AssessmentKeyTer

ms

Pr
epar
edby
:Jef
ryE.Ar
ansado
Adapt
edf
rom:
ht
tp:
//www.
dav
idsongi
ft
ed.
org/
Sear
ch-
Dat
abase/
ent
ry/
A10461

ht
tp:
//www.
cal
.or
g/f
lad/
tut
ori
al/
resour
ces/
7key
ter
ms.
html

ht
tps:
//www.
cmu.
edu/
teachi
ng/
assessment
/basi
cs/
glossar
y.ht
ml

Abi
li
tyandApt
it
ude.
 Thet
ermsabi
li
tyandapt
it
udear
ecl
osel
yrel
atedandof
ten
di
ff
icul
ttodi
sti
ngui
shf
rom eachot
her
.Abi
li
ty,
thement
alorphy
sicalcapaci
tyt
o
per
for
m atagi
venl
evel
,i
sconsi
der
edt
obei
nnat
e,t
her
efor
edet
ermi
nedgenet
ical
ly
.
Accor
dingt
opsy
chol
ogi
calt
heor
y,i
tmaybedescr
ibedaspossessi
onofoneormor
e
oft
hemul
ti
plear
easofi
ntel
li
gencet
hathav
ebeendescr
ibedbyv
ari
oust
heor
iesand
model
s.Apt
it
udemaybedescr
ibedast
hepr
ocl
ivi
tyt
oexceli
ntheper
for
manceof
speci
fi
ctasks(
asi
n,"
shehasar
ealapt
it
udef
ordr
awi
ng"
).
Account
abi
li
ty 
inassessmentr
efer
stohol
dingi
ndi
vidual
sori
nst
it
uti
onsr
esponsi
ble
f
ort
heout
comesofi
nst
ruct
ion.Forexampl
e,y
oumi
ghthearorr
eadt
hat"
student
sar
e
account
abl
efort
hei
rschoolsuccessesand/
orf
ail
ures,
"that"
teacher
s(orpar
ent
s)ar
e
account
abl
efort
heper
for
manceoft
hei
rst
udent
s(orchi
ldr
en)
,"ort
hat"
school
pr
inci
pal
sar
eaccount
abl
efort
heachi
evementoft
hei
rschool
s."
Achi
evement
 i
sameasur
eoft
hequal
it
yandort
hequant
it
yoft
hesuccessonehasi
n
t
hemast
eryofknowl
edge,
ski
ll
s,orunder
standi
ngs.Ref
erencest
oacademi
c
achi
evement
,forexampl
e,usual
lyi
nvol
veper
for
mancei
nsuchar
easasr
eadi
ng,
mat
hemat
ics,
sci
ence,
orsoci
alst
udi
es.
Achi
evementt
estbat
ter
ies.
 Manyschool
stestst
udent
susi
nganar
rayofsubt
est
s,i
na
numberofacademi
ccont
entar
easandatav
ari
etyofgr
adel
evel
sunderasi
ngl
e
ov
eral
ltestname.Forexampl
e,apar
ti
cul
ar"
TestofBasi
cSki
ll
s"mi
ghti
nvol
ve
subt
est
sofmat
hemat
icalski
ll
s,l
anguageski
ll
s,andv
ocabul
ary
.
Assessment
 i
nvol
vest
hepr
ocessof"
taki
ngst
ock"of
,orunder
standi
ng,
ani
ndi
vidual
'
s
char
act
eri
sti
cs,
stat
us,
orper
for
mance,
andt
ypi
cal
lyi
nvol
vesconsi
der
ingand
i
nter
pret
ingi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom sev
eralsour
cesofdat
a.I
tmi
ghti
nvol
ve,
forexampl
e,
obser
vat
ions,
int
erv
iews,
orot
herki
ndsofi
nfor
mat
ion.(
Compar
ewi
thev
aluat
ionand
measur
ement
.)
Aut
hent
icassessment
 r
efer
stot
heev
aluat
ionofst
udent
s'wor
konact
ivi
ti
est
hat
st
udent
sengagei
nthatappr
oxi
mat
ereal
ist
icorr
eal
-l
if
etasksandper
for
mances,
r
athert
hananswer
ingt
radi
ti
onalpaper
-and-
penci
ltest
s.Aut
hent
ict
askst
ypi
cal
ly
r
equi
recompl
exwor
k,pr
obl
em sol
ving,
andi
ntegr
ati
onofav
ari
etyofknowl
edgeand
ski
ll
sbr
oughtt
obearonar
eal
ist
ict
askorchal
lenge.Forexampl
e,st
udent
smi
ghtuse
gr
ocer
yst
oreads,
ashoppi
ngl
ist
,andabudgett
ospendasar
eal
ist
ical
ter
nat
ivet
o
compl
eti
ngagr
oupofar
it
hmet
ic"
col
umnaddi
ti
on"exer
cisesonawor
ksheet
.
Compet
ency
-basedassessment
. 
Thi
sphr
asei
ndi
cat
est
hatst
udent
swi
llbeev
aluat
ed
agai
nstsomespeci
fi
clear
ning,
behav
ior
,orper
for
manceobj
ect
ive.Thi
sobj
ect
ive,
and/
ort
hel
evelofper
for
mancet
hatr
epr
esent
s"compet
ency
"iscl
ear
lyest
abl
ishedi
n
t
hecur
ri
cul
um andr
epr
esent
sanexpect
edl
evelofexper
ti
seormast
eryofski
ll
sor
knowl
edge.
Cr
it
eri
on-
ref
erencedt
est
ing 
ref
erst
oev
aluat
ingst
udent
sagai
nstanabsol
utest
andar
d
ofachi
evement
,rat
hert
hanev
aluat
ingt
hem i
ncompar
isonwi
tht
heper
for
manceof
ot
herst
udent
s.Ast
andar
dofper
for
mancei
ssett
orepr
esental
evelofexper
ti
seor
mast
eryofski
ll
sorknowl
edge.
Der
ivedscor
esorst
andar
dscor
es 
tr
ansf
ormr
awscor
es(
theact
ualnumberofcor
rect
r
esponses)i
ntov
aluest
hatal
lowust
ocompar
eonest
udent
'sper
for
mancei
nrel
ati
on
t
otheper
for
manceofot
her
soft
hesameageorgr
ade,
ort
othehi
ghestpossi
blescor
e
onat
est
.Commonst
andar
dscor
esar
ez-
scor
es,
T-scor
es,
per
cent
il
es,
andst
ani
nes.
Der
ivedorst
andar
dscor
esar
eal
lcomput
edbydet
ermi
ninghowf
arabov
eorbel
ow
t
hemeanofal
lscor
esast
udentscor
es,
andt
henr
epr
esent
ingt
her
esul
tsusi
nga
st
andar
dscal
e.[
Edi
tor
'snot
e: 
Thear
ti
clebyGr
egor
gyMachekandJonat
hanPl
uckeri
n
t
heDecember
,2003i
ssueof
 PHP 
incl
udedachar
til
lust
rat
ingmanycommonder
ived
orst
andar
dscor
es.
]
Ev
aluat
ion 
repr
esent
saj
udgmentordet
ermi
nat
ionofv
alue(
e.g.
,
 ef
fect
iveor
i
nef
fect
ive,
or 
bel
ow,
at,
orabov
egr
adel
evel
)ispl
acedonsomeper
for
mance.
For
mat
iveev
aluat
ion 
ref
erst
oanyf
orm ofassessment
,suchasqui
zzes,
test
s,essay
s,
pr
oject
s,i
nter
views,
orpr
esent
ati
ons,
inwhi
cht
hegoali
stogi
vest
udent
sfeedback
aboutt
hei
rwor
kwhi
lei
tisi
npr
ogr
ess,
tohel
pst
udent
scor
recter
ror
sormi
sst
eps,
or
t
oimpr
ovet
hewor
kal
ongt
hewayt
othef
inalpr
oduct
.Incont
rast
, 
summat
ive
ev
aluat
ion 
ist
omakeaj
udgmentaboutaf
inalpr
oductoraboutt
hequal
it
yof
per
for
manceatt
heendofani
nst
ruct
ionaluni
torcour
se.
Gr
adeequi
val
entscor
e. 
Agr
adeequi
val
entscor
edescr
ibesast
udent
'sper
for
mance
ont
hatt
esti
nrel
ati
ont
oagr
adel
evelandnumberofmont
hsdur
ingt
hey
earoft
hat
gr
ade.(
Ascor
eof8.
2,f
orexampl
e,t
ell
syout
haty
ourchi
ldobt
ainedt
hesamescor
e
onat
estt
hatanav
eragest
udenti
nthesecondmont
hoft
heei
ght
hgr
adewoul
d
obt
ain.
)Ofcour
se,
ify
ourchi
ldi
sint
hef
if
thgr
ade,
that
'sv
erygood,
buti
fyourchi
ldi
s
i
nthet
ent
hgr
ade,
that
'snotsogood!
Hi
gh-
stakest
est
ing 
typi
cal
lyr
efer
stomaj
orst
ateornat
ionalst
andar
dizedschool
achi
evementt
est
sadmi
nist
eredper
iodi
cal
lyt
ost
udent
satv
ari
ousgr
adel
evel
s.The
