Impact of Pakistan Air Closure on Air India

A Report on Project work in

Master of Business Administration

By

MAYANK HANDA

(IILMU/PG/2018/M468

IILM UNIVERSITY
GURUGRAM

HARYANA
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled as “Aircraft Delay Regression Model” is a
bonafide record of the work done by MAYANK HANDA (IILMU/PG/2018/M468)
studyi
ng Mr Keshavan Baskaran Mr,Amit kumar Das
MAST Internal Guide MIS CELL
ER OF IILM UNIVERSITY ASSISTANT GENERAL MANAGER
BUSI GURUGRAM External examiner
NESS Internal Examiner
ADMI
NISTR
ATION in the IILM UNIVERSITY GURUGRAM during the year 2018 – 2020.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Contents Pg. No.

1) Research Methodology 5

2) Review Of The Literature 7

3) Introduction To Air India Ltd. 8

4) About Indian Aviation Industry 15

5) Iata Delay Codes 18

6) On Time Performance 22

7) Conclusion 25

8) Appendix 26

9) References 38

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to thank AIR INDIA LIMITED, Delhi, for selecting me to do summer
Internship in their esteemed organization and helped me to build up a fruitful database for my analysis.

It is indeed a moment of great pleasure to express my sense of gratitude to all the people who
have been instrumental in making my internship a rich experience.

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 I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Amit KumarDas, Assistant Manager (IT), AIR INDIA
for providing me with this great experience and the constant invaluable support. I would like to
convey my sincere thanks Mr. Rama Rao, AGM (IT department), AIR INDIA, I would also like to
thank Mr. Amit Das, for all the valuable thoughts and ideas and guidance throughout the project my
guide through the internship who was extremely kind enough to share his valuable thoughts with me
and lent his support at every step of this project.

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my faculty guide, Mr. Keshavan
Baskaran for the continuous guidance, friendly approach and support rendered at every step of my
study. .

I absolutely have no words to express my feelings of gratitude to the faculty members and
peers who worked with me for their full cooperation and their valuable suggestions to my project
work.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This study aims at analysing the Flight Delays in AIR INDIA.

Analysing the different types of delays that affect the timings of flights resulting in delay in departure
as well as delay in arrival. The delays are categorised according to the IATA delay codes. In this
paper we mainly focus on technical delays affecting aircrafts.

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IATA delay codes are categorised from 0-9, with a number of sub classes. In this paper, Code 4
delays or technical delays are used for designing the model. The sub classes of technical delays are
taken as the factors for finding the delay time of Air India flights.

On Time Performance or OTP is an important measure of the operational efficiency of any airline
company. It indicates the percentage of flights which are not affected by any kind of delays. In ideal
case the OTP must be 100%. An OTP above 90% is considered to be good and every airline company
strives to achieve the mark of 90%. An OTP analysis of Air India Aircrafts is done in this paper.

A model was designed for calculating the delay time of Air India aircrafts by take the frequency of
technical delays affecting them. Technical delays are causing a good proportion of Air India flights to
get delayed. Compared to other delays this is the only delay which Air India can rectify from their
side. Other delays like airport and passenger delays are dependent on many other factors.

The same model can be implemented at any level of flight scheduling using fleet or sub fleet.

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 CHAPTER 1
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN
Research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. In business
context, the aim of the research is to understand and establish the truth about certain phenomena by
using scientific methods.

The research objectives divide research into following distinctive groups:

1. Exploratory research- to gain familiarity with the phenomenon or to achieve insights into it.
2. Descriptive research- the research that portrays accurately particular situation, individual or
phenomenon.
3. Hypothesis-testing research studies- to test causal relationship between variables.

The goal of this project was study the technical delay patterns in the Air India aircrafts and to come up
with a model to predict the future delay time that can be caused due to these technical errors. Along
with designing of the model, some analysis on the on time performance of individual fleets were also
done.

NEED FOR THE STUDY:

One of the most important mode of transportation is airline because of its minimum time of travel.
The minimum time of travel can be achieved only if the flights are on time at departure as well as
arrival. But due to several factors the time may get altered, it may lead to delay in flight or even
cancellation of flights. This result in heavy loss to the airline industry as in some cases they have to
give compensation to the passengers as well as the airport authorities. This may lead to loss in
revenue of the airline industry.

This research paper focus on how to predict the delay time that can occur and the main factors on
which they have to give importance in order to minimize delay time.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:

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This study focuses on the issues that are related directly to Airline Industry

1) To study the extensive use Analytics in Airline industry.

2) To know the extra cost they were paying due to this.

3) To analyse the flights that were affected due to Pakistan air closure

4) Operational cost

This research will focus on Pakistan air closure which is closed due to Indian Army attack on them .
Due to this many flights were diverted to Europe instead of passing directly through Pakistan.

DATA COLLECTION:

Primary data is a type of information that is obtained directly from first-hand sources by means of
surveys, observation, experimentation or interview. It is data that has not been previously published
and is derived from a new or original research study.

