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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-
We feel great in presenting the report of our Internship which was done in partial
fulfilment of B.Tech Civil Engineering Course at Saintgits College of
Engineering, Pathamuttom, Kottayam. We hereby express our sincere gratitude
to Mrs Sheena Rajan Executive Engineer Building sub
Division officer PWD Kottayam for giving us an opportunity to have an exposure
to the current construction site at medical college Kottayam. We also express our
sincere gratitude to Mrs Deepa Assistant Executive Engineer PWD Kottayam and
Mrs Maya Assistant Engineer PWD Kottayam for their valuable guidance that
has been the source of inspiration throughout the internship. We thank Orage
Builder’s and its office bearers, especially Er Amal Kumar V R, for giving us an
opportunity for this internship and a very special thanks to Er Anu C Paul and Er
Shilpa Raj for their guidance throughout the intership days . Furthermore we
would also like to acknowledge HOD Er Reebu Zacharia , Asst Prof Milu Mary
Jacob , Asst Prof Arun G Sankar and all our staff advisors for their valuable
support, help and guidance throughout the internship. We would also like to thank
our college management and all other staff for their support. We would like to
express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the possibility to
complete this report. We would like to convey our profound gratitude to all who
shared their knowledge and technical expertise with us. Last but not the least we
express our sincere gratitude to the lord almighty for blessing us with health,
confidence and time for the satisfactory completion of the internship.
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ABSTRACT:-
In recent years there has been a rise in constructional field. During our five day
internship program, we got an idea about different constructional practises and
procedures going on. All the information that we have gathered from those places
we visited were immense. On the first and second day of our internship, we
visited a plot where the construction of a ladies hostel for the medical college was
undergoing. There we were able to see the construction of the building, which
was a reinforced concrete framed building. There we learned several practical
knowledge regarding in situ construction.

On the third, fourth and fifth days we were given a new site i.e. the House
Surgeons Quarters Building, Medical College. There also we tackled the same
construction practices as the former.
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1.1 INTRODUCTION:-
Civil Engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with design,
construction, and maintenance of physical and naturally built environment,
including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. The basic civil
engineering starts from the land (ground) or underground.

The first basic requirement to start building something is the availability of land
i.e. lot area. According to the plot we selected we have to decide about the plan.
Plan gives a very clear idea about the area, about the structure that we decide to
build. As per KTU University curriculum, we the students of civil engineering
department of SAINTGITS College of Engineering has undertaken industrial
training internship program. We have undertaken our industrial training
internship at P.W.D Kottayam. We visited the site on 4th to 9th July 2019.

 Day 1:-Ladies Hostel, Medical College.

 Day 2:-Ladies Hostel, Medical College.
 Day 3:-House Surgeons Quarters Building.
 Day 4:-House Surgeons Quarters Building.
 Day 5:-House Surgeons Quarters Building.
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1.2 FORMWORK FOR BEAMS, SLABS AND COLUMNS:-

1.2.1 Introduction:-
Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mould into
which concrete is poured and formed. Traditional formwork is fabricated using
timber, but it can also be constructed from steel, glass fibre reinforced plastics
and other materials.
While formwork is a broad term that is used in relation to the forming process
using a wide variety of materials, shuttering is a term that is often used to refer to
the process of using plywood to form the mould.
Shuttering is perhaps the most popular type of formwork and is normally
constructed on site using timber and plywood. A special grade of plywood is
necessary for shuttering, and it must be water-resistant. It is easy to produce,
although it can be time consuming for larger structures. It is used when the labour
costs are lower than the cost of producing re-usable formwork from materials
such as steel or plastic. It also has the advantage of being at a significant amount
of concrete can be poured at once.
Simple plank shuttering can be used for the construction of a path or hardstanding.
The planks should be trimmed so they are level with the top surface of the slab,
allowing a tidy concrete finish to be achieved.

