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Concrete Technolgy PDF
Concrete Technolgy PDF
Concrete Technolgy
Causes of Cracks in RCC Slabs
Hello Friends, In this article today I we will discuss how to reduce segregation in concrete? so after
reading this article you will be able to know how to control segregation in concrete, Lets get start.
As soon as possible curing should be start for after casting concrete within 3 to 7 hours.
Concrete curing period should not be less than 10 days in hot weather conditions.
Good temperature for curing is 27°C.
Use potable water for curing.
SAQIB IMRAN 0341-7549889 4
If the blended cement are used in concrete it is recommended that minimum curing period extended to 14
days.
For proper curing of concrete we need sufficient amount of water.
We should use clean water for curing and it should be free from oil , acids , salt , organic materials .
For concrete column curing use Gunny bags to keep the concrete column moisture.
Use different method for concrete curing for different concrete structures to keep concrete surface moisture.
Do proper curing for concrete to make concrete stronger and better.
12 The reinforcement steel should be free of any loose scale, rust, mud, or oil.
in above graph can clear us the concrete can get 50% strength when we cured the concrete for 3 to 7
days, and its gain 75% compressive strength after 14 days and 90% strength can achieve after 28
days.
1: Ponding method:
this method we can use in floor slab. we use in this method small pond on slab to keep the slab moist.
The following are the properties of concrete in its hardened state, used by the designer during design
process of reinforced concrete structure.
1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The characteristics strength is defined as the strength of concrete below which not more than 5% of
the test results are expected to fall. As per IS: 456 concrete mix always designed for the target
strength computed as,
Target strength: Characteristics strength + (1.65 x standard deviation)
M20 is the minimum grade of concrete for use in RCC work.
3. MODULUS ELASTICITY
Modulus of elasticity of concrete which is significantly influenced by the following factors.
This property is required for the computations of deflections of structural concrete members which
forms an important limit state in the design of concrete members. In the absence of test data, the
modulus of elasticity of concrete is normally related to the compressive strength and is computed by
the empirical relation recommended by IS: 456-2000 code and is expressed as,
Ec=5000√fck
Where Ec is the short term static modulus of elasticity of concrete expressed in N/mm 2
fck is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete expressed in N/mm2.
4. SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE
The ingredients of concrete and environmental conditions like temperature and humidity influence
the total shrinkage of concrete. Water content in concrete significantly affects the shrinkage. The IS:
456-2000 recommends the total shrinkage strain as 0.0003 in the absence of test data. Drying
shrinkage in plain concrete may result in surface cracks. Shrinkage of concrete also influences the
deflections of reinforced concrete members.
5. CREEP OF CONCRETE
The inelastic time dependent strain developed in a concrete emeber under sustained loading is refered
to as creep of concrete. Creep of concrete is influenced by following factors.
Cement content,
W/C ratio,
Temperature and humidity,
Size of structural element,
Type of loading and period of loading.
7 days 2.2
28 days 1.6
1 year 1.1
Creep of concrete significantly affects the deflections of reinforced concrete flexural members.
Higher creep coefficient results in large deflections. The value of creep coefficient is useful in the
computation of time dependent deflections in reinforced concrete members.
To reduce water content in concrete i.e. keep water cement ratio as less as possible.
To increase compressive strength and durability parameter of concrete.
To enhance the workability and give more transportation and placing time.
To impart specific property of concrete or to create favourable condition during placing.
To achieve specific concrete properties more effectively.
To ensure quality of concrete during mixing, transporting, placing, and curing in adverse weather
condition.
Concrete
Concete is a compostie of a buidling matarial which made from a mixture of Cement , Sand, Crush
and water.
Concrete are used in structural projects but its usually used in reifnoce with steel rebar to get more
strength. In building construction concrete are used in Column , beam , slab , retaining wall , dams
etc.
Concrete is so strong from other buuilding materials thats why we used concrete in building
construction works.
Mortar
Mortar is also building materials which made from Cement , Sand and water. In mortar the water
cement ratio is high but in concrete mixture water cement ratio is low from mortar.
Cracks in Concrete
Hi Friends , In this article today I will teach you about Cracks in Concrete, so what the reason and
why cracks can come in concrete, so in this topic you are able to learn about crack in concrete and
why cracks can come in concrete, so Let’s get start.
What is Concrete :
Concrete is a building material which made from mixture of cement , sand ,crush or gravel and
water. and we poured this mixture in the form work which can give us the different shapes of element
like stone which is too mush strong.
Concrete does not required much water to get maximum strength . we required limit water in
concrete to achieve the maximum strength of concrete. when we increase the water in concrete so it
can lose the strength , so therefore concrete can crack. water is just reducing in concrete to make
workabality of concrete . so increasing of water can reduce the strength of concrete.
4: Temperature Variation
Cracks in concrete is also depend on the temperature, Because the temperature is high at noon time
and at after noon time the temperature is reducing. Due to this expansion concrete gets staring
cracking.
In this article today I will discuss about water cement ratio in detail.
Water cement ration is directly propositional to strength of concrete. When water ratio Is maximum
the strength of concrete become decrease. If the water ration is minimum the strength will be increase
in Concrete.
Strength of concrete is depends on the strength of cement paste and also in other way, the strength of
Concrete increases with cement content and decreases with water content.
There for we have to use limit water which are sufficient for the concrete or cement paste.
In also in concrete too much water result become segregation of the sand, Cement and Aggregate in
placing.
There for the we can put any %age In this formula and you can find out the quantity of water in
concrete.
