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Assessingplanningimplementingandevaluatingcare 001 PDF
Assessingplanningimplementingandevaluatingcare 001 PDF
Objectives:
• Introduce the history of nursing process
• Discuss purpose of nursing process
Including philosophy
• Discuss nursing models in relation to
assessment
• Discuss defensible documentation
• Criticism of process
• Summary
Summary
Nursing Process
n
n Assessment
n
n Planning
n
n Implementation
n
n Evaluation
Evaluation
The Nursing Process
The term ““ Nursing Process
Nursing Process ” came to the UK
in the 1970
in the 1970 ’’ s and came to be understood
as:
n A form of documentation
n
n As a means of organising work, that is
n
patient allocation or primary nursing
n As an educational tool to help achieve
n
patient centred nursing
n As a philosophy to help nursing attain
n
professional status by offering an
alternative to the medical model.
alternative to the medical model.
The nursing process is ““ An organised,
systematic and deliberate approach
to nursing with the aim of improving
standards in nursing care
standards in nursing care ” Rush S,
Fergy S & Weels D (1996)
It uses a systematic, holistic, problem
solving approach in partnership with
the patient and their family
the patient and their family ””
Nursing Models
All models have 4 core components,
nThe person,
nTheir environment,
nHealth and
nNursing
(but all have different emphasis)
(but all have different emphasis)
The Person
n
n Body (physical/ biological)
n
n Activities of daily living
n
n Genetic make
Genetic make up – gender
n
n Nature/ Nurture
Nature/ Nurture
Mind (psychological)
n
n Healthy, impaired or damaged
n Intellect
n
n Attitudes
n
n Effect of illness
n Effect of illness stress, fears,
memories
n Emotional support
n Emotional support
Social
Family and friends
Work
Play
Effects of illness (e.g. financial)
Effects of illness (e.g. financial)
Spirit
n
n Belief systems about the meaning of
life, death, hope, suffering,
n it may involve organised religion,
n
other customs or ““ New age
New age ”
spirituality.
spirituality.
Environment
Home, neighbours,
neighbourhood, work, social
activities, town, county, country
and political factors
and political factors
Health
“ The complete state of physical,
psychological and social well
psychological and social well being
being ” World
health organisation 1946
Health care continuum (liked to age)
Optimum health Ill health
Independence Dependence
Adaptation Maladaption
Self
Self care Reliance on others
Reliance on others
Human Needs Model: Roper Logan
& Tierney
& Tierney ’’ s Model (1980) (activities
of daily living
This is the main one used in Britain
and has 5 dimensions:
n Physiological,
n
n psychological,
n
n socio
n socio cultural,
n politico
n politico economical
n and environmental.
n and environmental.
There are 12 activities, some of
which are essential such as breathing
and others that which enhance the
quality of life.
quality of life.
It should be carried out:
n By or under the supervision of the
n
““ Named Nurse
Named Nurse ”
n With the agreement and co
n With the agreement and co
operation of the patient
n Be evidence based and follow
n
National and Trust Policy and
guidelines
n Must use the NMC
n NMC ’’ s ““ Standards for
record keeping
record keeping ” and ““ Code of
professional conduct
professional conduct ””
The purpose of care planning
n
n It is a legal document
n Shows accountability “
n “ The care plan
is a document that identifies the care
to be given, and a record that shows
who planned and gave that care
n It should guide the work of others
n
and be a basis for continuity of care
n Should show a logical and systematic
n
flow of ideas through from the initial
assessment to the final evaluation
assessment to the final evaluation
Assessment
What components are needed for a successful assessment
n Good communication
n
n A systematic approach to data collection
n
n Interpretation
n Interpretation based on nursing knowledge
Objective (scientific Quantitative)
n Empirics
n Empirics measurement of knowledge with
scientific fact
Subjective (Art, Qualitative)
n Aesthetics
n Aesthetics gained through empathy and is how a
nurse becomes sensitive to a patient
nurse becomes sensitive to a patient ’’ s pain,
worry or joy
n Ethics
n Ethics concerned with motivation, morality,
human rights and law
n Personal knowledge
n Personal knowledge awareness that the nurse
has an impact on patient care
has an impact on patient care
Sources of Data
1. Non verbal observation
n
n Sight
Sight Physical, psychological (and social)
n
n Touch
Touch Skin temp, hydration, pulse/BP
n
n Sound
Sound Breath
Breath wheeze, stridor
n
n Smell
Smell breath body fluids infections, gangrene
2. Verbal Communication
n
n Patients/ clients
n
n Family and friends (Meaningful others)
n
n Nursing colleagues
n
n Medical colleagues
n
n Other members of multidisciplinary team
3. Written records
n
n G.P Letter
n
n Transfer letter
Communication
Why are good communication skills required?