It is collected with specific goals in mind where the researcher can focus on both quantitative and
qualitative issues. The researcher has higher control over how the information is captured. In this
study primary data is collected from the internal database at Air India.

STATISTICAL TOOLS USED:

• Microsoft EXCEL

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 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
The main goal of the literature review is to understand the key ingredients of successful
implementation of analytics in Airline industry. This literature review will provide the reader with the
definition of the Analytics and its place within the business operations of the company. In addition to
that, it will examine possible implementation strategies so that the Air India would benefit from the
study.

The Global Airline Industry: is a book by Peter Belbaba, Amedeo Odoni and Cynthia Barnhart. This
book covers topics on airline economics, management, scheduling, and operations, as well as
reviews of the topics of aviation safety and security, airports, air traffic control, environmental
impacts, and the international regulatory environment in which the industry operates.

A Review on Flight Delay Prediction: By Alice Sternberg, Jorge Soares, Diego Carvalho, Eduardo
Ogasawara presents a thorough literature review of approaches used to build flight delay prediction
models from the Data Science perspective. They propose a taxonomy and summarize the initiatives
used to address the flight delay prediction problem, according to scope, data, and computational
methods, giving particular attention to an increased usage of machine learning methods.

Impacts of Flight Delays and Cancellations on Travel from Small Community Airports: This paper by
Matthew J. Stone This paper investigates flight delays and cancellations at some of the nation’s
smallest airports with commercial air service. In particular, it addresses the net impact of flight delays
and cancellations for travellers departing from these airports.

Irregular Flight Scheduling Model and Algorithm under the certainty Theory: A paper by Devi Mou
and Wanlin Zhao developed a model for fleet reassignment based on uncertain programming during
the period of irregular flights. They presented a stepwise optimization method strategy based on
Hungarian algorithm to solve the problem.

CHAPTER 3

INTRODUCTION TO AIR INDIA LTD.

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Air India is the flag carrier airline of India. It is the third largest domestic airline in India in terms of
passengers carried (after IndiGo and Jet Airways), with a market share of 13% as of May 2017. It is
owned by Air India Limited, a government-owned enterprise, and operates a fleet
of Airbus and Boeing aircraft serving 90 domestic and international destinations. It is headquartered
in New Delhi.
Air India has its main hub at Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi and a secondary hub
at Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai. Air India became the 27th member of Star
Alliance on 11 July 2014.

The airline was founded by J. R. D. Tata as Tata Airlines in 1932; Tata himself flew its first single-
engine de Havilland Puss Moth, carrying air mail from Karachi to Bombay's Juhu aerodrome and later
continuing to Madras (currently Chennai). After World War II, it became a public limited
company and was renamed as Air India. On 21 February 1960, it took delivery of its first Boeing
707 named Gauri Shankar and became the first Asian airline to induct a jet aircraft in its fleet. In
2000–01, attempts were made to privatise Air India and from 2006 onwards, it suffered losses after its
merger with Indian Airlines. Air India also operates flights to domestic and Asian destinations
through its subsidiaries Alliance Air and Air India Express. Air India's mascot
is the Maharajah (Emperor) and the logo consists of a flying swan with the wheel of Konark inside it.

HISTORY OF AIR INDIA

J. R. D. Tata founded Tata Airlines in 1932 as a division of Tata Sons Ltd. (now Tata Group).

After World War II in 1946, regular commercial service was restored in India and Tata Airlines
became a public limited company under the name of Air India.

Under the Air Corporations Act of 1953, the Government nationalized the air transportation industry
and Air India International Limited was born.

In 1960, Air India flew its first international flight to New York via London. In 1962, Air India
became the world's first all-jet airline and its name was officially truncated to Air India.

Services to Shanghai and to Air India's third US gateway at Newark Liberty International Airport in
Newark were introduced in the year 2000.

In 2007, Air India and Indian Airlines merged into one airline, with its name remaining Air India. Air
India is now a part of Star Alliance and is supposed to be joined by Alliance Air and Air India
Express soon.

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On 1 March 2009, Air India had made Frankfurt Airport at Frankfurt am Main as its international hub
for onward connections to United States from India; however, the airline shut down the Frankfurt hub
on 30 October 2010.

However, on 14 July 2010, Air India chief, Arvind Jadhav announced their intention to make the new
terminal 3 at Delhi's Indira Gandhi International Airport the hub for international and domestic
operations with the plans of starting new direct flights to Chicago (USA) and Toronto (Canada) and
also taking almost all international long-haul flights away from its former Primary hub at Mumbai's
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport due to lack of space.

This would streamline passenger movements and reduce operating costs. The airline also plans to
open a new hub for its international flights at UAE's Dubai International Airport

The national flag carrier of India with a worldwide network of passenger and cargo services, Air
India is the only state-owned airline in the country, having recently merged with Indian Airlines.

With its main base at Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai and Indira Gandhi
International Airport, Delhi, Air India connects 146 international and domestic destinations around
the world, including 12 gateways in India with Air India Express, a fully-owned subsidiary of Air
India.

