Examples of chemical reactions that have

environmental issues:
1. Acid Rain – is caused by a chemical reaction that
begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides are released into the air.
2. Photochemical Smog – a type of smog (smoke and
fog combined) produced when ultraviolet light from
the sun reacts with nitrogen oxides in the
atmosphere. It is a mixture of ozone, nitric acid,
aldehydes, peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) and other
secondary pollutants.

Biomolecule – any molecule that is produced by a

living organism, including large macromolecules such
as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids.
The four main classes of biomolecules are
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates and Lipids are generally made up of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Proteins and nucleic acids and some derivatives of
carbohydrates and lipids also contain nitrogen.

1. Carbohydrates – the major source of energy for

the body.
a. Monosaccharides – the simplest sugar and the
basic subunit of a carbohydrate; they are soluble in
water; they have polar, hydroxyl (-OH) groups in their
molecular structures; examples are glucose (also
called dextrose) and fructose (fruit sugar); glucose
and fructose are isomers (compounds with the same
molecular formula).
b. Disaccharides – consist of two monosaccharides
that are chemically combined through condensation
reaction (a reaction in which two molecules or parts
of the same molecule combine); examples of
disaccharides are sucrose or sugar (glucose-fructose),
lactose or milk sugar (galactose-glucose) and
maltose (glucose-glucose).
c. Polysaccharides – contain numerous
monosaccharides; examples are starch (the chief
storage form of carbohydrates in plants and the most
important source of carbohydrate in human
nutrition), glycogen (multi-branched polysaccharide
of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in
animals) and cellulose (insoluble fibrous sheets which
are the basic component of plant)

2. Lipids – store energy for later use; they are water

insoluble molecules that are composed of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen; the most abundant of the
lipids are fats and oils, also called triglycerides.
 a. Fats – solids at room temperature and contain
saturated fatty acids; most are produced by animals.
b. Oils – liquids at room temperature and contain
unsaturated fatty acids; most are produced by plants.
c. Steroids – another class of lipids with fused rings
of atoms; the most important steroid is cholesterol.

3. Proteins – made up of the elements carbon,

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; its simpler
substances or building blocks are called amino acids.
 a. Enzymes – proteins that act as biological
catalysts.
Kwashiorkor – protein malnutrition

4. Nucleic Acids – molecules that code for hereditary

traits by controlling the production of protein; they
are composed of nucleotides (five-carbon sugar or
pentose, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base)
a. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
b. RNA – ribonucleic acid