n To establish and maintain a relationship with
n
patients and their families
n To encourage patients to describe all relevant
n
aspects of their problems
n To get and give accurate information
n
n To use time and opportunity effectively
n
n To improve patient satisfaction with the care
n
given
n To improve thrust and cooperation with the care
n
n To reduce negative emotions and fear
n To reduce negative emotions and fear
Guide to a successful assessment
n
n Prepare adequately
n Introduce yourself
n Introduce yourself prepare patient
n Use non
n Use non verbal communication
n Be courteous
n
n Use sensitivity, compassion and empathy
n
n Use focused questions (opened and
n
closed)
n Listen
n
n Clarify
n
n Summarise what they describe
n
n Make notes
n
n reflect
n reflect
Planning
Effective planning depends on the quality
and comprehensiveness of the assessment
n Determine the problems
n
n Establish the risks and priorities
n Establish the risks and priorities How ill
are they?
n Can they breath adequately (safe airway?)
n
n Are they in pain? (physical/ psychological)
n
n Can they maintain a safe environment? If
n
not why not? (Drugs, drink, mental or
psychological problem?)
n Non
n Non compliance with medical advice
compliance with medical advice
Writing a care plan (s)
Think about
n Who is it for ?(The patient and other members of
n
nursing team)
n What are the short
n What are the short term and long term goals?
n How can you determine that you have reached
n
the goals? (measurable)
n How will the patient know he/she has achieved
n
the goals? (realistic)
n Who is involved in the delivery of the care? (The
n
patient (and family), yourself, the nursing team,
medical staff, multidisciplinary team, labs,
investigations, procedures etc)
n How quickly is the problem likely to change
n How quickly is the problem likely to change How
soon will you need to re
soon will you need to re evaluate the plan?
evaluate the plan?
n
n How many problems are there
How many problems are there
Which order of priority?
n How can you prove that they are
n
evidence based (what resources do
you need?) (core care plans Vs
individualised ones)
individualised ones)
Implementing
a) At the start of the shift, during handover and
when you first meet them, think about whether
the oral report matches the patients actual
condition
b) Compare this to what you already know of the
patient and to the existing care plans
c) Has anything changed for better or worse
d) Decide:
What are the priorities for looking after this
patient?
• Is their condition stable? What observations
need doing
need doing how often
• Are they going off the ward tests/investigations/
operations
• Are they being discharged? When are they
going? Is every thing ready?
going? Is every thing ready?
Repeat this process for all the
patients you are looking after.
f) What routine work must be done and
when should this be done
g) Who is going to do this work
Who is going to do this work are you on
your own or do you have a Clinical
support worker with you? How will they
give you feedback?
h) Who is available to give you help or
advice if needed? (senior nurse
advice if needed? (senior nurse medical
team)
i) How are you going to organise the work
TIME MANAGEMENT
j) What resources do you need?
What resources do you need?
Evaluation.
n
n MENTAL
MENTAL On going throughout
implementation
n
n WRITTEN (this should preferably be done
with the patient present in order to get
accurate feedback)
n
n Must be carried out at least twice in 24 hours
n And whenever any incident occurs. (date, time
n
signature)
n Write a general statement about patient
n Write a general statement about patient ’’ s condition
(better, same, worse)
n Evaluate each care plan in turn and by number
n Evaluate each care plan in turn and by number
n
n Personalise
Personalise use patient
use patient ’’ s own words
appropriate
n State what care you have given “
n “ Care of
planned
planned ” or any variation/ comment e.g.
