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1. Originality in Research
MEETING 1 MEETING 1
By the end of this chapter the scholar must be able to:

1. Understand what is Originality in Research. 16th Sept. 2017 Focus of Research Originality: 16th Sept. 2017
10. Know how to write the rationale of research.

2. Formulate a topic for Doctoral Research. Degree Level Approach Focus

11. Know how to identify research methodology.
Undergraduate Reproducible Correctness of information/data +
3. Know how to conduct literature review. 12. Know how to highlight the significance of
some analysis
4. Know how to identify the research gap. research.
Postgraduate Analytical Correctness of information/data +

5. Know how to develop problem statement. 13. Know how to write expected results. higher level analysis

14. Know how to develop the timeline of research. Doctoral Speculative Creativity (adding to the body of
6. Know how to write research questions.
knowledge)
7. Know how to pick research strategy 15. Know the Referencing styles.

8. Know how to set Research objectives. 16. Know the systematic steps of PhD research.

9. Know how to highlight need for the research. 17. Know how to present the PhD Proposal.

Discussion on A Sample Proposal

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1. Originality in Research 1. Originality in Research

MEETING 1 MEETING 1

Proofs of Originality
Originality of PhD Research can be in terms of: 16th Sept. 2017 • Contextualizing a major piece of new information • Using a different methodological16approach
Sept. 2017
th
to
• Extending, qualifying or elaborating on an existing address a problem solved before
• Tools, techniques, methods and procedures
piece of work • Synthesising information in a new or different
• Exploring the unknown/unexplored • Evaluating an original piece of work designed by way

• Exploring the unanticipated someone else • Providing a new interpretation using

• Developing a new product/service or improving existing/known information
• Data
an existing one • Repeating research in other contexts, e.g., a
• Transfer of mode or place of use • Reinterpreting an existing theory, maybe in a different country/state
different context • Applying existing ideas to new areas of study
• Experience
• Carrying out empirical work that has not been • Taking a particular technique and applying it in
• As ‘potentially publishable’. done before a new area Contd..

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1. Originality in Research 2. Research Topic Formulation

MEETING 1

Proofs of Originality
• Developing a new research tool or technique • Experimental validation of a theory Five steps approach to formulation 23rd Sept. 2017

• Taking a different approach, e.g., quantitative to • Relating variables never related before.
qualitative
• Adding to knowledge in a way that has not
previously been done before e.g., new ways of
computing
• Conducting a study on a totally new area or topic
• Producing a critical analysis of something not
previously examined
1. Identify the source of research topic
• Explaining, describing, narrating or illustrating a
2. Select a research criterion
phenomenon/event/happening/environment
3. Develop a conceptual model
• Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. & Tight, M. (1998). How to research. USA: Open 4. Develop a research title
University Press.
5. Set research objectives
• Carter, C., Bishop, J. & Lyman Kravits, S. (1996). Keys to success:
How to achieve your goals. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
• Cryer, P. (1997). The research student’s guide to success. USA: Open
University Press.

• Disproving a theory • Phillips, E.M. & Pugh, D.S. (1994). How to do PhD. USA: Open

University Press.
• Developing a superior algorithm

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2. Research Topic Formulation 2. Research Topic Formulation

1. Sources of Research Topic

23rd Sept. 2017 2. Select Research criterion 23rd Sept. 2017
 Review of literature
 Academic experience The selection of one appropriate researchable problem out of the identified problems

 Daily experience – a goal being blocked requires evaluation of those alternatives against certain criteria –

 Exposure to field situations

 Consultations  Internal Criteria – Researcher’s Interest, Competence and Resource

 Brain storming
 Intuition  External Criteria – Achievable, Importance & urgency, Novelty, Feasibility, Facility,

 Funding agency Relevance etc.

 A qualified guide
 Or any other?

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2. Research Topic Formulation 2. Research Topic Formulation

3. Example of the Conceptual Model

3. Developing the Conceptual Model 23rd Sept. 2017

Discharge current Cutting speed

A conceptual model is a representation of a system, made of the composition of
concepts which are used to help people know, understand, or simulate a subject Discharge time Material removal rate

the model represents. Tool material Wire wear rate

Work material Power consumption

Surface finish

Wire erosion rate

Independent variables Dependent variables

Conceptual Model of Process Parameter Optimization in EDM

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2. Research Topic Formulation 2. Research Topic Formulation

Example of the Conceptual Model Example of the Conceptual Model Manufacturing

Supply Chain
(S, M and C)

Physical
Down Distribution
Upstream
Stream

Research Physical

parameters Supplier Manufacturer Customer Distribution

Business
Collaboration Collaboration Process
Integration

Operation
Management

Conceptual Model of Surface Roughness Optimization (Adapted from: Mukherjee, I., & Ray, P. K. (2006). A Conceptual Model of MIS (Adapted from: Burlacu, G., Costa, R., Sarraipa, J., Jardim-Golcalves, R., & Popescu,
review of optimization techniques in metal cutting processes. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 50(1), 15-34.) D. (2014, April). A Conceptual Model of Farm Management Information System for Decision Support. In Doctoral
Conference on Computing, Electrical and Industrial Systems (pp. 47-54). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.)

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2. Research Topic Formulation 2. Research Topic Formulation

4. Developing a Working Title

4. Developing a Working Title 23rd Sept. 2017 23rd Sept. 2017
EVALUATION
Preferable key words: SYNTHESIS appraise

A title of PhD Research should indicate the: ANALYSIS arrange assess

assemble choose
APPLICATION analyze
compare
1. Topic of research COMPREHENSION
apply appraise collect
criticize
calculate compose
compute calculate
KNOWLEDGE construct estimate
categorize
2. Work carried out cite describe dramatize
compare create evaluate
discuss employ
count design judge
examine contrast
explain measure
3. Research methodology define
express illustrate debate formulate
rank
draw integrate
interpret diagram
list identify rate
differentiate manage
Rule: Maximum 16 words. name locate operate
examine organize revise
report practice
record plan score
schedule inventory
relate restate select
question prescribe
review sketch
repeat propose
solve test
underline tell
translate use

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2. Research Topic Formulation 2. Research Topic Formulation

23rd Sept. 2017 4. Developing a Working Title 23rd Sept. 2017

4. Developing a Working Title
Some acceptable titles:
Identify the mistakes: 1. Process parameter optimization in drilling: A simulation based approach.