phr
ase"
highst
akes"i
susedt
osi
gni
fyt
hatt
heset
estr
esul
tscar
ryagr
eatdealof
wei
ghtamongschoolper
sonnel
,gov
ernmentagenci
es,
pol
it
ici
ans,
communi
tyl
eader
s,
andt
hegener
alpubl
ic.Theset
estr
esul
tsof
tenar
eusedt
omakei
mpor
tantdeci
sions
aboutst
udent
s,t
eacher
s,andt
hei
rschool
s,suchasgr
aduat
ion,
gradepr
omot
ionsor
r
etent
ions,
sel
ect
ionf
orhi
ghl
ycompet
it
ivepr
ogr
amsorschool
s,orst
aff
ingandbudget
deci
sions.
I
ntel
li
gence.
 Ov
ermanyy
ear
s,t
heconceptofi
ntel
li
gencehashadmanydef
ini
ti
ons.
I
ntel
li
gencehasbeendef
ined,
toci
tesev
eralexampl
es,
ast
heabi
li
tyt
othi
nk
concept
ual
ly
,tosol
vepr
obl
ems,
tomani
pul
ateone'
senv
ironment
,ort
odev
elop
exper
ti
se.Somet
heor
ist
shav
epr
oposedt
hati
ntel
li
gencei
smost
lyi
nnat
e,i
nher
it
ed,
or
bi
ologi
cal
ly
-based,
andot
her
shav
ear
guedequal
lyst
rongl
ythati
ntel
li
gencei
s
i
nfl
uencedbyone'
senv
ironment
.Issuesr
egar
dingt
henat
ureandbr
eadt
hof
i
ntel
li
gencecont
inuet
obet
opi
csofl
ivel
ydi
scussi
onamongt
heor
ist
sandr
esear
cher
s
i
nsev
eralf
iel
dsofst
udy(
incl
udi
ngeducat
ionalpsy
chol
ogy
,cogni
ti
vepsy
chol
ogy
,and
soci
ology
,forexampl
e).
Lear
ningobj
ect
ive.
 Al
ear
ningobj
ect
ivei
saspeci
fi
cst
atementt
hatdescr
ibeswhatt
he
st
udenti
stol
ear
n,under
stand,
ort
obeabl
etodoasar
esul
tofal
essonoraser
iesof
l
essons.
Lear
ningout
come.
 Al
ear
ningout
comer
epr
esent
swhatt
hest
udentact
ual
lyachi
eved
asar
esul
tofal
essonoraser
iesofl
essons.Thesuccessofl
essonsmaybe
i
nfl
uencedbyt
hest
udent
s'pr
iorknowl
edge,
thei
ref
for
tandat
tent
ion,
teachi
ng
met
hods,
resour
ces,
andt
ime.Lear
ningout
comesr
efert
othe 
resul
ts 
ofi
nst
ruct
ion,
whi
lel
ear
ningobj
ect
ivesr
efert
othei
ntended 
goal
sandpur
poses 
ofl
essons.
Measur
ement
 i
ssi
mpl
ythepr
ocessofassi
gni
nganumber
,orascor
eify
ouwi
ll
,to
someper
for
manceorpr
oduct
.Exampl
eswoul
dincl
udegr
adi
ngat
estorahomewor
k
assi
gnmenti
nter
msofnumberorper
centofcor
rectori
ncor
rectr
esponses.
Measur
esofcent
ralt
endency
 ar
equant
it
ati
ve(
numer
ical
)way
stodescr
ibet
hemi
ddl
e
ofadi
str
ibut
ionofscor
es.Si
ncemosti
ndi
vidual
sinagi
venpopul
ati
ont
endt
oexhi
bit
mi
ddl
elev
elsofcompet
enceorpr
esenceofachar
act
eri
sti
c,mostpeopl
etendt
oear
n
scor
est
hatar
eneart
hecent
ralpor
ti
onoft
henor
malcur
ve(
seedef
ini
ti
on,
bel
ow)
.
Ther
ear
ethr
eecommonmeasur
esofcent
ralt
endency
:mean,
medi
an,
andmode.The
meanr
efer
stoanumer
icalav
erageoft
hescor
es.I
tisobt
ainedbyaddi
ngal
lthe
scor
esanddi
vidi
ngt
hei
rsum byt
henumberofscor
es(
e.g.scor
esof100,
90,
80,
80and
70r
esul
tinameanof84)
.Themedi
ani
ssi
mpl
ythemi
ddl
escor
ewhenal
lscor
esar
e
pl
acedi
nrankedor
der
.Themedi
ani
nourexampl
ewoul
dbe80becausei
tist
het
hir
d
scor
ecount
edi
nfr
om ei
therdi
rect
ion.Themodei
sthemostof
tenoccur
ri
ngscor
e.I
n
ourexampl
e,t
hemodei
s80si
ncei
toccur
smor
eof
tent
hananyot
herscor
e.
Mi
nimum compet
ency
 i
saj
udgmentoft
hel
owestl
evelofski
llorknowl
edgeast
udent
musthav
eat
tai
nedt
obeconsi
der
ed"
compet
ent
"int
hatar
ea.Mi
nimum compet
ency
t
est
sar
eof
tent
hef
ocusofbr
oadnat
ionaleducat
ionalef
for
tst
oimpr
oveeducat
ion.I
t
i
simpor
tantt
onot
e,especi
all
yforhi
gh-
abi
li
tyst
udent
s,t
hatmi
nimum compet
enci
es
donotr
epr
esentanadequat
est
andar
dorexpect
ati
onofper
for
mance,
nordot
hey
i
mpl
ypr
ofi
ciencyi
n,ormast
eryof
,thecont
entorski
llbei
ngt
est
ed.
Nor
malcur
ve(
"bel
lcur
ve”
). 
Thenor
malor"
bel
l"cur
vei
sacommonwayof
r
epr
esent
ingt
hedi
str
ibut
ionofscor
esf
orapar
ti
cul
arcompet
enceorchar
act
eri
sti
cin
al
argepopul
ati
on.Si
ncemosti
ndi
vidual
sofanypopul
ati
onwoul
dexhi
bit"
aver
age"
compet
enceorpr
esenceofachar
act
eri
sti
c,t
hei
rscor
esappeari
nthemi
ddl
ear
ea
ar
oundt
hecr
estoft
hecur
ve.Thosewhoexhi
bitexcept
ional
lyhi
ghorl
owcompet
ence
orv
erygr
eatorv
erysmal
lpr
esenceofachar
act
eri
sti
cappearatei
therendsoft
he
cur
ve'
sshape.[
Edi
tor
'sNot
e:Thesecondpar
toft
hisser
ies,
int
heDecember
,2003
i
ssueof
 PHP,
alsoi
ncl
udedadi
agr
am oft
henor
malcur
ve.
]
Nor
m-r
efer
encedt
est
ing 
(ornor
m-r
efer
encedassessment
)ref
erst
otest
ingi
nwhi
ch
i
ndi
vidual
s'r
esul
tsar
ecompar
edt
osomel
argergr
oup(
suchasanat
ionalorst
atewi
de
sampl
eofst
udent
s).Usual
ly
,"nor
m"or"
nor
mal
"gr
oupsar
ethosei
nwhi
cht
he
st
udent
s'scor
esar
edi
str
ibut
edi
na"
nor
mal
"(or"
bel
l-
shaped"
)pat
ter
n.I
nthesecases,
ani
ndi
vidual
'
sper
for
mancei
sassessedi
nrel
ati
ont
owher
ehi
sorherscor
ewoul
dfal
l
undert
henor
malcur
ve.
Obj
ect
ivet
esti
tems 
requi
ret
hest
udentt
osel
ectaspeci
fi
cresponset
oaquest
iont
hat
canbegr
adedasei
thercor
rectori
ncor
rect
.Theyar
eeasyt
oadmi
nist
erandscor
e
(
andcanof
tenbemachi
ne-
scor
ed)
.Commonexampl
esofobj
ect
ivet
esti
temsi
ncl
ude:
t
rue-
fal
se,
mul
ti
ple-
choi
ce,
andmat
chi
ngquest
ions.
Onl
ineassessment
 i
sanassessmentt
hati
saccessedonacomput
erv
iat
heI
nter
netor
asi
mil
arcomput
ernet
wor
k.Theassessmentort
esti
sreadonl
ineandt
her
esponses
ar
egi
venonl
inebysel
ect
ingorchecki
ngachoi
cebycl
icki
ngt
hemouse,
typi
nga
r
esponse,
orper
hapsev
ent
ouchi
ngt
hecomput
erscr
eenwi
thaspeci
al"
pen"or
speaki
ngar
esponseal
oudusi
ngv
oicer
ecogni
ti
ont
echnol
ogy
.Onl
ineassessment
mayal
sobeav
ehi
clef
orsubmi
tt
ingapor
tfol
ioofst
udentper
for
mancesorcompl
eted
assi
gnment
sfort
het
eachert
oev
aluat
e.
Per
cent
il
eranks 
ref
ert
oani
ndi
vidual
'
sst
andi
ngi
nrel
ati
ont
other
estoft
hei
ndi
vidual
s
i
nthenor
m orcompar
isongr
oup(
i.
e.,
other
swhoar
etaki
ngt
hesamet
est
).I
fyour
chi
ldr
ecei
