Topic 7 - Smith Charts PDF

11/30/2017
EE 4347
Applied Electromagnetics
Topic #7
Smith Charts
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Topic 7 ‐‐ Smith Charts Slide 1
Lecture Outline
• Construction of the Smith Chart
• Admittance and impedance
• Circuit theory
• Determining VSWR and 
• Impedance transformation
• Impedance matching
Topic 7 ‐‐ Smith Charts Slide 2
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Construction of the
Smith Chart
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Polar Plot of Reflection Coefficient
The Smith chart is based on a polar plot of the voltage reflection
coefficient . The outer boundary corresponds to || = 1. The
reflection coefficient in any passive system must be|| ≤ 1.
    e j 
  radius on Smith chart

  angle measured CCW from right side of chart
Topic 7 ‐‐ Smith Charts 5
Normalized Impedance
All impedances are normalized. This is usually done with respect to
the characteristic impedance of the transmission line Z0.
Z
z
Z0
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Normalized Reflection Coefficient
We can write the reflection coefficient in terms of normalized
impedances.
ZL Z0

Z L  Z0 Z0 Z 0 zL  1
  
Z L  Z0 Z L  Z0 zL  1
Z0 Z0
Derivation of Smith Chart:
Solve for Load Impedance
Solving the previous equation for load impedance, we get
zL  1

zL  1
  z L  1  z L  1
1 
zL     zL  1
zL 
zL  zL   1   1 
z L 1     1  
1 
zL 
1 
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Real and imaginary parts
The load impedance and reflection coefficient can be written in
terms of real and imaginary parts.
z L  rL  jxL    r  j i
Substituting these into the load impedance equation yields
1 
zL 
1 
1    r  j i 
rL  jxL 
1    r  ji 
rL  jxL 
1   r   ji
1   r   ji
Solve for rL and xL
We solve or previous equation for rL and xL by setting the real and

imaginary parts equal.
rL  jxL 
1   r   ji
1   r   ji 1   2r  i2
1   r   ji  1   r   ji rL 

1   r 
2
1   r   ji 1   r   ji  i2

1   r 1   r   j 1   r   i  j i 1   r   i2
1   r   i2
2
1   r2  j i  j r i  ji  j r i  i2
 2 i
1   r  xL 
2
 i2
1   r 
2
1      j 2 i
  i2
2 2
 r i
1   r   
2 2
i
1   r2   i2 2i
 j
1   r  1   r 
2 2
  i2  i2
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Rearrange equation for rL
We rearrange the equation for rL so that it has the form of a circle.
1   2r  i2
rL 
1   r 
2
 i2
2 2
1   2r  i2  rL   rL  rL  1
1   r 
2
  i2   r      i  0
2
rL  rL  1   rL  1  rL  1
1  2r  i2  rL 
2 2
 rL  rL  1
1   r 
2
  i2    0
 r    i    
2
rL rL rL 
 rL 1   rL  1  rL  1
 2r 2 1
 r  1 rL  1
2
2 r   r2    i2  i  1   0  rL  rL2
 r    i   L
2
rL rL rL
 L   rL  1
2 2
 rL 1  r  1
2rL  r  rL  r2   r2  rL i2  i2  rL  1  0 2
 rL  rL2 r 2 1
2rL  r   rL  1  r2   rL  1  i2  rL  1  0  r    i 
2
 L
  rL  1  rL  1
2 2
 r 1 
r r 1 L
 r2  2 L r   i2  L 0 2
rL  1 rL  1  rL  1
  r    i 
2
L 1  rL  1
2
can be factored
 r
Rearrange equation for xL
We rearrange the equation for xL so that it has the form of a circle.
2 i
xL 
1   r 
2
 i2
2 i
1   r 
2
 i2 
xL
2

1   r   i2 
2
i  0
  xL
swap terms 
can be factored
2
 1  1
  r  1   i    2  0
2
 xL  xL
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Two families of circles
Constant Resistance Circles Constant Reactance Circles
2 2 2 2
 rL   1   1   1 
  r  1   i     
2
 r    i  
2

 rL  1   1  rL   xL   xL 
These have centers at These have centers at
rL 1
r  i  0 r  1 i 
rL  1 xL
Radii Radii
1 1
1  rL xL
Putting it all together
Lines of constant Lines of constant Lines of constant

resistance inductive reactance reflection coefficient Superposition
+ + =
Lines of constant
capacitive reactance
We ignore what is outside the || = 1 circle.
We don’t draw the constant || circles.
This is the Smith chart!
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Alternate Way of Visualizing the Smith
Chart
Lines of constant resistance Lines of constant reactance Reactance Regions
L
open
circuit
short
circuit C
3D Smith Chart
The 3D Smith Chart unifies passive and active circuit design.
2D 3D
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Summary of Smith Chart
Impedance
and
Admittance
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Admittance Coordinates
We could have derived the Smith chart in terms of admittance.
You can make an admittance Smith

