Fodder Material Descriptive English For Phase 2 Batch 1 For NABARD Grade A/B 2019

FODDER MATERIAL
DESCRIPTIVE ENGLISH
FOR PHASE 2
BATCH 1
For NABARD Grade A/B 2019
1|P ag e www. ed u ta p. co.i n Query? hello@edutap.co.in 8146207241

Contents
Do you think Universal Sanitation Coverage will be a milestone in the journey of Swachh Bharat Mission? ........... 4
Suggest some measures to mitigate the impact of the most severe water crisis being faced by India. .................... 5
What is the importance of the coral cover for the protection of biodiversity below water? ................................... 6
Mention the features of Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana ......................................................................................... 7
Some states have started to take the measures related to drought proofing and rejuvenation of water bodies.
Discuss the need of such measures. ....................................................................................................................... 8
Do you agree with the fact that policies of Forest Management in India need a major change so as to give a boost
to the forest based industries of India? .................................................................................................................. 9
Discuss the relevance of “India Cooling Action Plan” launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change ................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Do you think providing livelihood opportunities in rural India is most important for sustainable development in
urban areas? Suggest some measures to do so. ................................................................................................... 12
How has the PM-UJJWALA yojana changed the lives of rural people by providing LPG connections? .................... 13

Sustainable Nitrogen Management has become a necessity for sustainable
environment. Discuss
Among the plant nutrients, nitrogen is the most important nutrient for the growth of the plant. Its
importance as a growth and yield determining nutrient has led to large and rapid increase in
nitrogen application rates. This has often resulted into the poor nitrogen use efficiency and it has
also a negative impact on the environment.
Other roles of Nitrogen in Agriculture Production
• Nitrogen is necessary for the formation of amino acids which are building blocks of protein.
• Nitrogen is essential for plant cell division and imparts green colour to the plants.
• Nitrogen is a component of chlorophyll and therefore essential for photosynthesis.
• Nitrogen plays an important role in synthesis of auxin.
Negative Impact of Excessive use of Nitrogen Fertilizers in Agriculture and Environment
• Excessive use of nitrogen through fertilizers causes a loss of certain plant species.
• Too much nitrogen in a soil also creates an imbalance of nutrients that causes a depletion of
other important minerals such as phosphorus, calcium and magnesium.
• Nitrogen soaks deeply into the soil after a rain or irrigation, reaching ground water and
nearby wells. This has led to contamination of water which directly harms human beings.
• When nitrogen levels in rivers and streams increases, it aid in algae overgrowth. As algae dies
and decomposes, organic matter in the water increases which resulted in deficiency of
oxygen in the water. Without oxygen fish and other aquatic animals die.
These are all reasons which directly affect the environment.
Solution
After going through the impacts of nitrogen in agriculture production and environment, we should
think of the possible solutions to end this menace. There are some of the probable solution for that.
Like:
• Use the appropriate amount of fertilizers which are required for the plant growth. For this
Indian government has also started Soil Health Card Scheme.
Under the scheme, government provide Soil Health Card to farmers which have soil nutrient
status of his/her holding. This will help farmer to know exactly the amount of fertilizer
required to soil.
• Farmers should use neem coated urea. It will increase the nitrogen use efficiency and there
will be no need to use excessive amount of fertilizer.
For this government has also made mandatory for domestic fertilizer firms to neem coat at
least 75% of their urea production.
• The farmers should go for organic farming under which farmers use green manures and
compost, biological pest controls etc. This will reduce the impact of excessive use of nitrogen
to the environment.

• NGOs and the government should create awareness among farmers about the impact of
excess nitrogen to the environment.
To conclude, we can say that excessive use of nitrogen is affecting the agriculture production and
environment as well. Therefore, sustainable nitrogen management has become a necessity for
sustainable environment.
Do you think Universal Sanitation Coverage will be a milestone in the journey of

Swachh Bharat Mission?
Swachh Bharat Mission is a mass movement that seeks to create a Clean India by 2019. The father
of our nation Mahatma Gandhi always laid the emphasis on swachhta as swachhta leads to healthy
and prosperous life. Keeping this in mind, the Indian government has decided to launch the swachh
bharat mission on October 2, 2014.The mission will cover all rural and urban areas. The urban
component of the mission will be implemented by the Ministry of Urban Development, and the
rural component of the mission by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
Objectives of Swachh Bharat Mission
• The mission aims to achieve an “open defecation free” India by October 2, 2019 and achieve
universal sanitation coverage.
• To convert the insanitary toilets into pour flush toilets.
• To remove the system of manual scavenging.
• To make people aware of healthy sanitation practices by bringing behavioural changes in
people.
• To link people with the programmes of sanitation and public health in order to generate
public awareness.
• To build up the urban local bodies strong in order to design, execute and operate all systems
related to cleanliness.
• To completely start the scientific processing, disposals reuse and recycling of the Municipal
Solid Waste.
Achievements of Swachh Bharat Mission
• Till now, around 89 million household toilets were built since 2 nd October, 2014.
• Under the Swachh Bharat Mission, more than 5 lakh villages were made open defecation
free.
• Total 533 districts and 25 states were made open defecation free.
• According to National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey (NARSS) 2018-19, the ‘Household
Toilet Coverage’ in India has increased to 96.55% till November 2018 from 38.70% in
October, 2014.
Conclusion
As we have discussed that universal sanitation coverage is one of the primary objectives of Swachh
Bharat Mission. To achieve this, central and state government has started many initiatives like

Namami Gange initiative, Mission Nirmal Bangla of West Bengal etc. The day is not very far when
we achieve universal sanitation coverage and this will be a milestone in the journey of Swachh
Bharat Mission.
Suggest some measures to mitigate the impact of the most severe water crisis being
faced by India.
Introduction
• Water is life because plants and animals cannot live without water.
• Water is needed to ensure food security, feed livestock, needed for industrial production and
to conserve the biodiversity and environment.
• Although, India is not a water poor country, due to growing human population, severe
neglect and over-exploitation of this resource, water is becoming a scarce commodity.
• While this is a growing concern all over the world, India is most vulnerable because of the
growing demand and in-disciplined lifestyle.
• This calls for immediate attention by the stakeholders to make sustainable use of the
available water resources to ensure better quality of lives.
Reasons behind water scarcity in India
• Inefficient use of water for agriculture.

• Reduction in traditional water recharging areas.
• Sewage and wastewater drainage into traditional water bodies.
• Release of chemicals and effluents into rivers, streams and ponds.
• Lack of on-time de-silting operations in large water bodies that can enhance water storage
capacity during monsoon.
• Lack of efficient water management and distribution of water between urban consumers,
the agriculture sector and industry.
Solutions to the water crisis
• Increasing water storage capacities through activities such as farm ponds, percolation tanks,
water reservoirs and construction of small and medium size dams can retain more surface
water, while increasing the ground water recharge.
• Interlinking of rivers will help in preventing floods while improving water distribution in the
country.
• Judicious distribution of water for different uses can help in preventing water scarcity.
• Efficient irrigation practices like drip and sprinkle irrigation will reduce the water
requirement.
• Development of watersheds is an important programme to make best use of the rainwater
which can provide assured water supply to agriculture in rain fed areas.
• One of the most important reasons for water scarcity in India is increasing water pollution.
So we should try to control water pollution.

• Over 70% of the global water resources being saline, economic desalination of sea water is
an excellent option to meet the future shortage of sweet water particularly to meet the
human consumption.
• There is a need for promoting multidisciplinary researchers to study various aspects of water
resources, conservation, efficient storage, reduction of losses and sustainable utilisation.
• Development of local capabilities by grooming new generation water management
technicians and managers to implement various innovative projects with greater efficiency.
• Review of the National Water Policy to enforce a ban on flood irrigation, discontinuation of
free power supply to pump underground water and prevention of untreated sewage and
effluent into rivers should be taken up immediately.
Conclusion
• India is not a water deficit country, but due to severe neglect and lack of monitoring of water
resources development projects, several regions in the country experience water stress from
time to time.
• Further neglect in this sector will lead to water scarcity during the next 1-2 decades.
• It is therefore necessary to prevent this crisis by making best use of the available
technologies and resources to conserve the existing water resources, convert them into
utilisable form and make efficient use of them for agriculture, industrial production and
human consumption.
What is the importance of the coral cover for the protection of biodiversity below
water?
Introduction
• Biodiversity is the variety of living species that can be found in a particular place like region,
ecosystem, planet, etc.
• Coral reefs are often called the rainforests of the sea, both due to the vast amount of species
they harbour, and to the high productivity they yield.
• Coral reefs are believed by many to have the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem on the
planet, even more than a tropical rainforest. It is home to a multitude of different types of
fish, invertebrates and sea mammals.
• Occupying less than one percent of the ocean floor, coral reefs are home to more than
twenty-five percent of marine life.
Importance of Coral Reefs
• The coral reefs protect coastlines from the damaging effects of wave action and tropical
storms.
• It provides habitats and shelter for many marine organisms.
• The coral reefs are the source of nitrogen and other essential nutrients for marine food
chains.
• It assists in carbon and nitrogen fixing and also helps with nutrient recycling.
• The fishing industry depends on coral reefs because many fish spawn there and juvenile
fish spend time there before making their way to the open sea.