vesaper
cent
il
erankof90,
itmeanst
haty
ourchi
ldachi
evedascor
eequal
t
oorbet
tert
han90per
centoft
her
estoft
hegr
oupwi
thwhom heorshei
sbei
ng
compar
ed.
Per
for
manceassessment
 r
efer
stoasy
stem ofev
aluat
ingi
ndi
vidual
s'abi
li
ti
esor
achi
evement
sbasedonact
ualwor
korbehav
ior
.Per
for
manceassessmentf
ocuseson
t
hest
udent
'sabi
li
tyt
oappl
ywhatheorshehasl
ear
nedt
oar
eal
ist
ict
ask-apr
obl
em or
si
tuat
iont
hatmi
ghtbeencount
eredi
nreall
if
e.
Por
tfol
ios 
arecol
lect
ionsofani
ndi
vidual
'
swor
k.Someeducat
orsr
egar
dpor
tfol
io
assessmentasabet
termet
hodofobser
vingandev
aluat
ingwhatl
ear
ner
str
ulyknow,
under
stand,
andcandot
hanar
etest
sandhomewor
kexer
cises,
forexampl
e.I
nty
pical
cl
assr
oomst
hatempl
oypor
tfol
ios,
student
skeept
hei
rwor
k(qui
zzes,
testpaper
s,
cr
eat
ivewr
it
ing,
homewor
k,bookr
epor
ts,
proj
ectr
epor
ts,
artpr
oject
s,et
c.)i
nlar
ge
f
older
s,boxes,
elect
roni
cfi
les,
orot
herst
oragecont
ainer
s.Theymaykeepal
lthei
r
wor
kor
,asi
smor
ety
picalandr
ecommendedasbestpr
act
ice,
student
s(ont
hei
rown
orwi
tht
hei
rteacher
s'gui
dance)per
iodi
cal
lysel
ectsampl
esoft
hei
rwor
ktoi
ll
ust
rat
e
t
hei
rbestper
for
mancesacr
ossav
ari
etyofact
ivi
ti
es.St
udent
sandt
eacher
sal
somay
keepwor
ksampl
esofv
ari
ousdegr
eesofachi
evementt
oil
lust
rat
egr
owt
hinabi
li
ty
ov
ert
imeort
ohel
pident
if
yandi
ll
ust
rat
epar
ti
cul
arweaknessesordi
sabi
li
ti
est
hat
r
equi
readdi
ti
onalat
tent
ion.
Powert
est
s t
ypi
cal
lyhav
enot
imel
imi
tsorv
erygener
oust
imel
imi
tssot
hatt
he
i
ndi
vidualhassuf
fi
cientt
imet
oansweral
lquest
ions.Onapowert
est
,thegoali
sto
measur
easmuchast
hei
ndi
vidualcandowi
thoutt
hepr
essur
eoft
imel
imi
ts.
(
Compar
ewi
th"
speedt
est
s."
)
Pr
ofi
le.
 Ast
udentpr
ofi
lei
sof
tenusedt
odescr
ibeast
udent
'schar
act
eri
sti
csand
l
ear
ningneeds,
tohel
pgui
dei
mpor
tanteducat
ionaldeci
sionsf
orapar
ti
cul
ari
ndi
vidual
,
ort
ogui
dei
ndi
vidual
izedi
nst
ruct
ionalpl
anni
ng.I
tmaycont
ainmanydi
ff
erentki
ndsof
dat
a(i
ncl
udi
ngt
estscor
es,
obser
vat
ions,
anecdot
alr
ecor
ds,
sampl
esofst
udentwor
k,
orcomment
sfr
om cumul
ati
ver
ecor
ds)t
hatdescr
ibet
hest
udent
,theci
rcumst
ances
t
hatpr
ompt
edcr
eat
ingt
hepr
ofi
le,
quest
ionsorpr
obl
emsr
equi
ri
ngr
esol
uti
on,
and
suggest
ionsf
ormaki
ngdesi
reddeci
sions.
Range.
 Ther
angeofscor
esi
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weent
hehi
ghestandl
owestr
ecor
ded
scor
es.I
fthel
owestscor
eis28andt
hehi
ghesti
s98,
thent
her
angei
s70.
Rel
iabi
li
ty 
ref
erst
othedegr
eeofconsi
stencyordependabi
li
tyofat
est
.Ar
eli
abl
etest
wi
llpr
oducesi
mil
arscor
esanddi
str
ibut
ionswhenev
eri
tisgi
vent
osi
mil
arpopul
ati
ons.
Thus,
ifast
udentscor
eda90onanachi
evementt
estt
oday
,then,
ift
het
esti
srel
iabl
e,
t
hest
udent
'sscor
ewoul
dnotdi
ff
ersubst
ant
ial
lyi
fthet
estwer
etakenagai
nanot
her
day
.Rel
iabi
li
tymayal
someant
hatast
udentwoul
dear
nsi
mil
arscor
esont
wo
di
ff
erentf
ormsofat
est
,ift
est
edataboutt
hesamet
ime.
Rubr
ic.
 Ar
ubr
ici
sachar
torpl
ant
hati
dent
if
iescr
it
eri
aforev
aluat
ingapi
eceofa
st
udent
'swor
k,bei
tanessayt
est
,apaper
,orsomeot
herst
udentpr
oduct
ion.The
r
ubr
icof
fer
sadescr
ipt
ionoft
hequal
it
iesorchar
act
eri
sti
csofper
for
mancef
orsev
eral
l
evel
s(suchas:
begi
nni
ng,
int
ermedi
ate,
oradv
anced,
or 
needsi
mpr
ovement
,adequat
e,
orout
standi
ng)t
hatt
het
eacherorot
herev
aluat
ormayassi
gn.Thebestr
ubr
icsof
fer
t
hecl
ear
estdet
ail
sforeachcat
egor
yofev
aluat
ionsot
hatast
udent
'spr
oduct
scanbe
ev
aluat
edconsi
stent
ly.Rubr
icsmaybe"
anal
yti
c"and"
hol
ist
ic.
"Ananal
yti
crubr
ic
speci
fi
esal
lthecomponent
sofaper
fectr
esponseandpoi
ntv
aluesar
eassi
gnedt
o
eachcomponent
.Whi
lehol
ist
icscor
ingal
soi
dent
if
iesamodelorper
fectanswer
,poi
nt
v
alues.ar
enotassi
gned.Thus,
hol
ist
icorgl
obalscor
ingi
smor
esubj
ect
iveandmaybe
l
essr
eli
abl
ethananal
yti
cscor
ing.
Speedt
est
s ar
etest
swi
thspeci
fi
cti
mel
imi
ts.Suchat
estr
ewar
dsi
ndi
vidual
swhocan
wor
kfastt
oanswert
het
esti
tems.St
udent
swi
thdi
sabi
li
ti
esmaybeexemptf
rom t
ime
l
imi
tssetf
orspeedt
est
s.(
Compar
ewi
thpowert
est
s.)
St
andar
dizedt
est
s ar
einst
rument
sthatar
eadmi
nist
ered,
scor
ed,
andi
nter
pret
edi
n
t
hesame,
pre-
speci
fi
edwaybyal
luser
s.Ther
ear
edet
ail
edi
nst
ruct
ionsorr
ulesf
or
howat
esti
sadmi
nist
eredandscor
ed.(
Oneexampl
eofawel
l-
knownst
andar
dized
t
esti
sthe 
Schol
ast
icApt
it
udeTest
 or
 SAT.
)
St
andar
ds-
based.
 Toput"
standar
ds-
based"i
nfr
ontofsucht
ermsasi
nst
ruct
ion,
assessment
,test
ing,
measur
ement
,ev
aluat
ionandot
hert
ermst
ypi
cal
lymeanst
hat
what
evert
eacher
steachandst
udent
sdoi
ncl
assi
sev
aluat
edagai
nstspeci
fi
cal
ly
wr
it
tenandadopt
edst
andar
ds,
orgoal
sandobj
ect
ives,
ofachi
evement
,usual
lywr
it
ten
andadopt
edatt
hest
ateornat
ionall
evel
.
Subj
ect
ivet
est
s r
efer
stot
heappr
oachusedt
oev
aluat
eorscor
ethest
udent
’s
r
esponset
oawr
it
ingpr
ompt
,anopen-
endedt
askorquest
ion,
ora"
free,
"unst
ruct
ured
r
esponset
oashor
t-answeroressayquest
ion.Unl
ikeobj
ect
ivet
est
s,i
nwhi
cht
he
cor
rectori
ncor
rectanswersel
ect
ioni
seasi
lyandqui
ckl
yobt
ained,
subj
ect
ive
assessment
spr
esentamor
edi
ff
icul
tchal
lenget
oscor
eandr
equi
reconsi
der
abl
ymor
e
t
imet
oreadandt
oanal
yzecar
eful
lyandequi
tabl
y.
Val
idi
ty 
isat
ermt
hatdescr
ibeshowwel
lat
est
,orat
esti
tem,
measur
eswhati
tcl
aims
t
omeasur
e,accur
atel
ypr
edi
ctsabehav
ior
,oraccur
atel
ycont
ri
but
est
odeci
sion
maki
ngaboutt
hepr
esenceorabsenceofachar
act
eri
sti
c.

