Grammar Reference

Hello Possessive adjectives

PERSONAL POSSESSIVE
Plural nouns PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE
• We form the plural of most nouns by adding -s to the S
I
end of the word.
you my
book Z books chair Z chairs your
he
she his
a/an
it her
• We use a when the next word begins with a
we its
consonant sound (s, t, x...).
you our
a book a pencil
they your
• We use an when the next word begins with a
their
vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u). • Possessive adjectives go before nouns, without
an orange an apple articles.
He is my friend. His name is Emad.
This / That
She is my friend. Her name is Emma.
• We use this to point out a person, animal or thing that
is close to us.
This is a book. Question Words (Who...?, What...?, Where...?,
• We use that to point out a person, animal or thing that How...?)
is far from us. • Who...?: We ask questions about people.
That girl over there is Aisha. Who's that? My friend Kim.
• What...?: We ask questions about things, animals and
actions.
Module 1 What's your favourite school subject? PE.
• Where...?: We ask questions about places.
The verb be Where are you from? I'm from Saudi Arabia.
• How are you?: We ask about someone’s health or to
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE find out someone’s news.
How are you? Fine, thanks.
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS

I am I'm I am not I'm not • How old...?: We ask about someone’s age.
You are You're You are not You aren't How old are you? I’m thirteen years old.
He is He’s He is not He isn’t
She is She's She is not She isn't
It is It’s It is not It isn’t Module 2
We are We’re We are not We aren’t
You are You're You are not You aren't The verb have got
They are They’re They are not They aren’t We use the verb have got:
• to express possession.
QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS I’ve got a computer.

• to describe people, animals and things.

Am I? Yes, I am. No, I'm not.
Mary has got fair hair.
Are you? Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
Is he? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t. AFFIRMATIVE
Is she? Yes, she is. No, she isn't. FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
Is it? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.

Are we? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t. I have got I've got
Are you? Yes, you are. No, you aren't. You have got You've got
Are they? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. He has got He's got
She has got She's got
It has got It's got

We usually use short forms when we speak and full

65 65
 forms when we write. We have got We've got
You have got You've got
They have got They've got

66 66
 Grammar Reference
NEGATIVE • We use the possessive case to express possession.
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS We form the possessive case by adding ’s to a singular
noun. We add only ’ to plural nouns ending in -s.
I have not got I haven't got This is Saad’s book.
You have not got You haven't got This is my sister’s pencil.
He has not got She He hasn't got She My parents’ computer is black.
has not got hasn't got
It has not got It hasn't got Let’s
We have not got We haven't got To make suggestions we use Let’s + the base form of the
You have not got You haven't got verb.
They have not got They haven't got Let’s paint a picture.

QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS

The verb can
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Have I got? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.

Have you got? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. I can draw I cannot/can’t draw You
Has he got? Has Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. You can draw cannot/can’t draw He
she got? Has it Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t. He can draw cannot/can’t draw She
got? Have we Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t. She can draw cannot/can’t draw It
got? Have you Yes, we have. No, we haven’t. It can draw cannot/can’t draw We
got? Have they Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. We can draw cannot/can’t draw You
got? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t. You can draw cannot/can’t draw
They can draw They cannot/can’t draw

Plural forms QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS

REGULAR NOUNS Can I draw? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.

• most nouns take -s (in the cat Z cats Can you draw? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.
plural) computer Z computers Can he draw? Yes, he can. No, he can’t.
Can she draw? Yes, she can. No, she can’t.
• nouns ending in -s, -ch, -sh, box Z boxes watch Can it draw? Yes, it can. No, it can’t.
-x, -o, take -es Z watches Can we draw? Yes, we can. No, we can’t.
• nouns ending in a consonant Can you draw? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.
country Z countries
+ -y, drop the -y Can they draw? Yes, they can. No, they can’t.
BUT

and take -ies boy Z boys scarf • We use the verb can to express ability: He can swim.
• nouns ending in -f or -fe, Z scarves
take -ves Module 3
Present Simple
IRREGULAR NOUNS
man Z men AFFIRMATIVE

woman Z women • Adjectives do not have a I speak You

child Z children plural form. speak He
foot Z feet speaks She
This is an old umbrella. Z
tooth Z teeth speaks It
person Z people
These are old umbrellas. • We use the Present Simple for
speaks We habits or actions that happen
mouse Z mice speak You
!ish Z !ish regularly.
speak They
I watch TV every day. He plays
speak
These / Those tennis at the weekend.

