1. The document discusses igneous rocks and magma, the molten material from which igneous rocks form.
2. There are two main types of igneous rock compositions - granitic/felsic, which are lighter in color and higher in silica, and basaltic/mafic, which are darker and lower in silica.
3. The texture of an igneous rock provides clues to how quickly or slowly the magma cooled, with finer-grained textures indicating faster cooling and larger crystals indicating slower cooling.
1. The document discusses igneous rocks and magma, the molten material from which igneous rocks form.
2. There are two main types of igneous rock compositions - granitic/felsic, which are lighter in color and higher in silica, and basaltic/mafic, which are darker and lower in silica.
3. The texture of an igneous rock provides clues to how quickly or slowly the magma cooled, with finer-grained textures indicating faster cooling and larger crystals indicating slower cooling.
1. The document discusses igneous rocks and magma, the molten material from which igneous rocks form.
2. There are two main types of igneous rock compositions - granitic/felsic, which are lighter in color and higher in silica, and basaltic/mafic, which are darker and lower in silica.
3. The texture of an igneous rock provides clues to how quickly or slowly the magma cooled, with finer-grained textures indicating faster cooling and larger crystals indicating slower cooling.
INTRUSIVE ACTIVITY minerals, usually biotite mica and amphibole 3. rich in silica; major constituent of continental 1. Magma: Parent Material of Igneous Rock crust a. Definitions: ii. Basaltic Compositions—called mafic (derived from i. Igneous rocks—rocks that form as molten material cools magnesium and ferrum) and solidifies 1. High percentage of ferromagnesian minerals ii. Magma—molten material formed by partial melting that along with calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar occurs at various levels of the crust and upper mantle to depths of about 250 km 2. Typically darker and denser than granitic rocks iii. Lava—molten rock that reaches the surface 3. Make up ocean floor and volcanic islands, also lava flows on land b. The Nature of Magma i. Magma is completely or partly molten rock, which, when c. Other Compositional Groups cooled, solidifies into igneous rocks i. Andesitic (Intermediate) Composition ii. Composition of magma 1. Contain at least 25 percent dark silicate 1. Liquid Component—melt minerals (amphibole, pyroxene, biotite) with a. Mobile ions of the eight most common elements found dominant plagioclase feldspar in Earth’s crust—Si, O, Al, K, Ca, Na, Fe, and Mg 2. Solid components 2. Associated with volcanic activity on seaward a. Crystals of silicate minerals margins of continents and some volcanic island b. Size and number of crystals increases as magma body arcs cools ii. Peridotite 3. Gaseous Components—volatiles 1. Contains mostly olivine and pyroxene a. Materials that vaporize at surface pressures 2. Called ultramafic—almost entirely made of b. Commonly water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur ferromagnesian minerals dioxide 3. Rare at Earth’s surface; main constituent of upper mantle c. From Magma to Crystalline Rock i. Melting converts a solid consisting of tight, uniformly packed ions into a liquid composed of unordered ions d. Silica Content as an Indicator of Composition moving randomly about i. Silica content of igneous rocks ranges from 40 percent ii. Crystallization—As the temperature of the liquid drops, (ultramafic rocks) to ions pack more closely together as their rate of movement more than 70 percent (granitic rocks) slows and chemical bonds will again confine the ions to ii. Percentage of silica varies with abundance of other an orderly crystalline arrangement elements 1. Silicon and oxygen link together first to form 1. Rocks low in silica have large amounts of iron, silicon-oxygen tetrahedra magnesium, and calcium 2. As more heat is lost, tetrahedra join with each other and other ions 2. Rocks high in silica have low amounts of iron, iii. Earliest formed minerals have space to grow and thus magnesium, and calcium have better developed crystal faces but are enriched in sodium and potassium iv. Once completely solidified, the melt is transformed to iii. Chemical makeup can be inferred from silica content solid mass of interlocking crystals—igneous rock iv. Amount of silica present in magma strongly influences its behavior d. Igneous Processes 1. Granitic magma is high in silica and has high viscosity i. Two basic settings (thickness) 1. Magma crystallization at depth a. May erupt at temps as low as 650°C a. forms intrusive igneous rocks (plutonic rocks) 2. Basaltic magma is low in silica and has low viscosity b. observed at the surface in locations where (more fluid) uplifting and erosion have stripped away the a. Erupt at higher temperatures between 1050° and overlying rocks 1250°C 2. Lava solidifies at Earth’s surface 3. Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? a. Forms extrusive igneous rocks (volcanic rocks) a. Texture—the overall appearance of a rock based on b. Form where lava solidifies or where volcanic the size , shape, and debris falls to the surface arrangement of its mineral grains i. Geologists use to make inferences about a rock’s origin 2. Igneous Compositions b. Factors that influence texture in igneous rocks a. Igneous rocks are composed mainly of silicate minerals i. The rate at which the molten rock cools (dominant i. dark (or ferromagnesian) silicates are rich in iron and/or factor) magnesium and comparatively low in silica 1. Rapid cooling creates solid mass of tiny intergrown 1. olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite mica crystals ii. light (or nonferromagnesian) silicates contain greater 2. Slow cooling creates large intergrown crystals amounts of potassium, sodium, and calcium rather than ii. The amount of silica present iron and magnesium iii. The amount of dissolved gases in the magma 1. feldspars, quartz, muscovite mica c. Types of Igneous Textures i. Aphanitic (Fine-Grained) texture b. Granitic (Felsic) versus Basaltic (Mafic) Compositions 1. Rapid cooling at or near the surface i. Granitic Compositions—called felsic (derived from 2. Very small grains that are visible only with microscope feldspar and silica) 3. Characterized by color: light, intermediate, or dark 1. Mostly light-colored silicates—quartz and a. Representative of types of minerals in the rock potassium feldspar ii. Phaneritic (Coarse-Grained) Texture 1. Slow cooling at great depths 2. Mass of intergrown crystals roughly equal in size and large enough to be identified without a microscope iii. Porphyritic Texture 1. Represents a change in environment from slow cooling to fast cooling 2. Large crystals embedded in matrix of smaller crystals a. Large crystals are called phenocrysts b. Matrix is called groundmass 3. Rock with this texture is called porphyry iv. Vesicular Texture 1. Contains spherical openings (vesicles) created as gas bubbles escaped a solidifying lava 2. Often form in upper zone of a lava flow where cooling occurs rapidly v. Glassy Texture 1. Molten rock is quenched and cooled extremely quickly a. Can also form in magmas with high silica content that forms long, chainlike structures (polymers) before crystallization is complete