1.2.2 Formwork specifications:-

When selecting formwork, the type of concrete and temperature of the pour are
important considerations as they both effect the pressure exerted.
The formwork sides must be capable of resisting the hydrostatic pressure of the
wet concrete which will diminish to zero within several hours depending on the
rate of setting and curing.
The formwork base or soffit must be capable of resisting the initial dead load of
the wet concrete and the dead load of the dry set concrete.
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Once the concrete has gained sufficient strength the formwork can be struck
(removed). A minimum value of 5 N/mm2 is recommended in all cases when
striking vertical formwork as so not to damage the permanent
concrete in the process. High quality workmanship and inspection are necessary
to ensure a high standard and appearance of the resulting concrete structure. Both
shuttering and formwork in its various forms will be supported by falsework. This
refers to poles, stabilisers, or other units that keep the shuttering or formwork in
place as the concrete dries. For more information, see Falsework.

1.2.3 Beam formwork:-

Formwork for beams takes the form of a three-sided box which is supported and
propped in the correct position and to the desired level. The removal time for the
formwork will vary with air temperature, humidity and consequent curing rate.
Typical striking times are as follows (using air temperature of 7-16 ºC):
 Beam sides: 9-12 hours.
 Beam soffits: 8-14 days.
 Beam props: 15-21 days.

1.2.4 Column Formwork:-

This consists of a vertical mould of the desired shape and size of the column to
be poured. As a means of keeping the formwork material thickness to a minimum,
horizontal steel or timber clamps (or yokes) are used at equal centres for batch
filling and at varying centres for filling that is completed in one pour.
The head of the column formwork can be used to provide support for the beam
formwork, but while this gives good top lateral restraint it can make the formwork
complex. Alternatively, the column can be cast to the underside of the beams.
Later on, a collar of formwork can be clamped around the cast column to
complete the casting and support the incoming beam formwork.

1.2.5 Requirements of good formwork:-

The following requirements should be satisfied by good formwork:

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 Strong enough to withstand dead and live loads.

 Capable of retaining its shape by being efficiently propped and braced
horizontally and vertically.
 Joints should prevent leakage of cement grout.
 Should be capable of being removed in various parts without damaging the
concrete.
 Material used be suitable for reuse.
 Should be set accurately to the desired line.
 As lightweight as possible.
 Material should not warp or distort on exposure to the elements.
 Should rest on a firm base.

1.3 Rebar:-

1.3.1 Introduction:-
Rebar, also known as reinforcement steel and reinforcing steel, is a steel bar or
mesh of steel wires used in reinforced concrete and masonry structures to
strengthen and hold the concrete in tension. To improve the quality of the bond
with the concrete, the surface of rebar is often patterned.
Rebar is necessary to compensate for the fact that whilst concrete is strong in
compression, it is relatively weak in tension. By casting rebar into concrete, it is
able to carry tensile loads and so increase overall strength.
Different uses of rebar include:
 Primary reinforcement: Used to provide resistance to support design loads.
 Secondary reinforcement: Used for durability and aesthetic purposes by
providing localised resistance to limit cracking and temperature-induced
stresses.
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 Provide resistance to concentrated loads, spreading it through a wider area.

 Assist other steel bars in accommodating their loads by holding them in the
correct position.
 External steel tie bars to constrain and reinforce masonry structures,
sometimes as a means of building conservation.

 Reinforced masonry: Some masonry blocks and bricks include voids to

accommodate rebar to carry tensile loads. The rebar is secured in place
using grout.
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1.3.2 Placing of rebar:-