2. Mitigating the impact of a Blowout Preventer Failure (MIT, Boston)

1. To study the role of Vanadium Oxide as a catalyst in preparing Sulphuric acid for
3. Biopotential sensor interface for stress monitoring (MIT, Boston)
industrial applications.
4. Use of the regulated secretory pathway to ease protein product recovery in animal cell culture (MIT, Boston)
2. Evaluation of suitability of Vanadium Oxide as a catalyst in preparing Sulphuric 5. A holistic approach to manufacturing system design in the defense aerospace industry (MIT, Boston)

acid for industrial applications. 6. Scanning hall probe microscopy of magnetic vortices in very underdoped Yttrium-Barium-Copper-Oxide (Stanford
University)

7. Actively controlled metasurfaces for light manipulation and control (Stanford University)

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2. Research Topic Formulation 3. Conducting Literature Review

5. Set Research Objectives 23rd Sept. 2017 What Literature Review is NOT

3 Steps in moving towards Research Objectives 1. It is not the Literature Survey.

2. It is not a section where the definitions of terms are given.

Problem Statement

3. It is not just summary of literature.

Research Strategy
Literature Review

4. It is not mere listing of the state of past and contemporary research in

Research Research Objectives of
gap questions research chronological order.

5. It is not just a theoretical background to research.

6. It is not just an acknowledgement to the work done so far.

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3. Conducting Literature Review 3. Conducting Literature Review

What is Literature Review? Essentials of Literature Review?

1. It is an exposition of what you intend to research on (or already researched) is 1. Start with the significance of the research.

worth doing. E.g. “Malaria remains one of the world’s greatest public health challenges. … Today, an
estimated 40% of the world’s population remains at risk of malaria, with 500 million cases
2. It is the critical evaluation of the work undertaken by earlier researchers with an
annually, resulting in 1–2 million deaths, mostly of young children, each year…… The
intention to improve upon the same. development of widespread resistance to relatively inexpensive drugs (such as
3. It is the reasoning on what makes you believe that what you intend to research chloroquine), the difficulty of ... have meant that poorer tropical countries have been unable

(or already researched) can add to the existing ‘body of knowledge’. to control malaria. .... The development of an effective and inexpensive vaccine is thus a
major focus of research.”
4. It is the process which enables you to find the research gap, which is the
Good, M.F., et al., (2005), Developing cost effective Vaccine , Annual Review of
difference between the desired state and current state in the topic of research.
Immunology, 23, 68-99.

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3. Conducting Literature Review 3. Conducting Literature Review

Essentials of Literature Review? Essentials of Literature Review?

2. Show that there is a need to fill the research gap. 3. Check if the literature review can lead to the building of a hypothesis.

E.g. The smart antenna is one of the promising techniques to overcome problems of multipath
propagation and co-channel interference [in wireless communication networks]. In general, it is
classified into switched-beam and adaptive arrays [1]. … The advantages of the switched-beam
antenna are the simplicity of its tracking algorithm and low cost. However, it is limited in terms of
combating interference. The adaptive array offers better performance in terms of fighting interference.
However, this is at the expense of higher costs associated with the sophisticated signal processing
algorithm and complicated hardware implementations. So, a clear research gap exists in the
availability of an intermediate solution… in the form of.....which needs to be filled.
Ngamjanyaporn, P., Krairiksh, M., and Bialkowski, M., (2005), An intermediate solution for smart antenna – A theoretical
approach, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 45 (1), 411-415.
E.g. Surface roughness of a turned work-piece is dependent on machining parameters such as
speed, feed and depth of cut, and also on tool geometry: nose radius, rake angle, ……. In addition, it
also depends on ….work piece and tool material combination and their mechanical properties…. ([6],
[11], …..and [7]). While most of these research are conducted on specific work-tool combinations
there is no evidence for the testing of a hypothesis on which one of the three machining parameters
have the most significant influence on surface roughness in case of mixed ceramic tool KY1615 and
AISI 1050 steel work material combination.
Rao, C. J., Rao, D. N., & Srihari, P. (2013). Influence of cutting parameters on cutting force and
surface finish in turning operation. Procedia Engineering, 64, 1405-1415.

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3. Conducting Literature Review 3. Conducting Literature Review

Essentials of Literature Review? Provide Summary table of Literature Review

4. Provide adequate justification for the selection of a particular topic in a given area. Author Type of study Purpose Sample and Key findings Limitations/Revi
(Year)/citation data collection ew remarks
E.g. Business intelligence technologies in manufacturing are mainly pre-packaged Davim, J. P., & Quantitative To establish a Delamination Delamination The study
Reis, P. (2003). study correlation issues were factor increases restricts to drills
dashboard applications and spreadsheet based Online Analytical Processing (OLAP). These Study of (Experimental between effectuated with cutting with helical flute
delamination in research) with cutting velocity with different velocity and and cannot be
have several shortcomings including: do not adopt holistic integration, focus on classical drilling carbon constructivist and feed rate cutting feed rate, generalized. The
reporting, limited means of sharing, limited scope for process modification…... The most fiber reinforced paradigm with the conditions with however cutting study results
plastics (CFRP) through delamination in CFRP as work velocity has may vary
effective means to eliminate these inadequacies is though Advanced Manufacturing using design empirical a CFRP laminate material and higher beyond the
experiments. Co investigation HSS Helical flute influence. speed of
Analytics approach which is the core of this research. mposite with Taguchi drill 2000rpm or a
structures, 59(4), techniques and feed rate of 0.15
Gröger, C., Niedermann, F., & Mitschang, B. (2012, July). Data mining-driven manufacturing 481-487. on the analysis mm/rev.
of Interaction
process optimization. In Proceedings of the world congress on engineering (Vol. 3, pp. 4-6). variance effect is
(ANOVA) completely
ignored.

