporate businesses makeover: Profit to
purpose
Along with the profits in business
corporate leadership will witness a new role
of business tycoons i.e. handling social
challenges along with the economic
challenges. Handling social challenges will act
as a strategic tool for companies to realize
their mutual benefits within the society of the
present world.
Ethical leadership
In sugar industry the leaders will begin
to accept that in a global economy ethical
leadership is a strategic advantage.
Consumers increasingly want to support
ethical businesses and employees want to
work for them. Businesses should lead
responsibly in such a way that it
demonstrates that they are thinking beyond
their gain.
337
The top 10 qualities of a great leader
Successful leaders don’t start out asking,
“What do I want to do?” They ask, “What
needs to be done?” Then they ask, “Of those
things that would make a difference, which
are right for me?” They don’t tackle things
they aren’t good at. They make sure other
necessities get done but not by them.
Successful leaders make sure that they
succeed. They are not afraid of strength in
others. Peter F ducker has identified the top
10 qualities of a great leader as: Effective
Communicator; Trustworthy; Ability to See
the Past, Present, and Future; Actions Speak
Louder than Words; Motivator; Consistent;
Take Responsibility; Organized; Relatable to
Employees; Listen to Employee Feedback.
Adopting practices of being a good leader
is not only a good way to enhance one’s own
working life but it also makes for a better
business environment. Employees work harder
for a leader they respect and that they believe
in making sound business decisions. Simply
say a positive workplace environment leads to
more productivity and employee satisfaction.
Leaders Not Managers
 To survive in cope up with future year’s
business world environment needs a new
generation of leaders but not managers
because
 The manager administers; the leader
innovates.
 The manager is a copy; the leader is an
original.
 The manager maintains; the leader
develops.
 The manager focuses on systems and
structure; the leader focuses on people.
 The manager relies on control; the leader
inspires trust.
 The manager has a short-range view; the
leader has a long range perspective.
 Leadership Challenges and their Role with Importance in Effective Employee Engagement in Sugar Industry
 The manager asks how and when; the
leader asks what and why.
 The manager has his eye on the bottom
line; the leader has his eye on the horizon.
 The manager accepts the status quo; the
leader challenges it.
 The manager is the classic good soldier;
the leader is his own person.
 The manager does things right; the leader
does the right thing.
 Leaders have a clear idea of what they
want to do personally and professionally
and they have the strength to persist in
the face of setbacks and even in failures.
Engaging Employees through Sustainability
Research indicates that companies have
a long way to go to enable their employees to
clearly engage with their sustainability
strategies. The committed companies were
also more likely to have mechanisms in place
for incorporating employee’s knowledge and
ideas into company efforts toward
sustainability. When employees understand
how their labor contributes to the competitive
advantage of their companies and to the
betterment of their worlds they are more
likely to feel that their work is meaningful.
Confidence and trust in leadership
Engaged employees see and experience
their leaders acting in accordance with the
expressed values of the organization and
allocating resources in ways that support
strategy. Strong leaders believe in acting in
visible and transparent ways that generate
involvement with customers and employees.
Leaders who can help employees see how
strategy relates to various processes and
procedures build engagement and make the
business a successful one.
338
Girish kohli
Blending the local domestic with the
global
Best practice organizations recognize the
influence of regional and national cultures on
employees’ perceptions. For example Chinese
employees value benefits much more than
learning and development opportunities while
just the opposite is true for workers in
Sweden.
Japanese employees place great