• The study of coral reefs is important for providing a clear, scientifically-testable record
of climatic events over the past million years or so. This includes records of recent major
storms and human impacts that are recorded by the changes in coral growth patterns.
How coral reef protects biodiversity below water?
• Climate change from rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) is having two major effects in
our seas: global warming and ocean acidification and the combination of these threats are
affecting marine life from single organisms to species communities.
• So the reefs play important part in protecting the biodiversity by working as a shield to the
biodiversity below water.
Conclusion
It is important to protect coral reefs because they are a significant part of how people of the
world live their lives.
Mention the features of Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana

Introduction
• In March 2019, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved the
“Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN (Jaiv Indhan- Vatavaran Anukool fasal awashesh Nivaran) Yojana”
for providing financial support to Integrated Bioethanol Projects using lignocellulosic
biomass and other renewable feedstock.
• The scheme was launched under Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas with total financial
outlay of Rs 1969.50 crore for the period from 2018-19 to 2023-24.
• The scheme aims to incentivise 2G Ethanol sector and support this nascent industry by
creating a suitable ecosystem for setting up commercial projects and increasing research and
development in this area.
Features of the scheme
• To accomplish the Government of India’s vision to reduce import dependence by way of

substituting fossil fuels with biofuels.
• Meeting of the green house gas emissions reduction targets through progressive blending/
substitution of fossil fuels.
• Addressing environmental concerns caused due to the burning of biomass/ crop residues and
to improve the health of citizens.
• Augmenting the farmer’s income by providing them remunerative income for their otherwise
waste agriculture residues.
• Creation of rural & urban employment opportunities in 2G Ethanol projects and Biomass
supply chain.
• To complement the Swacch Bharat Mission by supporting the aggregation of non-food
biofuel feedstocks such as waste biomass and urban waste.
• 12 commercial scale and 10 demonstration scale second generation (2G) ethanol projects
will be provided a viability gap funding.
• Contribute to Swachh Bharat Mission by supporting the aggregation of non-food biofuel
feedstocks such as waste biomass and urban waste.
• Indigenizing of second generation biomass to ethanol technologies.
• The ethanol produced by the scheme beneficiaries will be mandatorily supplied to oil
marketing companies to further enhance the blending percentage under Ethanol Blending
Programme.
• Centre for High technology, a technical body under the aegis of Ministry of Petroleum and
Natural Gas, will be the implementing agency for the scheme.
Some states have started to take the measures related to drought proofing and
rejuvenation of water bodies. Discuss the need of such measures.
Introduction
• Droughts are a common occurrence in semi-arid areas and their frequency and intensity is
expected to increase with climate change.
• For a period 1871 to 2002, India experienced 22 droughts of which 5 were severe.
• Drought is a normal feature of climate and it will keep occurring at intervals.
• Meteorologically, ± 19% deviation from the long-term mean is considered as normal whereas
deficiency in the range of 20-59% is considered as moderate drought and more than 60% is
severe drought.
• Due to weak monsoons in last 3-4 years and decrease of groundwater has led to the drought
like situations in most part of the country and especially in South India.
• For this reason, some states have started to take the measures related to drought proofing
and rejuvenation of water bodies.
Need for measures like drought proofing and rejuvenation of water bodies
• As water is the basic necessity of the human beings as human being cannot live without
water. The water is used for domestic purposes like washing, drinking, cooking, washing etc.
• Water is also needed to ensure food security, feed livestock, needed for industrial
production and to conserve the biodiversity and environment.
• Water is used by agriculture sector for the purpose of irrigation. Therefore, water is essential
for providing good irrigation for the better productivity of crops.
• Water is also used by industrial sector. Some of the major water intensive industries are:
pulp and paper industries, textile industries, breweries and soft drinks etc. So, these
industries also need water for their sustenance.
• The water is also used for hydro-electricity power generation.
For these reasons there is a need to take measures related to drought proofing and rejuvenation of
water bodies.
Measures of Drought Proofing

Different states have also taken some drought proofing measures to prevent water scarcity. Some
of the steps taken by state governments are:
• Harness water trough further spread of irrigation, groundwater and watershed

development.
• Evolve and spread drought resistant and short duration high yielding varieties of crops.
• Construction of large reservoirs and dams.
• Water harvesting techniques were adopted by states.
• Institutional arrangements for drought monitoring are established under Indian
Meteorological Department.
• Early warning and relief measures have also been taken by state governments.
Do you agree with the fact that policies of Forest Management in India need a major
change so as to give a boost to the forest based industries of India?
Introduction
• Forests provide a wide range of economic and social benefits to mankind. These include
contributions to the overall economy like through employment, processing and trade of
forest products and energy and investments in the forest sector.
• It also includes the hosting and protection of sites and landscapes of high cultural, spiritual or
recreational value. Maintaining and enhancing these functions is an integral part of
sustainable forest management.
Problems related to Indian Forest
• Inadequate and dwindling forest cover.

• Low productivity.
• Nature of forests and their uneconomical utilisation.
• Lack of transport facilities.
• Forest fires.
• Plant diseases, insects and pests.
• Lack of Commercial forest.
• Lack of scientific techniques.
Need for Forest Management
• To ensure sustainable management of forests and land resources.

• To ensure effective stakeholder participation in the planning process.
• To provide protection of areas identified as significant for conservation.
• To identify areas for forest harvesting.
• To ensure proper and equitable returns to stakeholders based on sustained productivity.
Solutions

As we have seen that in India the focus of forest policy is to make a balance between tribal rights
and preservation of ecology. The Forest policy of 1988 had also emphasised that. Therefore, the
policy would be such that forest based industries should be promoted but not at the cost of tribal
rights and ecology.
For this reason, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change came up with draft
National Forest Policy in March 2018. The objective is to safeguard the ecological and livelihood
security of people, of present and future generations based on sustainable management of the
forests for the flow of ecosystem services.
Salient features of Draft National Forest Policy 2018
• The draft forest policy has introduced some new concept:

1) Economic valuation of ecosystem services
2) Forest Certification
3) National forest ecosystem management information system
• It aims to bring a minimum one-third of India’s geographical area under forest cover through
scientific interventions and enforcing strict rules to protect the dense forest.
• To stabilize ecologically sensitive catchment areas with suitable soil and water conservation
measures and also by planting suitable trees and grass like bamboo.
• Compensatory Afforestation Fund will be a major source of funds for taking up afforestation
and rehabilitation works.
• Threats to forests due to encroachments, illegal felling of trees, forest fires, invasive weeds,
grazing, etc. will be addressed within the framework of the approved management plan and
also by ensuring community participation in forest management.
• Establishment of National Community Forest Management Mission. This mission will have a
legal basis and an enabling operational framework.
There are also concerned raised against the provisions of Draft National Forest Policy 2018, however
with rigorous measures like integration of the forest policy and decentralisation of forest wealth,
the policy will solve the lacunas of the problem of forest management.
Discuss the relevance of “India Cooling Action Plan” launched by the Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change
Introduction
• Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has released India Cooling Action Plan
(ICAP).
• India is one of the first countries in the world to develop a comprehensive Cooling Action
plan.
• It has a long term vision to address the cooling requirement across sectors and lists out
actions which can help reduce the cooling demand.
• Cooling requirement is an essential part for economic growth and is required across different
sectors of the economy such as residential and commercial buildings, cold-chain,
refrigeration, transport and industries.
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• ICAP aims to provide sustainable cooling while keeping in mind, at the same time, the need
to protect the ozone layer.
• It provides a 20-year perspective, with projections for cooling needs in 2037-38.
Objectives of India Cooling Action Plan
• Assessment of cooling requirements across sectors in the next 20 years and the associated
refrigerant demand and energy use.
• Map the technologies available to cater to the cooling requirement including passive
interventions, refrigerant-based technologies and alternative technologies such as not-in-
kind technologies.
• Suggest interventions in each sector to provide for sustainable cooling and thermal comfort
for all.
• Focus on skilling of Refrigeration and air-conditioning (RAC) service technicians.
• Develop an R&D innovation ecosystem for indigenous development of alternative
technologies.
Key Features of India Cooling Action Plan
• It seeks to recognize “cooling and related areas” as a thrust area of research under National
Science and Technology Programme.
• It also seeks to reduce cooling energy requirements by 25% to 40% by 2037-38.
• Training and certification of 1,00,000 servicing sector technicians by 2022-23, in synergy with
Skill India Mission.
• It also makes provision for cooling for Economically Weaker Section (EWS) and Low Income
Group (LIG) housing.
• ICAP is in line with Montreal Protocol, the plan emphasis on cutting those elements that
deplete ozone layer.
• Its goal is to provide sustainable cooling and thermal comfort for all while securing
environmental and socio-economic benefits for the society.
• It also seeks to reduce cooling demand across sectors by 20% to 25% by the year 2037-38.
• It also seeks to reduce refrigerant demand by 25% to 30% by the year 2037-38.
Relevance of India Cooling Action Plan
• The plan encourages the use of materials that are energy efficient where embodied energy
is minimum i.e. amount of energy used in making the material is less.
• Thermal cooling through refrigerators or air conditioners will be done in more energy
efficient manner.
• The plan will possibly lead to emergence of new technologies in the area of cooling and can
also make India leader of such technologies.
• The plan will help in convergence with the interests of consumers that with of the interests
of the economy and that of the mankind in terms of climate change.
• Consumers will be able to save money as their electricity bill due to air conditioning will
come down.
• New efficient technologies will provide a marketing advantage to builders.
• The plan will help India in meeting its Paris commitment of reducing carbon emissions.
Do you think providing livelihood opportunities in rural India is most important for
sustainable development in urban areas? Suggest some measures to do so.
Introduction
• The famous quote by Mahatma Gandhi – “India lives in its village” still holds true. Villagers
comprise the core of Indian society and also represent the real India.
• According to Census 2011, 68.84% of the people live in rural areas.
• People living in rural areas are facing different problems and the most important is lack of
livelihood opportunities.
• Due to this problem, people are migrating from rural areas to urban areas in search of jobs
which cause unbalanced urbanisation and extreme urban decay in India.
• Currently, India is facing two major problems, rural unemployment and unbalanced
urbanisation which are both interconnected.
Reason for Lack of Opportunities in Rural Areas
• Rapid population growth especially in the rural areas.

