ANALOGUE & DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION
Lecture 4: Modulation, Taxonomy of mod.
Schemes
 Propagation characteristics
2

 Whenever a signal propagates over a

communication medium it loses strength along the
way i.e. it attenuates
 Similar to how a ball loses energy when you through it
 “pathloss”

 So, after a while the signal does not have enough

strength
 Information signal power is almost equal to noise
power
 Information signal is corrupted
 Examples-1
3

Communication
Transmitter Receiver
medium

15 15 15

10 10 10

5 5 5
Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)
0 0 0

-5 -5 -5

-10 -10 -10

-15 -15 -15

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

Information signal Noise signal Noise corrupted

information signal
 Examples-2
4

Communicatio
Transmitter Receiver
n medium

15 15 15

10 10 10

5 5 5
Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)
0 0 0

-5 -5 -5

-10 -10 -10

-15 -15 -15

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

Information signal Noise signal Noise corrupted

information signal
 Examples-3
5

Communicatio
Transmitter Receiver
n medium

15 15 15

10 10 10

5 5 5
Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)
0 0 0

-5 -5 -5

-10 -10 -10

-15 -15 -15

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

Information signal Noise signal Noise corrupted

information signal
 Examples-4
6

Communicatio
Transmitter Receiver
n medium

15 15 15

10 10 10

5 5 5
Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)

Amplitude (volts)
0 0 0

-5 -5 -5

-10 -10 -10

-15 -15 -15

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

Information signal Noise signal Noise corrupted

information signal
 Information and Carrier Signals
7

 Information signal
 Message signal
 User data

 Is usually a low power signal

 Carrier signal
 As the name suggests it is used to “carry” the
information signal
 Can be easily generated according to user
requirements
 It has adjustable amplitude, frequency and phase
 Modulation
8

 An information signal is used to control the

parameters of a carrier signal, so as to
impress the information onto the carrier.
 Basically, the information signal changes
amplitude, frequency and phase of the carrier
signal
 Information signal
Amplitude (volts) 1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
Carrier signal
Amplitude (volts)

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
ASK modulated signal
Amplitude (volts)

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
9
 Why modulate?-1
10

 Enable long distance communication

 Information signal has a limited power
 Youcan shout to increase the strength of your
voice but it won’t get you far
 What to do?
 Superimpose the information signal on a high
power carrier signal
 Also higher frequency because an antenna
radiates greater power at higher frequencies
 Why modulate?-2
11

 Make design of wireless communication

systems simpler
 Suppose you want to transmit your voice
signal over radio
 You convert the mechanical wave voice signal
into an electrical signal using a transducer such
as a microphone
 Now, a pair of antennae is required

 The antennae need to have a length  of

 Calculate the length of the antennae 2
 Why modulate?-3
12

 f min  300Hz
3 108
  m  1 million meters!
300

 Antennaelength   half a million meters!
2
 f max  3400Hz
3 108
  m  88235 meters
3400

 Antennaelength   44118 meters!
2
 Why modulate?-4
13

 Let us now take GSM transmission where the

signal is transmitted at 900 MHz

 f min  900MHz  900 million Hertz

3 108
  m  0.33 meters
900 10 6


 Antennae length   0.15 meters
2
Calculate antennae length required for an audio signal with fmax = 22
KHz and a WiFi signal with fmax = 2.4 GHz
 Why modulate?-5
14

 Enabling simultaneous multiuser communication

 Multiple users can communication with minimal or no
interference at the same time
 Voice frequencies typically lie between 300-3400
Hz
 For the sake of convenience, let us take it as 0-4000
Hz
 If two or more people want to talk, they will
interfere with each other
 Interference will feel like noise
 Why modulate?-6
15

mag

User 1
Information for users 1, 2 an freq
3 without modulation. mag

Everyone transmits in the User 2

band 0-4000 Hz freq
mag

User 3
freq
mag
Simultaneous transmission
results in corrupted of information Corrupted
freq
 Why modulate?-7
16