emphasis on base pay and at the same time
also value incentive compensation more than
other countries. Leaders in the modern world
should understand the local and global culture
& ensure that the employee engagement
measures are well suited for the respective
cultures.
Conclusion
Most researches emphasize that
employee engagement is closely linked with
organizational performance outcomes. Leaders
at all levels have a significant impact and
influence over the factors that determine
employee engagement. Employee engagement
has long been shown to have a direct
relationship with business metrics such as
productivity, quality, customer loyalty and
talent retention. As organizations look for
every competitive advantage to move their
business forward the leader development
should become an undisputed priority.
Leaders should ensure that employees have
all these sources they need to do their job &
Give appropriate training to increase their
knowledge and skill, establish reward
mechanisms in which good job is rewarded
through various financial and non-financial
incentives, build a distinctive corporate
culture that encourages hard work and keeps
success stories alive, develop a strong
performance management system which holds
managers and employees accountable for the
behavior they bring to the workplace, focus on
top-performing employees and maintain or
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
increase business performance. Even during
difficult economic times periods employee
engagement is an important competitive
differentiator for organizations.
References
1. Coffman (Simon and Schuster, 1999) and Now,
Discover Your Strengths, by Marcus
Buckingham and Donald Clifton (The Free
Press, 2001).
2. Coffman, C., and Gonzalez Molina, G.(2002).
Follow this Path: How the world’s greatest
organizations drive growth by unleashing
human potential. New York Warner Books,
Inc.
3. Michael Haid, Jamie Sims, 2012, How Leaders
Drive Workforce Performance.
339
4. Kathy Miller, Why Sustainable Companies
Have More Engaged Employees, September 22,
2011.
5. Marsh Mercer Kroll, Guy Carpenter, Oliver
Wyman, Engaging employees to drive global
business success: Insights from Mercer’s
What’s Working research, 2007.
Acknowledgement
I am sincerely thankful with gratitude to
our Honourable Chairman and Managing
Director Shri Dhruv Mohan Sawhney ji and
our Honourable Vice Chairman and Managing
Director Shri Tarun Sawhney ji and Unit
Head Sh D.N.Mishra ji for their interest and
encouragement for preparation of this paper.
 A PRACTICAL APPROACH FOR OPERATING THE SUGAR
PLANT AT CRITICAL FINANCIAL POSITION
V. Subburathnam
Chief Executive Officer
Dnyanyogi Shri Shivakumarswamiji Sugars Ltd.,
Hirebevannur, Indi Tq. Vijayapura Dist., Karnataka
subburath@gmail.com
Cell:8238099333 / 9442518333)
Introduction
M/S Dnyayogi Shri Shhivakumar
Swamiji Sugars Ltd. Indi was erected and
commissioned in the 2002-2003 season with a
crushing capacity of 1750 tcd. Over the period
of time, with change in the management in
the Board, the capacity of the plant was
increased to 3000 tcd with the cogeneration
of 9 MW with back pressure turbine and
installed Transformers suitable for future
expansion for 5000 tcd. Though there is a
good potential for developing cane for
increased capacity, due to one or the other
reason, the same could not be achieved. There
was continuous financial loss recorded for the
past three years and plant also could not able
to do the crushing rate during 2015-16 season
even when cane is available and after the
suggestions and modifications done by
Consultants during the off-season 2014-15. In
the 2015-16 crushing season, the cane crushed
was only 1,41,970 MT. The management was
very much upset with the results and not
interested to invest anything further for plant
Repairs and maintenance. With the above
position, the plant was started with barest
minimum expenditure, the plant was operated
in the season 2016-17 though the crushing
was only 1,07,277 MT with ever worst
situation of drought and with very poor
avaialabilty of cane and heavy competetion
among neighbouring factories for procurement
of cane. The details are enumerated for the
benefit of all concerned.
340
Major Works Executed in the Off-Season
2014-15 and Plant Set right in 2016-17