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3. Conducting Literature Review 3. Conducting Literature Review

How to identify the Research Gap?

Gap - Characteristics Definition
1. Contradictory evidence Results from studies allow for conclusions in
their own right, but are contradictory when
examined from a more abstract point of view.
2. Knowledge void Desired research findings do not exist.
3. Action-knowledge Practical situation deviates from
conflict research findings or are not covered by research.
4. Methodological conflict A variation of research method/s is necessary
to generate new insights or to avoid distorted
findings.
5. Evaluation void Research findings or propositions need to be
evaluated or empirically verified.
6. Theory application void Theory should be applied to certain research
issues to generate new insights.
Example List the total references in the Literature review
In one study among speed and
depth of cut, speed had major
influence and opposite in
another.
Cure for AIDS
Theory says two fuels can be
mixed but practically it doesn’t
work.
Modelling and simulation shows
influence is significant but
statistics test refutes it.
Relationship established b/w
variables needs empirical
evidence.
Material behaviour cannot be
predicted under certain
conditions.

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4. Identifying the Research Gap 4. Identifying the Research Gap

Steps in narrowing down to Research Gap Steps in narrowing down to Research Gap
1. List the total number of gaps in each source 1. List the total number of gaps in each source
2. Prioritize the research gaps as High, Medium, and Low 2. Prioritize the research gaps as High, Medium, and Low
3. Combine all the high priority research gaps which will be your key research gaps of 3. Combine all the high priority research gaps which will be your key research gaps of
study. study.
E.g.

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4. Identifying the Research Gap 4. Identifying the Research Gap

Examples of Research Gap Examples of Research Gap

Management - In recent years there has been an increased focus on the relationship Computer Engineering- Earlier research focus is on items administered in random order, for a
between firm’s strategic orientation and firm performance (Madsen, 2007). Prior high-stakes test, with sufficient testing time to be considered in a computer-based test.

studies have generally found a positive relationship between Entrepreneurial However, following research gaps are evident. First, the test of longer duration is emphasized by
researchers to provide a sterner test of position effects. Second, earlier tests are developed
Orientation (EO) and firm performance (Jantunen et al., 2005; Wiklund and Shepherd,
according to a latent trait model, and test method using classical item indices is totally missing.
2005; Madsen, 2007). However, there are also studies where such a relationship has not
Third, position effects for item discrimination in addition to item difficulty has not been
been found (Smart and Conant, 1994). One reason might be that the measure that
conducted. Thus, there is a need to fill these gaps in research.
has been used to assess the firm performance has typically been a combination of
Skaggs, G. (2016). Determining item position effects in a computer-based test. International
both profitability and growth measures (Covinand Slevin, 1989; Wiklund, 1999; Avlonitis
Journal of Quantitative Research in Education, 3(1-2), 94-108.
and Salavou, 2007).
Which gap is this? Evaluation void – Empirical proof missing Which gap is this? Methodological conflict

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4. Identifying the Research Gap 4. Identifying the Research Gap

Examples of Research Gap Examples of Research Gap

Systems Engineering- A proper empirical context (data and methods) is not available in Electrical Engineering- Model Predictive Control (MPC) schemes are now being widely used in
newline-process industries for the control of key unit operations, owing to their ability to optimally control
decision support systems. Use of structural approach for modelling investment behaviour in a
multivariable system under various constraints. Linear model newline predictive control schemes which
competitive equilibrium has not been considered so far. Tests on the specification of empirical
make use of linear dynamic model limit their applicability to a narrow range of operation, as many of the
models and assessing of the validity of the hypothesis of interest is missing in literatures. Use of
modern newline-systems such as Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) in newline-chemical plants
industry level data as indicators of investment activity, and the structural estimation methods is
exhibit nonlinear dynamics. The need to achieve tighter newline-control of such a nonlinear process in
also missing. Finally, an all encompassing framework, that can test data and methods within
CSTR demands more general newline-control formulation which is missing in the research literature.
the context of economic theory is yet to be developed.
Dikos, G. (2008). Real options econometrics for aggregate tanker investment
decisions. International Journal of Ocean Systems Management, 1(1), 31-44. Prakash, J., & Senthil, R. (2008). Design of observer based nonlinear model predictive controller for a
continuous stirred tank reactor. Journal of Process Control, 18(5), 504-514.
Which gap is this? Methodological conflict + Knowledge void + Evaluation void + Theory application void Which gap is this? Theory application void

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5. Writing Problem Statement 3.5.Identifying the Research

Writing Problem Gap
Statement

Where does the Problem Statement origin from? Example of Problem Statement

• A problem statement originates from a void, conflict, contradiction, or controversy - Thermal Science – Research shows that the temperature is rising due to urbanization and

The Research Gap the issue needs immediate attention. The problem identified in this research is to identify
the effect that surface modifications can produce on the urban heat island phenomenon
Essentials of the Problem Statement?
and related ozone problem in the metropolitan areas. The basic hypothesis is that urban,
• Focus on one problem (Overall problem to be highlighted)
summertime temperatures can be significantly lowered by increasing the vegetative
• Should be as brief as possible. landscape cover and enhancing the solar reflectivity of paved and roofed surfaces within
• Should illustrate what’s wrong, what’s missing, what we don’t know or need an urban area. It is intended to investigate if in addition to a decrease in temperature, the
to know better, and what needs to be done. modification of an urban surface through more vegetative cover and lighter and lower

• Has to be synthesized in a paragraph or two, followed by your research optical brightness can also reduce energy consumption, ozone exceedances, and
detrimental influences on environmental and human health.
questions, research purpose and research objectives.