• As in rural areas, agriculture is the only means of employment. Due to seasonal nature of
agriculture, people living in rural areas are facing problem of unemployment in off-season.
• Due to increase in population, fragmentation of land occurs which creates great obstacle in
the part of agriculture.
• Decline of cottage industries is all one of the most important reasons for the lack of
opportunities in rural areas.
• Due to backward nature of agriculture, the productivity of the land is less. Therefore, people
finding other opportunities for employment which is a cause of unemployment.
• Lack of transport and communication is also directly affecting the unemployment rate in
rural areas.
• Lack of quality education and absence of college nearby also directly impacted the
unemployment rate in rural areas.
• Lack of innovative ideas and proper employment planning had also affected the employment
situation in rural areas.
Problems of Rapid Urbanization
As people are migrating from rural to urban areas, the problems of urbanisation occur. The
problems of rapid urbanisation are:
• High population density

• Rapid urbanisation leads to a chronic problem of shortage of houses in urban areas.
• Unemployment in urban areas is also directly linked to urbanisation.
• Development of slum areas especially in metropolitan centres.
• Problems of traffic congestion increases as urbanisation increases.
• Water scarcity and unavailability of safe drinking water.
• Problem of sanitation and unavailability of hygienic food.

Measures to solve problems Rural Unemployment
• One of the most important solutions for rural unemployment is to provide employment to
the people living in rural areas. Government has also started various programmes like Prime
Minister Employment Generation Programme, MGNREGA etc.
• The reason of rural unemployment is also the absence of investment opportunities for the
private sector. Government should provide favourable environment and incentives to private
sector so that they would invest in rural areas as well.
• Labour intensive technology should be used which can create jobs especially in rural areas.
• Diversification of agriculture is also a probable solution for rural unemployment. There is a
need for farmer to shift from growing of crops to horticulture, vegetable production,
floriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries etc. which are more labour absorbing and higher
income yielding.
• Promotion of agro-processing industries for export purposes has also a large employment
generation potential.
• The central and state government should also focus investing in education and health. In
addition to education, government should also focus on imparting the appropriate skills
according to the needs of the industry.
• Creating more employment opportunities in the rural areas through intensive farming,
greater irrigation facilities, extension of community projects, co-operative farming,
development of village industry and settlement of agricultural labourers on the reclaimed
land.
• Emphasis should also be laid on the development of small-scale and cottage industries to
relieve the pressure on land. These not only help in creating employment opportunities but
also check the rate of migration from rural to urban areas.
• Self-employment schemes for the unemployed youth have to be launched to enable them to
start their own business or small-scale firm, which can also generate employment for many
others.
How has the PM-UJJWALA yojana changed the lives of rural people by providing LPG
connections?
Introduction
• Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana was launched by the PM Narendra Modi on May 1 st, 2016 in
Ballia, Uttar Pradesh.
• The objective of this scheme is to provide free LPG connections to women from BPL
households. The list was later expanded to include all SC/ST households and forest dwellers
among others. Recently, the scheme is being extended to all poor household.
• Under the scheme, Rs 8000 crore has been earmarked for providing five crore LPG
connections to BPL households. The Scheme provides a financial support of Rs 1600 for
each LPG connection to the BPL households.
• The identification of eligible BPL families will be made in consultation with the State
Governments and the Union Territories.
• This Scheme would be implemented over three years from 2016 to 2019.
• This is the first time in the history of the country that the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural
Gas would implement a welfare scheme benefitting crores of women belonging to the
poorest households.

Objectives of the scheme
• Protecting the health of women and empowering them.

• Curbing health issues that result from using fossil fuels and other fuels for cooking.
• Reducing casualties that occur as a result of unclean fuels used for cooking.
• To control respiratory issues that which occurs due to indoor pollution because of using fossil
fuel which does not burn cleanly.
• Preventing the degradation of purity of environment that is compromised by widespread
usage of unclean cooking fuel.
Changes bring by PM Ujjwala Scheme
• The scheme has strengthened the lives of the poor, marginalised, dalits, tribal communities
and played a central role in social empowerment.
• Some of the independent survey revealed that cooking on gas stoves helped women to save
at least 1-2 hours daily. This was partly because cooking on gas was faster and because it
saved them the time and effort needed to go out to collect firewood.
• The survey also revealed that women found their houses to be cleaner now, in the absence
of smoke emissions that would earlier come with using biomass and firewood, staining their
utensils and roofs with soot.
• The lack of smoke had also reduced health problems in women, such as burning sensation in
the eyes, coughing and even headaches.
• The scheme has enhances Ease of Living of rural women through smoke free kitchens.
Challenges
Besides great benefits of this scheme, it has also numerous challenges.
• Main challenge is identification of poor household for allotment of free LPG connection in
the absence of proper and authentic data.
• Usage of socio economic caste census data may be misused by well offs or it remain poorly
targeted.
To conclude we can say that the Pradhan Mantri Ujwala Yojana is one of the most important
schemes to assist the unemployed or self-employed individuals of India.

Table of Contents
Topic 11- Ground water governance is the need of the hour in India. Discuss the stressed conditions of ground
water and suggest some steps to tackle it. ............................................................................................................. 3
Topic 12- What is blue economy? Discuss the benefits of it.................................................................................... 4
Topic 13- Do you think National Rural Economic Transformation Project (NRETP) is right in targeting the poorest
of the poor and their financial inclusion? ............................................................................................................... 6
Topic 14- Suggest some measures to meet the solar energy targets under the agenda of International Solar
Alliance which is being headed by India. ................................................................................................................ 7
Topic 15- Discuss the features of Agri Export Policy 2018 ....................................................................................... 8
Topic 16- What is the relevance of increase in the agricultural exports for the doubling of farmer’s income? ...... 10
Topic 17- In what way do you think 10% reservation provided to the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) category
is going to help the youth?................................................................................................................................... 11
Topic 18- What role can be played by the higher education institutions in the development of villages and fulfill
Mahatma Gandhi’s dream of “Gram Swarajya”? .................................................................................................. 12
Topic 19- Do you think a complete switch to organic farming is beneficial for famers in the long run? ................. 13
Topic 20- What is Operation Greens? Do you think such operations are beneficial for the consumers only and not
the farmers? ........................................................................................................................................................ 14

Topic 11- Ground water governance is the need of the hour in India. Discuss the stressed
conditions of ground water and suggest some steps to tackle it.
Introduction
 India’s development has become strongly dependent on its groundwater resources.

More than half of the agricultural sector depends on irrigation from wells, characterised
by deep-rooted but often inefficient practices.
 Apart from rising demands from a growing population with changing consumption
patterns, normal variations in monsoon cycles together with climate change are
increasing the unpredictability in estimating future water availability.
 More irregular and intense rainfall patterns are also altering the groundwater recharge
potential.
 Considering the strategic importance of aquifers for storage, the regulation of India’s
groundwater resources is badly in need of reform.
What is Groundwater Governance?
 Groundwater governance is about decision-making on groundwater, involving

individuals or organized entities at various levels.
 Groundwater governance comprises the promotion of responsible collective action to
ensure socially sustainable utilization and effective protection of groundwater
resources for the benefit of humankind and dependent ecosystems.
 It involves the formulation, establishment and implementation of water policies,
legislation, institutions and water administration.
 It emphasises the need for clarification of the roles and responsibilities of government,
civil society and the private sector.
 The four broad tenets of groundwater governance are:
1) Transparency
2) Participation
3) Information
4) The custom and rule of law
Current situation of groundwater in India
 The current situation of groundwater in India is very critical. Due to successive weak
monsoon year by year and excessive use of extraction of ground water has led to the
decrease in groundwater.
 As per the assessment of dynamic ground water resources of country carried out jointly
by Central Ground Water Board and State Ground Water Departments, out of the total

6584 numbers of assessment units, 1034 units have been categorized as ‘over-
exploited’.
 Out of total 1034 units, majority of over-exploited units are belongs to six states: Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
 The reason is due to increase in population, rapid urbanisation, industrialisation and
over-exploitation for agriculture in these states.
Measures to improve Groundwater in India
 Assessment of ground water resources should be undertaken on a regular basis. This

will help augment the efforts towards conservation, development and management of
the resource and in tackling issues such as its over-exploitation, depletion and pollution.
 A study to assess land-use and proportion of agricultural land falling under over-
exploited units should be initiated. This will help in determining suitable cropping
pattern in areas that are water stressed.
 Increasing water storage capacities through activities such as farm ponds, percolation
tanks, water reservoirs and construction of small and medium size dams can retain
more surface water, while increasing the ground water recharge.
 In the states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan, ground water levels are fast depleting
due to excessive exploitation for agriculture use. To improve the situation, a well-
defined policy on ground water extraction should be framed to ensure long-term
sustainability.
 Bringing the subject of water under the concurrent list will help evolve a comprehensive
plan of action. Consensus between the centre and states will result in better
conservation, development and management of water, including ground water.
 To regulate over-use of ground water for irrigation and drinking purposes, installation
of water meters in all tube-wells should be made mandatory on the principle of
‘beneficiary pays’. This will also result in a reduction in subsidies for farmers.
 Steps should be initiated to achieve optimised returns on works related to ground water
conservation taken under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme.
 Steps should be taken for sustainable ground water management with community
participation. In this regard, the central government has proposed Atal Bhujal Scheme
with World Bank assistance.
Topic 12- What is blue economy? Discuss the benefits of it.

