Singh 1

Suchitra Singh

Dr. Govindaswamy Rajagopal

Research Methodology (Paper1:Part1)

23 April 2019

Notes-Bibliography Style: Citing various types of Resources

What is Citation and Bibliography?

Anything which provides a researcher any new idea, suggestion, data, opinion or

understanding and gets used in the course of research is needed to be mentioned. And this

mentioning of those ideas with appropriate references is called citation. Citation provides

references to the already present work in the particular field of investigation, acknowledges

their validity and relevance to the topic of research. Bibliography is a kind of database of the

informations and sources used and employed in an academic research. Citations include

books, journals, interviews, on-line articles, offline articles, essays, personal interactions, web

sources etc. Information of citations are recorded in Bibliography under the headings such as

References, Works Cited or Notes. Citations also appear as in-text citations and are referred

also as parenthetical citations as they are embedded in the text and enclosed in parenthesis.

Why do we Cite?

Majority of research papers/academic research works depend to an extent on the

secondary sources. Research in its etymological meaning is made of ‘re-search’ which

emphasises on the fact that the writer/student ‘re-does’ the already present investigations in

his/her field of study with some modifications as per their findings and ideas. This re-doing

of investigation comprises ample amount of borrowings of ideas, creating understanding and

providing new insights from other writers/researchers. Hence, with these borrowings comes
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the need of giving the due credit to the original writer. Apart from this reason, citation is

important as it provides credibility to the writer’s ideas and suggestion i.e. it has been

formulated on the basis of prior works, justifies and substantiate the proposed ideas with

accurate references. Citation also provides further motivation and head start to the interested

readers to interrogate deeply into the subject matter of research. It aligns the knowledge and

integrity of researcher and his/her work.

Another important reason for citation and references is to avoid conscious or

unconscious plagiarism. Plagiarism connotes to unethical usage of other writer’s words,

ideas, suggestions, insights, findings etc. Plagiarism puts the researcher into danger of losing

their academic and intellectual claim as well as exposes them towards severe penalty from the

academia itself. A research needs to be able to discern between his/her own words, ideas and

other scholar’s words, ideas.

Where and How to Cite?

Citations have their own distinct terminologies, styles of documentation and formats

based upon the resources and their nature of employment within a research work. The

employed resources are noted, acknowledged and termed as ‘in-text’ citations which comes

with parenthetical information within the research paper. These citations are concise form of

information or full references given further at the end of the research work under headings

like Bibliography, references or work cited as prescribed by particular manuals of style for

research work.

American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA)

and Chicago Manual (CMOS) are three manuals of style which are favourably used by

scholars in order to complete their research work. APA manual is followed and preferred by

scholars of Sciences, Education and Psychology. MLA is used by researchers of Humanities

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while Chicago style is used by students of Business, History and Fine Arts. Each of these

manuals have their distinct format of documentation and citation of the referred materials.

How to write a “Bibliography” in Chicago and MLA Style Manual?

The documentation of the referred material in the Bibliography is done in two ways in

Chicago style i.e. a notes and bibliography system (NB System) and author-date system (AD

System). The notable difference between two systems is that in AD system publication year

follows the author’s name in the parenthetical citation which gets further corresponded by a

reference list while NB system uses notes: endnotes/footnotes or both with bibliography at

the end. The notes allows space for commentary and additional information about work cited

as well as it is very flexible in nature which makes it user friendly for the students/researchers

in literature, art and history.

In MLA authorship is emphasised and hence, author’s name is included in the

parenthetical citation along with the page no. and author’s name also appear first in the “work

cited” list at the end of the research paper. The most recent modifications in MLA style can

be studied from eighth edition from MLA manual.

A comparative format of different sources of citations in MLA and Chicago manual of style

is shown below.1

1
This comparative chart of citation in MLA 8th edition and Chicago Manual of style 17th edition is borrowed
from Purdue online writing lab© 1995-2019 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University.
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Category MLA CMOS

General  Begin your Works Cited  Begin your Bibliography page

Rules page on a separate page at on a separate page at the end

the end of your research of your research paper

paper. It should have the preceding the index

same one-inch margins

and last name, page

 Label the first page of your
number header as the rest
back matter, your
of your paper.
comprehensive list of sources,
 Label the page Works
“Bibliography” (for NB style)
Cited (do not italicize the
or “References” (for AD
words Works Cited or put
style).
them in quotation marks)

and center the words

 Only the title should be
Works Cited at the top of
centered. The citation entries
the page.
themselves should be aligned
 Only the title should be
with the left margin.
centered. The citation

entries themselves should

 All citations list is single
be aligned with the left
spaced but a blank line is
margin.
added before and after each
 Double space all citations,
item in them.
but do not skip spaces

between entries. Indent the

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second and subsequent  Indent the second and

lines of citations by 0.5 subsequent lines of citations

inches to create a hanging by 0.5 inches to create a

indent. hanging indent.