A ^
backt
otop^

Responsi
bil
it
yforeducat
ionalout
comes;
•
Account
abi
li
ty 
theseout
comesar
eof
tenmeasur
ed
t
hroughst
andar
dizedt
est
ing.

At
estt
hatmeasur
eshowwel
last
udent
•
Achi
evement
hasr
eachedt
heobj
ect
ivesofaspeci
fi
c
t
est
cour
seorpr
ogr
am

Gui
del
inesdev
elopedbyt
heAmer
ican
ACTFL
Counci
lont
heTeachi
ngofFor
eign
pr
ofi
ciency
Languages(
ACTFL)t
hatdescr
ibe
l
evel
s
l
anguageper
for
mance

Non-
tradi
ti
onalf
ormsofassessment
; 
Al
ter
nat
ive
mayi
ncl
udepor
tfol
ios,
obser
vat
ions,
assessment
wor
ksampl
es,
orgr
ouppr
oject
s 

Anal
yti
c Met
hodofscor
ingorr
ati
ngt
hatassi
gns
scor
ing separ
atescor
esf
ordi
ff
erentaspect
sof
 ast
udent
'sper
for
mance 

Testwhi
chmeasur
esast
udent
'st
alent
•
Apt
it
udet
est f
orl
ear
ningl
anguage;
 pr
edi
ctsf
utur
e
per
for
mance

