Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Assessment of Coatings For Friction-Type Connections: Mohamed Anzar, Howard Morris, and Thomas Smith
Assessment of Coatings For Friction-Type Connections: Mohamed Anzar, Howard Morris, and Thomas Smith
Assessment of Coatings For Friction-Type Connections: Mohamed Anzar, Howard Morris, and Thomas Smith
1
Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW
Introduction
Inorganic zinc silicate primers have been used for steelwork and their use at
friction-type connections has posed no real issue as AS 5100.6 specifies that the
slip factor (µ) may also be taken as 0.35 for abrasive blast cleaned steel surfaces
coated with zinc silicate coatings. If any other applied finish or surface condition,
including a machined surface is desired, the slip factor needs to be evaluated based
upon adequate test evidence. According to AS 5100.6, tests performed in
accordance with the procedure specified in AS 4100 Appendix J are deemed to
provide satisfactory test evidence.
However, there has been an increasing trend over recent years for epoxy zinc rich
(also known as organic zinc) primers to be used for the priming of new steelwork
in lieu of inorganic zinc silicate primers. This is primarily the result of the
generally superior curing and over-coating times associated with epoxy coatings
compared to inorganic zinc silicate coatings particularly when ambient conditions
are cool and dry. The greater ease of mixing and applying epoxy zinc primers is
also understood to be a key reason for preferring epoxy zinc primers over
inorganic zinc silicates, particularly for on-site works.
At present, certain epoxy zinc coatings have been proposed for friction-type
connections for RTA bridgeworks, on the basis of testing commissioned by
coating manufacturers. Initially, it was thought that the epoxy zinc primers that are
certified suitable for friction-type connections achieve this by virtue of high zinc
content. However, there have been a number of instances over the years of coating
failures on RTA bridges, involving delamination of topcoats as a result of
cohesive failures through a zinc primer coating, where a zinc primer with high
zinc content has been used for the repair of an inorganic zinc silicate primer
coating or a thermal applied zinc coating. It is believed that the risk of such
cohesive failures can be reduced by using zinc primers with a lower zinc content
where to have a higher percentage of binder in the film.
The friction characteristics of epoxy zinc primers with slightly lower zinc contents
are of interest even though the lower zinc content product appeared less likely to
satisfy the current slip-factor requirements of slip factor 0.35.
Assessment of Coatings for Friction-Type Connections 257
Test Program
Test Method
The test consists of bolting together a set of four painted plates as shown in
Fig.1and Fig.2 then loading this setup in tension to induce a small amount of slip.
22 dia 22 dia
12
27 dia 27 dia
23 dia 23 dia
25
200
12
250 250
60
120
60
74 80 40 56 56 40 80 74
The bolts compressing the plates were torqued to a range as described by the
method. Four dial gauges as in Fig.3 were placed on the setup to indicate the plate
movement (slip). The output of these gauges was recorded via a computer
program. The setup was placed in a Universal Testing Machine and tension was
258 Mohamed Anzar, Howard Morris and Thomas Smith
applied to induce slippage. The point at which the plates slipped is known as the
slip load.
Fig. 2. Assembled sample for testing Fig. 3. Sample mounted for testing
Testing Details
• The Monitor is calibrated using a NATA certified jack and gauge combination
with a sample bolt.
• The M20 bolts used in the assembly required end preparation. The probe end
(bolt head) required a suitably flat surface to allow transmittance of the
vibrations. A high speed rotary tool was used to grind the surface.
• The induced tension was measured by the monitor.
• The induced tension in the supplied bolts is lower than the minimum proof load
specified in AS5100.6. The AS 4100 Appendix J method states that the induced
tension should be at least 80% but no more than 100% of the specified proof
load. It was found with these particular bolts, non-recoverable elongation was
occurring before the minimum proof load specified in AS 5100.6 for M20 bolts
was achieved. The bolt tension induced for the series of tests was reduced to
120kN to be within the elastic limit while being more than 80% of the specified
proof load.
• Tensile load was applied to the bolted sample stepwise at a rate of 20kN/min.
The sample was tensioned at this rate for 30 seconds, then held at the load
achieved for a further 30 seconds to allow for any creep to cease (i.e.
effectively loading the sample 10kN in total per minute). This cycle was
repeated until slip of plates occurred.
Test Results
Dry Film Thickness (DFT) readings of the coated samples were taken at twenty
four locations comprising 4 readings on each face in contact before assembly
around the bolt holes of contact surfaces. The mean value of these 24 readings
was taken as the representative DFT reading of the sample and the slip factor was
compared to it.