season:
1. There was connection of II Vapor
bleeding for Pans along with I vapor
provision with independent valves and
also provisions were there for floating body
concept for cleaning of evaporator with
reduced crushing rate. Modifications were
made by removing all the connections of I
vapour and also dismantling the
arrangement for floating body provisions
for cleaning. Being I body is of Semi
Kestner type, maintaining a minimum
pressure of 1kg/sq.cm at calendria of I body
is required for II vapor Bleeing for all pans
with sufficient vapor pressure. Though the
Turbines are designed for the Exhaust
Pressure of 2.5 ata, the safety settings
were not properly set and was only 0.8
kg/sq.cm and was not given proper
attention causing poor performance of
evaporator and pans with low syrup brix
and pans were not boiling properly.
The same was set right by setting the
Exhaust Steam Safety Setting at Turbine at the
Designed Pressure in the season 2016-17 and
performance of plant working was stabilized.
2. During the expansion, DCH was
provided for heating of Clear Juice with
I vapor. But it was not put on line for
more than 5 yrs. since the installation
as there were flashing of juice through
the Air vents at the DCH and through
the vent pipe of Clear Juice Receiving
Coloumn below the Clarifier. The DCH
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
was kept just above the top of the
Clarifier. The consultants suggested for
relocation of vapor inlet line away from
DCH. However, no improvement and the
same problem continued.
Taken as a challenge, the DCH was
made to work and increase in temperature of
about 8-10’C was obtained by modifying the
vent pipes of DCH and Clear Juice coloum -
extending the pipe to inside the clarifier top
foam chamber with the idea that in case if
there is any flashing, the same would go back
to clarifier only. Also, automation of Vapor
valve based on DCH Juice outlet was made
locally using the auto control system existing
in the Continuous Centrifugal machine auto
feed control, available Temp. controller,etc. It
was successful.
3. There were repeated problems of SO2 gas
line jamming and frequent stoppages
during the crushing season. It was earlier
planned to go for FRP gas lines replacing
SS gas pipes installed two years back
causing extra expenditure. An Air Blower
for Sulphur burner with higher capacity
suitable for future expansion upto 5000 tcd
was procured as the air requirement for
Sulphur Dioxide production. However the
same was kept idle as the air quantity
was very high and carry over of sulphur
experienced in gas lines.
The problem was analysed. The problem
was due to inadequate cooling of Sulphur
burner and inadequate air for burning.
Modifications carried out by increasing water
inlet and outlet lines and converting the
scrubber cooling by jacketted system instead of
spry cooling. The air blower procured and idle
was made use of by using the VFD (taken out
from one of the Sul. Juice Pumps). After the
modifications, there were no problem at all.
4. It was reported that there was a lot of
Syrup overflows from Pan supply tanks,
Juice tanks and sugar leakages through
341
pumps and ETP was not maintained
properly in the earllier seasons.
To prevent occurance of low syrup brix,
it was corrected by setting the exhaust steam
pressure at turbine and providing pressure
stablisation auto control valve for I vapor
bleeding to II vapor when pans were starving
for vapour. The Raw juice receiving tank at
the Mills - capacity was increased by adding
one more available tank in the scrap yard by
simply interconnecting from the bottom
though with auto control of Juice flow
working, paid more attention on pumps’
maintenance, melt flashing through the meter
was avoided by cutting the 3 kg/sqcm line
totally in the proces house and using I vapor
in its place. Apart from this, a pit was made
to collect the leaky material and pump back
to process closing the drains to ETP. By this
way, apart from saving of sugar in improving
the sugar recovery with better quality of
sugar, ETP also could be maintained.
5. There was overflow of injection/ Cooling
Tower water and pumps areas were
reported flooded with water when plant
was working.
The problem was analysed and found
that it was due to running more no. of