 List page numbers of  Leave two blank lines between

sources efficiently, when “Bibliography” or

needed. If you refer to a “References” and your first

journal article that entry.

appeared on pages 225  List page numbers of sources

through 250, list the page efficiently, when needed.

numbers on your Works

Cited page as 225-250.

Note that MLA style uses  List entries in letter-by-letter

a hyphen in a span of alphabetical order according to

pages. the first word in each entry.

 List entries in letter-by-  Use “and,” not an ampersand,

letter alphabetical order “&,” for multi-author entries.

according to the first word

in each entry.  Note that no access date is

 If you're citing an article required to be reported for

or a publication that was electronic sources. They can’t

originally issued in print be verified; therefore, only

form but that you retrieved resort to using access dates

from an online database, when date of publication is

you should type the online unavailable. If you cannot

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database name in italics. ascertain the publication date

You do not need to of a printed work, use the

provide subscription abbreviation “n.d.”

information in addition to  Capitalize each word in the

the database name. titles of articles, books, etc.,

 Capitalize each word in but do not capitalize articles

the titles of articles, books, (the, an), prepositions, or

etc, but do not capitalize conjunctions unless one is the

articles (the, an), first word of the title or

prepositions, or subtitle.

conjunctions unless one is

the first word of the title or

subtitle: Gone with the

Wind, The Art of War,

 Use italics (instead of
There Is Nothing Left to
underlining) for titles of larger
Lose.
works (books, magazines) and
 Use italics (instead of
quotation marks for titles of
underlining) for titles of
shorter works (poems,
larger works (books,
articles).
magazines) and quotation

marks for titles of shorter

works (poems, articles).

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 MLA ed. 8 does not  CMOS ed.17 still requires the

require city of publication city of publication.

anymore.

Book Book citations in MLA generally Book citations in CMOS style

Citation require the author name, work generally require the author name,

title, publisher, and year work title, publication city, publisher,

published. Provide a publication and publication year.

city if the book was published

before 1900 or there are two

versions of a book (i.e. British and

US edition).

Book by one Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s

author Dilemma: A Natural History of Dilemma: A Natural History of Four

Four Meals. Penguin, 2006. Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006.

Book by two Bell, James K., and Adrian A. Bell, James K., and Adrian A. Cohn.

authors Cohn. Toward the New America. Toward the New America.

DC Heath, 1971. Massachusets: DC Heath, 1971.

Book by Include the first author’s name, For 3 to 10 authors, include all names

three or many followed by et al. in bibliography, but only the first

authors
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author’s name in notes, followed by et

al with no comma before et al.

Kernis, Michael, David Cornell, C

Sun, Adam Berry, Thomas Harlow,

and Janeen Bach. . .

Many authors Format as per “three to … For more than 10 authors, list the first

authors” (above). seven names in the bibliography

followed by et al. Otherwise, format

notes as per 3-10 authors (above).

Unknown Start with the title. Start with the title.

author Oxford Essential World Atlas…. Oxford Essential World Atlas. . . .

Two or more Use the author’s name in the first Use the author’s name in the first

works by the entry. Use three hyphens followed entry. Use three hyphens followed by

same author by a period (in place of the name) a period (in place of the name) for

for subsequent entries. Order subsequent entries. Order entries

entries alphabetically by title. alphabetically by title.

Borroff, Marie. Language and the Borroff, Marie. Language and the

Poet: Verbal Artistry in Frost, Poet: Verbal Artistry in Frost,

Stevens, and Moore. U of Chicago Stevens, and Moore. Chicago:

P, 1979. —— .“Sound University of Chicago Press, 1979. —

Symbolism as Drama in the ——. “Sound Symbolism as Drama in

Poetry of Robert Frost.” PMLA, the Poetry of Robert Frost.” PMLA

vol. 107, no. 1, 1992, pp. 131-44. 107, no. 1, (1992): 131-44, accessed 5

JSTOR,www.jstor.org/stable/4628 May2018,www.jstor.org/stable/46280

06 6.
 Singh 9

Author with Poston, Ted. A First Draft of Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History,

an editor History. Edited by Kathleen A. edited by Kathleen A. Hauke. Athens:

Hauke, U of Georgia Press, 2000. University of Georgia Press, 2000.