User 1 transmits in mag

the band 0-4000 Hz
User 1
User 2 transmits in User 1 after modulation freq
the band 5000-9000 mag
Hz
User 2
User 3 transmits in User 2 after modulation freq
the band 10000- mag
14000 Hz
User 3
User 3 after modulation freq
mag

No interference when User 1 User 2 User 3

they transmit freq
simultaneously Simultaneous transmission
 Taxonomy of modulation schemes-1
17

 Taxonomy = arrange
 Analogue modulation schemes
 Input signal is analogue

 Digital modulation schemes

 Input signal is digital
 Taxonomy of modulation schemes-2
18

Modulation
Schemes

Analog – Analog Analog – Digital Digital – Digital Digital – Analog

Modulation Modulation Modulation Modulation
Schemes Schemes Schemes Schemes

Amplitude Delta Modulation Line Coding Amplitude Shift

Modulation (AM) (DM) Schemes Keying (ASK)

Pulse Code
Frequency Frequency Shift
Modulation
Modulation (FM) Keying (FSK)
(PCM)

Pulse Width
Phase Phase Shift
Modulation
Modulation (PM) Keying (PSK)
(PWM)

Pulse Position
Modulation
(PPM)
 Analogue Modulation Schemes
19

 An analogue information signal changes the

amplitude, frequency or phase of a carrier
signal

 Depending on which property is affected, we

have four basic kinds of digital modulation
schemes
 AmplitudeModulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation
 Analog Modulation Schemes
20

 An analog information signal changes the

amplitude, frequency or phase of a carrier
signal

 Depending on which property is affected, we

have three basic kinds of Analog modulation
schemes
 Amplitude Shift Keying
 Frequency Shift Keying
 Phase Shift Keying
 Information signal
Amplitude (volts)
1

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
Carrier signal
Amplitude (volts)

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
AM modulated signal
Amplitude (volts)

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
21
 Information signal
Amplitude (volts)
1

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
Carrier signal
Amplitude (volts)

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
FM modulated signal
Amplitude (volts)

20

-20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
22
 Information signal
Amplitude (volts) 1

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
Carrier signal
Amplitude (volts)

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
PM modulated signal
Amplitude (volts)

20

-20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
23
 Digital Modulation Schemes
24

 A Digital information signal changes the

amplitude, frequency or phase of a carrier
signal

 Depending on which property is affected, we

have three basic kinds of Digital modulation
schemes
 AmplitudeModulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation
 Information signal
Amplitude (volts) 1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
Carrier signal
Amplitude (volts)

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
ASK modulated signal
Amplitude (volts)

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
25
 Information signal
Amplitude (volts) 1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
Carrier signal
Amplitude (volts)

-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
FSK modulated signal
Amplitude (volts)

20

-20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
26
 MODEM block diagram
27

 MODEM = MODulator-DEModulator

Information Demodulated or
Modulating Modulated recovered
signal signal information
signal
Modulator Demodulator

Carrier Carrier
signal signal
 28

ANALOGUE & DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION
Lectures 5 - 6: Amplitude Modulation Part 1
 Todays topics
29

 Recap of Advantages of Modulation

 Analog Modulation
 Defining
 Generation of AM Waveform
 Modulation Index
 Envelop of AM Waveform
 Frequency Spectrum of the AM Waveform
 Double Sideband Full Carrier (DSB-FC)
 Power distribution of AM waveform
 Power distribution of AM Waveform with 100% modulation
 Disadvantages of DSB-FC
 Advantages of Modulation
30

 Advantages of doing modulation are

 Easy of radiation
 Multiplexing

 Convenient Signal Processing

 Noise

 Normally the information to be transmitted are

 Voice

 Video All these signals are baseband

signals
 Data

Baseband signals are not suitable for direct transmission hence need to
be modulated
 How to modulate?
31

 In order to make our signal suitable for

transmission, we generate and alter carrier
parameters, such as
 Amplitude
All in accordance with our information
 Frequency
signal
 Phase

 Thus we come across generally three kinds of

modulation schemes
 Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation

All these modulation schemes lay under umbrella of Linear Modulation

Schemes
 Amplitude Modulation
32

 What is Amplitude Modulation?