Injection pumps and less no. of Cooling tower
pumps and the water short circuiting
arrangement at the Cooling Tower end after
maintaing normal working level was
inadequate. Also, pump gland leakages more
due to poor maintenance. All the problems
were attended and set right and pucca
flooring and leak proof of channel walls were
done.
6. In the previous season, it was reported
severe water problem was faced in
running the plant and even water was
taken from Growers’ borewells nearby.
Water conservation methods were strictly
followed. Recycling and reuse of condensate
after cooling was made compulsory and some
 A Practical Approach For Operating The Sugar Plant At Critical Financial Position
of the existing bore wells were stopped even
due to the conservation measures. Due to
usage of Cooled condensate in the process,
scaling also was less and also ETP quantity
reduced due to use of less raw water.
7. During the previous season, there were two
general cleaning even though there were no
continuous operation of the plant and total
stoppage of the plant was about 4 days.
In the seaon 2016-17, as there was
severe drought and cane availability was very
poor and there were competetion from all the
neighbouring factories to get the cane from
our areas with advance payment at the fields
and higher cane prices, etc., it was necessary
to avoid any crushing stoppage to get the
maximum. Hence, for the first time in the
history of DSSSS Ltd., there was no stoppage
of Plant for General Cleaning. The factory
was made to work on all days without
intruption to get cane by planning Online
Cleaning of evaporator and pans saving of
manpower, chemicals apart from getting our
cane to our factory.
8. During the plant Trouble shooting
modifications in 2014-15, a pH control
system was installed. Two loop control -
lime dosage based on pH sensor and
stepper motor drive for lime addition. No
control for SO2 gas control
The system was discarded as it was not
giving proper results and pH sensor giving
wrong signals for improper addition of lime.
Manual control was followed by insisting
uniform MOL brix checking at the Juice
Sulphiter. It was proposed to install a simple
V/V ratio controller for MOL addition
according to Juice Flow.
Operating the Plant Economically in
2016-17 Crushing Season with Risk:
1. Mills:
There were five mills with Zero mill of
33“X66” and remaining four of 30“X60”. All
342
V. Subburathnam
Mills, fibrizer were electrically driven. There
were no Spare Rollers for the mills and the
same old rollers were used after due repair
by welding. There was report of failure of Mill
Couplings by a U-V test done by one agency.
To clear the doubt, it was insisted to check
for a new spare coupling procured long back.
The new roller was also reported cracks. It
was thought twice and to avoid investing for
new couplings and to clarify whether it was
true that new unused coupling also got
failure, it was rechecked with other agency for
UV test. During the test, it was found, the
results given by earlier agency was wrong and
used the same couplings with the guarnnette.
By this way, there was saving in purchase of
couplings, roller,etc. Only critical ones alone
procured.
Similarly, AMCs for total Mill Drives,
batch machine controls, Boiler Feed pumps,
Sugar Graders, etc were avoided and experts
were only called while commissioning if any
problem was faced.
2. Cooling Tower Fan Gear Box:
It was planned earlier to purchase one
no. of Vertical gear box with Fan for the
Cooling Tower as the bearing in the gear box
was worn out and bearing could not be
removed in position. There were vibrations at
the Cooling tower fan and tie rod got broken.
The fan rpm was lowered using the VFD to
the extent that no vibrations compromising
the cooling efficiency during the seaon
2015-16. Before the start of the seaon,
encouragement was given to bring down the
gear box to workshop and get it repaired. The
alignment and tie rods were fitted properly
and strengthening of the bed frame of gear
box was done. Approach was also made to
reach gear box for oiling during the working
of the plant. By this way, the cost of gear box
and fans were saved and given confidence to
the engineers and workman.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