Assessment Thepr
ocessofgat
her
ingi
nfor
mat
ion

Knowl
edgeaboutandat
hor
ough
Assessment
under
standi
ngofmy
riadassessment
l
it
eracy
pr
act
ices,
especi
all
ybyeducat
ors

Howwel
lat
estr
efl
ect
sreal
-l
if
e
Aut
hent
ici
ty
si
tuat
ions

C ^
backt
otop^

Testt
hatmeasur
escompr
ehensi
onby
Cl
ozet
est aski
ngst
udent
stof
il
linmi
ssi
ngwor
ds
f
rom apassage

Comput
er-
basedt
estt
hatadapt
stot
he
Comput
er- t
est
-t
aker
'sper
for
manceandpr
esent
s
adapt
ivet
est easi
erormor
edi
ff
icul
ttasksbasedon
pr
evi
ousanswer
s

Const
ruct
  
  Whatat
estmeasur
es

Const
ruct Howwel
lat
estmeasur
eswhati
tis
v
ali
dit
y supposedt
omeasur
e

Howwel lt
hecontentofatestr
efl
ect
s
Cont
entv
ali
dit
y
theconstr
uctt
hatthetesti
smeasuri
ng

Scor
esi
nter
pret
edwi
thr
espectt
o
•
Cri
ter
ion-
st
andar
dsorat
heor
yofl
anguage;
 
r
efer
enced
ev
ery
onecangetahi
ghscor
e.

Cut
offscor
e Onacr
it
eri
on-
ref
erencedt
est
,the
 mi
nimum scor
east
udentmustr
ecei
ve
t
odemonst
rat
eadet
ermi
nedl
evel

D ^
backt
otop^

Test
ingmet
hodt
hatcl
osel
ymat
chest
he
Di
rectt
est
ing
const
ructbei
ngmeasur
ed

Di
scr
etet
est Testf
ocusedonspeci
fi
clanguageski
ll
s

Testt
hati
dentif
iesast
udent
'sst
rengt
hs
Di
agnost
ict
est
andweaknesses

E ^
backt
otop^

Maki
ngdeci
sionsbasedont
her
esul
ts
•
Eval
uat
ion
ofassessment

F ^
backt
otop^

Non-
techni
calt
ermt
hatr
efer
stohow
Facev
ali
dit
y f
air
,reasonabl
eandaut
hent
icpeopl
e
per
cei
veat
estt
obe

Anassessmentuseddur
ingt
hecour
se
ofi
nst
ruct
iont
opr
ovi
def
eedbackt
othe
t
eacherandl
ear
neraboutt
hel
ear
ner
's
•
For
mat
ive
pr
ogr
esst
owar
ddesi
rededucat
ional
assessment
out
comes;
 ther
esul
tsoff
ormat
ive
assessment
sar
eof
tenusedi
npl
anni
ng
subsequenti
nst
ruct
ion.

H ^
backt
otop^

Assessmentt
hati
susedt
omakecr
it
ical
Hi
gh-
stakes deci
sionswi
thconsequencesf
oroneor
t
est mor
est
akehol
der
sint
heassessment
pr
ocess;
 anadmi
ssi
onst
estt
hat
 det
ermi
nest
hecour
seofast
udent
's
academi
cfut
ureandat
estusedf
or
account
abi
li
tyandl
inkedt
ofundi
ngar
e
bot
hexampl
esofhi
gh-
stakest
est
s.

Met
hodofr
ati
nganassessmentbased
ongener
aldescr
ipt
ionsofper
for
mance
atspeci
fi
edl
evel
s; 
whi
leahol
ist
ic
scor
ingr
ubr
icmayt
akei
ntoaccount
Hol
ist
icscor
ingper
for
manceal
ongsev
eraldi
mensi
ons
(
e.g.
,fl
uency
,gr
ammat
icalaccur
acy
,
andwor
dchoi
cef
oror
all
anguage)
,one
ov
eral
lscor
ewhi
chbestr
epr
esent
sthe
exami
nee'
sper
for
mancei
sassi
gned.

I ^
backt
otop^

Theposi
ti
veornegat
iveef
fect
sof
I
mpact
t
est
ing

Amet
hodoft
est
ingt
hatmeasur
es
I
ndi
rectt
est
ingabi
li
ti
esr
elat
edt
otheconst
ructbei
ng
t
est
ed,
rat
hert
hant
heconst
ructi
tsel
f

Themat
eri
als(
present
edaur
all
yand
I
nput v
isual
ly
)thatanexami
neer
ecei
vesas
par
toft
het
estt
asks

Testthataddr
essesmul
ti
plel
anguage
I
ntegr
ati
vet
est
ski
ll
s,sometimesint
hesametask

M ^
backt
otop^

Testinwhichexamineesdemonst r
ate
Mul
ti
plechoi
ce
knowledge,ski
ll
,orabil
it
ybyselect
inga
t
est
responsefr
om alistofpossi
bleanswers
N ^
backt
otop^

I
nqui
ryi
ntot
hecur
rentst
ateof
knowl
edge,
resour
ces,
orpr
act
icewi
th
Needs
t
hei
ntentoft
aki
ngact
ion,
maki
nga
assessment
deci
sion,
orpr
ovi
dingaser
vicewi
tht
he
r
esul
ts

Scor
esi
nter
pret
edwi
thr
espectt
oot
her
Nor
m-
exami
nees;
somemustscor
ehi
gh,
some
r
efer
enced
l
ow.

O ^
backt
otop^

Commer
cial
ly
-av
ail
abl
etestwhi
chcan
bepur
chasedbyaneducat
ional
Of
f-t
he-
shel
f i
nst
it
uti
onori
ndi
vidualuserand
admi
nist
eredatt
hedi
scr
eti
onoft
he
i
ndi
vidualuser

P ^
backt
otop^

Twoormor
etest
swi
thdi
ff
erent
quest
ionst
hatmeasur
ethesame
under
lyi
ngski
llandwhosedi
ff
icul
ty
Par
all
elf
orms l
evel
shav
ebeendet
ermi
nedt
obe
equi
val
ent
; scor
esf
rom par
all
el
v
ersi
onsofat
estcanbecompar
edwi
th
oneanot
her
.

Rangeofmeasur
esf
rom 1-
99usedt
o
compar
eexami
neeswi
thoneanot
her
; 
•
Per
cent
il
e anexami
neewhoscor
edi
nthe80t
h
per
cent
il
epl
acedhi
ghert
han80%oft
est
t
aker
s.

•
Per
for
mance Assessmentwhi
chr
equi
rest
he
 exami
neet
odemonst
rat
eknowl
edgeor
ski
llt
hroughact
ivi
ti
est
hatar
eof
ten
assessment di
rect
,act
ive,
andhands-
on,
suchas
gi
vingaspeech,
per
for
mingaski
t,or
pr
oduci
nganar
ti
sti
cpr
oduct

Testwhoser
esul
tsar
eusedt
oassi
gn
Pl
acementt
estst
udent
stocl
assesdesi
gnedf
or
l
ear
ner
satapar
ti
cul
arl
evel

Feasi
bil
it
yoft
estgi
venmat
eri
als,
Pr
act
ical
it
y
f
undi
ng,
time,
exper
ti
se,
andst
aff

Testofabi
li
tyi
nadef
inedar
eaof
l
anguage;
 thear
eamaybenar
rowl
y-
def
ined(
e.g.
,Engl
ishf
orai
rl
inepi
lot
s)or
mor ebroad(e.g.
,socialandacademi
c
Pr
ofi
ciencyt
est
language).
 Profi
ciencytest
sarenott
ied
t
oaspeci
fi
ccur
ri
cul
um orcour
seand
ar
eof
tencont
rast
edwi
thachi
evement
t
est
s.