 It is defined “as a carrier signal whose amplitude is
varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of
a modulating signal i-e our information signal”

 Amplitude Modulation is the most fundamental

forms of modulation used in telecommunications
 Famous example?
 AM Radio Broadcast!
 Objective
33

 Transmit a low power signal over a large

distance
 Modulate!

 Amplitude Modulation
 Change the amplitude of the carrier signal
according to the information signal
 Superimpose the information signal on the carrier
signal
 Achieving AM modulation -1
34

 Suppose, we have a 1 Hz information signal

which needs to be superimposed on a 10 Hz
carrier signal
 Thesefrequencies have been chosen for the
sake of convenience
 Option1: Sum up the two signals
m(t )  sin(2 1 t )
c(t )  sin(2 10  t )
s(t )  sin(2 10  t )  sin(2 1 t )
 An op-amp based summing amplifier can be used
for the purpose
 Let’s have a look at it
35

Envelop of AM
Waveform
 Achieving AM modulation -2
36

A summing op-amp used to add the information signal and

the carrier signal does not result in an AM modulated signal
 Achieving AM modulation -3
37

 Simply summing up the two signals does not

result in modulation
 The signals will overlap in time-domain graphs
which might give the impression of modulation
 From frequency-domain graphs, it becomes clear
that the modulation never occurs
 Achieving AM modulation -4
38

15

10

5
Amplitude (volts)

-5

-10

-15
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time (seconds)
 Achieving AM modulation -5
39

15

10

5
Amplitude (volts)

-5

-10

-15
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time (seconds)
 Achieving AM modulation -6
40

15

10

5
Amplitude (volts)

-5

-10

-15
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time (seconds)
 Achieving AM modulation -7
41

 In order to achieve Amplitude Modulation, we

need a multiplier not an adder
 The product of the carrier and modulating signal
can be generated by applying both signals to a
nonlinear component such as a diode.
 A square-law function is one that varies in
proportion to the square of the input signals.
A diode gives a good approximation of a square-
law response
 Achieving AM modulation -8
42

The use of diode along with the resistor clip the negative half of the
composite signal (information + carrier signal).

We get a pulsating DC with several higher order harmonics (potentially

infinite bandwidth?)
 Achieving AM modulation -9
43

 Diodes and transistors whose function is not a

perfect square-law function produce higher-
order harmonics
 Called inter-modulation products
 Problems
 Theresultant signal will have the information
signal, the carrier signal, the AM signal sidebands
and various harmonics
 Achieving AM modulation -10
44

 Inter-modulation products are easy to filter out

 Tuned circuits
 Tuned circuits filter out the modulating signal
and carrier harmonics, leaving only carrier and
sidebands
 The AM signal
 Achieving AM modulation -12
45

If the tuned circuit filters out the unwanted signals leaving behind the
carrier signal and the AM signal (sidebands)
 Achieving AM modulation -14
46

AM Sidebands Information and Carrier Signal

 Analyses of the AM waveform -1
47

i(t ) m(t )
Information signal Modulated signal

c (t )
Carrier signal
 Analyses of the AM waveform -2
48

m(t )  Vm sin(2 1 t )

m(t )  Vm sin(2f mt )  f m  1 Hz

c(t )  sin(2 10  t )

c(t )  sin(2f c t )  f c  10 Hz

s AM (t )  c(t ) * m(t )
 Analyses of the AM waveform -4
49

10

4
Amplitude (volts)

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (seconds)
 Analyses of the AM waveform -5
50
 Analyses of the AM waveform
51
 Points to ponder
52

 Now on we’ll refer all signals in terms of

voltage signals
 Our information signal is expressed as
vm Vm Sin(mt )
Where
vm  Instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal
Vm  Peak value of modulating signal
m  2fm  Frequency of modulating signal
 Carrier Signal can expressed as
Where vc Vc Sin(ct )
vc  Instantaneous amplitude of carrier signal
Vc  Peak value of carrier signal
c  2fc  Frequency of carrier signal
 Points to ponder
53