On 27 February 2011, Air India and Indian Airlines merged along with their subsidiaries to form Air
India Limited.

STRUCTURE

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 Hotel Corporation of India Limited
 Air India Air Transport Services Limited
 Air India Engineering Services Limited
 Air India Charters Limited
 IAL Airport Services Limited
 Airline Allied Services Limited

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Alliance Air is an Indian private airline and a subsidiary of Air India which was founded in 1996. The
airline mainly operates on 34 regional routes in India with a fleet size of 13 as part of government's
Regional Connectivity Scheme.

Air India Express is an Indian low-cost carrier headquartered in Kochi. It is operated by Air India
Express Limited (AIEL), a wholly owned subsidiary of flag carrier airline Air India. It operates
around 550 flights per week to 29 destinations including the Middle East and Southeast Asia.

Fleet size of Air India Express is 23 Boeing 737-800.

LOGO-DELIVERY

“The logo of the new airline is a red coloured flying swan with the `Konark Chakra' in orange, placed
inside it. The flying swan had been morphed from Air India's characteristic logo, `The Centaur',
whereas the `Konark Chakra' was reminiscent of Indian's logo”.

Air India's colour scheme is red and white. The aircraft were painted in white with red palace style
carvings on the outside of the windows and the airline's name written in red. The name is written in
Hindi on the port side fuselage and in English on the port side tail. On the starboard side fuselage, the
name is written in English, and in Hindi on the starboard tail. The window scheme was designed in
line with the slogan Your Palace in the Sky. The aircraft were earlier named after Indian kings and
landmarks. In 1989, to supplement its Flying Palace livery, Air India introduced a new livery that
included a metallic gold spinning wheel on a deep red-coloured tail and a Boeing 747, Rajendra Chola,
was the first aircraft to be painted in the new colours.

The new logo would feature prominently on the tail of the aircraft. While the aircraft will be ivory in
colour, the base will retain the red streak of Air India. Running parallel to each other will be the
orange and red speed lines from front door to the rear door, subtly signifying the individual identities
merged into one. The brand name `Air India' will run across the tail of the aircraft.

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The painted on red palace style carvings on the outside of the windows refer to their slogan "your
palace in the sky" which is written on the back of the aircraft.

The Maharajah

The Maharajah began merely as a rich Indian potentate, symbolizing graciousness and high living.
And somewhere along the line his creators gave him a distinctive personality: his outsized moustache,
the striped turban and his aquiline nose.

The Maharajah began merely as a rich Indian potentate, symbolizing graciousness and high living.
And somewhere along the line his creators gave him a distinctive personality: his outsized moustache,
the striped turban and his aquiline nose.

DESTINATIONS

As of January 2019, Air India flies to a total of 88 destinations including 93domestic destinations
and international destinations in 27 countries across four continents around the world. Its primary hub
is located at Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi, and it has a secondary hub at Chhatrapati
Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai. As of October 2016, Air India operates the world's longest
nonstop regular scheduled commercial flight, from Delhi to San Francisco flying over the Pacific
Ocean, with the total distance flown being over 15,200 kilometres (9,400 mi). Services between the
two cities previously operated over the Atlantic Ocean in both directions; the airline changed the
service to around-the-world to take advantage of jet stream winds and use less fuel.

Alliance

Air India became the 27th member of Star Alliance on 11 July 2014.

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Codeshare agreements

Air India codeshares with the following airlines:

 Adria Airways  Air Astana

 Air Austral  Air Canada
 Air India Express  Air Mauritius
 Air New Zealand  Asiana Airlines
 Austrian Airlines  Brussels Airlines
 Croatia Airlines  EgyptAir
 Ethiopian Airlines  EVA Air
 Flybe  Hong Kong Airlines
 Lufthansa  Singapore Airlines
 Swiss International Air Lines  Turkish Airlines

SERVICES

1. Cabin

The Boeing 777-200LR/777-300ER and Boeing 747-400 aircraft operated on long haul flights are in a
three-class configuration. Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A321 aircraft have a two-class
configuration. Airbus A320 aircraft operated on domestic- and short haul international flights are in
either an all-economy configuration or a two-class configuration. Airbus A319 aircraft have a full
economy configuration. Air India serves meals on all international flights and on domestic flights with
a flight duration of over 90 minutes.

2. In-flight entertainment

Air India aircraft are equipped with Thales i3000 in-flight entertainment system. Passengers can
choose from five channels airing Hindi and English content. Air India's Boeing 777, 747 and 787
aircraft are also equipped with personal on demand in-flight entertainment systems on which
passengers can choose from available content Showtime is the official entertainment guide published
by Air India. Shubh Yatra (meaning Happy Journey) is a bilingual in-flight magazine published in
English and Hindi by Air India.

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3. Frequent flyer programme

Flying Returns is Air India's frequent-flyer programme. It is shared by Air India and its subsidiaries.
The points can be redeemed for awards travel on some other airlines.