260 Mohamed Anzar, Howard Morris and Thomas Smith
The failure mode refers to the way (speed and noise) in which the samples failed,
i.e. the slipping of the painted plate surfaces. Sample graphs of a slow slip and fast
slip are provided in Fig.7 and Fig.8, respectively. Samples that underwent a slow
failure, required the slip load to be defined at a corresponding slip of 0.13mm
(refer to AS 4100 Appendix J). For those that failed suddenly, the slip load was
easily distinguishable.
Test results for bare metal samples are given in Table.1. The coated samples were
also tested and results were calculated. The results obtained for samples of bare
metal and 9 coatings are summarized in Table.2.
Assessment of Coatings for Friction-Type Connections 261
Table II. Summary test results for bare steel and coated samples
Slip Factor
Type Nature of slip
Maximum Minimum Average Calculated Design
BS 0.47 0.24 0.32 0.17 0.24 Loud, sudden
Inorganic zinc silicate
A1 0.59 0.37 0.53 0.36 0.37 Loud, sudden
B1 0.50 0.38 0.44 0.36 0.38 Loud, sudden
C1 0.56 0.48 0.52 0.42 0.48 Loud, sudden
Epoxy zinc rich coatings (high zinc content)
A2 0.41 0.26 0.34 0.21 0.26 Loud, sudden
B2 0.40 0.28 0.35 0.25 0.28 No audible, slow
C2 0.36 0.26 0.31 0.23 0.26 No audible, slow
Epoxy zinc rich coatings (low zinc content)
A3 0.58 0.31 0.45 0.30 0.31 No audible, slow
B3 0.23 0.11 0.17 0.10 0.11 Not loud, sudden
C3* 0.20 0.14 0.16 0.11 0.14 No audible, slow
*The sample C3 originally had 5 samples but one of the test results could not be captured.
Therefore, the calculated result for this coating type was based on 4 test samples and the
statistical factor for 3 samples was used to calculate the design value for this coating shown in
Table.II.
262 Mohamed Anzar, Howard Morris and Thomas Smith
160
DFT Reading
140
120
100
DFT(microns)
80
60
40
Inorganic zinc
Bare Epoxy low Zn
20 Epoxy high Zn
Steel
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Sample Number
Fig. 9 shows the mean DFT readings from 24 readings for each sample included in
the testing program. Samples 1 to five are bare steel samples with no DFT
readings involved. Each set of five samples between two vertical lines represent
different coatings. Samples 6 to 20 are coated with inorganic zinc silicate coatings
and 21 to 50 are coated with epoxy zinc rich coatings. Coatings 21 to 35 have high
zinc contents and coatings 36 to 50 have low zinc contents.
0.7
Slip Factor
0.6
0.5
0.4
Slip Factor
0.3
Epoxy low Zn
0.2
Sample Number
Fig.10 shows the slip factors obtained based on slip load for each sample. The test
samples have two bolted connections and two very close slip factors for each
sample. The average of these two values is shown against each sample number in
Fig.10. The sample numbers in Fig.9 and Fig.10 correspond to identical samples.
Assessment of Coatings for Friction-Type Connections 263
The comparison of slip factors obtained for Samples 7, 17 and 37 and their DFT
readings in relation to other samples in their respective coating types between
vertical lines indicates that the slip factors do not appear to be influenced by the
variation in average DFT readings for the range of DFT thicknesses involved.
The design slip factor of 0.24 obtained for bare metal surfaces is less than the
value of 0.35 allowed by AS 5100.6. The slip factors for three out of five samples
were below 0.3 and were highly variable. The low values obtained cannot be
attributed to surface preparation which did not include blast cleaning as a previous
similar RTA testing program included three bare metal samples of blast cleaned
surfaces also showed lower than the AS 5100.6 design slip factor of 0.35. This
indicates that caution should be exercised before using 0.35 for bare metal
surfaces in design.
Slip factors obtained for three inorganic zinc silicate coatings represented by
samples 6 to 20 in Fig.10 satisfy the slip factor 0.35 allowed in AS 5100.6.
The slip factors for epoxy zinc rich samples, numbers 21 to 50, are highly
variable. For manufacturers B and C, higher zinc content values gave greater slip
factors than lower zinc content values. For manufacturer A, the opposite is the
case. From these results, no general rule can be drawn regarding slip factor versus
zinc content.
This project to assess the slip factors of coatings was initiated after a number of
paint manufacturers produced test certificates for various epoxy zinc rich coatings
indicating slip factors of the order of 0.50 when tested according to Specification
for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolt[3]. This specification is
issued by the United States based, Research Council for Structural Connections
(RCSC). The slip factor values reported are high compared to the values
prescribed in AS 5100.6. The key difference is that the RCSC approach utilizes
mean values of slip factor whereas the AS 5100.6 approach uses minimum values
with a statistical adjustment.