 Usually Information signal frequency 𝑓𝑚 =

20𝐻𝑧 − 20𝑘𝐻𝑧 AF range
 Correspondingly Carrier signal frequency
𝑓𝑐 = 300𝑘𝐻𝑧 − 3𝑀𝐻𝑧 MF range
 The carrier frequency remains constant in entire
modulation process
 Only the amplitude varies in accordance with the
modulating signal
 Increase/decrease in the amplitude of the
modulating signal causes the corresponding
increase/decrease in both positive & negative
peaks of the carrier amplitude
 Let’s look at Modulated signal
54
 Envelope -1
55

 Envelope: The imaginary line that connects the

positive and negative peaks of the carrier
waveforms
 It gives the exact shape of modulating information
signal
 Modulating signal uses peak value of carrier signal
rather than zero as its reference point
 Zero reference line of modulating signal coincides
with the peak value of the carrier signal
 The envelop varies above & below the carrier
amplitude
 In general, Vm < Vc
 Envelope -2
56

e ve  Vc  Vm sin(2f mt )

eve  Vc  Vm sin(2f mt )

 [Vc  Vm sin(2f mt )]
 A mathematical treatment -3
57

 How much amplitude of the carrier are we changing

with respect to the amplitude of the information
signal?
 Modulation Index
 The ratio of the amplitude of the modulating
signal to the amplitude of the carrier signal
 Several name for the modulation index
 modulationfactor and depth of modulation
 Percent modulation (percentage modulation)
 A mathematical treatment -4
58

 Mathematically, the modulation index (M) is given as,

Vm
M
Vc
 Note that it is unit-less quantity
 Percent modulation is given as,

Vm
M%  100

Vc
In time domain, percent modulation is expressed in
terms of peak or peak to peak values of a sine wave, so

V max p  p  V min p  p
m
V max p  p  V min p  p
 Effects of degree of modulation on the
modulated signal
59
 Example 1
60

 What is the depth of modulation for an AM

signal if the modulation m(t) and carrier c(t)
signals are given as,
m(t )  10 sin(2 1 t )
c(t )  20 sin(2 10  t )
 Sketch the envelope of the AM signal
 Frequency Spectrum of AM
61
Waveform
 The instantaneous value of either the top or
the bottom voltage envelop 𝑣1 is computed
with the values of the carrier signal & the
modulating signal
v1  Vc  vm  Vc  Vm sin mt
 It is basically an addition of the modulating
signal with the peak value of the carrier signal
 The instantaneous value of entire modulated
AM waveform 𝑣2 can calculated as
v 2  v1 sin ct
 Double Side Band Full Carrier
62

 By substituting the value of 𝑣1

eAM  v 2  v1 sin ct
eAM  v 2  v1 sin Ct  (Vc  vm) sin Ct
eAM  v 2  (Vc  Vm sin mt ) sin Ct
eAM  v 2  Vc sin Ct  Vm sin mt sin Ct
1
eAM  v 2  Vc sin Ct  Vm{ [cos(C  m)t  cos(c  m)t ]}
2 sin A  sin B  (1 / 2)[cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)]
mVc mVc
eAM  v 2  Vc sin Ct  cos(C  m)t  cos(c  m)t
2 2
CARRIER Upper Side Band Lower Side Band
fc fc  fm fc  fm
This AM waveform is also called as Double Side Full Carrier (DSBFC)
63
 Points to ponder
64

 It is evident from the expression that

 The central carrier frequency remains
independent of the modulating signal
 It is the sidebands that change in proportion with
the modulating voltage and the depth of
modulation
 The LSB & USB created are the mirror (inverted)
images
 Since the peak values terms of the two sidebands
i-e LSB & USB are equal, we have
mVc
 VLSB  VUSB
2
 Assignment # 1
65

 Write notes on
 Why is telecommunication important for the
progress of a developing country?
 What is the need/motivation for modulation?

 Include diagrams wherever necessary