4. Premium lounges

The Maharaja Lounge (English: Emperor's Lounge) is available for the use of First and Business class
passengers. Air India shares lounges with other international airlines at international airports that do
not have a Maharaja Lounge available. There are eight Maharaja Lounges:

India- Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad

International- New York City, San Francisco, London

5.Gulf War evacuation

The airline entered the Guinness Book of World Records for the most people evacuated by civil
airliner. Over 111,000 people were evacuated from Amman to Mumbai, a distance of 4,117
kilometres (2,558 mi), by operating 488 flights from 13 August to 11 October 1990 – lasting 59 days.
The operation was carried out during Persian Gulf War to evacuate Indian expatriates from Kuwait
and Iraq. The event was later featured in the film Airlift.

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 CHAPTER 4\
ABOUT INDIAN AVIATION INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION

Indian aviation industry has been one of the fastest growing aviation industries in the world with
private airlines accounting for more than 75% of the sector of the domestic aviation market. With a
compound annual growth rate of 18% and 454 airports and airstrips in place in the country, of which
16 are designated as international airports, it has been stated that the aviation sector will witness
revival by 2011.

In 2009with increase in traffic movement and increase in revenues by almost 21.4 million dollar, the
AAI seems set to accrue better margins in 2009-10, as per the latest estimates released by the Ministry
of Civil Aviation.

India is the world's third-largest civil aviation market. It recorded air traffic of 131 million passengers
in 2016, of which 100 million were domestic passengers. The market is also estimated to have 800
aircraft by 2020.

In 2015, Boeing projected India's demand for aircraft to touch 1,740, valued at $240 billion, over the
next 20 years in India. This would account for 4.3 per cent of global volumes. According to Airbus,
India will be one of the top three aviation markets globally in the next 20 years. Airbus is expecting
an annual growth rate of over 11 per cent for the domestic market in India over the next ten years,
while the combined growth rate for domestic and international routes would also be more than 10 per
cent.

Civil Aviation in India has shown signs of quick development and is expected to be more and more
popular as its advantages come to be realized. The expansion of air traffic has made the world look
very small, indeed. It is possible to make a round-the-world trip in a modern aircraft in the course of
less than two days. One of the obvious results of the progress in aviation has been wider and more
intimate international intercourse. It is now possible for different peoples of the world to exchange

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their thought and ideas in diverse spheres more frequently because of the vastly increased facilities for
contact provided by air communication. And the greater such facilities are, the closer will be the
cultureal and intellectual understanding among the different nations of the world.

Delay Reasons of Flights due to Pakistan:

The flights have to travel from the pacific to cover the same distance they used to cover by
passing through Pakistan.

 The flights now have to stop for the refuelling.

 Another difficulty is with regard to aviation petrol. India, having very small supply of
indigenous petroleum, has to depend on foreign sources for fuel, especially for aviation
purposes. Whenever there is any bottleneck in the regular supply of aviation spirit, even the
regular scheduled services, have to be cut off temporarily.
 Besides these hurdles, the general poverty of the masses is a factor to be taken into account in
estimating the possibilities of the expansion of aviation in India.

In India, however, the number of people who can afford air travel is very small, and they cannot by
themselves keep the air-line companies going.

Future Plans

UDAN-RCS Scheme

To increase the number of operational airports, number of operational airports with scheduled flights,
number of routes, number of flyers and to reduce the cost of flying, the Government of India
launched UDAN-RCS scheme from 2016, which increased number of operational airports from 49 to
70 within first round that was awarded in April 2017, several more rounds were awarded in Dec 2017,
and many more rounds are planned later in 2018 and 2019 with number of operational airports
expected to go to 150 or even more.

FDI

With a view to aid in modernization of the existing airports to establish a high standard and help ease
the pressure on the existing airports, 100% FDI under automatic route has now been allowed in

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Brownfield Airport projects. This move would also serve in further developing the domestic aviation
infrastructure. Further, FDI limit for Scheduled Air Transport Service/ Domestic Scheduled Passenger
Airline and regional Air Transport Service has been raised from 49% to 100%, with FDI up to 49%
permitted under automatic route and FDI beyond 49% through Government approval. For Non-
Resident Indians (NRI's), 100% FDI will continue to be allowed under automatic route. However,
foreign airlines would continue to be allowed to invest in capital of Indian companies operating
scheduled and non-scheduled air transport services up to the limit of 49% of their paidup capital and
subject to the laid down conditions in the existing policy. Increasing the FDI limit for these aviation
services shall not only encourage competition by lowering prices but shall also accord choice to
consumers.

MRO

The civil aviation sector in India, which till now was dependent on foreign countries for maintenance,
repair and overhaul (MRO) services, is planning to have indigenous facilities. The Government of
India is planning to develop a sustainable air network in over 400 tier-2 cities across India with an
estimated expenditure of ₹50 crore (US$7.5 million).

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CONCLUSION

The project is aimed at understanding the Airline industry and proposing any improvements. Through
the course of project both the objectives were fulfilled to the maximum capacity in the scope of study.

