Grade 11 – Statistics and Probability

Data Collection
Data collection is a process of collecting information from all the relevant sources
to find answers to the research problem, test the hypothesis and evaluate the
outcomes.
Collecting data allows you to store and analyze important information about your
existing potential customers or population.
An important use of statistics is to measure the variability or the spread of data.
Variance measure how far a set of data is spread out. A variance of zero indicates
that all data values are identical. A high variance indicates that the data points are
very spread out from the mean, and from one another. Variance is the average of
the squared distance from each point to the mean.
Before the discussion about variance, teacher recalls to the student the measures
of central tendency and how to gather the data needed for finding the variance.

Example:
You and your friends have just measured the heights of dogs in millimetres.

The heights (at the

shoulders) are:
600mm, 470mm,
170mm, 430mm and
300mm.

Find out the Mean,

the Variance, and
the Standard
Deviation.
To calculate the variance follow these steps:
Your first step is to
 Work out the Mean (the simple average of the numbers)
find the Mean:
 Then for each number: subtract the Mean and square the result (the squared
difference).
 Then work out the average of those squared differences

HUMAN VALUES
TRUTH-For the reliability of the data
RIGHT-ACTION- For the correctness of its acquisition
LOVE- accepting result whole heartedly
PEACE- acceptance of the possible outcome
NON-VIOLENCE- Acceptance for better interpretation and understanding
 Correlation
Correlation is a statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two or more
variables fluctuate together. A positive correlation indicates the extent to which those
variables increase or decrease in parallel; a negative correlation indicates the extent to
which one variable increases as the other decreases.

Correlation is used to describe the linear relationship between two continuous variables
(e.g., height and weight). In general, correlation tends to be used when there is no
identified response variable. It measures the strength (qualitatively) and direction of the
linear relationship between two or more variables.

Example: Ice Cream Sales

The local ice cream shop keeps track of how much ice cream they sell versus the
temperature on that day, here are their figures for the last 12 days:

We can easily see that warmer

weather and higher sales go
together. The relationship is good
but not perfect.

"Correlation Is Not Causation"

A common saying is "Correlation Is Not Causation".

What it really means is that a correlation does not prove one thing causes the
other:
 One thing might cause the other
 The other might cause the first to happen
 They may be linked by a different thing
 Or it could be random chance!

There can be many reasons the data has a good correlation.

HUMAN VALUES
TRUTH-It should have reliability
RIGHT-ACTION- correct interpretation base on the result
LOVE- accepting result whole heartedly
PEACE- correctness of the data
NON-VIOLENCE- Acceptance for better interpretation and understanding
 SAMPLING
Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of
observations are taken from a larger population. The methodology used to sample from
a larger population depends on the type of analysis being performed. The main types of
probability sampling methods are simple random sampling, stratified sampling,
cluster sampling, multistage sampling, and systematic random sampling.

 Population: The whole group we are interested in

 Census: A collection of data from the whole population
 Sample: A collection of data from part of the population
Random Sampling
Example: You want to know the favorite colors for people at your school, but
don't have the time to ask everyone. Somehow get a full list of students printed
out, then place all pages on the ground, drop a pencil and note down the
student's name,
repeat until you have 50 names.
Your results will hopefully be nearly as good as if you had asked every one.

Stratified sampling

Example: Survey 100 People in Our Town

We know that teachers make up 7% of our town's population, so we should
include:
100 x 7% = 7 teachers

Systematic sampling

Example: You want to know the favorite colors for people at your school, but
don't have the time to ask everyone.
Solution: stand at the gate and choose "every 4th person to arrive"
Not perfect, as you will miss out on people who are away.

Cluster sampling

Example: we divide the town into many different zones, then randomly choose 5
zones and survey everyone in those zones.

HUMAN VALUES
TRUTH- In selecting sample it must be in accordance with fact or reality to avoid bias.
RIGHT-ACTION- in selecting sample, it is encouraged not to discriminate the
groupings
LOVE- consideration of the sample feelings
PEACE- contentment of the result
NON-VIOLENCE-respect for diversity
GRAPHING AND STATISTICS
 UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
Dagupan City, Pangasinan
GRADUATE SCHOOL

MATHEMATICS AND
HUMAN VALUES

Prepared by:

Joanne Marie A. Urbano

Submitted to:

Dr. Imelda E. Cuartel