Pr
ocessofcol
lect
ingdat
afr
om mul
ti
ple
sour
cesaboutani
nst
ruct
ionalpr
ogr
am
ori
nter
vent
ionandmaki
ngadeci
sion
Pr
ogr
am
aboutt
hesuccessoft
hepr
ogr
am based
ev
aluat
ion
ont
hisi
nfor
mat
ion;
 theev
aluat
ioncoul
d
t
argetbot
hthepr
ocessandout
comesof
t
hepr
ogr
am.

R ^
backt
otop^

St
udent
'st
otalnumberofcor
rect
Rawscor
e
r
esponsesonat
est

•
Rel
iabi
li
ty Consi
stencyofscor
es/
resul
ts
S ^
backt
otop^

Scor
ethatal
lowst
estr
esul
tst
obe
compar
edacr
ossst
udent
s; 
in
Scal
escor
e
st
andar
dizedt
est
ing,
rawscor
esar
e
of
tenconv
ert
edt
oscal
escor
es.

Descr
ibeshowscor
ingi
saccompl
ished
Scor
ing
(
e.g.
,machi
ne-
scor
ed,
hand-
scor
ed,
met
hod
cent
ral
lyscor
ed,
local
lyscor
ed)

Descr
ibest
hepr
ocedur
esusedt
oobt
ain
at
estscor
e,e.
g.,
count
ingt
henumber
Scor
ing
cor
rect
,scor
inghol
ist
ical
lyor
pr
ocess
anal
yti
cal
lyaccor
dingt
oest
abl
ished
gui
del
ines,
ascal
e,orar
ubr
ic

Sel
f- Per
sonalr
ati
ngofl
anguageabi
li
ty
assessment accor
dingt
ospeci
fi
edcr
it
eri
a

Testf
ocusi
ngonaspeci
fi
cdomai
nof
l
anguageuse,
e.g.
,li
steni
ng,
readi
ng,
Ski
ll
stest
wr
it
ingorspeaki
ng(
int
eract
iveor
pr
esent
ati
onal
)

Per
sonsi
nvol
vedwi
thori
nvest
edi
nthe
t
est
ingpr
ocess,
e.g.t
estt
aker
s,
St
akehol
der
s
admi
nist
rat
ors,
par
ent
s,and
t
eacher
s/i
nst
ruct
ors

Testwi
thf
ixedcont
ent
,equi
val
ent
•
Standar
dized par
all
elf
orms,
standar
dadmi
nist
rat
ion
t
est andscor
ing,
fiel
d-t
est
ed,
val
id,
and
r
eli
abl
e

Scor
ethatr
epr
esent
sst
udent
Subscor
e
per
for
mancei
napar
ti
cul
ardomai
nor
 par
tofat
est

Out
come-
baseduseofassessment
s,
Summat
ive of
tenf
ordeci
sionssuchasgr
adi
ng,
assessment pr
ogr
am ev
aluat
ion,
tracki
ng,
or
account
abi
li
ty

T ^
backt
otop^

“
Anychanget
oat
estort
est
ingsi
tuat
ion
Test t
hataddr
essesauni
queneedoft
he
accommodat
iost
udentbutdoesnotal
tert
heconst
ruct
n bei
ngmeasur
ed”(
Cent
erf
orEqui
tyand
Excel
lencei
nEducat
ion,
2006)

Test Del
iver
yoft
het
esti
tems/
dir
ect
ionst
o
admi
nist
rat
ion t
het
est
-t
aker
s

Basedonat
heor
yofl
anguage,
a
Testconst
ructgener
al,
over
archi
ngt
heor
ythati
nfor
ms
t
het
estdev
elopmentpr
ocess

Pr
ocessofcr
eat
ingat
est
; st
epsoft
est
dev
elopment(
Hughes,
2003)
:

1.St
atet
hegoal
soft
het
est
.

2.Wr
it
etestspeci
fi
cat
ions.

3.Wr
it
eandr
evi
sei
tems.
Test
4.Tr
yit
emswi
thnat
ivespeaker
sand
dev
elopment
accept
/rej
ecti
tems.

5.Pi
lotwi
thnon-
nat
ivespeaker
swi
th
si
mil
arbackgr
oundsast
hei
ntendedt
est
-
taker
s.

6.Anal
yzet
het
ri
alsandmakenecessar
y
r
evi
sions.
 7.Cal
ibr
atescal
es.

8.Val
idat
e.

9.Wr
it
etestadmi
nist
rat
orhandbook,
t
estmat
eri
als.

10.Tr
ainst
affasappr
opr
iat
e.

Modeandor
gani
zat
ionoft
est
,test
Testf
ormat st
ruct
ure(
e.g.
,mul
ti
plechoi
ce,
shor
t
answer
)

Tasks,
quest
ionsorpr
ompt
stowhi
ch
Testi
tems
t
est
-t
aker
srespond

I
temsusedf
ort
het
est
Testmat
eri
als
admi
nist
rat
ion/
taki
ng

Whaty
ouwantt
olear
nfr
om t
het
est
Testpur
pose
r
esul
ts

Val
idandr
eli
abl
epr
act
iceofl
anguage
Test
ing measur
ementf
orcont
ext
-speci
fi
c
pur
poses

V ^
backt
otop^

Val
idi
tyi
saj
udgmentaboutwhet
hera
t
esti
sappr
opr
iat
eforaspeci
fi
cgr
oup
and 
pur
poseandi
ncl
udes
consi
der
ati
onssuchaswhet
hert
het
est
r
eal
lymeasur
eswhaty
out
hinki
tis
•
Val
idi
ty
measur
ing,
whet
hert
her
esul
tsar
e
si
mil
art
oexami
nees'
per
for
manceon
ot
hert
est
sori
ncl
assorr
eal
-wor
ld
act
ivi
ti
es,
andwhet
hert
heuseoft
est
r
esul
tshav
ethei
ntendedef
fect
s. 
W ^
backt
otop^

Ef
fect
soft
estont
eacher
s’and
st
udent
s’act
ions;
 washbackcanbe
Washback
posi
ti
ve(
expect
ed)ornegat
ive
(
unexpect
ed,
har
mful
).

CommonAssessmentTer
ms

Assessmentf
orAccount
abi
li
ty

Theassessmentofsomeuni
t,suchasadepar
tment
,pr
ogr
am orent
ir
einst
it
uti
on,
whi
chi
susedt
osat
isf
ysomegr
oupofext
ernalst
akehol
der
s.St
akehol
der
smi
ght
i
ncl
udeaccr
edi
tat
ionagenci
es,
stat
egov
ernment
,ort
rust
ees.Resul
tsar
eof
ten
compar
edacr
osssi
mil
aruni
ts,
suchasot
hersi
mil
arpr
ogr
amsandar
eal
way
s
summat
ive.Anexampl
eofassessmentf
oraccount
abi
li
tywoul
dbeABETaccr
edi
tat
ion
i
nengi
neer
ingschool
s,wher
ebyABETcr
eat
esasetofst
andar
dst
hatmustbemeti
n
or
derf
oranengi
neer
ingschoolt
orecei
veABETaccr
edi
tat
ionst
atus.