““ pressure area care given skin slightly red
on … … sacrum
sacrum ”
n Amend the care plan if circumstances
n
have changed
n Discontinue care plans if the goal(s
n goal(s ) have
been reached
n Legally
n Legally if the care given has not been
recorded than it hasn
recorded than it hasn ’’ t occurred!
t occurred!
Criticisms of the nursing process &
Roper Logan & Tierney
Roper Logan & Tierney ’’ s Model
Assessment
n It is only a “
n “ snap shot
snap shot ”” and is often not referred
to after the initial assessment or updated
n There is the danger of a “
n “ reductionist
reductionist ” approach
in which patients are made to ““ fit fit ” into the boxes
rather than allowing flexibility
n It is only one among several nursing assessment
n
tools (
tools ( waterlow
waterlow , moving & handling, nutrition,
pain etc) in addition to other medical.
Paramedical records
n Patients may lie or conceal “
n “ incriminating
incriminating ” or
embarrassing information
n Psychological, sexual, spiritual or issues
n
surrounding death may not be mentioned
surrounding death may not be mentioned
Planning and Giving Care
n
n The patient
The patient ’’ s may not be consulted,
empowered to cooperate, or complient in
their care
n With increasing skill mix CSW
n CSW ’’ s now
provide most of the physical care, But the
often have not been taught (or expected)
to read care plans, may not report back
(or realise the significance of) changes to
the RN who is writing the evaluation and
may or may not document the care they
have given
n Patient care is fragmented “
n “ task nursing
task nursing ”
rather than holistic nursing
rather than holistic nursing
Evaluation
n
n There is not enough time
n It is just paper work that takes nurses
n
away from hands
away from hands on
on care
n We are bad at reading: so care plans are
n
not consulted
not consulted nurses rely on verbal
handovers and their notes. (But these are
only as good as the individuals memory
and continuity of care
n Evaluation tends to concentrate on
n
objective measurable activity
objective measurable activity it may not
be appropriate to describe ““ therapeutic
therapeutic ”
care interventions or set measurable goals
care interventions or set measurable goals
Other Models
These include
n Nightingale (1859)
n
n Medical model
n
n Henderson (1966)
n
n Systems model: used in USA
n
n Development models
n
n Maslow (1970) “
n “ Hierarchy of needs
Hierarchy of needs ”
n Burford Nursing Development Unit
n Nursing Development Unit
?
Any
Questions
Further Reading:
Bowman G.S, Thompson D & Suttin T (1983) Nurses attitudes
towards the nursing process Journal of Advanced Nursing
8(2) p.125
8(2) p.125 129
Braden S (1998) Evaluating nursing interventions: A theory
driven approach Sage publications London
Cohen E, Gesta T (2001) Nursing case management from
essential to advanced practice application 3rd edition Mosby
USA
Faulkner A (2000) Nursing: The reflective approach to adult
practice 2nd Edition Bailliere Tindall Cheltenham
Hincliff S, Norman S, Schober J (1998) Nursing practice and
health care: A foundation text 3rd edition Arnold Oxford
3rd edition Arnold Oxford
n
n Kowalak J & Hughes A et al (2002) Best practices
a guide to excellence in nursing care Lippincott
Williams & Wlikins
n
n Leahy J, Kizilay P (1998) Foundtions of nursing
practice: A nursing process approach Saunders
Philadelphia
n
n Littlejohn C,(2002) Are nursing models to blame
for low morale? Nursing Standard Vol 16(17)
p.39
p.39 41
n
n Mason C (1999) Guide to practice or ““ load of
rubbish
rubbish ”” ? The influence of care plans on nursing
practice in five clinical areas in Northern Ireland
Journal of Advanced Nursing Vol 29(2) P.380
29(2) P.380 387
387
Roper W, Logan W, & Tierney A (1990)
The elements of nursing based on a
model of living 3rd edition Churchill,
Livingston London
Swash M (2002) Hutchinson
Hutchinson ’’ s clinical
methods 21st edition Saunders
Ediburgh
Walsh M (2001) Models and critical
pathways in clinical nursing Bailliere
Tindall Cheltenham
Cheltenham