Annexure - 1
Dnyanyogi Shri Shivakumar Swamiji Sugars Ltd. Results
Season Date of Date of Cane REC%
No. Sugar
Crop Days Start Close Crushed MT
2002-03 14 17.04.03 30.04.03 11,366 10.49 11,505
2003-04 101 10.11.03 17.02.04 1,10,864 10.48 1,16,190
2004-05 108 25.11.04 12.03.05 1,41,064 10.86 1,53,680
2005-06 156 20.11.05 24.04.06 2,94,752 11.50 3,25,385
2006-07 192 16.12.06 25.06.07 2,51,864 10.39 2,61,640
2007-08 183 29.11.07 29.05.08 1,89,032 10.80 2,04,250
2008-09 56 05.01.08 01.03.09 43,851 9.50 41,660
2009-10 164 09.11.09 24.04.10 1,36,477 9.55 1,30,030
2010-11 185 09.11.09 24.04.10 2,73,601 11.65 3,18,855
2011-12 152 16.11.11 15.04.12 3,33,102 11.48 3,82,400
2012-13 149 28.10.12 25.03.13 3,03,630 9.56 2,99,330
2013-14 140 23.11.13 11.04.14 3,40,133 10.12 3,44,100
2014-15 140 02.12.14 20.04.15 3.36,119 10.11 3,39,850
2015-16 84 24.11.15 15.02.16 1,41,970 9.82 1,39,440
2016-17 74 04.11.16 16.01.17 1,07,277 9.50 1,07,900