Assessmentf
orI
mpr
ovement

Assessmentact
ivi
ti
est
hatar
edesi
gnedt
ofeedt
her
esul
tsdi
rect
ly,
andi
deal
ly
,
i
mmedi
atel
y,backi
ntor
evi
singt
hecour
se,
progr
am ori
nst
it
uti
onwi
tht
hegoalof
i
mpr
ovi
ngst
udentl
ear
ning.Bot
hfor
mat
iveandsummat
iveassessmentdat
acanbe
usedt
ogui
dei
mpr
ovement
s.

ConceptMaps

Conceptmapsar
egr
aphi
calr
epr
esent
ati
onst
hatcanbeusedt
orev
ealhowst
udent
s
or
gani
zet
hei
rknowl
edgeaboutaconceptorpr
ocess.
 Theyi
ncl
udeconcept
s,usual
ly
r
epr
esent
edi
nencl
osedci
rcl
esorboxes,
andr
elat
ionshi
psbet
weenconcept
s,
i
ndi
cat
edbyal
ineconnect
ingt
woconcept
s.Exampl
e[
Di
rectAssessmentofLear
ning

Di
rectassessmenti
swhenmeasur
esofl
ear
ningar
ebasedonst
udentper
for
manceor
demonst
rat
est
hel
ear
ningi
tsel
f.
 Scor
ingper
for
manceont
est
s,t
erm paper
s,ort
he
execut
ionofl
abski
ll
s,woul
dal
lbeexampl
esofdi
rectassessmentofl
ear
ning.Di
rect
assessmentofl
ear
ningcanoccurwi
thi
nacour
se(
e.g.
,per
for
manceonaser
iesof
t
est
s)orcoul
doccuracr
osscour
sesory
ear
s(compar
ingwr
it
ingscor
esf
rom
sophomor
etoseni
ory
ear
).

EmbeddedAssessment

Ameansofgat
her
ingi
nfor
mat
ionaboutst
udentl
ear
ningt
hati
sint
egr
atedi
ntot
he
t
eachi
ng-
lear
ningpr
ocess.Resul
tscanbeusedt
oassessi
ndi
vidualst
udent
per
for
manceort
heycanbeaggr
egat
edt
opr
ovi
dei
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
hecour
seor
pr
ogr
am.
 canbef
ormat
iveorsummat
ive,
quant
it
ati
veorqual
it
ati
ve.
 Exampl
e:aspar
t
ofacour
se,
expect
ingeachseni
ort
ocompl
etear
esear
chpapert
hati
sgr
adedf
or
cont
entandst
yle,
buti
sal
soassessedf
oradv
ancedabi
li
tyt
olocat
eandev
aluat
eWeb-
basedi
nfor
mat
ion(
aspar
tofacol
lege-
wideout
comet
odemonst
rat
einf
ormat
ion
l
it
eracy
).

Ext
ernalAssessment

Useofcr
it
eri
a(r
ubr
ic)orani
nst
rumentdev
elopedbyani
ndi
vidualoror
gani
zat
ion
ext
ernalt
otheonebei
ngassessed.Thi
ski
ndofassessmenti
susual
lysummat
ive,
quant
it
ati
ve,
andof
tenhi
gh-
stakes,
suchast
heSATorGREexams.

For
mat
iveAssessment

For
mat
iveassessmentr
efer
stot
hegat
her
ingofi
nfor
mat
ionordat
aaboutst
udent
l
ear
ningdur
ingacour
seorpr
ogr
am t
hati
susedt
ogui
dei
mpr
ovement
sint
eachi
ng
andl
ear
ning.For
mat
iveassessmentact
ivi
ti
esar
eusual
lyl
ow-
stakesorno-
stakes;
they
donotcont
ri
but
esubst
ant
ial
lyt
othef
inalev
aluat
ionorgr
adeoft
hest
udentormay
notev
enbeassessedatt
hei
ndi
vidualst
udentl
evel
. Forexampl
e,posi
ngaquest
ioni
n
cl
assandaski
ngf
orashowofhandsi
nsuppor
tofdi
ff
erentr
esponseopt
ionswoul
dbe
af
ormat
iveassessmentatt
hecl
assl
evel
. Obser
vinghowmanyst
udent
sresponded
i
ncor
rect
lywoul
dbeusedt
ogui
def
urt
hert
eachi
ng.

Hi
ghst
akesAssessment

Thedeci
siont
ouset
her
esul
tsofassessmentt
osetahur
dlet
hatneedst
obecl
ear
ed
f
orcompl
eti
ngapr
ogr
am ofst
udy
,recei
vingcer
ti
fi
cat
ion,
ormov
ingt
othenextl
evel
.
Mostof
ten,
theassessmentsousedi
sext
ernal
lydev
eloped,
basedonsetst
andar
ds,
car
ri
edouti
nasecur
etest
ingsi
tuat
ion,
andadmi
nist
eredatasi
ngl
epoi
nti
nti
me.
Exampl
es:att
hesecondar
yschooll
evel
,st
atewi
deexamsr
equi
redf
orgr
aduat
ion;
in
post
graduat
eeducat
ion,
thebarexam.

I
ndi
rectAssessmentofLear
ning

I
ndi
rectassessment
suseper
cept
ions,
ref
lect
ionsorsecondar
yev
idencet
omake
i
nfer
encesaboutst
udentl
ear
ning.Forexampl
e,sur
vey
sofempl
oyer
s,st
udent
s’sel
f-
assessment
s,andadmi
ssi
onst
ogr
aduat
eschool
sar
eal
lindi
rectev
idenceofl
ear
ning.

I
ndi
vidualAssessment

Usest
hei
ndi
vidualst
udent
,andhi
s/herl
ear
ning,
ast
hel
evelofanal
ysi
s.Canbe
quant
it
ati
veorqual
it
ati
ve,
for
mat
iveorsummat
ive,
standar
ds-
basedorv
alueadded,
andusedf
ori
mpr
ovement
.Mostoft
hest
udentassessmentconduct
edi
nhi
gher
educat
ioni
sfocusedont
hei
ndi
vidual
.St
udentt
estscor
es,
impr
ovementi
nwr
it
ing
dur
ingacour
se,
orast
udent
’si
mpr
ovementpr
esent
ati
onski
ll
sov
ert
hei
r
under
graduat
ecar
eerar
eal
lexampl
esofi
ndi
vidualassessment
.

I
nst
it
uti
onalAssessment

Usest
hei
nst
it
uti
onast
hel
evelofanal
ysi
s.Theassessmentcanbequant
it
ati
veor
qual
it
ati
ve,
for
mat
iveorsummat
ive,
standar
ds-
basedorv
alueadded,
andusedf
or
i
mpr
ovementorf
oraccount
abi
li
ty.I
deal
ly
,inst
it
uti
on-
widegoal
sandobj
ect
iveswoul
d
ser
veasabasi
sfort
heassessment
.Forexampl
e,t
omeasur
ethei
nst
it
uti
onalgoalof
dev
elopi
ngcol
labor
ati
onski
ll
s,ani
nst
ruct
orandpeerassessmentt
oolcoul
dbeused
t
omeasur
ehowwel
lseni
orsacr
osst
hei
nst
it
uti
onwor
kinmul
ti
-cul
tur
alt
eams.