Editor with Duncan, Greg J., and Jeanne Duncan, G. J. and J. Brooks-Gunn,

no author Brooks- Gunn, editors. eds. Consequences of Growing Up.

Consequences of Growing up New York: Russell Sage Foundation,

Poor. Russell Sage Foundation, 1997.

1997.

Work in an Harris, Muriel. “Talk to Me: Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me:

anthology Engaging Reluctant Writers.” A Engaging Reluctant Writers." In A

Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers, Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One

edited by Ben Rafoth, to One, edited by Ben Rafoth, 24–34.

Heinemann, 2000, pp. 24–34. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000.

Edition other Helfer, M. E., et al. The Battered Helfer, M.E., R.S. Kempe, and R.D.

than first Child. 5th ed., U of Chicago P, Krugman. The Battered Child. 5th ed.

1997. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

1997.

Multivolume In a multivolume set, list the Weiner, Philip, ed. Dictionary of the

work volume that you consulted and its History of Ideas. 4 vols. New York:

corresponding publication year. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968–73.

Wiener, Philip P., editor.

Dictionary of the History of Ideas.

Vol. 1, Charles Scribner’s Sons,

1968.
 Singh 10

Encyclopedia Posner, Rebecca. “Romance Well-known encyclopedias cited in

/ Dictionary Languages.” The Encyclopedia notes only.

Britannica: Macropedia, 15th ed., 1. The Encyclopedia Britannica:

1987. Macropedia, 15th ed. (1987), s.v.

“Romance Languages.” (Chicago:

William Benton), 175.

Foreword, Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction

introduction, Introduction. Permanence and to Permanence and Change: An

preface, or Change: An Anatomy of Purpose, Anatomy of Purpose, xiii–xliv. By

afterword by Kenneth Burke, U of Kenneth Burke, xiiixliv. Berkeley:

California P, 1984, pp. xiiixliv. University of California Press, 1984.

Articles in Although periodicals are cited CMOS periodical citations include

Periodicals similarly to most book sources, author name, article title, publication

MLA’s eighth edition makes title, publication date, and issue

some distinctions specific to information. CMOS also requires

periodicals. citation of a URL if the journal was

accessed online.

Magazine Poniewozik, James. “Election Poniewozik, James. "Election 2000:

2000: TV Makes a Too-Close TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time,

Call.” Time, 20Nov. 2000, pp. 70- November 20, 2000.

71.

Scholarly Bagchi, Alaknanda. “Conflicting Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting

Journal Nationalisms: The Voice of the Nationalisms: The Voice of the

(paginated by Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's

Issue). Bashai Tudu.” Tulsa Studies in Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in

 Singh 11

Women’s Literature, vol. 15, no 1, Women’s Literature 15, no. 1 (Spring

Spring 1996, pp. 41-50. 1996): 41–50.

Daily Krugman, Paul. "Fear of Eating." Krugman, Paul. "Fear of Eating." New

newspaper New York Times, 21 May 2007, York Times (New York, NY), May 21,

late ed., p. A1. 2007.

Editorial in "Of Mines and Men." Editorial. Cited in notes only, without headline.

newspaper Wall Street Journal, 24 Oct. 2003, 1. “Of Mines and Men,” editorial,

without p.A14. Wall Street Journal, October 24,

author 2003.

Letter to the Hamer, John. Letter. American Cited in notes only, without headline.

Editor Journalism Review, Dec. 1. John Hamer, letter to the editor,

2006/Jan. 2007, p. 7. American Journalism Review

(College Park, MD), December

2006/January 2007.

Book or film Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sietz, Matt Zoller. Review of Radiant

Review Sprawling Suburbs, If You Can City, directed by Gary Burns and Jim

Really Call It Living." Review of Brown. New York Times, May 30,

Radiant City, directed by Gary 2007, Late edition.

Burns and Jim Brown, New York

Times, 30 May 2007, p. E1.

Online For most online sources, the MLA CMOS citation requires the URL or

Sources asks for author/editor, title, DOI to be listed at the end of the

website title, citation. The date of access should

publisher/organization, also be included if there is no

 Singh 12

publication date, volume/issue publication or modification date.

number, page numbers, and URL. Citations for websites should be

However, the URL should omit included in the notes, and only

http:// or https://. Whenever included in the bibliography if there

possible, use a permalink or DOI are no notes.

(digital object identifier) instead Titles of websites are usually set in

of a URL. A date of access can roman (i.e., no formatting). However,

also be helpful, especially if the titles of blogs, books, journals, shows,

source does not have a publication movies, and similar sources should be

date. italicized.

General Author/Editor. Name of Site. Author (and/or owner, sponsor).