Annexure - 2
Report of Neighbouring Sugar Factories for the Season 2016-17
Crushing Date: 10.01.2017
S. Crush Dt of Crop Cane Crushed Rec%Cane
Factory
No. Capacity Start Days Today Todate Today Todate
01. DSSS Sugars Hirebevanur 3000 04.11.16 69 1112 101707 9.20 9.52
02. Jmakhandi Sug Nad 4500 07.11.16 65 3338 189021 8.21 9.33
03. Indian Suga Havinal 4500 24.10.16 79 1673 221831 --- --
04. KPR Sug 6000 08.11.16 64 5114 282408 8.80 9.61
05. Manali Sug 3500 09.11.16 63 1765 84364 -- --
06. Renuka Sug Havalga 9000 15.11.16 57 3820 161420 10.01 9.35
07. Ugar Sug Malli 4000 10.11.16 62 1760 129790 8.40 9.01
08. Fab-Tech Sug 4500 07.11.16 43 -- 71477 -- 8.90 (closed
on 21.12.16)
09. Lokamangal Bhandarakavat 6500 07.11.16 53 -- 144838 9.50 (closed
on 30.12.16)
10. Bhairavanath Sugars 3500 05.11.16 56 64700 8.22 (closed on
31.12.16)

343
 A Practical Approach For Operating The Sugar Plant At Critical Financial Position
3. Manpower:
The plant was operated with minimum
manpower. Most of the workmen were on
Seasonal, Contract or casuals basis. There were
no Second level below HODs. There was lack of
skilled workers also. However, with lot of
difficulty, plant was kept in run without stoppage
and without loosing the efficiency. Team Building
and Encouragement and freedom to take the
responsibilities given fruitful results.
4. Reliability of Cane Weigh Bridge:
With high competetion for cane
procurement, rumors were spread by many
neighbouring factories that there were
malpractices and adjustment of weighment in
cane in our factory to confuse the cane
growers and to give their cane to their
factories. But, the weighment was calibrated
and maintained well throughout the season
and open announcement was made to all the
cane growers and the truck drivers to check
the correctness of the weighment at out weigh
bridge and both gross and tare weight of the
vehicles were weighed on the same weigh
bridge only. By this bold step, the cane
growers who were lured by more cane price,
spot payment, immediate harvesting, etc
changed their mind and supplied their cane
to our factory only. This build the confidence
to the cane growers of our area that though
there may be delay in cane payment, the
payment will be given for the correct weight
and there will be no cheating.
5. Crushing rate to cope with cane
supply:
With poor availability of cane due to
severe ever lasting drought in the seaon
2016-17 and very high competetion among the
neighbouring factories for cane procurement,
it was taken seriously and planned in such a
way that no cane should go out from our
factory to other factories by maintaining the
crushing rate to cope with the cane supply -
well coordinating with cane dept.
344
V. Subburathnam
Conclusion:
Sugar industry especially South India is
in severe state of peculiar issues like less raw
material availability due to drought
conditions, factorys’ season days are reducing
with more expansion of existing capacities,
new factories coming up. The crushing days
are reduced about 120 days from the earlier
180 days as designed. Long off-season resulted
in laying off of more no. of employees even
permanent Officers, staff, workers, etc and or
reducing the salaries of the employees as per
the management decisions, etc. There was
uncertainty on job security of the Employees
working in Sugar Industry about their job and
their future. There would be a starvation of
Technical / skilled Persons in Sugar mills due
to the above crisis.
Many factories in Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Maharastra are facing the
simililar problems and some factories in group
was kept closed to supply cane to other
factories working in their group to minimise
loss. With the current scencerio of very less
Power Price from Cogeneration factories with
Govt Policies and availability of solar power
available at less price, the investments made
for high pressure boilers and Turbines may
not be more beneficial. The saving of bagasse
and selling will be fetching a good price than
burning bagasse and selling surplus power.
Now, a serious thinking to be made to diverse
the activities of sugar complexes with
prolonged season working with introduction of
new cane varieties, other alternate raw
material to continue the sugar processing
-producing raw sugar and processing during
season, etc and to engage all the manpower
I am thankful to Management, Officer,
staff and workers who are very much
co-operative and understanding and help me
to achieve the best results possible in the
working of the season 2016-17 in such a
critical situations.
SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention
SUGAR INDUSTRIES PRESENT SCENARIO – AN OVERVIEW
N. Gopalakrishnan, G.V. Senthil Kumar
Introduction
According to Indian Economic Survey,
Indian sugar industry facing acute problems
too complete in global market due to following
reasons:
 Lack of Information System.
 No Integrated System in day to day
Business Activity in with its Byproducts
like molassesethanol, Power bagasses
Generation and bio-compost fertilizers and
thereupon downstream industries, finished
products of power and alhocol.
 Rise in Inventory carrying cost.
 Considerable rise in production cost.
 No effective Utilization of resources like
Men, Machine, Materials and Money.
Stress Areas in Sugar Industry
1. Cane procurement & management
system
Availability of desirable raw material &
its management.
2. Materials Management System
Due to non-availability of real time
information, the inventory carrying cost goes
up.
3. Plant Maintenance
Lack of accurate measures for preventive
and corrective maintenance plans.
4. Production Planning
monitoring all plant
parameters & its efficiency
5. Integration between
departments
No integrated system in organization.
Fives Cail – KCP Ltd
6. Finance Accounting
Integrated Cane Accounting System with
Financial Accounts.Invoice verification and
payments.
7. Monitoring the overall performance
Cane Procurement & Management System
Sugar Industry involves decision making,
which is often best with uncertainty and risk
especially increasing from the point of view
by the availability of desirable raw material
and its management. This risk can be
minimized only if decisions are based on
sound and reliable information on different
aspects.
 By interfacing SAP R/3 with GIS, the
handling of spatial variability of
agriculture system will be easy that new
aspects such as integration of expert
system and decision support systems are
being added to many modules
 Pre-calendaring activities: It includes field
surveys, Plot data maintenance maturity
based cane planning, growers database
maintenance etc.
 Cane calendaring and Indenting: Cane
calendaring, Re-calendaring, Supply ticket
printing, Cancellation, Re-validation etc.
 Cane Purchase: Gate purchases, out
center purchases, Inward – Outward
token issuance, Online gross/tare
weighment, Purchase analysis reports,
Online yard balance, center balance
report.
production
 Contractor accounts: for transporters,
loading contractors, invoice
various verification/Generation, control on truck
movements, Integration with financial
management system.
345
 Sugar Industries Present Scenario – An Overview
N. Gopalakrishnan and G.V. Senthil Kumar