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3.5.Identifying the Research

Writing Problem Gap
Statement 3.5.Identifying the Research
Writing Problem Gap
Statement
Example of Problem Statement Template of Problem Statement (Generic, but may be modified based on type of research)
Environmental Engineering – Establishing the linkages between environmental regulations and
Having noted the need for research on …(topic)….this research undertakes an
productivity has been active since the past two decades, but most of these studies are
experimental study to investigate the influence of…(independent
concentrated only to developed countries. Environmental costs have begun to play a major role in
variables)…on…(dependent variables) …..to achieve…(outcome)….The problem
the policy making decisions of firms because of growing compliance costs and public awareness.
The traditional approach of pollution control and environmental regulations is directed by the identified in this research is to develop a ……(simulation, or )….. model that relates…(main
viewpoint that productivity is negatively associated with more environmental regulations. Another variables)…to…(main variables)..so that simulations can be conducted to identify the
view argues that regulation can be a good opportunity to spur innovation and increasing profits critical variables which need to be controlled for ….e.g., maximizing effectiveness. The
even with higher costs it imposes. Thus the problem identified in this research is to find the main tools outcome thus produced may be useful to ……..(should fill the research gap)….
adopted by industrial firms to control their pollution activities and assess if these efforts are
environmentally efficient or not. This study investigates the main determinants of adopting these
pollution control efforts. The outcome could be very useful to the policy makers in the
manufacturing industries and the concerned government bodies.

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3.6.Identifying the Research

Writing Research Gap
Questions 3.6.Identifying the Research
Writing Research Gap
Questions

Salient feature of PhD Research Questions (RQs) Sample PhD Research Questions
The RQs must be: Manufacturing
• Relevant to the discipline. • Which one of the machining parameters: speed, feed, and DOC in turning operation have the
• At the level of doctoral research. most significant influence on the surface finish of the Medium Carbon Steel work-piece while
• Addressing current problems. operated using HSS tool?
• Having adequate background information. • What would be the ideal machining conditions for producing a work-piece with a surface
• Based on research gap. roughness value in the range of 1.8 – 2 µm?
• Existing for at least 3 years.
• Original.

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3.6.Identifying the Research

Writing Research Gap
Questions 3.6.Identifying the Research
Writing Research Gap
Questions

Sample PhD Research Questions Sample PhD Research Questions

Management Information System (MIS)
• What is the influence produced by total logistics cost and level of service on the gaining of
competitive advantage in the software sector in India?
• How would the inventory cost and distribution cost affect the total cost of logistics?
• What would be the ideal design of MIS which would link supplier relationship management and
customer relationship management to supply chain management so as to gain competitive edge
in the marketplace?
Electrical Engineering
• What would be an effective navigational method to guide a Unarmed Air Vehicle (UAV) through
the landing phase considering the systems?
• What are the procedures currently in place and the future military navigational goals and also the
objective of seamlessly integrating the UAV fleet with the piloted fleet while attaining maximum
autonomy.
• What would be the solution to control a UAV through the approach of landing phase of a
recovery.

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3.6.Identifying the Research

Writing Research Gap
Questions 2. Research
7. Research Strategy
Topic Formulation

Sample PhD Research Questions Research Strategy is the overall plan of conducting research
23rd Sept. 2017
Information and Communication Engineering
• How to reduce the dimensionality of the data by removing the irrelevant and redundant information; Qualitative research Quantitative research
thus allowing the Ranking program to operate more effectively.
1. Adopts inductive approach (theory is built) 1. Adopts deductive approach (theory is tested)
• How to assure guarantee for correctness of the information provided by search engines?
2. Interpretivist perspective 2. Positivist perspective (data gathering)
• What would be the suitability of faceted interfaces as a new paradigm in complementing to keyword
searching? 3. Constructivist (socially constructed) paradigm 3. Objectivist

• What would be the importance of spotting exact, near duplicates and their unique component(s) in 4. Epistemology (how) 4. Ontology (what)
newly emerging domains like notice and comment e-rulemaking?
• How to enhance the effectiveness of Community Question Answering?

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2. Research
8. Set Topic
Research Formulation
Objectives 8. Set Research Objectives

5. Set Research Objectives 23rd Sept. 2017 Key words: 23rd Sept. 2017
Key words to be used in setting Objectives: Key words:
Key words: Key words: 22. Stipulate
Research Objective should be: 29. Classify

7. Distinguish 14. Moderate 30. Model

1. Identify 23. Forecast
1. Specific – to a given task
15. Experiment 31. Formulate
8. Validate
2. Specify 24. Predict
2. Measurable – in terms of amount of work 16. Enumerate 32. Describe
9. Assess
3. Relate 17. Calculate 25.Formalize 33. Explain
3. Achievable – in terms of outcome
10. Analyze
4. Determine 18. Fabricate 34. Explore
4. Relevant – to the research undertaken 26. Develop
11. Synthesize 35. Optimize
19. Generate
5. Investigate 27. List
5. Time bound – in terms of completion. 12. Evaluate 20. Estimate
36. Implement
6. Simulate 28.Design 37. Enhance
13. Correlate 21. Characterize