IATA delay codes were used for the study of delays occurring in flights in the time of departure as
well as in the time of arrival. The on-time performance of Air India flights was studied and results
were found. More than half the total number of scheduled flights are not affected by any kind of
delays. Technical delay was found to be one of the major reasons for resulting in delayed flights..

This model can be modified on a regular basis by using the most recent data. Also, airline company
can use the delay time obtained in two different years to check the trend of improvement in technical
and engineering conditions of aircraft at the same time the efficiency of company in rectifying
technical faults which can lead to delay in flights.

Project was highly rewarding in all senses. It opened the windows to the various tools and techniques
used in Airline Industry. The Strategy implemented in Airline industry and particularly in Air India
were studied. Project provided an insightful and deep understanding of the Airline industry.

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APPENDIX 1

IATA DELAY CODES

Delay Codes starting with 0

Delay codes starting with 0 are used for internal airline purposes. Airlines are free to define these
codes and to determine particular application fields.

 00–05: These codes are left blank so that each airline may develop codes specifically to meet
their own individual requirements, e.g., 03: "Three-class system" moving curtain.
 06 (OA): No gate/stand availability due to own airline activity
 07: Aircraft connection by maintenance
 08: Aircraft connection by miscellaneous, traffic, marketing flight operations, ground handling,
cabin services, etc.
 09 (SG): Scheduled ground time less than declared minimum ground time

Delay Codes starting with 1

These Codes are used to describe delays caused by Passenger and Baggage handling.

 11 (PD): Late check-in, acceptance of passengers after deadline

 12 (PL): Late Check-in, congestion in check-in area
 13 (PE): Check-in error
 14 (PO): Over sales, booking errors
 15 (PH): Boarding, discrepancies and paging, missing checked-in passenger at gate
 16 (PS): Commercial Publicity, Passenger Convenience, VIP, Press, Ground meals and missing
personal items
 17 (PC): Catering order, late or incorrect order given to supplier
 18 (PB): Baggage processing, sorting, etc.
 19 (PW): Reduced Mobility, Boarding/De boarding of passengers with reduced mobility.

Delay Codes starting with 2

These Codes are used to describe delays caused by Cargo (21-26) and Mail Handling (27-29).

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 21 (CD): Documentation, errors, etc.
 22 (CP): Late positioning
 23 (CC): Late acceptance
 24 (CI): Inadequate packing
 25 (CO): Over sales, booking errors
 26 (CU): Late preparation in warehouse
 27 (CE): Mail Over sales, packing, etc.
 28 (CL): Mail Late positioning
 29 (CA): Mail Late acceptance

Delay Codes starting with 3

These Codes are used to describe delays caused by aircraft and ramp handling

 31 (GD): Aircraft documentation late or inaccurate, weight and balance (Load sheet), general
declaration, passenger manifest, etc.
 32 (GL): Loading, Unloading, bulky/special load, cabin load, lack of loading staff
 33 (GE): Loading Equipment, lack of or breakdown, e.g. container pallet loader, lack of staff
 34 (GS): Servicing Equipment, lack of or breakdown, lack of staff, e.g. steps
 35 (GC): Aircraft Cleaning
 36 (GF): Fuelling, De fuelling, fuel supplier
 37 (GB): Catering, late delivery or loading
 38 (GU): ULD, Containers, pallets, lack of or breakdown
 39 (GT): Technical equipment, lack of or breakdown, lack of staff, e.g. pushback

Delay Codes starting with 4

These codes are used to describe technical delay reasons.

 41 (TD): Aircraft defects

 42 (TM): Scheduled maintenance, late release
 43 (TN): Non-scheduled maintenance, special checks and / or additional works beyond normal
maintenance
 44 (TS): Spares and maintenance equipment, lack of or breakdown
 45 (TA): AOG (Aircraft on ground for technical reasons) Spares, to be carried to another station
 46 (TC): Aircraft change for technical reasons

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 47 (TL): Standby aircraft, lack of planned standby aircraft for technical reasons
 48 (TV): Scheduled cabin configuration and version adjustment

Delay Codes starting with 5

These Codes are used to describe damage to aircraft and automated equipment failure.

 51 (DF): Damage during flight operations, bird or lightning strike, turbulence, heavy
or overweight landing
 52 (DG): Damage during ground operations, collisions (other than during taxiing),
loading/offloading damage, contamination, towing, extreme weather conditions.
 55 (ED): Departure Control System, Check-in, weight and balance (load control), computer
system error, baggage sorting, gate-reader error or problems
 56 (EC): Cargo preparation/documentation system
 57 (EF): Flight plans
 58 (EO): Other computer systems

Delay Codes starting with 6

These codes are assigned to Operations and Crew caused delays.

 61 (FP): Flight plan, late completion or change of flight documentation

 62 (FF): Operational requirements, fuel, load alteration
 63 (FT): Late crew boarding or departure procedures
 64 (FS): Flight deck crew shortage, Crew rest
 65 (FR): Flight deck crew special request or error
 66 (FL): Late cabin crew boarding or departure procedures
 67 (FC): Cabin crew shortage
 68 (FA): Cabin crew error or special request
 69 (FB): Captain request for security check, extraordinary

Delay Codes starting with 7

These Codes explain weather caused delays.