Benefits from Sap Implementation with  For non-moving and dead-stock material,
GIS SAP gives accurate and timely
 Farmer’s service towards the inputs in information to reduce inventory carrying
right time. cost.

 Suggestions from the factory expert to  Standardization and simplification leads

farmers about planting and inputs, by to reduce the number of varieties of items
looking to the soil and water availability and reduces inventory.
and gives better yield and recovery.  Material reports: Generation of good
 The information about the supply of cane, receipt register, material inspection,
payment and recovery accounts details rejected material, freight payments
area provided at any given time. against material receipt.

 Supplying in right time on first come first  Indenting: Indenting of material status of
served basis, benefitsing Farmers. stores balances.

 Information Technology has provided to Stores accounting & investment

use smart cards to the farmes for better management control: stores ledger valuation
service and fast truck payment. of goal, Analysis of issue/consumption,
inventory movement & control.
 Palm tops are used for data entry across
the cane area faster update.  Purchase management system: Online
energy generation purchase order
Benefits for the Organization generation, comparative etc.
 Staggered plantation helps the factory to
Plant Maintenance
crush informally throughout the crushing
season. Lack of accurate measures for preventive
and corrective maintenance plans
 Increase in yield by crushing good quality
and matured cane.  SAP gives accurate, feasible and reliable
solutions for preventive and corrective
 Benefit from the supply of the inputs to
maintenance through integration of Plant
the farmers.
maintenance with other modules, like
 Farmer loyalty increase. MM, PP, FI/CO by facilitating right
material at right time that leads reduction
 Planning and budgeting and achievement in plant down time considerably.
have meagergre deviation.
Production Planning
Material Management System
Monitoring all plant production
Due to non availability of real time
parameters and its efficiency
information, the inventory carrying cost goes
up.  SAP gives best solution for planning the
production by accurate material
 SAP gives accurate solution by adapting
requirement planning & production
the strategies like, Just-in-Time and
execution with systematic monitoring of
kanban techniques fo critical parts, spare
all production parameters.
parts and consumables that leads
systematic planning considerable  Generation of standard reports like, RG1,
reduction in inventory carrying cost. other lab reports etc.

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SISSTA Proceedings 2017 - 47th Annual Convention

 Pol analysis, purities, recovery figure,  Financial Planning & cash flows:
house analysis, various reports. everything is integrated to generate
projected cash flow, profit& loss account,
 Accurate product costing for all main
balance sheet etc.
products and by products.
 Budgeting & cost control: Budgeting,
 Continuous evaluation & monitoring the
Expenses analysis, planning vs actual
plant efficiency.
variation, traveling expense control,
Integration With Other Departments vehicle expenses control etc.

There is no integrated system in legacy,  General ledger accounting: it include cash

decision making process is time consuming book, bank book, journal book & day book,
and less accuracy etc. profit & loss account, balances sheet,
Voucher generation & online voucher pass
 SAP gives an integrated system across the
up.
departments in the organization.
 Purchase accounting: Suppliers bill
This leads effective communication,
passing, integration with material
faster decision making, accurate, efficient and
management system.
reliable information between departments.
Integrated Enterprise
 Eliminates paperwork considerably.

Finance Accounting
Invoice verification & payments

 Through SAP, invoice verification and

payments can be made efficiently,
accurately.

 System will become transparent and top

management can access details of payments
at any point of time, vendor-wise,
period-wise, material-wise etc.

 Accurate budgeting plans and other standard

reports like, excisable goods, import/ export Integration allows the total output of an
material etc., can be generated as per the enterprise to increase by Order Magnitude.
requirement of the company.
Mysap ERP Module Overview
 Generate balance sheet and Profit & Loss
statements on daily, weekly, monthly
basis as per organizational requirement.

 Asset management can be easily

manageable.

 Growers Payment: Cane payment,

society payment, loan deduction &
accounting, interest computations,
integration with financial
management system.

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 Sugar Industries Present Scenario – An Overview
N. Gopalakrishnan and G.V. Senthil Kumar

Conclusion  PM - Plant Maintenance

 SAP provides integrated monitoring  QM - Quality Management
system of all departments’ performance
and efficiency in the organization.  SD - Sales & Distribution

 It provides vendor evaluation activity so  PA - Payroll

that vendor rating can be done based on
 HR - HR development & Training
their price, quality, delivery and service.
Through SAP organization resources can  APO - Advanced Planner and
be utilized to a maximum extent possible. Optimiser
 PP - Production Planning
Acknowledgement
 MM - Materials Management Authors are very much thankful to the
Fives cail – Kcp Management for giving
 FI - Finance
permission to submit the paper during the
 CO - Costing Annual Convention.