11

45
3.
8.Identifying theObjectives
Set Research Research Gap
Example of Problem Statement (Recap)
Thermal Science – Research shows that the temperature is rising due to urbanization and
the issue needs immediate attention. The problem identified in this research is to identify
the effect that surface modifications can produce on the urban heat island phenomenon
and related ozone problem in the metropolitan areas. The basic hypothesis is that urban,
summertime temperatures can be significantly lowered by increasing the vegetative
landscape cover and enhancing the solar reflectivity of paved and roofed surfaces within
an urban area. It is intended to investigate if in addition to a decrease in temperature, the
modification of an urban surface through more vegetative cover and lighter and lower
optical brightness can also reduce energy consumption, ozone exceedances, and
detrimental influences on environmental and human health.
47
8.5.Set
Writing Problem
Research Statement
Objectives
Example of Problem Statement (Recap)
Environmental Engineering – Establishing the linkages between environmental regulations and
productivity has been active since the past two decades, but most of these studies are
concentrated only to developed countries. Environmental costs have begun to play a major role in
the policy of making decisions of firms because of growing compliance costs and public awareness.
The traditional approach of pollution control and environmental regulations is directed by the
viewpoint that productivity is negatively associated with more environmental regulations. Another
view argues that regulation can be a good opportunity to spur innovation and increasing profits
even with higher costs it imposes. Thus the problem identified in this research is to find the main tools
adopted by industrial firms to control their pollution activities and assess if these efforts are
environmentally efficient or not. This study investigates the main determinants of these pollution
control efforts. The outcome could be very useful to the policy makers in the manufacturing
industries and also the concerned government bodies.
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46
3. Set
8. Identifying
ResearchtheObjectives
Research Gap
Matching the Problem Statement to Objectives (Thermal Science)
The specific objectives of this research are to:
• Review the detrimental effects of the urban heat island phenomenon, particularly as a causative factor in
promoting exceedances of air quality ozone standards, and identify mitigation alternatives that may reduce the
effects of the urban heat island.
• Illustrate the differences in temperature between the urbanized center and the surrounding areas in order to
identify the heat island in the city.
• Assess the spatial distribution of ozone levels and consider probable sources.
• Determine the relationship between temperature and ozone.
• Develop a method to analyze the urban fabric from aerial photographs, thus allowing the determination of the
proportion of vegetative, roofed, and paved surfaces as a function of land use.
• Evaluate of the effectiveness of possible mitigation strategies, with special focus on vegetation and paving
materials.
48
3. Identifying
8. Set ResearchtheObjectives
Research Gap
Matching the Problem Statement to Objectives (Environmental Engineering)
The specific objectives of this research are to:
• Explore the environmental regulations and its bearing on productivity of the industries.
• Identify the role of compliance costs in policy decisions in the industries.
• Review the tools used by the firms to control pollution.
• Characterize the determinants of pollution control efforts adopted by these industries.
• Evaluate the environmental efficiency of the above tools.
• Recommend policy enhancement to the industries with better environmental consciousness.
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8. Set Research Objectives 8. Set Research Objectives

Example: (Mechanical Engineering)

1. Identify the variables which define the performance parameters of an IC Engine Example: (Information and Communication Engineering)

2. Characterize the variables which have influence on the engine performance
3. Develop a holistic model for the study of optimum performance of the engine
4. Simulate the performance for different conditions of operation and identify the critical
parameters
5. Validate the simulation results through experimentation
6. Recommend the optimum performance criterion.
1. To propose a memory efficient CS measurement matrix for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network
(WMSN) that has less storage and energy complexity while preserving the quality of the video.
2. To design an energy efficient object detection method based on Compressed Sensing Technique
(CST) that can ensure better detection accuracy while reducing the energy complexity which in
turn improves the network lifetime.
3. To develop an efficient security mechanism for preventing the attacker from interrupting the
measurements reaching the monitoring site and to protect the privacy of the video.
4. To implement the CST framework in the WMSN test bed and evaluate the performance of the
framework.

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8. Set Research Objectives 8. Set Research Objectives

Example: (Electrical & Electronics Engineering) Example: (Electrical Engineering)

The main objective of this research study is the design and development of terminal phase flight control system for an 1. To design parameter-independent reference current/flux generation for Maximum Torque per
Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV). The objectives are:
Ampere /Maximum Torque per Flux control of the given Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous
1. To analyze the dynamics of the aircraft develop a non-linear 6-DOF model for an experimental UAV.
Motor drive (IPMSM).
2. To design Autopilot using conventional PID controllers and Gain scheduling control strategy along with the selection of
2. To develop a reluctance-mmf network-based model of IPMSM and apply it to a prototype cage-
suitable scheduling variables for an aircraft autopilot.
rotor IPMSM.
3. To design and develop a baseline controller using conventional and back-stepping approach for automatic landing of an
UAV. 3. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy on the prototype machine, including
4. To design and simulate the blending function for landing phase of an unmanned air vehicle and interface the glide and online parameter estimation.
flare path with the blending function.
4. To extend the proposed control strategy to field-rotor IPMSM where simultaneous rotor power
5. To explore the above blending function scheme for aircraft auto landing problem in normal and turbulence conditions
extraction is also attempted.
using Conventional, Neural and Fuzzy Controllers.

6. To develop a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HILS) platform for the implementation of the controller.

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8. Set Research Objectives 8. Set Research Objectives

Example: (Civil Engineering) Example: (Electronics Engineering)

The primary objective of this investigation is to evaluate the performance enhancement of Polyolefin Macro-Monofilament
Fibre Reinforced High Performance Concrete, with respect to the strength and durability of hardened concrete, Thus the 1. To analyze the probability of input signal detection and error prediction of the Projected Orthogonal Matched Filter

following are specific objectives: (POMF) receiver system using speech signal with the knowledge of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).

1. To optimise the use of mineral admixtures such as fly ash and metakaolin and chemical admixture 2. To achieve low Bit Error Rate (BER) levels for different SNR values for the designed POMF receiver.

(superplasticizer) for the development of High Performance Concrete. 3. To detect the same speech signal using linear Orthogonal Multiuser (OMU) detector and analyze the probability of error.

2. To estimate the influence of Polyolefin Macro-Monofilament Fibres on the High Performance Concrete 4. To increase the probability of correct detection for OMU detector.
(PMMFRHPC) and to optimize its dosage. 5. To estimate Mean Square Error values using Covariance Shaping Least Square estimation (CSLS) with white Gaussian
3. To determine the Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths and noise, coloured noise and speech signal.

durability investigation of PMMFRHPC. 6. To estimate MSE values using Minimax Mean Square Error (MMSE) estimation using speech signal with white Gaussian

4. To develop mathematical models for calculating the strength properties and durability of the High noise.

Performance Concrete. 7. To evaluate performance of the proposed algorithm with the existing algorithms.