 71 (WO): Departure station

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 72 (WT): Destination station

Delay Codes starting with 9

Codes used for reactionary reasons or Miscellaneous.

 91 (RL): Passenger or Load Connection, awaiting load or passengers from

another flight. Protection of stranded passengers onto a new flight.
 92 (RT): Through Check-in error, passenger and baggage
 93 (RA): Aircraft rotation, late arrival of aircraft from another flight or previous sector
 94 (RS): Cabin crew rotation
 95 (RC): Crew rotation, awaiting crew from another flight (flight deck or entire crew)
 96 (RO): Operations control, rerouting, diversion, consolidation, aircraft change for reasons other
than technical
 97 (MI): Industrial action within own airline
 98 (MO): Industrial action outside own airline, excluding ATS
 99 (MX): Miscellaneous, not elsewhere specified

 73 (WR): Enroute or Alternate

 75 (WI): De-Icing of aircraft, removal of ice/snow, frost prevention
 76 (WS): Removal of snow/ice/water/sand from airport/runway
 77 (WG): Ground handling impaired by adverse weather conditions

Delay Codes starting with 8

These Codes are used for Air Traffic Control (ATC) Restrictions (81-84) and Airport or
Governmental Authorities caused delays.

 81 (AT): ATC restriction en-route or capacity

 82 (AX): ATC restriction due to staff shortage or equipment failure en-route
 83 (AE): ATC restriction at destination
 84 (AW): ATC restriction due to weather at destination
 85 (AS): Mandatory security
 86 (AG): Immigration, Customs, Health
 87 (AF): Airport Facilities, parking stands, ramp congestion, buildings, gate limitations, ...
 88 (AD): Restrictions at airport of destination, airport/runway closed due obstruction, industrial
action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights, ...
 89 (AM): Restrictions at airport of departure, airport/runway closed due obstruction, industrial
action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights, start-up
and pushback, etc.

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APPENDIX 2

Technical Delay Count and Delay Time of each individual Aircraft.

TAIL 41 42 43 44 45 46 DELAY TIME

VTALF 6 0 0 0 0 0 385
VTALG 3 0 0 0 0 1 34
VTALH 1 0 0 0 0 0 45
VTALJ 16 0 1 0 0 3 1242
VTALK 3 0 1 0 0 0 189
VTALL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTALM 7 0 3 0 0 0 305
VTALN 2 0 3 0 0 0 241
VTALO 5 0 2 0 0 0 234
VTALP 12 1 3 0 0 1 516
VTALQ 5 0 0 0 0 0 79
VTALR 6 0 2 0 0 1 466
VTALS 5 0 0 0 0 0 169
VTALT 2 0 0 0 0 0 86
VTALU 4 0 3 0 0 0 322
VTALV 3 0 0 0 0 1 259
VTALW 6 0 0 0 0 0 96
VTALX 10 0 0 0 0 0 144
VTANA 8 0 0 0 0 2 325
VTANB 5 0 0 0 0 1 1472
VTANC 7 0 0 0 0 0 541
VTAND 1 0 1 0 0 0 130
VTANE 14 0 0 0 0 3 746
VTANG 9 0 0 0 0 0 684
VTANH 8 0 0 0 0 1 575
VTANI 10 0 1 0 0 0 609
VTANJ 8 0 0 0 0 0 415
VTANK 10 0 0 0 0 0 281
VTANL 10 0 0 0 0 2 941
VTANM 6 0 0 0 0 0 1686
VTANN 9 0 0 0 0 0 384
VTANO 5 0 0 0 0 0 126
VTANP 6 0 0 0 0 3 1068
VTANQ 13 0 0 0 0 0 678
VTANR 11 0 0 0 0 1 1702
VTANS 11 0 0 0 0 3 637
VTANT 3 1 0 0 0 0 75
VTANU 8 0 0 0 0 1 523

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VTANV 4 0 0 0 0 1 267
TAIL 41 42 43 44 45 46 DELAY TIME
VTANW 15 0 0 0 0 0 378
VTANX 4 0 0 0 0 1 156
VTANY 2 0 0 0 0 0 44
VTANZ 4 0 0 0 0 3 1198
VTAXH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTAXJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTAXM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTAXN 1 0 0 0 0 0 78
VTAXP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTAXQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTAXR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTAXT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTAXU 0 1 0 0 0 0 28
VTAXW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTAXX 1 0 0 0 0 0 200
VTAXZ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTAYA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTAYB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTAYC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTAYD 1 0 0 0 0 0 77
VTCID 1 0 0 0 0 2 364
VTCIE 5 1 0 0 0 0 151
VTCIF 0 0 0 0 0 1 351
VTCIG 0 0 0 0 0 1 44
VTCIH 2 0 0 0 0 1 683
VTCIN 1 0 0 0 0 0 4
VTCIO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTEDC 11 0 0 1 0 4 2020
VTEDD 8 0 0 1 0 2 455
VTEDE 3 0 0 0 0 4 2024
VTEDF 3 0 0 0 0 0 150
VTESE 4 0 0 0 0 1 220
VTESL 7 0 0 0 0 4 650
VTESO 0 0 1 0 0 0 181
VTESP 6 0 0 0 0 1 224
VTEVA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTEXA 1 2 0 0 0 1 306
VTEXB 1 1 1 0 0 1 79
VTEXC 8 1 1 0 0 0 365
VTEXD 3 1 0 1 0 3 312
VTEXE 1 1 0 1 0 4 535
VTEXF 1 0 0 0 0 1 290
VTEXG 1 0 0 0 0 2 428