Introduction

 According to the World Bank the blue economy is the "sustainable use of ocean
resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the
health of ocean ecosystem."
 The objective of the Blue Economy is to promote smart, sustainable and inclusive
growth and employment opportunities within the marine economic activities.
 The blue economy aims to move beyond business as usual and to consider economic
development and ocean health as compatible propositions.
 It is generally understood to be a long-term strategy aimed at supporting sustainable
and equitable economic growth through oceans-related sectors and activities.
 The blue economy is relevant to all countries and can be applied on various scales, from
local to global.
Benefits of Blue Economy
 Blue economy promotes optimum and efficient utilization of resources.

 Blue economy is sustainable, inclusive and harmonious and it promotes environment
friendly development.
 Blue economy creates several opportunities for youth and working class in emerging
marine industries.
 Blue economy also provides social and economic benefits for current and future
generations.
 Blue economy restore, protect, and maintain the diversity, productivity, resilience, core
functions, and intrinsic value of marine ecosystems.
 Blue economy is based on clean technologies, renewable energy, and circular material
flows that will reduce waste and promote recycling of materials.
Future Action for the Sustenance of Blue Economy
 Countries must accurately value the contribution of natural oceanic capital to welfare
of the people in order to make the right policy decisions.
 Each country should weigh the relative importance of each sector of the blue economy
and decide, based on its own priorities and circumstances.
 Anticipating and adapting to the impacts of climate change should be an essential
component for the reforms related to blue economy.
 Ensuring ocean health will require new investment, and targeted financial instruments
including blue bonds which can help leverage this investment for financial, social and
environmental returns.
 The effective implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS) is a necessary aspect of promoting the blue economy concept worldwide.

Topic 13- Do you think National Rural Economic Transformation Project (NRETP) is right
in targeting the poorest of the poor and their financial inclusion?
Introduction
 Recently in March 2019, Indian government and World Bank had signed a USD 250
million agreement for the National Rural Economic Transformation Project (NRETP).
 The objective of the project is to help women in rural households shift to a new
generation of economic initiatives by developing viable enterprise for farm and non-
farm products.
 NRETP is a new sub-component under the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National
Rural Livelihood Mission of the Ministry of Rural Development.
 The National Rural Economic Transformation Project (NRETP) is an additional
financing to the $500 million National Rural Livelihoods Project (NRLP) approved by the
World Bank in July 2011.
 The NRLP which is currently being implemented across 13 states, 162 districts and 575
blocks, has so far mobilized more than 8.8 million women from poor rural households
into 750,000 self-help groups (SHGs).
 The USD 250 million loan from World Bank has a 5-year grace period and a final maturity
of 20 years.
Salient Features of National Rural Economic Transformation Project (NRETP)

 The NERTP will support enterprise development programs for rural poor women and
youth by creating a platform to access finance including start-up financing options to
build their individual and/or collectively owned and managed enterprises.
 The other key component of the project includes developing financial products using
digital financial services to help small producer collectives scale-up and engage with the
market.
 It will also support youth skills development, in coordination with the Deen Dayal
Upadyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana.
 A key focus of the project will be to promote women-owned and women-led farm and
non-farm enterprises across value chains, enable them to build businesses that help
them access finance, markets and networks and generate employment.
 The NRETP used peer to peer learning strategy across states and across communities
which was a successful during the implementation of National Rural Livelihood Project
(NRLP).
Conclusion
 As the NRETP project aspires to transform the economic participation of SHGs and rural
women entrepreneurs by:
1) Helping them engage on a strong footing with formal private financing.
2) Expand women owned and women managed enterprises.

3) Increase women’s labour force participation in viable agriculture and non-farm
economic activities.
 So to conclude, we can say that the National Rural Economic Transformation Project
(NRETP) targets the poorest of the poor sections from the rural areas and their financial
inclusion.
Topic 14- Suggest some measures to meet the solar energy targets under the agenda of
International Solar Alliance which is being headed by India.
Introduction
 The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an alliance of more than 122 countries most of
them being sunshine countries which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic
of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
 The ISA was formed by Indian PM Narendra Modi and then France President Francois
Hollande at the sidelines of Paris Climate Summit in 2015.
 The ISA is the first international body to have a secretariat in India. It’s headquarter is
in Gurugram, India.
 The idea behind the project is to develop solar resources in various countries to reduce
their reliance on non-renewable resources. Countries which have come together for the
project identify and address gaps in their energy requirements through a collective
approach.
Targets of International Solar Alliance (ISA)

 The target of ISA is to support setting up 1000GW of solar energy capacity by 2030
across its member countries.
 Mobilisation of investment of over USD 1 trillion by 2030.
Measures to achieve target of ISA

 Promote solar technologies and investment in the solar sector to enhance income
generation for the poor and global environment.
 Formulate projects and programmes to promote solar applications.
 Develop innovative financial mechanisms to access low cost, long tenure financial
resources from bilateral, multilateral agencies and other sources.
 Build a knowledge platform, including a 24x7 e-portal for sharing of policy development
experiences and best practices in member countries.
 Facilitate capacity building for promotion and absorption of solar technologies and R&D
among member countries.
 Collaborations for joint research, development and demonstration, sharing information
and knowledge, capacity building, supporting technology hubs and creating networks.
 Creation of partnerships among country specific technology centres for supporting
technology absorption for promoting energy security and energy access.

 Collaborate with other multilateral bodies like International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA), Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), United Nations
bodies, bilateral organizations, industry, and other stakeholders which can contribute
towards the goal of increasing utilization of solar energy in ISA member countries.
 Encourage collaboration in solar resource mapping in member countries and in
deployment of suitable technologies
 Designing training programs for students/engineers/ policy makers, etc. and organizing
workshops, focused meetings and conferences.
Topic 15- Discuss the features of Agri Export Policy 2018
Introduction
 India’s role in global export of agricultural products is steadily increasing.
 India is currently ranked tenth amongst the major exporters globally as per WTO trade
data for 2016.
 India’s share in global exports of agriculture products has increased from 1% in 2012 to
2.2 % in 2016.
 Recent growth rates show that agri-food production is rising faster than growth in
domestic demand, and volume of surplus for export is witnessing accelerated growth.
 This offers scope and opportunity for capturing overseas markets to earn foreign
exchange and enable producers to earn higher prices for farm produce.
 Therefore, Indian government has established a stable and predictable Agricultural
Export Policy in 2018 which aims at reinvigorating the entire value chain from export
oriented farm production and processing to transportation, infrastructure and market
access.
 The vision of Agriculture Export Policy is to harness the export potential of Indian
agriculture, through suitable policy instruments, to make India global power in
agriculture and raise farmer’s income.
Objectives of Agricultural Export Policy 2018

 To double agricultural exports from around USD 30 billion at present to more than
USD 60 billion by 2022 and reach USD 100 billion in the next few years thereafter
with a stable trade policy regime.
 To diversify the export basket, destinations and boost high value and value-added
agricultural exports including a focus on perishables.
 To promote novel, indigenous, organic, ethnic, traditional and non-traditional Agri
products exports.
 To provide an institutional mechanism for pursuing market access, tackling barriers
and deal with sanitary and phytosanitary issues.
 Enable farmers to get the benefit of export opportunities in the overseas market.
Need for Agricultural Export Policy

 The policy can address challenges to exporting agricultural products from India like low
farm productivity, poor infrastructure, global price volatility to market access.
 India’s share in global exports of agriculture products was merely 2.2 % in 2016.
 India has remained at the lower end of the global agriculture export value chain given
that the majority of its exports are low value, semi-processed and marketed in bulk.
 The share of India’s high value and value-added agriculture produce in its agri-export
basket is less than 15% compared to 25% in the US and 49% in China.
 India is unable to export its vast horticultural produce due to lack of uniformity in
quality, standardization and its inability to curtail losses across the value chain.
 The vision of doubling farmer’s income by 2022 will require a series of interventions to
improve production and productivity along with economizing the cost of production.
This would also require India to augment its exports to the global market. Hence, it is
necessary to have an agriculture export policy in place.
Features of Agriculture Export Policy

 The policy provides an assurance that the processed agricultural products and all kinds
of organic products will not be brought under the ambit of any kind of export
restriction.
 It liberalizes land leasing norms and adoption of the Model Contract Farming Act by
state governments in order to promote agricultural exports.
 The policy focuses on infrastructure and logistics by identifying ports for the export of
agricultural products.
 The policy focuses on whole government approach which will ensure all government
department and ministries like Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Food Processing
Industries, Ministry of Shipping & Transport, Ministry of Railways and Ministry of
Consumer Affairs involved in agricultural production, processing,
transportation and export should work together to address bottlenecks at every level.
 The policy focuses on export centric clusters for pre- and post-harvest management of
the production as well as in upgrading the supply chain to attain much higher levels of
export from those clusters.
 It promotes value added exports of indigenous and tribal products.
 The policy also focuses on post-harvest infrastructure that can support the smooth
logistical movement of agri-produce exports. This will have a direct co-relationship in
increasing export volumes, assuring quality & ensuring better price realization per unit.
 The policy has proposed to establish strong quality regime with the focus on strong
R&D, new varieties, state of the art lab and a lab networking process for effective
accreditation and monitoring.
 The policy also promotes research and development which led by private industry along
with higher infrastructure expenditure by the government which will be the key to
boosting agricultural exports.
 The policy has also recommended setting up of an agri-startup fund.