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 The South Indian Sugarcane & Sugar Technologists' Association
Flat No. A-2, 1st Floor, Saraswathi Apartments, No.49, Third Main Road,
Gandhi Nagar, Adyar, Chennai – 600 020, Tamil Nadu
Phone: 044-24415934, E-mail: sissta68@gmail.com, Website: www.sissta.org

CHANGE OF ADDRESS
Request to Members:
All the members of The South Indian Sugarcane & Sugar Technologists’ Association, are requested to
inform their change of address if any, for communication in the format given below along with your
previous address and send it to SISSTA.

K.G. Jayakumar
Hony. Secretary, SISSTA

Name: Life Member No.

(i) Previous Address :

State: Pin:

(ii) Present Address (Please give Designation, Dept. and Organisation’s name):
(a) Name :

State: Pin:
(b) Nationality : (c) Blood Group
(d) Date of birth : (e) Date of Marriage

(f) Status : Individual

(g) Academic Qualification :

(i) Phone No. with code:

Personal Official Mobile

(j) E-mail ID: Personal

Official

Date: Signature:
365
 The South Indian Sugarcane & Sugar Technologists’ Association
(SISSTA)
Flat No. A-2, 1st Floor, Saraswathi Apartments, No.49, Third Main Road,
Gandhi Nagar, Adyar, Chennai – 600 020, Tamil Nadu, Phone: 044-24415934
E-mail: sissta68@gmail.com, Website: www.sissta.org

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

(To be filled up in Capital letters)
Sir,
I hereby apply for admission as Individual Life Member of The South Indian Affix Passport
Sugarcane and Sugar Technologists’ association and if elected, undertake to conform to and size Photo &
be bound by the Memorandum and Rules and Regulations of the Association which may be attach one more
photo with
in force from time to time. I also undertake to do everything in my power to advance the application for
cause of the Association. ID card

(a) Name : __________________________________________________________________

(b) Nationality : _______________________ (c) Blood Group_____________________________

(d) Date of birth : ________________(e) Occupation______________________________________

(f) Employer’s Name & Address: __________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

State________________________________________________Pin:______________________________________

Phone No._______________________E-Mail:________________________________________________________

(g) Address for Communication: __________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

State________________________________________________Pin:______________________________________

Mobile No.______________________E-Mail:________________________________________________________

(h) Permanent Address: _________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

State________________________________________________Pin:______________________________________

Mobile No.______________________E-Mail:________________________________________________________

(Xerox copy for Residential address proof to be attached – Passport / Aadhar Card / Voter ID / Driving License / Ration
Card / Pan Card)

(I) Academic Qualification : _____________________________________________________________________

367
(j) Educational Qualifications (High School onwards):
(Please attach photocopy of Certificates)

Year of
Name of the University / College Examination Division
Passing

(k) Technical Qualification (Please attach photocopy of certificates):

Degree/ Diploma/ Year of

Name of the Institution Division
Certificate Passing

(l) Experience:

Date of
Name of the Organization Position held Duration
Joining

(m) Are you the member of any other Association / Institution ?

If yes please give the detail: ___________________________________________________________________

(n) Research experience and papers published: _____________________________________________________

Date: _____________________ Signature: __________________________

We, the undersigned, being members of the South Indian Sugarcane & Sugar Technologist’sAssociation, do propose and
second the above named applicant for membership.

Membership
Detail Name Signature
No.
Proposer
Seconder

Note:

The enrolment fee for Individual Indian Life Member is of ` 2,000/- (Rupees two thousand only) & for Foreign
National 100 USD (to be paid in Indian Rupee). This may please be paid by crossed D.D. in favour of “The South
Indian Sugarcane & Sugar Technologists’ Association” payable at “Chennai” OR transfer the amount to A/c No.
30705634820 in the name of “The South Indian Sugarcane & Sugar Technologists” Association” with State Bank
of India, Gandhi Nagar, Adyar. RTGS/NEFT IFSC Code: SBIN0017871.

368