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 TAIL 41 42 43 44 45 46 DELAY TIME
VTEXH 1 0 0 1 0 0 18
VTEXI 2 0 0 0 0 0 628
VTEXJ 2 0 0 2 0 1 238
VTEXK 2 0 0 0 0 1 67
VTEXL 2 0 1 0 0 2 1581
VTEXM 1 0 0 0 0 1 111
VTEXT 0 1 0 0 0 1 78
VTEXU 1 0 0 0 0 0 10
VTEXV 2 0 0 0 0 2 120
VTGHA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTGHB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTGHC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTGHD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTGHE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTGHF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTNAA 13 0 0 0 0 1 533
VTNAC 5 0 0 0 0 0 240
VTPPA 8 0 0 0 0 0 306
VTPPB 1 5 0 0 0 2 531
VTPPD 10 1 0 0 1 2 545
VTPPE 10 1 0 4 0 3 2194
VTPPF 10 1 0 0 0 3 427
VTPPG 12 2 0 0 0 2 766
VTPPH 4 0 0 0 0 0 95
VTPPI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTPPJ 10 0 0 0 0 0 365
VTPPL 5 0 0 0 0 1 159
VTPPM 10 0 0 0 0 2 341
VTPPN 2 0 0 0 0 2 826
VTPPO 7 1 0 1 0 0 696
VTPPQ 0 0 0 0 1 0 19
VTPPT 5 0 0 1 0 2 244
VTPPU 6 0 0 0 1 2 408
VTPPV 6 1 0 0 0 1 937
VTPPW 7 1 1 0 0 2 372
VTPPX 6 1 0 0 0 2 478
VTRKC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTRKD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTRKE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTRKF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTRKG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTRKH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VTSCA 0 0 0 0 0 1 100

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 TAIL 41 42 43 44 45 46 DELAY TIME
VTSCB 0 0 0 0 0 1 70
VTSCC 4 1 0 0 0 1 250
VTSCF 8 0 0 0 0 0 145
VTSCG 6 0 2 0 0 1 301
VTSCH 2 0 0 0 1 1 285
VTSCI 6 0 0 0 0 1 139
VTSCJ 3 0 0 0 0 1 112
VTSCK 10 0 0 0 0 1 401
VTSCL 15 0 0 0 0 1 697
VTSCM 11 1 0 0 0 2 271
VTSCN 5 0 0 0 0 1 288
VTSCO 5 0 0 0 0 1 483
VTSCP 7 0 0 1 0 0 201
VTSCQ 2 0 0 0 0 0 92
VTSCR 2 1 0 0 0 0 50
VTSCS 4 1 0 0 0 2 472
VTSCT 4 0 0 0 0 4 225
VTSCU 7 0 0 4 0 1 252
VTSCV 6 2 1 0 0 1 347
VTSCW 6 0 0 2 0 0 242
VTSCX 3 0 0 0 0 3 354
Grand
Total 623 31 28 20 4 121 49782

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APPENDIX 3

OTP Analysis of each individual Aircraft

TAIL ON TIME FLIGHTS DELAYED FLIGHTS TOTAL FLIGHTS OTP

VTAXJ 4 0 4 100.00
VTAXM 6 0 6 100.00
VTAXT 4 0 4 100.00
VTAXW 2 0 2 100.00
VTPPI 1 0 1 100.00
VTRKC 10 0 10 100.00
VTRKD 8 0 8 100.00
VTRKF 8 0 8 100.00
VTRKH 8 0 8 100.00
VTAYC 4 1 5 80.00
VTEVA 7 2 9 77.78
VTSCR 890 270 1160 76.72
VTAXQ 3 1 4 75.00
VTSCB 438 166 604 72.52
VTCIG 338 130 468 72.22
VTSCA 438 177 615 71.22
VTSCC 424 175 599 70.78
VTESE 171 88 259 66.02
VTEXI 289 172 461 62.69
VTEDF 253 155 408 62.01
VTCIN 56 35 91 61.54
VTCIH 312 197 509 61.30
VTALW 72 47 119 60.50
VTEXJ 279 184 463 60.26
VTEXG 305 203 508 60.04
VTSCQ 118 83 201 58.71
VTEXK 281 198 479 58.66
VTEDE 278 196 474 58.65
VTANJ 136 96 232 58.62
VTALL 25 18 43 58.14
VTEXM 325 235 560 58.04
VTEDD 295 215 510 57.84
VTESL 190 140 330 57.58
VTEXH 288 217 505 57.03
VTEXA 322 244 566 56.89
VTEXT 223 175 398 56.03
VTPPF 317 250 567 55.91
VTANN 131 105 236 55.51
VTEXL 298 240 538 55.39