Note: with the above cement ratio formula you can use for concrete mix design, when we keep to
adding water to increase the workability. Because the concrete has a lot of fluid materials where the
aggregate will be settle down.the water cement ration is directly proportional to the concrete. when
In this article today We will discuss about Concrete and good quality of concrete in construction
works.
What is Concrete?
Concrete is an engineering materials which becomes with the properties of rock and the combination
of particles closely with each other. the concrete is simply a blend of aggregate. it is normally a kind
of natural sand and crush rock.Concrete is very strong and its resist with compression.
Good concrete depends on good aggregate. Coarse aggregate can be as much as 75% of the volume
in a mix. The best stone for making concrete is hard, durable particles with moderate absorption. The
worst aggregate used to make concrete is friable, weakly cemented sandstone with high absorption.
Where concrete is exposed to freeze/thaw cycles, lightweight cherts, ochres, shales, and weakly
cemented materials such as conglomerate must be avoided.
The concrete is the most important material in construction works. And concrete is a good material
we can get many types shape in mold. therefore we can design any thing easily with a good shape.
The concrete must be compacted and there should be no voids or hollow left in the concrete. And the
weight of concrete must be 3000kg/cu meter. So that is the good quality of concrete.
Resist to Wear and Tear
When we used concrete in the construction of road and floor, so the concrete must be able abrasive
for well. If the concrete is not able to resist with different problems so that will be not the good
properties of concrete.
Workability of concrete
1. Water content
2. Aggregate or cement ratio
3. Size of aggregate
4. Shape of aggregate
5. Grading of aggregate
6. Surface or texture of aggregate
7. Used of admixture
Water Content.
Workability of concrete increases and decrease workability of concrete. If we use more water in the
concrete it’s make disadvantages to aggregate .
1. Angular aggregate
2. Flaky aggregate
3. Elongated aggregate
4. Rounded aggregate
5. Sub-rounded aggregate
6. Cubical aggregate etc.
Grading of Concrete
Grading of aggregate is also the maximum influence on workability.. When total void are less, excess
paste is available to give better lubricating effect.
Surface or Texture Of Aggregate
Surface or Texture of Aggregate is also effect of workability when Porous and non-saturated
aggregate will be require more water than a non-absorbant aggregate. For same degree of workability
latter will require less water.
Use Of Admixture
Air-entraining admixtures are used to purposely and introduce stabilize microscopic air bubbles in
concrete.
Note : Compressive strength of the concrete is depend on the Grade of concrete. Because different
Grade of concrete his different compressive strength in 7 days 14 days or 28 days etc.
This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids. After 24
hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing. The top surface of
these specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and spreading
smoothly on whole area of specimen.
These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days curing.
Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the Specimens fails. Load
at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive strength of concrete.
Before Starting construction work we have to Test the Concrete compressive strength in different days,
For that we have to make the concrete Cube which size should be 150 mm x 150 mm .
The concrete cube Should be fully vibrated and fully curing. Than we are able to find out the compressive
strength of concrete in compression machine.
Note: If the 150 mm x 150 Concrete cube does not give you the above compressive strength of
concrete so it mean that you did not fully vibrate the concrete cube therefore it can not able to give
you the above Strength.
So the concrete cube Must be vibrate and Fully Curing with water than it will give you the standard
strength which is required for any grade.
In this article i will understand you that how to select the suitable Grade for concrete construction for
different works.
How to Select Grade of Concrete:
Grade of concrete construction is select by the base on Structure design requirements. And the Grade
of concrete should be change for different project construction.But remember one thing That select
the suitable grade of concrete for any building construction. And for that I am discussing the Types
of Grade in which you will be able
Design Mix Concrete: The design mix concrete is that which mix proportions can be obtained from
various lab tests. And design mix concrete is used for the good quality control when we are selection
the materials , Mixing and transportation of concrete. And this kind of Concrete types is used for the
Mega projects, where the high strength are required for the project, Than we are able to select this
Design mix concrete.
The Design max concrete are used to gain the high strength of concrete to construct the mega project.
But the Design mix concrete is too much expensive therefore it used for the high level projects.
Grade of Concrete
In this Article Today we will discuss about that what is Grade of Concrete and Types of Concrete
Grade. After reading this article we will be able to know Grade of concrete and their types.
In this Article today we will discuss about that What is High Strength Concrete and where we used
the high strength concrete in construction works.
Advantages
High strength concrete has a higher elastic modulus than the low strength concrete, so that loss of
prestress force resulting fromelastic shortening of the concrete is reduced.
Creep and shrinkage losses are also low.
High bearing stresses in the vicinity of tendon anchorages for post tensioned members are more
easily accommodated.
In the case of pretensioned elements, higher bond strength results in a reduction in the development
length required to transfer prestress force from the cables to the concrete.
Finally, concrete of higher compressive strength also has a higher tensile strength so that the
formation of flexural and diagonal tension crack is delayed.
Methods of Prestressing
Although many methods have been used to produce the desired state of pre-
compression in concrete members, all pre-stressed concrete members can be placed in one of two
categories:
Pre-tensioned,
Post-tensioned.
Pre-tensioning(Procedure)
The strands are tensioned over the full length of the casting bed at one time, after which a number of
individual members are cast along the stressed tendon.
When the jacking force is released, the prestress force is transferred to each member by bond, and the
strands are cut freebetween member.
In present practice anchorage and jacking abutments may be as muchas 800 ft apart. Cable
depressors are often used with long-line prestressing, just as with individual members.
Pre-tensioning(Advantages)
Post-tensioning(Advantage)
Asignificant advantage of all post-tensioning schemes is the ease with which the tendon eccentricity
can be varied along the span to provide the desired counter moment.