Topic 16- What is the relevance of increase in the agricultural exports for the doubling of
farmer’s income?
Introduction
 Past strategy for development of the agriculture sector in India has focussed primarily
on raising agricultural output and improving food security.
 The strategy did not explicitly recognise the need to raise farmers' income and did not
mention any direct measure to promote farmers welfare. The net result has been that
farmers income remained low, which is evident from the incidence of poverty among
farm households.
 To increase the income of the farmers, the central government has set a target of
doubling of farmers’ income by the year 2022.
 The Government has constituted an Inter-Ministerial Committee under the
chairmanship of Ashok Dalwai to examine issues relating to doubling of farmers’
income and recommend a strategy to achieve doubling of farmers’ income in real terms
by the 2022.
 One of the most important suggestions by committee is to increase the agriculture
exports which will help in achieving the target of doubling of farmer’s income by 2022.
Current Scenario of Agriculture Exports
 India’s share in global exports of agriculture products was merely 2.2 % in 2016.
 India has remained at the lower end of the global agriculture export value chain given
that the majority of its exports are low value, semi-processed and marketed in bulk.
 The share of India’s high value and value-added agriculture produce in its agri-export
basket is less than 15% compared to 25% in the US and 49% in China.
 India is unable to export its vast horticultural produce due to lack of uniformity in
quality, standardization and its inability to curtail losses across the value chain.
Relevance of Agriculture Exports in Doubling Farmer’s Income
 One of the most important reasons of farmer’s distress is not getting appropriate price
of their produce. Therefore the problem can be solved by giving farmers appropriate
amount for their produce.
 This can be done by different ways like increasing farm productivity, increase in
production of livestock, increase in crop intensity, diversification towards high value
crops, shifting of cultivators to non-farm jobs etc.
 Another way of doubling farmer’s income is to increase in agriculture exports. If
agriculture exports will increase then farmers can sell their produce at higher price and
they will get appropriate amount for their produce.
 This will solve the most important reason of farmer’s distress and it will also help in
doubling farmer’s income.
Topic 17- In what way do you think 10% reservation provided to the Economically
Weaker Section (EWS) category is going to help the youth?
Introduction
 Economically Weaker Section (EWS) in India is a subcategory of people belonging to the

General Category having an annual family income less than ₹8 lakhs and who do not
belong to any reserved category such as SC/ST/OBC.
 If an EWS candidate's annual family income is above the prescribed limit, then he/she
will be recognized as a candidate from general category and not from EWS category.
 The Union Government of India tabled the Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-
Fourth Amendment) Bill, 2019 which provided 10% additional quota for the EWS
students amongst the erstwhile general category students.
Salient Features of the 124th Amendment Bill
 Article 15 of the Constitution prohibits discrimination against any citizen on the

grounds of race, religion, caste, sex, or place of birth.
 The Bill seeks to amend Article 15 to additionally permit the government to provide
for the advancement of “economically weaker sections”. Further, up to 10% of seats
may be reserved for such sections for admission in educational institutions.
 The EWS reservation will not apply to minority educational institutions.
 Article 16 of the Constitution prohibits discrimination in employment in any
government office. The Bill seeks to amend Article 16 to permit the government to
reserve up to 10% of all posts for the “economically weaker sections” of citizens.
 The reservation of up to 10% for “economically weaker sections” in educational
institutions and public employment will be in addition to the existing reservation.
 The eligibility to get the EWS certificate is not only purely based on annual family
income but also based on the held property.
 The income limit has been set by the central government for admission to central
government-owned colleges and jobs offered by the central government.
 A state government is authorized to extend the income limit further for candidates
seeking reservation under EWS category in the state-owned colleges and state
government's jobs.
Who will get benefit from EWS reservation?

 The EWS reservation will help in promoting “social equality” by providing equal
opportunities in higher education and employment to those who have been excluded
by virtue of their economic status.
 The proposed reservation through a constitutional amendment would give
constitutional recognition to the poor from the upper castes.
 Therefore, the 10 percent reservation given to EWS category will definitely help the
youth of the country in getting admissions in educational institutions and jobs in the
central and state government.
Topic 18- What role can be played by the higher education institutions in the
development of villages and fulfill Mahatma Gandhi’s dream of “Gram Swarajya”?
Introduction
 Education plays a major role in various aspects of development such as employment,

health, sanitation, hygiene and alleviating poverty. Acquiring new skills for better
employment is also dependent on it.
 The role of higher education is also important for the development of the villages.
However, the enrolment in higher education from villages is very less as compare to
urban areas.
 The objective of higher education institutions is to impart employment-oriented
education, motivate students to be socially aware and responsible citizens, to inculcate
a spirit of dignity of labour among the youth and commitment for social upliftment.
 Therefore, the higher education institutions can play a key role in the development of
the villages.
 At present, higher education institutions is trying to move away from the academic
concept of education and concentrating on the preparation of higher-level manpower
to assist in rural as well as urban development.
Role played by Higher Education Institutions in the Development of Villages
 The higher education institutions support extensive research on the society in order to
find out the indifferences between the different sub-systems of the society.
 The higher education institutions played significant role in coordination between
villages and the government. This will help in understanding about the problems
present in villages and ways of tackling them effectively.
 The higher education institutions are providing different skills to the students which can
solve the problems of villages.
 Research based on modern technology like artificial intelligence, cloud computing,
digital payments etc. supported by higher education institutions will also help in solving
the problems of villages which ultimately helps in the development of the villages.
 Higher education institutions played a mediating role among various organisations
which are working to achieve a particular goal in the development of the village.
 The higher education institutions are providing training to rural producers and
entrepreneurs which will help in solving the problems of the village.
Conclusion
To conclude, we can say that the higher education played a very important role in the
development of the village. The central and state government should take measures to
promote the development in rural areas and in village through higher education
institutions. This will help in fulfilling the Mahatma Gandhi’s dream of “Gram Swarajya”.
Topic 19- Do you think a complete switch to organic farming is beneficial for famers in
the long run?
Introduction
 Organic farming is a production system which avoids or largely excludes the use of
synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, genetically
modified organisms and livestock food additives.
 Organic farming is a holistic production management system that promotes and
enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil
biological activity.
 Organic farming system rely upon crop rotations, use of crop residues, animal manures,
legumes, green manures, off farm organic wastes, biofertilizers, mechanical cultivation,
mineral bearing rocks and aspects of biological control.
 Organic methods can increase farm productivity, repair decades of environmental
damages and knit small farm families into more sustainable distribution networks
leading to improved food security if they organize themselves in production,
certification and marketing.
Does complete switch to Organic Farming is useful?
Pros:
 It helps to maintain environment health by reducing the level of pollution.

 It reduces human and animal health hazards by reducing the level of residues in the
product.
 It helps in keeping agricultural production at a sustainable level.
 It reduces the cost of agricultural production and also improves the soil health.
 It ensures optimum utilization of natural resources for short-term benefit and helps in
conserving them for future generation.

 It not only saves energy for both animal and machine, but also reduces risk of crop
failure.
 It improves the soil physical properties such as granulation, good tilth, good aeration,
easy root penetration and improves water-holding capacity and reduces erosion.
 It improves the soil’s chemical properties such as supply and retention of soil nutrients,
reduces nutrient loss into water bodies and environment and promotes favourable
chemical reactions.
Cons:
 Organic Farming is time consuming. It takes time more than conventional method of
farming.
 More labour and manual work is required in organic farming.
 The productivity is very low. As the population is growing we have to feed the
population. The production has to be grown to catch the population figures. with
organic farming we cannot match the agriculture growth with that of population
growth.
 In the present situation to fertilize organic farming you need only organic fertilisers like
Fym, vermiculture etc. Their production is very limited. If the area under organic
farming increases it is very difficult to get those kind of fertilisers.
 Organic pesticides are not that effective to control the epidemics. production figures
cannot sustain if the organic farming increases.
 Marketing of organic produce under certification is very expensive. This increases the
prices of organic products automatically. In the country where still poverty exists, large
section of society can’t afford the organic food.
Conclusion
After discussing pros and cons of the organic farming, we can say that although organic
farming is required for the sustainable development of agriculture. However, to
completely switch to organic farming in long run will not be beneficial because of the
problem discussed above.
Therefore, there is a need to make a balance between organic farming and traditional
farming practices.
Topic 20- What is Operation Greens? Do you think such operations are beneficial for the
consumers only and not the farmers?
Introduction

 Scheme “Operation Greens” was announced for the first time in the budget 2018-19 on
the line of ‘Operation Flood’ with an outlay of Rs 500 crore to promote Farmer
Producers Organizations, agri-logistics, processing facilities and professional
management.
 Operation Greens seeks to stabilize the supply of Tomato, Onion and Potato (TOP) crops
and to ensure availability of TOP crops throughout the country round the year without
price volatility.
 The scheme was launched under Ministry of Food Processing Industries.
 National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED) will be the
Nodal Agency to implement price stabilisation measures.
Objectives of Operation Green

