By:- SABA NOOR (PMS-2017,

MA English, MA IR)

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Idioms
Buckle down to something
Build bridges
Build castles in the air
Bungle things up
Burn one’s bridges
Burn the candle at both ends
Burn the midnight oil
Meaning
To settle down to something
arbitrate; reunite ; reconcile
To daydream; to make plans that
can never come true
Make a mess of task ;
To do everything wrong
Make an irreparable blunder
To work very hard and stay up
very late at night
To stay up working, especially
studying, late at night
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Burn your fingers Suffer financially due to
foolish behaviour
Bury head in sand Ignore or hide from obvious
danger
Bury the hatchet To stop fighting or arguing

Call spade a spade To speak frankly about

something
Call it a day To quit work and go home

Call it a night To end what one is doing and go

to bed
Call someone on the carpet To reprimand a person

Call the shots To make the decision

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1. Each one of them were happy.
2. None of us like the idea.
3. Either of the two boys have read their lesson.
4. He go to school on foot.
5. Aslam and Arshad feels happy today.
6. Neither Aziz nor Habib have done their work.
7. A white and black dog are lying in the street.
8. Tigers lives upon their prey.
9. Arshad as well as his four friends were
planning to visit museum.
10. Neither he nor I are lucky.

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 Continuous Perfect Indefinite Perfect
Continuous
Present Subject+ Subject+ Subject+Ist f. Subject+
Is/am/are+ has/have+ verb+ has been/have
Ist 3rd f. verb+ s/es(he,she,it, been+
F.verb+ing+ Object Ali) +Object Ist
Object Do / does for F.verb+ing+
negative and Object+
interrogative since/for

Past Subject+ Subject+ Subject+2nd f. Subject+

was/ were+ had+ 3rd f. verb+ Object Had been+
Ist verb+ Object Did for Ist
F.verb+ing+ negative and F.verb+ing+
Object interrogative Object+
since/for
Future Subject+ Subject+ Subject+ Subject+
will be/shall will will /shall Will have
be+ Ist have/shall +Ist f. verb+ been/
F.verb+ing+ have+ 3rd f. Object Shall have 5
 Make sure that you know the subjective,
objective and possessive case of
pronouns
 Make sure that you know the difference
between transitive and intransitive verb
 Make sure that you know the difference
between subject and object

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 3rd
form of verb is used in all passive
voice tenses

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CONTINUOUS TENSES
( PRESENT, PAST, FUTURE)

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➢ Subject+ is/am/are+ ing f+ Object
➢ Subject + is/am/are+not+ ing f+ object
➢ Is/am/are+ Subject+ ing f+ Object

❑I am playing football
❑ I am not playing football
❑ Am I playing football?

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 To turn present continuous into passive
voice, switch subject with object, place
third form, and being after is/am/are
 We are playing football
 Football is being played by us

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I am writing a letter.
 We are writing a letter.
 You are writing a letter.
 He is writing a letter.
 She is writing a letter.
 They are writing a letter.
 Ali is writing a letter.

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➢ Subject+ was/were+ ing f+ Object
➢ Subject + was/were +not+ ing f+ object
➢ Was/were+ Subject+ ing f+ Object?

❑I was playing football

❑ I was not playing football
❑ Was I playing football?

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 To turn past continuous into passive
voice, switch subject with object, place
third form, and being after was/were
 We were playing football
 Football was being played by us

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I was writing a letter.
 We were writing a letter.
 You were writing a letter.
 He was writing a letter.
 She was writing a letter.
 They were writing a letter.
 Ali was writing a letter.

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➢ Subject+ will be/shall be + ing f+ Object
➢ Subject + will not be/ shall not be+ ing f+
object
➢ will/shall+ Subject+ be+ ing f+ Object?

❑I shall be playing football

❑ I shall not be playing football
❑ Shall I be playing football?

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 To turn Future continuous into passive
voice, place third form, and being after
Will be/shall be
 We shall be playing football
 Football will be being played by us

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I shall be writing a letter.
 We shall be writing a letter.
 You will be writing a letter.
 He will be writing a letter.
 She will be writing a letter.
 They will be writing a letter.
 Ali will be writing a letter.

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 Media an important pillar of society
 Freedom of speech
 Yellow journalism
 Sensationalism
 A tool of propaganda
 Media opinion maker
 Negative role of media

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 Positiverole of media
 Role of media in politics
 Media- a source of entertainment
 Media- a source of knowledge
 Media-the image builder
 Types of media
 Media- a source of news

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 Media- a source of acculturation
 Propagation of false news
 Excessive number of news channels
 Ethics of journalism
 Role of PEMRA
 Media- a positive representation
 Competition of news channels

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 Media and its impacts
 Suggestions
 Responsible use of media
 Regulatory authorities
 Media- a source of vulgarity
 Source of Political awareness
 Strength to democracy

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 Violations of freedom of speech
 Media a tool in the hands of elite class
 News channels for kids
 Moral responsibility of media
 Media- a power
 Need of tolerance
 Need of freedom of expression

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 Need of educated and civilized approach
 Safety of Journalists
 Training of Journalists
 4th pillar of democracy
 Fast breaking news
 Lack of investigative resources
 Rise of social media
 Boost to media industry

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 Sentence Correction
 Idioms sentences
 Precis paragraph
 Outline
 Change the voice

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