Format Version number, Name of “Document/Webpage Title.” Title of

publisher/organizer, date of Website. Updated or Accessed Date.

publication (if available), URL.

URL/DOI/permalink. Date of For Notes:

access (if applicable). 1. “Title of Document/Webpage,”

Title of website, Author/Owner, last

modified date or accessed date, URL.

Entire The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue

Website The Writing Lab and OWL at and Purdue U. The Purdue OWL

Purdue and Purdue U, 2008, Family of Sites. Accessed 16 July

owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. 2018.

Accessed 16 July 2018. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

 Singh 13

Page from Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third

Website Third World Issue.” Nativeweb, World Issue.” Nativeweb. Accessed

http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/l July 14, 2018.

egal/shiva.html. Accessed July 14, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fron

2018. tline/shows/cool/giants/.

Image from a Goya, Francisco. The Family of Goya, Francisco. The Family of

Website Charles IV. 1800. Museo Charles IV,1800. Painting. Museo

Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Nacional del Prado,Madrid.

Museo Nacional del Prado, http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/g

www.museodelprado.es/en/thecoll oya/hd_goya.htm.

ection/art-work/the-family

ofcarlos- iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-

a779-71759e417e74. Accessed 22

May 2006.

Online book Delabastita, Dirk, and Lieven Delabastita, Dirk, and Lieven D’hulst.

D’hulst. European Shakespeares: European Shakespeares: Translating

Translating Shakespeare in the Shakespeare in the Romantic Age.

Romantic Age. John Benjamins Amsterdamn: John Benjamins

Publishing Company, 1990, Publishing Company, 1990.

Proquest E-book, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/p

ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/pu urdue/detail.action?docID=842928.

rdue/detail.action?docID=842928

.
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Portion of an Adams, H. “Diplomacy.” The Adams, Henry. “Diplomacy.” The

Online book Education of Henry Adams, Education of Henry Adams. Boston:

Houghton Mifflin Co., 1918. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1918.

Bartleby, http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html.

www.bartleby.com/159/8.html.

Article in an Bent, Henry E. Bent, Henry E. “Professionalization

Online "Professionalization of the Ph.D. of the Ph.D. Degree.” The Journal of

journal Degree.” The Journal of Higher Higher Education 30, no. 3 (1959):

Education, vol. 30, no.3, 1959 pp. 140–45. Accessed July 14, 2018.

140-45, JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.

www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.

Accessed 14 July 2018.

Article in an Bernstein, Mark. “10 Tips on Bernstein, M. “10 Tips on Writing the

online Writing the Living Web.” A List Living Web.” A List Apart, August

Magazine/ Apart, 16 Aug. 2002, 16, 2002.

newspaper alistapart.com/article/writeliving. http://www.alistapart.com/articles/wri

Accessed 4 May 2009. teliving.

Entire blog Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout. Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout

Washington Post, (blog). Washington Post.

blog.washingtonpost.com/the http://blog.washingtonpost.com/the

checkout. Accessed 19 Jan. 2007. checkout/.

Single Blog Mayer, Caroline. “Stamps to Mayer, Caroline. “Stamps to Become

Entry Become a Marketing Vehicle.” a Marketing Vehicle.” The Checkout

The Checkout, 24 May 2006, (blog).Washington Post, May 24,

Washington Post, 2006.

 Singh 15

www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpd

/ yn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR200

content/article/2006/05/23/AR2 602301593.html

006052301593.html?noredirect=o

n.

Accessed 19 July 2018.

Comment or Jay Dean. Comment on “When Cited in notes only.

response on a the Self Emerges: Is That Me in 1. Jay Dean, May 7, 2008 (4:00 p.m.),

blog post the Mirror?.”Psyblog, 7 May comment on “When the Self Emerges:

2008, 4:00 p.m., IsThat Me in the Mirror?,”

http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttra http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttrans

nsport. ort.

E-mail Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Cited in notes only.

Literature." Received by John 1. Andrew Kunka, e-mail message to

Watts, 15 Nov. 2000. John Watts, November 15, 2000.

Multimedia MLA Format for multimedia When citing media sources in CMOS

Sources sources considers if the entry is format, include as much information

highlighting the contribution of a as is available regarding author,

particular person, such as producer, sponsor, publication,

performer, director, or creator. medium, dates, site title, and any

MLA also considers if a film or available URL. An access date is not

television show was watched always needed in CMOS formatting.

online.

Use the following format for all

 Singh 16

sources: Author. Title. Title of

container (self-contained if book),

Other contributors (translators or

editors), Version (edition),

Number (vol. and/or no.),

Publisher, Publication Date,

Location. Date of Access (if

applicable).