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8. Set Research Objectives 9. Need for Research

Example: (Electronics & Communication Engineering) Why should you conduct this research
1. To answer a long standing research 7. To enhance productivity, performance,
1. To process ventricles and Corpus Callosum (CC) in T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance Images
question. efficiency, effectiveness etc.
using varied edge enhancement techniques,
2. To solve a problem in specific area. 8. To reduce cost, increase profit, speed up
2. To perform segmentation of ventricles and CC using Reaction Diffusion (RD) level set method and operations, or optimize resources.
3. To contribute to the specific goal of regional,
validate the results using ground truth images. 9. To improve the quality of life.
state, national, or international importance.
3. To compare the performance of RD level set method with other existing level set methods and 10. To protect nature.
4. To add to the body of knowledge.
11. To provide empirical validation
4. To extract the shape based signatures such as horn ratios, distance transform, geometric features
5. To ease certain processes, operations, 12. To develop theory
and Laplace Beltrami eigen value spectrum and analyze the morphometric changes using ratio
activities, tasks, etc. 13. To validate experimental results
metric indices and machine learning technique.
6. To test the theory 14. Any other…
5. To evaluate performance of classification with other available methods.

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9. Need for Research 9. Need for Research

What should the ‘need’ contain? Example: (Electronics Engineering)

Preferably have one or two sentences on each of the following. Wherever The atrophy of the corpus callosum (CC) is significantly greater in Mild Cognitive

necessary, give citation to earlier work. Impairment (MCI) than in healthy subjects. Callosal atrophy might lead to functional

• Importance of the problem disability because of reduced inter-hemispheric integration. Hence, atrophy
measurements of ventricle and CC structures derived using Magnetic Resonance
• Severity of problem
Imaging (MRI) are considered as valid biomarkers in the monitoring of disease
• Parallel issue, if any
progression (Peterson et al. 2001). Consequently, there is a mammoth need for the
• What would happen if the problem is not tackled
development of methods that provide accurate and objective measurement of
• Alternative approach which is not effective regional atrophy to facilitate the early diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease, and hence this
• Justify the need for current research. research.

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9. Need for Research 10. Rationale of Research

Example: (Mechanical Engineering) What is rationale of research?

• High level of smoke and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission in diesel engines cause air pollution and environmental Rationale in the context of research is a set of reasons or a logical basis for a course of action, or in simple justification
hazard. (Importance) for undertaking the research.
• With the increasing number of vehicles every year this issue is gaining national and international importance and strict
It should include:
legislation is in place already. (Severity of problem)
• Reason/s for choosing the research problem
• Research has found that higher level of smoke emission in diesel engines is mainly due to diffusive combustion based
• Reason/s for choosing a particular paradigm
on combustion chamber temperature and disassociation and availability of oxygen for combustion. (Current knowledge)
• Reason/s for choosing a particular approach
• On the other side, diesel is an exhaustible source of energy and its usage need to be minimized in the context of much
• Reasoning on how the solution through the particular research methodology would be ideal.
anticipated fuel crisis. (Parallel issue)
• Reasoning on how the work would fill the research gap
• Engine modification is one of the strategies that can be adopted to alleviate the aforementioned problem, however it will
increase the cost of automobile. (Alternative approach which is not effective)
• So, there is an immediate need to evaluate the suitability of abundant wasted cooking oil from restaurants , which is
renewable sources of energy as well as has proved ability to decrease pollutant emission (CO, CO2 & NOx) from diesel
combustion through partial substitution. (Justification for the need for current research)

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10. Rationale of Research 11. Identifying the Research Methodology

Example: Mechanical Engineering Paradigm Methods (primarily) Data collection tools (examples)
• The first reason for choosing the research is that a recent WHO study (WHO, 2016) has declared 1,600 cities across Positivist Mainly quantitative. "Although qualitative methods can be used Experiments
within this paradigm, quantitative methods tend to be predominant . . Quasi-experiments
globe to be likely to subject the dwellers to higher risk of cancer, stroke and heart disease due to air pollution and
." (Mertens, 2005, p. 12). Theory is tested by this paradigm. Tests
governmental legislations are going to be very stringent particularly for the vehicles (Justifying research problem). Scales
• Secondly, positivist paradigm of research can facilitate the evaluation of alternative fuels in terms of their ability to
Interpretivist/Qualitative methods predominate although quantitative methods may Interviews
bring down pollutant gases, as it can provide empirical proof through experiments and tests. Further, modelling and Constructivist also be utilised. Observations
simulation through Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) control system has been very effective in testing particularly Theory is developed by this paradigm. Document reviews
Visual data analysis
the NOx conversion ratio and hence will be used in this research (Justification for research methodology).
Transformative Qualitative methods with quantitative and mixed methods. Contextual Diverse range of tools - particular need to
• Finally, the main research gap is that there is no solution available to completely eliminate HC, sulphates, polycyclic and historical factors described, especially as they relate to avoid discrimination. Eg: sexism, racism,
aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, CO, CO2, and NOx while using diesel as the fuel, oppression (Mertens, 2005, p. 9). Creation of a new paradigm or and homophobia.
however, partial substitution by waste cooking oil from restaurants prepared through transesterification, which is field of science, engineering, or education.

renewable source of energy and also have proved ability to decrease pollutant emission has to be tried as an option. Pragmatic Qualitative and/or quantitative methods may be employed. Methods May include tools from both positivist and
are matched to the specific questions and purpose of the research. interpretivist paradigms. Eg Interviews,
(Justification for filling research gap)
observations and testing and experiments.

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11. Significance of research 11. Significance of research

Example: Mechanical Engineering

• Research on biodiesel usage makes a significant contribution to the society in many different forms. First of all, the
Significance of research should be in terms of:
finding of a method of partial substitution to diesel using waste cooking oil will enhance cost effectiveness. Second, it
• Contribution to the society will help in reducing atmospheric pollution. Third, it contributes to the economic growth. Fourth, it protects the flora
and fauna. Fifth, it will help the vehicles meet emission standards. Sixth, it reduces global warming and greenhouse
• Contribution to the body of knowledge
emission. (Society)
• Contribution to the theory • Secondly, this research makes a significant contribution to the body of knowledge in terms of the suitability of
possible alternative fuel by finding the fuel lubricity, and cetane number of different grades of the fuel. (Body of
knowledge).
• Finally, as Viscosity of the fuel has a bearing on the performance of fuel injection system and atomization system,
the detailed study of the viscosity of waste cooking oil at varied temperatures contributes significantly to the theory
building for improved system design (Theory building)

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12. Expected Results 12. Expected Results

Expected results could be in the following form/s Examples of Research Gap (Recap)
• Theory building • System development Computer Engineering- Earlier research focus is on items administered in random order, for a
• An unifying framework • Testing of hypotheses high-stakes test, with sufficient testing time to be considered in a computer-based test.