• We use these to point out people, animals or • We use those to point out people, animals, or
things that are close to us.
These are my books.

67 67
 Grammar Reference
Formation of the 3rd person singular (he/she/it) take -s
• verbs ending
• most verbs
I speak Z he speaks I like Z he likes
things that are far from us. in -ss, -sh, -ch, I watch Z she watches I go Z she goes
Those boys over there are my friends. -x, -o take -es
• verbs ending in I study Z he studies
Possessive Case - Whose...? a consonant BUT
• We use whose to ask about possession. + -y, drop the
I play Z it plays
Whose book is this? It’s my book. -y and take -ies

68 68
 Prepositions of time (at - in - on)
Module 4
six o’clock / half past two
at n oon / night / midday / midnight he There is / There are
t weekend(s)
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
in t he morning / afternoon / evening
m y free
my f reetime
tim e FULL SHORT FULL SHORT
FORMS FORMS FORMS FORMS
SSaturday
attu rrd
d ay
n F
o riday morning / afternoon, etc. singular There is There’s There is not There isn’t
weekdays plural There are There are not There aren’t

Present Simple QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS

AFFIRMATIV NEGATIVE singular Is there...? Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.
E
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS plural Are there...? Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.

I speak You I do not speak You I don't speak You

speak He do not speak He don't speak He
• We use there is before singular nouns.
speaks She does not speak She doesn't speak She
There's a bathroom upstairs.
speaks It does not speak It doesn't speak It
Is there a swimming pool in the palace?
speaks We does not speak We doesn't speak We
• We use there are before plural nouns.
speak You do not speak You do don't speak You
There are ten bedrooms in the castle. Are
speak They not speak They do don't speak They
speak not speak don't speak there two bins in the classroom?

QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS

Prepositions of place
Do I speak? Yes, I do. No, I don't. in The book is in the bag. on
Do you speak? Yes, you do. No, you don’t. The book is on the desk. under The
Does he speak? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. cat is under the car.
Does she speak? Yes, she does. No, she doesn't. next to The pencil is next to the book.
Does it speak? Do Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
between The pencil is between the book and the
we speak? Yes, we do. No, we don’t.
bag.
Do you speak? Yes, you do. No, you don't.
in front of The table is in front of the sofa.
Do they speak? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
behind The cat is behind the car.

NOTE: No -s in the 3rd person singular after does/doesn't.

a / an, the
• We use a/an before singular nouns when we
Present Simple with Wh-questions mention them for the first time or when we don’t
• We use Who, What, Where, When to ask questions and
refer to a specific item.
request information:
There is a lamp in the room. There isn’t an
What do you do after school?
armchair in the room.
I go home and play computer games.
• We use the with singular or plural nouns
NOTE:We use When to ask about time when we talk about something or someone in
(when something happens). When specific.
do you play baseball? Every day
We’ve got two cars. The black car is my father’s.
after school.

• Questions which begin with Do/Does have a

Personal Pronouns
Yes/No answer.
Do you go bowling at the weekend? Yes./No. SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS

We uency to talk about how

Adverbs of frequency use often we do something.
* *** **** ***** adv We place them:
erb • before the main verb.
never sometimes often usually always
s of John often plays
freq football on Thursdays.

69 69
 I You He She It We You m
They e
y
o
u
h
i
m
h
e
r
i
t
u
s
y
o
u
t
h
e
m
Husain doesn’t always have breakfast. • We use object pronouns as objects of verbs. They
• after the verb be. always go after verbs.
Nasira is never late for school. This scarf is beautiful. I like it!

70 70
 Grammar Reference

The verb can (permission-request)

We use can:
• to ask for permission: Mum, can I go out?
• to give or refuse permission: Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
• to make a request: Can I speak to Paul, please?

Imperative
• We form the imperative with the base form of the verb.
We form the negative form with don’t + base form.
Listen to the teacher! Don't speak!
• We use the imperative to ask someone to do
something. We can use ‘please’ to be more polite.
Open your books, please!

Pair work activities

2a emory ame
Talk in pairs.
Student A: Look at the pictures for a minute and close your book. Answer Student B’s questions. Student B:
Ask Student A questions and see how much he/she remembers.

s
amon

Has Sami got a black mobile phone? Has Damon got a camera?
Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
Have Ian and James got rollerblades?
Yes, they have.

68