Video or film An Inconvenient Truth. Directed Guggenheim, David, dir. An

by David Guggenheim. Inconvenient Truth. United States:

Paramount Home Entertainment, Paramount Home Entertainment,

2006. Or, if focus is on a 2006. DVD, 94 min.

contributor: Guggenheim, David,

director. An Inconvenient Truth.

Paramount Home Entertainment,

2006.

Television "The One Where Chandler Can't Bright, Kevin. "The One Where

Shows Cry." Friends: The Complete Chandler Can't Cry." Friends: The

(Recorded Sixth Season, written by Andrew Complete Sixth Season. 2004;

Episodes, Reich and Ted Cohen, directed by Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers, 2004.

Broadcast Kevin Bright, Warner Brothers, DVD.

TV or Radio 2004.

Program,
 Singh 17

Netflix/Hulu/

Google Play)

Song or Nirvana. "Smells Like Teen Nirvana. "Smells Like Teen Spirit."

Album Spirit." Nevermind, Geffen, 1991. Recorded 1991. Track 1 on

(Spotify, Nevermind. DGC Records. Compact

Online disc.

Album, CD)

Lecture/ Stein, Bob. “Reading and Writing Stein, Bob. “Reading and Writing in

Public in the Digital Era.” Discovering the Digital Era.” Keynote Address at

address Digital Dimensions, Computers Discovering Digital Dimensions,

and Writing Conference, 23 May Computers and Writing Conference,

2003, Union Club Hotel, West West Lafayette, IN, May 23, 2003.

Lafayette, IN. Keynote Address.

Other

Sources

Dissertation If dissertation is published, Mihwa, Choi. "Contesting

italicize the title and include Imaginaries in Death Rituals During

publication date and UMI the Northern Song Dynasty."

(University Microfilms Dissertation, Purdue University, 2008.

International) order number. If not

published, put the title in

quotation marks and end with the

degree date.

Choi, Mihwa. Contesting

Imaginaries in Death Rituals

 Singh 18

during the Northern Song

Dynasty. Dissertation, University

of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest,

3300426, 2008.

Notes (Footnotes and Endnotes)

MLA style sheet does not very much support the usage of lengthy footnotes and

endnotes in its text as it can be distracting to readers as well as expensive for publishers to

replicate. However, MLA style provides a scope of inserting endnotes/footnotes for

bibliographic notes which enables the readers to read further and other publications.

Footnotes appear at the end of the page in which parenthetical citation is made while

endnotes appear at the end before the “Works Cited” page. Footnotes/Endnotes sync with the

superscript i.e. Arabic number which is written after the punctuation of the referred clause or

phrase in order to create accurate correspondence between them.

Few examples of footnotes/endnotes are:

1. See Leavis, especially chapter 3 and 5, for an insightful analysis of this function.

2. For the functions of folklore in an evolving society, see Bascom 279-298; for political

role see Betty Wang 308-313.

CMOS (NB Style) requires one to use footnotes/endnotes each time a source is used

(quote, paraphrase or summary). Footnotes are given at the end of the page wherein the

source is referred while endnotes are given at the end of each chapter or at the end of

complete work as preferred by the student and instructor. Just like in MLA style, a

superscript is placed at the end of the sentence or clause which is to be referred in notes with
 Singh 19

bibliographic information. The research works having “Bibliography” included in the work

does not need to provide full publication details in the notes.

If the same source is used consecutively in the text, CMOS prefers an use of

shortened citations. While “ibid.”, which is an abbreviated form of Latin word ibidem

meaning “in the same place” is used both in MLA and CMOS to cite from same source and

same page if consecutive references are being made in the text. If the citations are made from

same source but from different page numbers, notes should use “ibid.” followed up by a

comma and a new page number(s).

Conclusion

Bibliography does not only safeguard writers/researchers from the pitfalls of

plagiarism, it also gives an integrity to the researcher’s work and his knowledge. Moreover, it

creates a further reading references for the readers which ensures the continuous flow of

knowledge in the corresponding fields of interest. The Bibliography appears as an important

part of the research work as it holds a vantage point for the reader, upcoming researchers as

well as a scholastic acknowledgement to the various referred sources i.e. books, articles,

essays, multimedia resources, web sources etc.

 Singh 20

Works Cited

Chicago Manual of Style Online. “Notes and Bibliography.” Chicago Manual of Style.org,

www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed17/part3/ch14/toc. Web. 26 April 2019.

Purdue Writing Lab. “Notes and Bibliography // Purdue Writing Lab.” Purdue Writing

Lab,owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_

guide/mla_endnotes_and_footnotes. Web. 26 April 2019.