 Enhancing value realisation of TOP farmers by targeted interventions to strengthen
TOP production clusters and their FPOs, and connecting them with the market.
 Price stabilisation for producers and consumers by proper production planning in
the TOP clusters and introduction of dual use varieties.
 Reduction in post-harvest losses by creation of farm gate infrastructure,
development of suitable agro-logistics, creation of appropriate storage capacity and
linking consumption centres.
 Increase in food processing capacities and value addition in TOP value chain with
firm linkages with production clusters.
 Setting up of a market intelligence network to collect and collate real time data on
demand and supply and price of TOP crops.
Current Problem
 The problem with the commodities like potatoes, onions ,tomatoes are that their prices
collapse when their production rises sharply.
 This is because the country lacks modern storage facilities and the links between
processing and organised retailing are very weak. As a result, farmers often end up
receiving less than a fourth of what consumers pay in major cities.
Solutions
 Operation Greens needs to ensure that farmers receive at least 60 per cent of what
consumers pay. In the case of milk, the producers get more than 75 per cent of what
consumers pay.
 The Agricultural Produce Market Committee Act will have to be changed to allow
direct buying from FPOs, and giving incentives to these organisations, private
companies and NGOs to build back end infrastructure
 There needs to be investment in logistics, starting with modern warehouses, which can
minimise wastage. Such storage facilities have to be cost effective. Large-scale
investments in storage will require tweaking of the Essential Commodities Act.
 Linking the processing industry with organised retailing.
Conclusion
 The scheme “Operation Green” has targeted the three important commodities Tomato,
Onion and Potato whose prices are fluctuating very sharply.
 By developing forward and backward linkages as proposed in the scheme, the
government can ease large price fluctuations, raise farmers share in the price paid by
the consumer further reducing the farm distress and at the same time ensure lower
prices for the consumers.
 Therefore, Operation Greens is beneficial not only to the consumer but farmers as well.

Table of Contents
Topic 21- What is the need of Index on Ease of doing Agri business? Discuss its parameters and their relevance as
well. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Topic 22- Do you agree that collaboration with international agencies will help in transforming the face of Indian
Agriculture? ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
Topic 23- Digital e-commerce platforms can change the scenario of employment opportunities in rural India.
Discuss about this. ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Topic 24- Road connectivity is the most important step in building the rural India. Do you agree with this?........... 5
Topic 25- Artificial Intelligence technologies can be a game changer in the agriculture and health sectors of India.
What are your views on this? ................................................................................................................................. 6
Topic 26- India is facing a major malnutrition crisis. Suggest measures to curb this. ............................................... 8
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Topic 27- Do you think with the passage of Transgender Bill in the Lok Sabha, this community will get its due
respect? ................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Topic 28- What is the relevance of Agri clinics which are being setup by the Government in the health of soil? ... 11
Topic 29- Attracting and Retaining youth in agriculture will help in changing the face of agriculture in India. Do you
agree with this? ................................................................................................................................................... 12
Topic 30- Do you think it is high time for the farmers to diversify the crops grown? Discuss its relevance. ........... 13
Topic 31- According to you, what is the role of rural entrepreneurship in changing the rural economy in India? .. 14
Topic 32- Mechanization of Agriculture is important for sustainable development and especially curbing the air
pollution. Give your views in the context of stubble burning. ............................................................................... 16

Topic 21- What is the need of Index on Ease of doing Agri business? Discuss its
parameters and their relevance as well.
Introduction
 Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has proposed to launch its own index to
rank states on ‘ease of doing agri-business’.
 The rationale behind this move is to consider farming not solely as a production-
oriented activity carried out to achieve food security for the country but as a business
activity carried out by farmer as entrepreneur.
 This new index will measure the performance of states in implementation of policies
and programs of government of India in the field of agricultural reforms.
 State will also be rated on their success in reducing the cost of farm inputs by
distributing soil health cards and encouraging organic farming and micro irrigation.
 Based on the performance in this index, government may reward high performing
states by linking them to allocation of flexi-funds available under various flagship
programmes.
Parameters of the Index
 The index will broadly rank states on six major parameters related to the farming sector.
These six parameters include:
1) Marketing Reforms
2) Reducing Cost of Inputs
3) Governance and Land Reforms
4) Risk Mitigation
5) Increasing production and productivity
6) Investment in agriculture
 The six major identified parameters will be further divided into 2-odd sub-parameters
which would be evaluated every year.
Relevance of the Index
 It will help in developing competitive spirit among the states and develop their
performance to the highest level.
 It will allow central government to plug the gaps in schemes and programmes and
bring the states lagging behind in implementation up.
 By this index, Ministry of Agriculture will be able to reward high performing states,
by linking their performance with allocation of funds.
Topic 22- Do you agree that collaboration with international agencies will help in
transforming the face of Indian Agriculture?
Introduction
 Agriculture sector plays a very important role in any economy. Referring to it as the
backbone of the economic system is not an aggression.
 Agriculture sector not only provides food and raw material, but it also provides
employment opportunities to a large segment of the population.
 In India, the main occupation of the working is agriculture and around 70 percent of
India’s population is directly engaged in agriculture and allied activities.
 Therefore, it is very important to transform the Indian agriculture so as to transform
the lives of around 70 percent of Indian population.
 There are many ways to achieve this target and one of the ways is to collaborate with
international organisation.
Need for Collaboration
 Seed is a critical and basic input for attaining higher crop yields and sustained growth
in agricultural production. Unfortunately, good quality seeds are out of reach of the
majority of farmers in India.
 The average yields of almost all the crops in India are among the lowest in the world.
 Lack of irrigation facility for the majority of the agriculture lands is the major problem
of less farm productivity.
 Lack of mechanisation of Indian agriculture.
 Agricultural marketing still continues to be in a bad shape in rural India. In the absence
of sound marketing facilities, the farmers have to depend upon local traders and
middlemen for the disposal of their farm produce which is sold at throw-away price.
 Inadequate storage facilities for the produce of farmers.
Due to all these reasons, collaboration with International organisation is necessary which
can help in finding the solutions of the problems present in the Indian agriculture.
International organisations like Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), International

Institute of Tropical Research, International Rice Research Institute etc. are working in
different fields related to agriculture and have expertise of their respective research.
Therefore, there is a need to collaborate with different International organisations which

will help in transforming the face of Indian agriculture.
Topic 23- Digital e-commerce platforms can change the scenario of employment
opportunities in rural India. Discuss about this.
Introduction
 The e-commerce sector in India is on a growth trajectory and is projected to cross

USD100 billion by 2020.

 Thousands of businesses have moved online to utilize the potential of the e-commerce
for reaching a wider audience.
 Today, e-commerce has enveloped our lives in such a way that it has become a necessity
rather than a passion.
 E-Commerce is not only growing in urban areas but also growing in rural areas too. This
will create several employment opportunities in rural areas.
Employment Creation through E-Commerce
 The direct impact of the e-commerce growth has been on the creation of employment
opportunities across the value chain.
 Apart from the direct employment contribution that has been made by the e-
commerce, what is noteworthy is the indirect employment generated in the allied
industries like logistics, warehousing, IT/ ITeS, sellers and SMEs, and other support
industries.
 As the industry can easily get cheap labours in rural areas, e-commerce companies like
Flipkart, Jabong, Myntra etc. are employing people from rural areas. Therefore, it helps
in creating employment opportunities in rural India.
Conclusion
 As we have come across the data published by central government which revealed
that unemployment rate in India is highest in last 45-years and the majority of the
unemployment people resides in rural India.
 Therefore, it is necessary to create employment in rural areas and digital e-
commerce platforms are doing the same which can change the scenario of
employment opportunities in rural areas.
Topic 24- Road connectivity is the most important step in building the rural India. Do you
agree with this?
Introduction
 Road construction is a critical aspect of infrastructure development in rural as well as

urban India.
 An improvement in road connectivity brings with it several social and economic
benefits.
 A good road may encourage more parents to send their children to primary, secondary
and higher secondary schools.
 Good roads also provide better access to healthcare institutions and contribute towards
lowering mortality – especially infant and maternal mortality.

 Farmers could also gain faster, cheaper and easier access to markets for his/her
produce.
 Urban and rural economies can be better connected through good quality rural roads,
which could improve the supply chain and promote economic growth.
Importance of Roads
 The importance of roads in connecting the vast rural areas of India to form the national
market and economy cannot be overstated.
 Connectivity provided by roads is perhaps the single most important determinant of
well being and the quality of life of people living in an urban as well as in rural areas.
 The efficiency of the innumerable government programmes aimed at rural
development, employment generation, and local industrialization is, to large extent,
determined by the connectivity provided by roads.
 There is a considerable body of evidence that demonstrates the links between rural
road investment, decline in poverty, and improvement in the quality of life.
 Road investment contributed directly to the growth of agricultural output, increased
use of fertilizer and commercial bank expansion.
 Improvements in rural roads are positively correlated with decline in poverty.
 Modern businesses, industries, trades, agricultural and general activities depend on
transport and transport infrastructure, with movement of goods and services from
place to place becoming vital and inseparable aspects of global and urban economic
survival.
 Road transport system establishes easy contact between farms, fields, factories and
markets and provides door to door service.
Conclusion
 Central government has started flagship scheme “Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana”
(PMGSY) with an objective to build rural roads in India.
 Over 47,000 km of rural roads constructed under PMGSY in the financial year 2018-19
is a great achievement.
 As rural roads provide basic inputs for all-round socio-economic development of the
rural areas. Therefore, road connectivity is the most important step in building the rural
areas.
Topic 25- Artificial Intelligence technologies can be a game changer in the agriculture and
health sectors of India. What are your views on this?
Introduction

 Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation
of intelligent machines which work and react like humans.
 Some of the activities computers with artificial intelligence are designed for include:
1) Speech recognition
2) Learning
3) Planning
4) Problem solving
Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Agriculture Sector
According to UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the population will increase by
2 billion by 2050. However, only 4% additional land will come under cultivation by then. In
this context, use of latest technological solutions to make farming more efficient, remains
one of the greatest imperatives.
The role of AI in agriculture sector is:
 Precision farming is one of the most discussed areas in farming today. Drone-based
images can help in in-depth field analysis, crop monitoring, scanning of fields and so on.
 AI can be used in finding the disease detection in crops.
 Based on multiple parameters like soil condition, weather forecast, type of seeds etc.
cognitive solutions make recommendations to farmers on the best choice of crops and
hybrid seeds.
 The emergence of new technologies like AI can help in yield management of the soils.
 AI can be used to develop automation techniques for irrigation.
Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Health Sector
 As healthcare industry produces a tremendous amount of data. AI can help in managing

the data and able to analyse the condition of the patient.
 AI has already penetrated in the health sector and can advance traditional healthcare
operations using the innovative data sciences.
 Medical professionals have been struggling with electronic health records (EHRs) —
storage methods, security measures, and access. AI can provide a solution to all three
of these issues.
 AI can assist with the diagnosis and treatment of patients, detecting illness faster and
with better accuracy through the history of a patient’s EHRs.
 Through predictive analysis, machine learning can look back at a patient’s past medical
records and find patterns that could suggest that the patient is headed toward a
particular illness.