• Some possible answers to questions However, following research gaps are evident. First, the test of longer duration is emphasized by
• Development of an algorithm
researchers to provide a sterner test of position effects. Second, earlier tests are developed
• Contradiction to the existing • Development of a research methodology
according to a latent trait model, and test method using classical item indices is totally missing.
knowledge • Development of a new tool, technique, Third, position effects for item discrimination in addition to item difficulty has not been
• Exploration of a problem method etc. conducted. Thus, there is a need to fill these gaps in research.
• Experimental validation of a theory Skaggs, G. (2016). Determining item position effects in a computer-based test. International
Journal of Quantitative Research in Education, 3(1-2), 94-108.

Which gap is this? Methodological conflict

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12. Expected Results 12. Expected Results

Computer Science Research Gap (Recap)

The research would provide answer to the question whether the test of longer duration in
a computer-based test for sterner test of position effects. While the earlier tests are
developed according to a latent trait model, this research will design a test method using
classical item indices. Finally this research would provide position effects for item
discrimination in addition to item difficulty which has not been conducted so far.
Systems Engineering- A proper empirical context (data and methods) is not available in
decision support systems. Use of structural approach for modelling investment behaviour in a
competitive equilibrium has not been considered so far. Tests on the specification of empirical
models and assessing of the validity of the hypothesis of interest is missing in literatures. Use of
industry level data as indicators of investment activity, and the structural estimation methods is
also missing. Finally, an all encompassing framework, that can test data and methods within
the context of economic theory is yet to be developed.
Dikos, G. (2008). Real options econometrics for aggregate tanker investment
decisions. International Journal of Ocean Systems Management, 1(1), 31-44.

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12. Expected Results 12. Expected Results

Expected Results Research Gap (Recap)

Systems Engineering- This research can provide an empirical context (data and methods) Electrical Engineering- Model Predictive Control (MPC) schemes are now being widely used in
newline-process industries for the control of key unit operations, owing to their ability to optimally control
for the decision support systems. A structural approach for modelling investment behaviour in
multivariable system under various constraints. Linear model newline predictive control schemes which
competitive equilibrium may be the outcome of this research. This research results in the tests on
make use of linear dynamic model limit their applicability to a narrow range of operation, as many of the
the specification of empirical models and the assessment of the validity of the hypothesis in
modern newline-systems such as Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) in newline-chemical plants
practical situation. The research will demonstrate the systematic use of industry level data as
exhibit nonlinear dynamics. The need to achieve tighter newline-control of such a nonlinear process in
indicators of investment activity, and provide a structural estimation methods. Finally, an all
CSTR demands more general newline-control formulation which is missing in the research literature.
encompassing framework, that can test data and methods within the context of economic
theory can be expected as the outcome of this research.
Prakash, J., & Senthil, R. (2008). Design of observer based nonlinear model predictive controller
Dikos, G. (2008). Real options econometrics for aggregate tanker investment for a continuous stirred tank reactor. Journal of Process Control, 18(5), 504-514.
decisions. International Journal of Ocean Systems Management, 1(1), 31-44.

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12. Expected Results 13. Developing Timeline of Research

Electrical Engineering- This research will formulate a general newline-control to Duration in Months (3 Years – Full Time)
Research Activity
control a nonlinear process of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor. The developed model 6 12 18 24 30 36

would add to the body of knowledge of in Predictive Control Systems. 1. Course Work

2. Literature Review

3. Instrument Development/Experimental set-up/Work-

piece preparation/….
4. Data Collection/Experimentation

5. Data Analysis

6. Interpretation of Results

7. Paper Publication

8. Thesis Writing

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14. Referencing Styles 14. Referencing Styles

https://scholar.google.co.in
Referencing Styles:
1. MLA (Modern Language Association)
2. APA (American Psychological Association)
3. Harvard Style
4. Chicago
5. Vancouver
6. IEEE

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14. Referencing Styles 14. Referencing Styles

Referencing Styles in the write-up: (APA which is most popular) 1. Author citation in figure should be in the caption
1. Shirneshana (2013) claims that ……
2. Shirneshana et al., (2013) claim that ……(More than two authors) Note:
Figure and its caption should be
3. Single author - The lower percentage of biodiesel blends emits very low amount of CO2 in center justified
comparison with diesel (Shirneshana, 2013).
4. Two authors - The lower percentage of biodiesel blends emits very low amount of CO2 in
comparison with diesel (Shirneshana and Sharma, 2013).
5. Multiple authors - Biofuels such as alcohols and biodiesel have been proposed as alternatives for
diesel engines (Agarwal, 2007; Demirbas, 2007; Ribeiro et al., 2007).
6. More than two authors…. The lower percentage of biodiesel blends emits very low amount of CO2 in
comparison with diesel (Shirneshana et al., 2013).
Figure 1: Effect of biodiesel and engine load on CO2 emission (Shirneshana, 2013)

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15. Systematic Steps of PhD (Part Time)
14. Referencing Styles
Analyse & Interpret the Results,
2. Author citation in Table Draw inferences & Report Findings

Year 4
Data Collection/ Experimentation
Note:
Table and its caption should be Obtain Ethics Approval
left justified

Year 3
Identify Where, When and from Whom Data will
Table 1: Specifications of diesel and biodiesel fuels (Shirneshana, 2013) come from/Design the experimental set-up
Choose Data Collection
Instruments/Methods
Determine Data Types

Year 2
Identify Research
Methodologies
Conduct Literarure Review

Year 1
Determine area/s of Investigation
Start with Broad Notion of Discipline and of the
Paradigm you see as suiting to the Research Title