AS 5100.6 specifies a factor kh for different type holes taking 1.0 for standard
holes, 0.85 for short slotted and oversize holes and 0.70 for long slotted holes. The
RCSC specification also specifies similar factors in its equations deviating slightly
only for long slotted holes.
A case of a single bolt connection with single sliding surface and a standard hole
is used for comparison of the approaches and discussion below.
264 Mohamed Anzar, Howard Morris and Thomas Smith
RCSC Approach
The RCSC specification specifies equations for design slip resistance at the
factored-load level and at the service load level. According to the commentary,
these equations are calibrated to produce essentially the same results.
The factored load equation to calculate the slip resistance for a single bolt
connection with single sliding interface subjected to shear only becomes as below:
Rn = μDuTm
The equation for the same situation at the service-load level is as follows:
Rn = μDTm
where D is a slip probability factor with the default value of 0.80 that reflects the
distribution of actual slip coefficient values about the mean installed pretension to
the specified minimum bolt pretension Tm and slip probability level.
The RCSC uses the average slip factor obtained from 5 tests and effectively
increases the specified minimum tension by 1.13 to derive the average pretension
in the bolts for factored load level designs. The slip resistance ratio obtained
between factored load case and service load case given by the ratio of the above
two equations becomes Du/D = 1.13/0.80 = 1.41, using the default values specified
in the specification. The calibration of equations may have aimed for this ratio.
Assessment of Coatings for Friction-Type Connections 265
Australian approach
The design shear capacity for a single bolt connection with single sliding interface
subjected to shear only becomes:
φVsf = φμNti
The sample as per AS 4100 Appendix J has 2 bolted connections in each sample
giving two slip factors from each test. AS 4100 calculates the minimum possible
slip factor with 90% confidence level based on the test results obtained and uses a
factor of 0.90 or 0.85 depending on the number of samples to include effects of
small sample size used in the tests for evaluating the slip factor. The factor
calculated in this way is then used with the minimum tension specified as above.
AS 5100.6 specifies slip factor µ = 0.35 for clean steel surfaces and abrasive blast
cleaned steel surfaces coated with zinc silicate (inorganic) coatings.
AS 5100.6 specifies a capacity reduction factor φ = 0.70. RCSC does not specify a
corresponding reduction.
The RCSC slip resistance for service-load level, Rn=μ RCSC DTm.
The AS 5100.6 serviceability limit state design shear capacity, φVsf = φμ AS Nti.
Noting that D = 0.80 from above and that Tm and Nti are the minimum specified
bolt tensions and are equal, the ratio of the RCSC slip resistance to the AS 5100.6
design shear capacity equals,
Thus, the RCSC’s value is about 63% more than the AS 5100.6 design shear
capacity. Conversely, the AS 5100.6 design shear capacity is approximately 61%
of the RCSC slip resistance.
If a φ value of 1.0 were used instead of 0.7 in AS 5100.6 to calculate the design
shear capacity, then the above values of 63% and 61% become 14% and 88%
respectively. Thus even without a capacity reduction factor, AS 5100.6 gives
conservative values compared to the RCSC approach.
Conclusion
Nine different zinc rich coatings from three manufacturers and bare metal samples
were tested in accordance with AS 4100 Appendix J and the results are presented.
A slip factor of 0.35 or more was obtained for inorganic zinc silicate surfaces and
this validates the values specified in AS 5100.6.
No firm conclusion can be reached on the effects of high zinc content on slip
factors in view of the limited number of samples tested. However, the slip factors
for high zinc content epoxy coatings were found to be less variable than those for
low zinc content epoxy coatings.
The design factor of 0.24 was obtained for bare metal samples instead of 0.35
specified in AS 5100.6. The values from the testing are appeared to be closer to
the values expected for samples made with uncoated clean mill-scale steel
surfaces. Further studies are required to ascertain the reason for lower value than
specified including the effect of surface profile in the performance of blast clean
surfaces.
The slip factors do not appear to be influenced by the variation in average DFT
readings at least for the range of DFT thicknesses expected in practice.
It appears that AS 5100.6 can consider allowing slightly increased capacity for
friction-type bolted connections. The capacity reduction factor used in AS 5100.6
for calculating the design shear capacity may possibly be increased if the slip
factor is evaluated in accordance with AS 4100 Appendix J.
The friction coefficient tests conducted by other organizations may report mean
friction coefficients instead of the statistically adjusted values reported from tests
conducted according to AS 4100 Appendix J. These results should not be treated
equivalent.
Assessment of Coatings for Friction-Type Connections 267
Disclaimer
The opinions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors, and do not
necessarily represent the policy of the Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW
(RTA).
References