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TAIL ON TIME FLIGHTS DELAYED FLIGHTS TOTAL FLIGHTS OTP
VTSCT 357 288 645 55.35
VTSCO 359 290 649 55.32
VTCIF 288 233 521 55.28
VTEXV 191 155 346 55.20
VTEXU 232 189 421 55.11
VTCID 325 266 591 54.99
VTCIE 282 233 515 54.76
VTSCN 361 304 665 54.29
VTANH 109 92 201 54.23
VTEXE 315 270 585 53.85
VTANQ 113 97 210 53.81
VTSCI 379 336 715 53.01
VTSCH 357 320 677 52.73
VTSCG 224 201 425 52.71
VTEXF 234 213 447 52.35
VTSCU 315 293 608 51.81
VTANL 120 112 232 51.72
VTSCF 284 271 555 51.17
VTANM 93 90 183 50.82
VTANT 106 104 210 50.48
VTSCS 364 359 723 50.35
VTESP 103 103 206 50.00
VTANK 107 108 215 49.77
VTEXC 308 311 619 49.76
VTPPL 252 255 507 49.70
VTSCK 335 340 675 49.63
VTEDC 284 289 573 49.56
VTANI 103 105 208 49.52
VTALV 107 111 218 49.08
VTANZ 104 108 212 49.06
VTSCM 344 360 704 48.86
VTANG 107 112 219 48.86
VTPPU 328 344 672 48.81
VTANO 78 82 160 48.75
VTANC 114 120 234 48.72
VTEXD 283 299 582 48.63
VTNAA 101 107 208 48.56
VTSCV 342 363 705 48.51
VTALS 47 50 97 48.45
VTSCX 319 341 660 48.33
VTANP 94 101 195 48.21
VTALG 45 49 94 47.87
VTPPH 172 189 361 47.65

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TAIL ON TIME FLIGHTS DELAYED FLIGHTS TOTAL FLIGHTS OTP
VTANS 116 128 244 47.54
VTEXB 293 324 617 47.49
VTSCJ 326 362 688 47.38
VTSCP 308 344 652 47.24
VTPPA 325 374 699 46.49
VTANX 118 137 255 46.27
VTNAC 99 115 214 46.26
VTPPM 256 300 556 46.04
VTPPT 325 382 707 45.97
VTPPO 300 355 655 45.80
VTANY 102 121 223 45.74
VTANB 109 130 239 45.61
VTAND 25 30 55 45.45
VTCIO 74 89 163 45.40
VTSCL 315 386 701 44.94
VTSCW 333 409 742 44.88
VTANV 83 103 186 44.62
VTPPN 306 382 688 44.48
VTANA 94 119 213 44.13
VTANU 101 128 229 44.10
VTALR 67 85 152 44.08
VTPPE 276 353 629 43.88
VTALK 62 80 142 43.66
VTPPX 303 397 700 43.29
VTPPJ 301 397 698 43.12
VTPPG 281 404 685 41.02
VTPPQ 27 40 67 40.30
VTPPD 284 421 705 40.28
VTALH 33 49 82 40.24
VTALF 39 58 97 40.21
VTALT 16 24 40 40.00
VTAXP 2 3 5 40.00
VTANW 95 143 238 39.92
VTALQ 45 68 113 39.82
VTALX 68 104 172 39.53
VTPPW 274 432 706 38.81
VTANE 111 180 291 38.14
VTALU 56 92 148 37.84
VTANR 76 126 202 37.62
VTPPB 271 460 731 37.07
VTALN 52 90 142 36.62
VTALO 63 110 173 36.42
VTALM 47 94 141 33.33

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TAIL ON TIME FLIGHTS DELAYED FLIGHTS TOTAL FLIGHTS OTP
VTPPV 244 500 744 32.80
VTESO 20 41 61 32.79
VTALP 50 119 169 29.59
VTALJ 64 165 229 27.95
VTGHB 1 3 4 25.00
VTAXU 1 4 5 20.00
VTAYA 1 4 5 20.00
VTGHE 1 4 5 20.00
VTGHF 1 4 5 20.00
VTAXN 1 6 7 14.29
VTAXH 0 6 6 0.00
VTAXR 0 5 5 0.00
VTAXX 0 3 3 0.00
VTAXZ 0 3 3 0.00
VTAYB 0 2 2 0.00
VTAYD 0 5 5 0.00
VTGHA 0 4 4 0.00
VTGHC 0 4 4 0.00
VTGHD 0 5 5 0.00
VTRKE 0 6 6 0.00
VTRKG 0 5 5 0.00
Grand Total 24283 23204 47487 51.14

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 REFERENCES

1. http://www.airindia.in/
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India
3. www.importantindia.com
4. www.dgca.com
5. Sabre Airline Solutions

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