chart by rotating the standard
Smith chart by 180.
Impedance/Admittance
Conversion
The Smith chart is just a plot of complex numbers. These could be admittance as
well as impedance.
To determine admittance from impedance (or the other way around)…
1. Plot the impedance point on the Smith chart.
2. Draw a circle centered on the Smith chart that passes through the point (i.e.
constant VSWR).
3. Draw a line from the impedance point, through the center, and to the other side of
the circle.
4. The intersection at the other side is the admittance.
impedance admittance
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Visualizing Impedance/Admittance
Conversion
Example #1 – Step 1
Plot the impedance on the chart
z  0.2  j 0.4
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Draw a constant VSWR circle
z  0.2  j 0.4
Draw line through center of chart
z  0.2  j 0.4
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Read off admittance
z  0.2  j 0.4
y  1.0  j 2.0
Plot the impedance on the chart
z  0.5  j 0.3
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Draw a constant VSWR circle
z  0.5  j 0.3
Draw line through center of chart
z  0.5  j 0.3
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Read off admittance
z  0.5  j 0.3
y  1.0  j 2.0
Determining
VSWR and 
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Determining VSWR
1. Plot the normalized load impedance on the Smith chart.

2. Draw a circuit centered on the Smith chart that intersections this point.
3. The VSWR is read where the circle crosses the real axis on right side.
Example: 50  line connected to 75+j10  load impedance.

Z L 75  j10
z   1.5  j 0.2
Z0 50
1
impedance
VSWR
VSWR = 1.55
Example #1 –What is the VSWR?
3.3157 nH
50 
1.9894 pF
Z in  20  j 40 
Z in 20  j 40 
zin    0.4  j 0.8
Z0 50 
VSWR  4.3
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Example #1 –What is the reflection
coefficient?
  0.62
Impedance
Transformation
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Normalized Impedance Transformation
Formula
Our impedance transformation formula was
Z L  jZ 0 tan  
Z in  Z 0
Z 0  jZ L tan  
We can write this in terms of the reflection coefficient.
Z L cos    jZ 0 sin   0.5Z L  e j    e  j     0.5Z 0  e j    e  j   
Z in  Z 0  Z0
Z 0 cos    jZ L sin   0.5Z 0  e j    e  j     0.5Z Z  e j    e  j   
 Z0
Z L e j   Z L e j   Z 0e j   Z 0e j   Z  Z 0  e j    Z L  Z 0  e j 
 Z0 L
Z 0e j   Z 0e j   Z L e j   Z L e j   Z L  Z 0  e j    Z L  Z 0  e j 
 Z L  Z 0  e j 
1
 Z0
 Z L  Z 0  e j   Z0
1  e  j 2  

1 L
Z  Z0  e j  1  e  j 2  
 Z L  Z 0  e j 
We normalize by dividing by Z0.
1  e  j 2  
zin 
1  e  j 2  
Interpreting the Formula
The normalized impedance transformation formula was
1  e  j 2  
zin    
1  e  j 2  
Recognizing that  = ||ej, this equation can be written as
1   e j e  j 2   1   e j   2   
zin     
1   e j e  j 2   1   e j  2   
Thus we see that traversing along the transmission line simply changes the phase of the
reflection coefficient.
As we move away from the load and toward the source, we subtract phase from . On the
Smith chart, we rotate clockwise (CW) around the constant VSWR circle by an amount 2l.
A complete rotation corresponds to /2.
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Impedance Transformation
on the Smith chart
1. Plot the normalized load impedance on the Smith chart.
2. Move clockwise around the middle of the Smith chart as we move away from the
load (toward generator). One rotation is /2 in the transmission line.
3. The final point is the input impedance of the line.
Example #2 – Impedance Trans.
Normalize the parameters
0.67
Z 0  50  Z L  50  j 25 
0.67
z L  1  j 0.5 
z L  j tan   1  j 0.5   j tan  2  0.67 

zin       1.299  j 0.485
1  jz L tan   1  j 1  j 0.5 tan  2  0.67 
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Plot load impedance
0.67
zL  1  j 0.5 
Walk away from load 0.67
0.145
0.67
zL  1  j 0.5 
Since the Smith chart
repeats every 0.5,
traversing 0.67 is the
same as traversing 0.17.
Here we start at 0.145 on
the Smith chart.
We traverse around the
chart to
0.145 + 0.17 = 0.315.
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Determine input impedance
0.67
Z in zL  1  j 0.5 
Reflection at the load will be
the same regardless of the
length of line.
Therefore the VSWR will the
same.
The input impedance must
lie on the same VSWR plane.
zin  1.3  j 0.5
Denormalize
0.67
Z in zL  1  j 0.5 
To determine the actual
input impedance, we
denormalize.
Z in  Z 0 zin   50  1.3  j 0.5   65  j 25 
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11/30/2017

Topic 7 ‐‐ Smith Charts Slide 2

  radius on Smith chart

We solve or previous equation for rL and xL by setting the real and

Lines of constant Lines of constant Lines of constant

Lines of constant resistance Lines of constant reactance Reactance Regions

We could have derived the Smith chart in terms of admittance.

You can make an admittance Smith

1. Plot the normalized load impedance on the Smith chart.

Example: 50  line connected to 75+j10  load impedance.

z L  j tan   1  j 0.5   j tan  2  0.67 

zin  1.3  j 0.5

Z in  Z 0 zin   50  1.3  j 0.5   65  j 25 

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