Topic 26- India is facing a major malnutrition crisis. Suggest measures to curb this.
Introduction
 India has the maximum number of malnourished children in the world, 1 in every 3 rd
children are malnourished.
 The situation is extremely critical because the effects of malnourishment are
irreversible if they occur at a young age. If not death, it leads to permanent disabilities
that render the children ill for the rest of their lives.
 Malnutrition in India has become a situation that haunts the lives of millions of children.
Among the 472 million children (2011 census), a whopping 97 million are anaemic and
undernourished.
 India’s rank in Global Hunger Index 2018 is 103rd out of 119 countries also revealed the
problem of malnutrition in India.
What is Malnutrition?
 Malnutrition is a health condition where a person consumes nutrients in an excessive,

insufficient, or in an imbalanced way. This can harm many vital organs and functions of
your body.
Reasons of Malnutrition in India
 Lack of food is the most common cause of malnutrition in developing and under-
developed countries.
 Lack of a nutritious and balanced diet also causes malnutrition. In countries where
poverty prevails, people don’t consume essential nutrients like proteins, carbohydrates,
fats in their daily meal. Hence, malnutrition is mostly observed in children from poverty-
stricken areas.
 Irregular intake of food can also cause malnutrition.
 A dirty environment at home or in the school is one of the basic causes of malnutrition.
 Low space and a suffocating bedroom can hamper the sleep of the child. Excess
homework and watching television till late hours can also cause lack of sleep. This
results in indigestion and causes malnutrition.
 Malnutrition can also be caused due to lack of exercise and games. This slows down the
digestive process and causes malnutrition.
 The root cause of malnutrition in children in India is impoverished pregnant mothers
who are unable to provide suitable nutrition as they, themselves, are malnourished.
 Very often poverty is another major reason behind undernourished children.
 Many times illiteracy and ignorance also result in malnutrition wherein the parents are
unaware of the dietary requirements of their children.

Measures to curb Malnutrition
 To tackle malnutrition, it's imperative that the different ministries work together:
Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ministry of
Women and Child Development, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation etc.
By coordinating their efforts, these ministries will ensure that essential nutrition
services reach the most deprived communities.
 Improve data collection on stunting and obesity. This will help in targeting the right
citizen who is facing the problem of malnutrition.
 Government should invest heavily in welfare schemes. Central and state government
has already started many schemes to curb malnutrition like Integrated Child
Development Service (ICDS) Program, Mothers Absolute Affection etc.
 Make welfare delivery schemes more accountable.
 Allow Panchayats a bigger say in running welfare schemes.
 Government should diversify the Public Distribution System (PDS). Making only rice and
wheat available through the subsidised PDS has adversely affected the consumption
pattern of poor people. Government should focus on other nutritious food like millets.
 Revive and safeguard forests as sustainable source of food.
 Improve access to public healthcare for poorer communities. The Ayushman Bharat
scheme started by central government will help poor to access public healthcare.
 The NGOs and civil society should also work in tandem with local government to
increase awareness about malnutrition. NGOs like Save the Children are working on the
same.
Topic 27- Do you think with the passage of Transgender Bill in the Lok Sabha, this
community will get its due respect?
Introduction
 The Lok Sabha has passed the transgender persons (Protection of Rights) Bill 2016.
 The Bill was brought following a 2014 order of the Supreme Court in National Legal
Service Authority (NALSA) vs. Union of India case.
 Supreme Court asked the central and state governments to take steps for the welfare
of the transgender community and to treat them as a third gender for the purpose of
safeguarding their rights under Part III of the Constitution.
Features of the Bill
 The Bill defines a transgender person as one who is partly female or male; or a
combination of female and male; or neither female nor male.

 In addition, the person’s gender must not match the gender assigned at birth, and
includes trans-men, trans-women, persons with intersex variations and gender-queers.
 A transgender person must obtain a certificate of identity as proof of recognition of
identity as a transgender person and to invoke rights under the Bill.
 Such a certificate would be granted by the District Magistrate on the recommendation
of a Screening Committee. The Committee would comprise a medical officer, a
psychologist or psychiatrist, a district welfare officer, a government official, and a
transgender person.
 The Bill prohibits discrimination against a transgender person in areas such as
education, employment, and healthcare. It directs the central and state governments
to provide welfare schemes in these areas.
 Offences like compelling a transgender person to beg, denial of access to a public place,
physical and sexual abuse, etc. would attract up to two years’ imprisonment and a fine.
Concerns in the Bill
 The Bill does not give the right of self-identification to transgender persons, instead, it
is certified by a district screening committee.
 Bill is silent on granting reservations to transgender persons. The Bill does not give
effect to the directive of the Supreme Court to grant backward class reservation to the
transgender community.
 The Bill lack robustness as it has provision for a lower punishment for sexual violence
against transgender persons, as against seven years’ imprisonment awarded in case of
sexual assault on women.
 The Bill treats transgender persons as victims who need protection rather than an
empowered subject with rights.
 The Bill criminalizes begging by making it an offense. When begging itself is no more
seen as an offense, it may harm the community if such a means of livelihood – in the
absence of employment – is criminalized.
 The bill does not provide a mechanism for appeal if a transgender person is denied a
certificate of identity.
 The Standing Committee’s concerns about recognizing rights in marriage,
divorce and adoption of transgender person have not been addressed.
Conclusion
The bill introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha is the result of Supreme Court decision in
2014. The bill has given rights to transgender which will give them their due.

Topic 28- What is the relevance of Agri clinics which are being setup by the Government
in the health of soil?
Introduction
 Agri-Clinics are envisaged to provide expert advice and services to farmers on various
aspects to enhance productivity of crops/animals and increase the incomes of farmers.
 Ministry of Agriculture and Family Welfare in association with NABARD and National
Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) has launched Agri Clinics
and Agri Business Centre Scheme to take better methods of farming to each and every
farmer across country.
Working of Agri Clinics
Agri-Clinics provide support in the following areas:

 Soil Health-To do assessment of the soil health as to how much nutrients and fertilizers
are required for the particular crop.
 Cropping Practices- Agri Clinics will provide information to the farmers about which
type of cropping practices should be used at a particular land.
 Plant Protection- Agri Clinics will also provide information to the farmers about how to
protect plant from diseases and pest.
 Post-harvest Technology- Agri Clinics will train farmers in post harvest technology like
how to store the harvest, which techniques would be used to protect post harvest
losses etc.
 Clinical Services for Animals- Agri Clinics will support farmers in clinical services for
animals.
 Feed and Fodder Management- Agri Clinics will also train farmers in feed and fodder
management.
Relevance of Agri Clinics
 Agri Clinics are being set up under Agri Clinics and Agri Business Centre Scheme
(ACABC) with an objective of supporting to farmers in agriculture development.
 As one of the working area of Agri Clinics is soil health. Therefore, it will help in
assessing soil health which will be very beneficial to the farmers because growth and
proper development of crop depends on which nutrients crop need and how much
nutrients soil needs.
So, for this reason Agri Clinics will play an important role in the agriculture development.