LocalAssessment

Meansandmet
hodst
hatar
edev
elopedbyani
nst
it
uti
on'
sfacul
tybasedont
hei
r
t
eachi
ngappr
oaches,
student
s,andl
ear
ninggoal
s.Anexampl
ewoul
dbeanEngl
ish
Depar
tment
’sconst
ruct
ionanduseofawr
it
ingr
ubr
ict
oassessi
ncomi
ngf
reshmen’
s
wr
it
ingsampl
es,
whi
chmi
ghtt
henbeusedassi
gnst
udent
stoappr
opr
iat
ewr
it
ing
cour
ses,
ormi
ghtbecompar
edt
oseni
orwr
it
ingsampl
est
ogetameasur
eofv
alue-
added.
Pr
ogr
am Assessment

Usest
hedepar
tmentorpr
ogr
am ast
hel
evelofanal
ysi
s.Canbequant
it
ati
veor
qual
it
ati
ve,
for
mat
iveorsummat
ive,
standar
ds-
basedorv
alueadded,
andusedf
or
i
mpr
ovementorf
oraccount
abi
li
ty.
 Ideal
ly
,pr
ogr
am goal
sandobj
ect
iveswoul
dser
ve
asabasi
sfort
heassessment
.Exampl
e:Howwel
lcanseni
orengi
neer
ingst
udent
s
appl
yengi
neer
ingconcept
sandski
ll
stosol
veanengi
neer
ingpr
obl
em?
 Thi
smi
ghtbe
assessedt
hroughacapst
onepr
oject
,bycombi
ningper
for
mancedat
afr
om mul
ti
ple
seni
orl
evelcour
ses,
col
lect
ingr
ati
ngsf
rom i
nter
nshi
pempl
oyer
s,et
c. 
Ifagoali
sto
assessv
alueadded,
somecompar
isonoft
heper
for
mancet
onewl
ydecl
aredmaj
ors
woul
dbei
ncl
uded.

Qual
it
ati
veAssessment

Col
lect
sdat
athatdoesnotl
endi
tsel
ftoquant
it
ati
vemet
hodsbutr
athert
oint
erpr
eti
ve
cr
it
eri
a(seet
hef
ir
stexampl
eunder
 "st
andar
ds"
).

Quant
it
ati
veAssessment

Col
lect
sdat
athatcanbeanal
yzedusi
ngquant
it
ati
vemet
hods(
see 
"assessmentf
or
account
abi
li
ty"f
oranexampl
e).

Rubr
ic

Ar
ubr
ici
sascor
ingt
oolt
hatexpl
ici
tl
yrepr
esent
stheper
for
manceexpect
ati
onsf
oran
assi
gnmentorpi
eceofwor
k.Ar
ubr
icdi
videst
heassi
gnedwor
kint
ocomponentpar
ts
andpr
ovi
descl
eardescr
ipt
ionsoft
hechar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hewor
kassoci
atedwi
theach
component
,atv
ary
ingl
evel
sofmast
ery
.Rubr
icscanbeusedf
orawi
dear
rayof
assi
gnment
s:paper
s,pr
oject
s,or
alpr
esent
ati
ons,
art
ist
icper
for
mances,
group
pr
oject
s,et
c.Rubr
icscanbeusedasscor
ingorgr
adi
nggui
des,
topr
ovi
def
ormat
ive
f
eedbackt
osuppor
tandgui
deongoi
ngl
ear
ningef
for
ts,
orbot
h.

St
andar
ds

St
andar
dsr
efert
oanest
abl
ishedl
evelofaccompl
ishmentt
hatal
lst
udent
sar
e
expect
edt
omeetorexceed.St
andar
dsdonoti
mpl
yst
andar
dizat
ionofapr
ogr
am orof
t
est
ing.Per
for
manceorl
ear
ningst
andar
dsmaybemett
hroughmul
ti
plepat
hway
sand
demonst
rat
edi
nvar
iousway
s. 
Forexampl
e,i
nst
ruct
iondesi
gnedt
omeetast
andar
d
f
orv
erbalf
orei
gnl
anguagecompet
encymayi
ncl
udecl
assr
oom conv
ersat
ions,
one-
on-
onei
nter
act
ionswi
thaTA,
ort
heuseofcomput
ersof
twar
e.Assessi
ngcompet
ence
maybedonebycar
ryi
ngonaconv
ersat
ionaboutdai
lyact
ivi
ti
esoracommonscenar
io,
suchaseat
ingi
nar
est
aur
ant
,orusi
ngast
andar
dizedt
est
,usi
ngar
ubr
icorgr
adi
ng
keyt
oscor
ecor
rectgr
ammarandcompr
ehensi
blepr
onunci
ati
on.

Summat
iveAssessment

Thegat
her
ingofi
nfor
mat
ionatt
heconcl
usi
onofacour
se,
progr
am,
orunder
graduat
e
car
eert
oimpr
ovel
ear
ningort
omeetaccount
abi
li
tydemands.Whenusedf
or
i
mpr
ovement
,impact
sthenextcohor
tofst
udent
staki
ngt
hecour
seorpr
ogr
am.
Exampl
es:exami
ningst
udentf
inalexamsi
nacour
set
oseei
fcer
tai
nspeci
fi
car
easof
t
hecur
ri
cul
um wer
eunder
stoodl
esswel
lthanot
her
s;anal
yzi
ngseni
orpr
oject
sfort
he
abi
li
tyt
oint
egr
ateacr
ossdi
sci
pli
nes.

Val
ueAdded

Thei
ncr
easei
nlear
ningt
hatoccur
sdur
ingacour
se,
progr
am,
orunder
graduat
e
educat
ion.Canei
therf
ocusont
hei
ndi
vidualst
udent
 (howmuchbet
terast
udentcan
wr
it
e,f
orexampl
e,att
heendt
hanatt
hebegi
nni
ng)oronacohor
tofst
udent
s
(
whet
herseni
orpaper
sdemonst
rat
emor
esophi
sti
cat
edwr
it
ingski
ll
s-i
ntheaggr
egat
e-
t
hanf
reshmenpaper
s).Tomeasur
eval
ue-
addedabasel
inemeasur
ementi
sneeded
f
orcompar
ison.Thebasel
inemeasur
ecanbef
rom t
hesamesampl
eofst
udent
s
(
longi
tudi
naldesi
gn)orf
rom adi
ff
erentsampl
e(cr
oss-
sect
ional
).

Ref
erences:

ht
tp:
//www.
dav
idsongi
ft
ed.
org/
Sear
ch-
Dat
abase/
ent
ry/
A10461

ht
tp:
//www.
cal
.or
g/f
lad/
tut
ori
al/
resour
ces/
7key
ter
ms.
html

ht
tps:
//www.
cmu.
edu/
teachi
ng/
assessment
/basi
cs/
glossar
y.ht
ml

"
Adapt
edf
rom"i
swheny
ou'
repr
esent
ingt
hemat
eri
al 
iny
ourownf
ormat
 butbasedon
mat
eri
alpr
oducedorot
her
wisepubl
ishedbyy
oursour
ce.Thesecondar
yusageof
"
adapt
edf
rom"meansy
ourpr
esent
ati
oni
sbased 
subst
ant
ial
lyononesour
ce 
butwi
th
addi
ti
onsf
rom ot
hersour
ces.