Rebar cages are either pre-fabricated or constructed on site using hydraulic
benders and shears. Site labourers known as steel fixers place the rebar and
ensure adequate concrete cover and embedment. Rebar cages are connected
either by spot welding, tying steel wire or with mechanical connections.
Mechanical connections, also known as ‘couplers’ or ‘splices’, are an effective
means of reducing rebar congestion in highly-reinforced areas for cast-in-place
concrete construction. Rectangular stirrups are placed at regular intervals on the
outer part along a column or beam to prevent shear failure.
For safety purposes while being stored on site, protruding ends of rebar should
be bent over or guarded by using coloured plastic ‘mushroom caps’.
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Although rebar has ribs that bind it mechanically to the concrete, high stresses
can still pull the rebar out of the concrete, which may lead to structural instability
and ultimately failure. To prevent this, rebar must be deeply embedded into
adjacent structural members (40-60 times the diameter), which increases the
friction locking the bar into place. Alternatively, rebar can be bent and hooked at
the ends to lock it around the concrete and other rebar sections, which makes use
of the concrete’s high compressive strength.
Steel rebar can also be susceptible to corrosion if insufficient cover is provided
which can cause the concrete to spall away from the steel, and render it less
efficient in terms of fire resistance. As a general rule, the minimum cover should
not be less than the maximum size of the aggregate in the concrete, or the largest
reinforcement bar size (whichever is largest).

1.4 Trench box:-

A trench is is an excavation, the length of which greatly exceeds its depth.
Shallow trenches are usually considered to be less than 6 m deep and deep
trenches greater than 6 m. Trenches are commonly required to allow services,
pipelines or foundations to be laid.
Over short periods of time, for relatively shallow depths most soil types will stand
almost vertically without difficulty. However, trenches other than those which
are relatively shallow may require support.
A trench box is a temporary retaining structure which allows the sides of the
trench to be cut vertically or near-vertically. Trench boxes are suitable for low-
risk situations in stable, dry ground, often when other solutions, e.g. piling,
would be inappropriate.Trench boxes are typically made from steel or
aluminium and are two-sided, supporting both sides of an excavation, separated
by spreaders. They require at least two separating struts per panel for stability.
Trench boxes can be placed in pre-excavated trenches or installed using a ‘dig
and push’ technique. This involves pushing them into the ground as the
excavation proceeds with an excavator removing soil from between the panels,
while ensuring that the sides of the trench are supported at all times. The trench
width must be sufficient to accommodate what is being laid in the trench, the
width of the excavator bucket, and the thickness of the box panels.
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1.5 Scaffolding:-

Scaffolding provides a temporary safe working platform for activities such as:
 Maintenance.
 Construction.
 Repair.
 Access.
 Inspection.
It is formed from individual tubes and joints or proprietary components.
There are two main types of scaffolding:
 Freestanding scaffolds, such as Independent towers,
 Independent tied scaffolds, such as independent towers tied to an adjacent
structure.
NB For more types of scaffold, see Types of scaffolding.
The most common piece of structure used in scaffolding is the scaffold tube
(known as a standard). The tube generally comes in two thicknesses, 3.2 mm or
4 mm. The tubes are galvanised due to their exposure to the elements and axial
capacity loads are given either ‘as new’ or ‘used.’ Capacities of tubes used in
tension are usually limited by the safe slip load capacity of the coupler, which is
far lower than the actual tensile resistance of the tube.

Scaffolding is designed for its self-weight, i.e. the weight of the boards, tubes,
guardrails, toeboards, etc. and imposed loads such as wind. The imposed load
applied to the scaffolding depends on its use.
Four classes of loading are available:
 Service Class 1 - 0.75 kN/m2 – Inspection and very light duty access
 Service Class 2 - 1.50 kN/m2 – Light duty such as painting and cleaning
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 Service Class 3 - 2.00 kN/m2 – General building work, brickwork, etc.

 Service Class 4 - 3.00 kN/m2 – Heavy duty such as masonry and heavy
cladding
The wind load applied to scaffolding will change depending on whether sheeting
or debris nets are used. The magnitude of the wind load will alter the required
capacity of the ties and may affect their frequency.
When scaffolding is tied to a building it uses the permanent structure of the
building to provide stability. The selection of tie positions should be tested and
checked before use and the suitability of the permanent structures composition to
carry the ties should be analysed.