Topic 29- Attracting and Retaining youth in agriculture will help in changing the face of
agriculture in India. Do you agree with this?
Introduction
 Youth are the primary productive human resource of socio-economic development. It

is therefore, essential to locate the role of youth in mainstream development.
 The youth of India is diverse in ethnicity, religion, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Such
diversity necessitates customized initiatives to meet needs and activate their untapped
potential of agriculture in India.
 Youth minds are creative and they are capable of handling risk factors such as monsoon
management, climatic change adaptation and poverty in an efficient way, using various
technologies.
 However, the majority of the farmers don’t want their next generation to continue with
their traditional profession, because of low income from agriculture and poor quality of
life in rural areas.
 For this reason, the central government in association with Indian Council of Agriculture
Research (ICAR) has taken a number of steps like Student READY, Farmers FIRST, ARYA
etc. to attract youth to work for the development of agriculture sector in India.
Attracting and Retaining Youth in Agriculture (ARYA) Scheme
 Realizing the importance of rural youth in agricultural development of the country, ICAR
has initiated a programme on “Attracting and Retaining Youth in Agriculture” (ARYA).
 The objectives of the ARYA scheme are:
1) To attract and empower the Youth in Rural Areas to take up various Agriculture,
allied and service sector enterprises for sustainable income and gainful employment
in selected districts.
2) To enable the Farm Youth to establish network groups to take up resource and
capital intensive activities like processing, value addition and marketing.
3) To demonstrate functional linkage with different institutions and stakeholders for
convergence of opportunities available under various schemes/program for
sustainable development of youth.
 ARYA project will be implemented in 25 States through Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs),
one district from each State. In one district, 200-300 rural youths will be identified for
their skill development in entrepreneurial activities and establishment of related micro-
enterprise units.
 KVKs will involve the Agricultural Universities and ICAR Institutes as Technology
Partners.
 At KVKs also one or two enterprise units will be established so that they serve as
entrepreneurial training units for farmers.
 The purpose is to establish economic models for youth in the villages so that youths get
attracted in agriculture and overall rural situation is improved.
Conclusion
Skill development of rural youths will help in improving their confidence levels and
encourage them to pursue farming as profession, generate additional employment in rural
areas. This will help in transforming the agriculture sector in India.
Topic 30- Do you think it is high time for the farmers to diversify the crops grown? Discuss
its relevance.
Introduction
 Agriculture is the pre-dominant economic line of work of the rural communities in India,
and plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of these communities.
 India acquires its major share of production revenues from the agricultural sector of the
economy.
 Year by year the share of agriculture in GDP is declining. Therefore, there is a need for
a paradigm shift in the government’s agricultural policy to address the problems faced
in the agricultural sector.
 The possible solution for improving the agriculture sector is crop diversification.
What is Crop Diversification?
 Diversification is “shift of resources from one crop or livestock to a larger mix of crops
and livestock, keeping in view the varying nature of risks and expected returns from
each crop/livestock activity, and adjusting in such a way that it leads to optimum
portfolio of income”.
 Crop diversification takes into account the economic returns from different value-
added crops.
 It also implies the effective use of environmental as well as human resources to grow a
mix of crops with complementary marketing opportunities, and it entails shifting of
resources from low value crops to high value crops.
 Due to globalization, crop diversification in agriculture is also a means to increase the
total crop productivity in terms of quality, monetary and quantity value under specific,
diverse agro-climatic situations all over the world.
Relevance of Crop Diversification
 Ensuring Food Security: Crop Diversification is central to food security. It will help in
ensuring food security by expanding to the different crops like millet, pulses which are
high in nutrient content.
 Adapting to Climate Change: Climate change will place unprecedented pressures on
our ability to grow the food we require. Climate change scientists widely recognize the
need for new and improved crop varieties that can withstand these challenges.
The development of crop varieties that can cope with heat, drought, flood and other
weather extremes may well be the single most important step we can take to adapt to
climate change.
 Reducing Environmental Degradation: The wise use of crop genetic diversity in
developing improved crops can contribute significantly to protecting the environment.
Crop varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases can reduce the need to apply
harmful pesticides.
 Protecting Nutritional Security : Crop diversity helps ensure not only a stable and
sustainable supply of sufficient quantities of food – of energy and protein – but also
plays a major role in ensuring its quality.
Dietary diversity – a direct product of crop diversity – is itself considered desirable by
nutritionists. And the supply of vital nutrients – of vitamins and minerals – can be
enhanced through the judicious use of genetic diversity.
 Reducing Poverty: Crop diversity is fundamental to agricultural growth. Crop diversity
enables farmers and plant breeders to develop higher yielding, more productive
varieties that have the improved quality characteristics required by farmers and desired
by consumers. This will help farmer to get appropriate price of their produce and will
bring poor farmer out of poverty.
 Ensuring Sustainable Agriculture: The use of a greater diversity of available crops is a
strategy that farmers can apply to develop their own agricultural systems with minimal
environmental impacts.
Topic 31- According to you, what is the role of rural entrepreneurship in changing the
rural economy in India?
Introduction
 Rural entrepreneurs play a vital role in the overall economic development of the
country.
 Rural entrepreneurship can help to develop rural areas through good management of
the local resources for the rural industries.

 The growth and development of rural industries facilitate self employment, results in
wider dispersal of economic and industrial activities and helps in the maximum
utilisation of locally available raw materials and labour.
Role of Rural Entrepreneurship in Rural Economy
 Proper utilisation of local resources: Rural entrepreneurship help in the proper

utilisation of local resources like raw materials and labour for productive purposes and
thus increases productivity. They can also mobilise rural savings which help in increase
of rural funds.
 Employment generation: Rural entrepreneurship creates large-scale employment
opportunities for the rural people. The basic problem of large-scale unemployment and
underemployment of rural India can be effectively tackled through rural
industrialisation.
 Fosters economic development: Rural entrepreneurship fosters economic
development of rural areas. This curbs rural urban migration on the one hand and also
reduces disproportionate growth of towns and cities, growth of slums, social tensions
and environmental pollutions etc. on the other.
 Earnings of foreign exchange: Rural entrepreneurship plays an important role in
development of rural industries which will further enhance the foreign exchange
earnings of the country through export of their produce.
 Entrepreneurial development: Rural entrepreneurship promotes entrepreneurial
development in the rural sector. It encourages young and promising entrepreneurs to
develop and carry out entrepreneurial activities in the rural sector which finally
facilitate the development of the rural areas.
 Promotion of artistic activity: Protecting and promoting arts and crafts through rural
entrepreneurship preserves the rich heritage of rural India.
 Balanced regional growth: Rural entrepreneurship can facilitate the concentration of
industrial units in urban areas and promote regional development in a balanced
manner.
 Check Social Evil: The growth of rural entrepreneurship can reduce social accidents,
such as poverty, slum growth and urban pollution.
 Improved standard of living: Rural entrepreneurship will also increase the literacy rate
of the rural population. Their education and independence will make the community
prosperous and thereby increase their standard of living
Conclusion
It is clear that rural entrepreneurship cannot be developed without important training.

Therefore, instead of planning for only the financial and development of enterprise,
intensive training will be provided to young people in India's rural areas. What is needed is
a dedicated team to get a rural education in entrepreneurship in accordance with the
integrated rural development program started by the central government.
Topic 32- Mechanization of Agriculture is important for sustainable development and

especially curbing the air pollution. Give your views in the context of stubble burning.
Introduction
 Mechanization of agriculture and farming process connotes application of machine

power to work on land, usually performed by bullocks, horses and other draught
animals or by human labour.
 Mechanization may be either partial or complete. It is partial when only a part of the
farm work is done by machine. When animal or human labour is completely dispensed
with by power supplying machines, it is termed as complete.
What is Stubble Burning?
 This is the method of clearing agricultural land quickly to ready it for the next crop.
 The farmers harvest their rice crop about this time of the year and then set fire to
the remaining stalks (or stubble) in their fields, so that they can quickly plant their
wheat crop there.
 Delay could mean lower wheat yields for the next seasonal crop.
 Burning the stubble not only clears the field quickly but is also a cheap way to do so.
 It kills weeds, slugs and other pests as well. In many countries, stubble burning was
very common, but is now less used or banned because of the way it adds to air
pollution.
Therefore, the problem of stubble burning can be solved through mechanization of

agriculture. Mechanization of agriculture is important for sustainable development and
also help in curbing the air pollution because under it, farmer need not to use burn the
stubble instead of cutting the stubble with the use of machines.
Other benefits of Mechanization of Agriculture
 It increases efficiency and per man productivity.

 Mechanization increases the yield of land per unit of area.
 Mechanization results in lower cost of work.
 It brings in other improvements in agricultural technique.
 It leads to commercial agriculture.

 It solves the problem of labour shortage.
 It releases manpower for non-agricultural purposes.
 It results in better use of land.
 It increases farmer’s income.

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Other roles of Nitrogen in Agriculture Production

Negative Impact of Excessive use of Nitrogen Fertilizers in Agriculture and Environment

These are all reasons which directly affect the environment.

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Do you think Universal Sanitation Coverage will be a milestone in the journey of

Objectives of Swachh Bharat Mission

Achievements of Swachh Bharat Mission

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Reasons behind water scarcity in India

• Inefficient use of water for agriculture.

Solutions to the water crisis

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How coral reef protects biodiversity below water?

Mention the features of Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana

Features of the scheme

• To accomplish the Government of India’s vision to reduce import dependence by way of

Measures of Drought Proofing

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• Harness water trough further spread of irrigation, groundwater and watershed

Problems related to Indian Forest

• Inadequate and dwindling forest cover.

Need for Forest Management

• To ensure sustainable management of forests and land resources.

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Salient features of Draft National Forest Policy 2018

• The draft forest policy has introduced some new concept:

Objectives of India Cooling Action Plan

Key Features of India Cooling Action Plan

Relevance of India Cooling Action Plan

Reason for Lack of Opportunities in Rural Areas

• Rapid population growth especially in the rural areas.

Problems of Rapid Urbanization

• High population density

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• Protecting the health of women and empowering them.

Changes bring by PM Ujjwala Scheme

Besides great benefits of this scheme, it has also numerous challenges.

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 India’s development has become strongly dependent on its groundwater resources.

What is Groundwater Governance?

 Groundwater governance is about decision-making on groundwater, involving

Current situation of groundwater in India

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Measures to improve Groundwater in India

 Assessment of ground water resources should be undertaken on a regular basis. This

Topic 12- What is blue economy? Discuss the benefits of it.

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Benefits of Blue Economy

 Blue economy promotes optimum and efficient utilization of resources.

Future Action for the Sustenance of Blue Economy

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Salient Features of National Rural Economic Transformation Project (NRETP)

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Targets of International Solar Alliance (ISA)

Measures to achieve target of ISA

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