1.6 Retaining walls:-

1.6.1 Introduction:-
Retaining walls are vertical or near-vertical structures designed to retain material
on one side, preventing it from collapsing or slipping or preventing erosion. They
provide support to terrain where the soil’s angle of repose is exceeded and it
would otherwise collapse into a more natural form. The principal characteristic
of a retaining wall is being able to withstand the pressure exerted by the retained
material, which is usually soil.
Retaining walls may include a parapet that extends above the height of the
retained material, often for safety reasons.
The main uses of retaining walls are to help prevent soil erosion, create usable
beds out of steep terrain and to provide decorative or functional landscaping
features. They may be independent structures, or may be part of a wider
construction works, such as a building.
Planning permission is required if the wall is to be over 1-metre high and next to
a road or pathway; or over 2-metres high elsewhere. Independent, freestanding
retaining walls may not require building regulation approval; however, any
structures must be structurally sound and well maintained.
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1.6.2 Types of retaining walls:-

Gravity retaining wall –
This type of wall depends on its mass to retain the material behind it and remain
stable. Stone, concrete and brick masonry are the most common materials used
in this type of wall construction. To maintain stability, the mass and friction of
the interlocking wall materials must be greater than the force of the material being
retained. Gravity walls might be suitable for heights of up to 2 to 3m
To better resisting pressure gravity retaining walls may have a ‘battered’ profile,
(that is one face is sloping so that the wall is thicker at the bottom than the top.
Either the face or the back of the wall may be battered. Very broadly, the base
should be half to three-quarters of the wall’s height.
Cantilevered –
Cantilevered retaining walls are made from an internal stem of steel-reinforced,
cast-in-place concrete or mortared masonry (often in the shape of an inverted
T). These walls cantilever loads (like a beam) to a large, structural footing,
converting horizontal pressures from behind the wall to vertical pressures on the
ground below. Sometimes cantilevered walls are buttressed on the front, or
include a counterfort on the back, to improve their strength resisting high loads.
Buttresses are short wing walls at right angles to the main trend of the wall.
These walls require rigid concrete footings below seasonal frost depth. This
type of wall uses much less material than a traditional gravity wall.

Sheet piling-
Sheet pile retaining walls are usually used in soft soil and tight spaces. Sheet pile
walls are driven into the ground and are composed of a variety of material
including steel, vinyl, aluminum, fiberglass or wood planks. For a quick estimate
the material is usually driven 1/3 above ground, 2/3 below ground, but this may
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be altered depending on the environment. Taller sheet pile walls will need a tie-
back anchor, or "dead-man" placed in the soil a distance behind the face of the pr

Bored pile –

Bored pile retaining walls are built by assembling a sequence of bored piles,
proceeded by excavating away the excess soil. Depending on the project, the
bored pile retaining wall may include a series of earth anchors, reinforcing beams,
soil improvement operations and shotcrete reinforcement layer. This construction
technique tends to be employed in scenarios where sheet piling is a valid
construction solution, but where the vibration or noise levels generated by a pile
driver are not acceptable.

Anchored –

An anchored retaining wall can be constructed in any of the aforementioned styles

but also includes additional strength using cables or other stays anchored in the
rock or soil behind it. Usually driven into the material with boring, anchors are
then expanded at the end of the cable, either by mechanical means or often by
injecting pressurized concrete, which expands to form a bulb in the soil.
Technically complex, this method is very useful where high loads are expected,
or where the wall itself has to be slender and would otherwise be too weak. Soil-
nailed walls (soil reinforced in place with steel and concrete rods).
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CONCLUSION :-
The whole industrial programme was an enlightening and informative
experience. The places visited were perfect and offered much information about
the architecture, the construction details and importance of the place.

They revealed the need of architecture in the field of tourism. The places have a
great importance in the history of India and they are the most common places
which are well known for tourism. They shows the construction style and
architectural concepts of persons lived in the past decades in India. Thus I realized
that, these methodologies can be adopted in our modern construction to the
structure beautiful and attractive.
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