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16. How to present PhD proposal 17. Sample PhD proposal

Contents
Contents:
1. Introduction – Introduce the topic, provide background, provide motivation and need for research, introduce the key
variables 1. Introduction

2. Literature review 2. Literature review

3. Conceptual model 3. Conceptual model
4. Problem statement 4. Problem statement
5. Research questions 5. Research questions
6. Research objectives 6. Research objectives
7. Research methodology 7. Research methodology
8. Expected results 8. Expected results
9. Importance of proposed research 9. Importance of proposed research
10. Research plan schedule
10. Research plan schedule
11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken
11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken
12. Conclusions
12. Conclusions
References
References

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17. Sample PhD proposal 17. Sample PhD proposal

1. Introduction 1. Introduction
1.1. Background 1.2. Motivation
• In the recent years Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites are gaining popularity in the mechanical product  Use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite is extending its applications in automobile, aerospace and military
fields.
market.
 FRP composite offers better mechanical properties at lesser weight in comparison to metals.
• GFRP are the preferred materials nowadays for manufacturing automobile and aircraft components (Xin wang 2004).
 Drilling is an essential machining operation on any mechanical component that has to undergo assembly operation.
• Drilling of GFRP composites is a complex process since it causes severe tool wear and damage (Thakur 2014).  More than 60% of mechanical components are rejected due to bad quality drilled hole (Hocheng 2006).

• It was investigated that, during drilling operation, the tool wear was driven by the drill process parameters and it could be
minimized by controlling the drilling process parameters (Thakur 2014).
• So, the objective of this research work was to control the drilling process parameters through a systematic approach to
optimize the drill wear while machining GFRP composite laminates with High Speed Steel (HSS) drills.
 Research shows that the quality of the drilled hole depends upon drilling process parameters, material parameters and
machining conditions.
 The tool damage and wear were found to be the major problems while machining FRP composites (Kashaba 2012).
 Thus it not only interesting to study but quite rewarding in terms of cost reduction to determine ideal machining
conditions while working on FRP with HSS tool.

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1. Introduction 1. Introduction
1.3. Composite Materials 1.3. Composite Materials Matrices

Composite materials basically have 2 constituents, Composite materials are classified as,
• A continuous phase or ‘Matrix’ or ‘Resin’, based on matrix:
Polymer Metal Ceramic Carbon and Graphite
• The dispersed phase or ‘Reinforcement’ or ‘Fiber’ (Campbell 2007).
Glass
Alloys (aluminium, magnesium)

Cermets
Thermoplastics (polystyrenes, nylons)

Thermosets (epoxy, polyester) Cements

Figure 1.1: Classification of composites based on types of matrix (Campbell, 2007)

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1. Introduction 1. Introduction
1.3. Composite Materials 1.3. Composite Materials
Composite materials are classified as, Some applications:
based reinforcement form:

Figure 2.3: Application of Composites in wind mill, Aerospace and marine applications (Ying, 2015)

Figure 1.2: Classification of composites based on reinforcement form (Campbell, 2007)

Figure 2.4: Application of Composites in transport industry (Ying, 2015)

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1. Introduction 1. Introduction
1.3. Composite Materials 1.4. Wear Map Mechanism
Some applications: • Also known as - wear rate maps / wear transition maps / wear mechanism maps.

• These maps provide a global picture of how materials in relative motion behave under different operating

conditions.

• They also relate the dominant wear mechanisms under different conditions.

• With the ability to provide information on the conditions under which a transition from mild wear to severe

wear takes, wear maps are useful to designers in order to find optimum process parameters.

• The maps are also useful to make optimal decisions in the design and material selection of tribological

Figure 2.7: Application of various types of polymer composites in aircraft parts (Mehtha, 2017) contacts (Lim 1998).

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Contents: 2. Literature Review

2.1. Summary table
1. Introduction
Author Type of study Purpose Sample and Key findings Limitations/Revi
2. Literature review (Year)/citation data collection ew remarks
3. Conceptual model Davim, J. P., & Quantitative To establish a Delamination Delamination The study
Reis, P. (2003). study correlation issues were factor increases restricts to drills
4. Problem statement
Study of (Experimental between effectuated with cutting with helical flute
5. Research questions delamination in research) with cutting velocity with different velocity and and cannot be
drilling carbon constructivist and feed rate cutting feed rate, generalized. The
6. Research objectives
fiber reinforced paradigm with the conditions with however cutting study results
7. Research methodology plastics (CFRP) through delamination in CFRP as work velocity has focus only on
8. Expected results using design empirical a CFRP laminate material and higher delamination.
experiments. Co investigation HSS Helical flute influence. Wear map
9. Importance of proposed research mposite with Taguchi drill mechanism has
10. Research plan schedule structures, 59(4), techniques and not been
481-487. on the analysis carried our and
11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken of process
12. Conclusions variance parameter
(ANOVA) optimization is
References missing.

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2. Literature Review Contents:

2.2 Research Gap 1. Introduction

 Analytical and computational wear models could be provided by plotting wear-maps for specific 2. Literature review
3. Conceptual model
material and tool combination, nevertheless no such maps are available for drilling operation with the
4. Problem statement
combination of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) work-piece and HSS tool.
5. Research questions
 There is a lacuna in process parameter simulation in the drilling of GFRP composite to control the
6. Research objectives
wear of the tool using Artificial Neural Network under the constant material thickness and the weight 7. Research methodology
fraction conditions. 8. Expected results
 A systematic wear map based approach using quantitative techniques to minimize the drill wear and 9. Importance of proposed research

at the same time maximize its machining performance is totally missing for the above work-piece and 10. Research plan schedule
11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken
tool combination.
12. Conclusions
References

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3. Conceptual Model 17. Sample PhD proposal 17. Sample PhD proposal

1200 rpm Contents:

1. Introduction
1500 rpm Spindle speed
2. Literature review
1800 rpm 3. Conceptual model
4. Problem statement
0.1 mm/rev 5. Research questions

0.2 mm/rev Drill feed Flank wear 6. Research objectives

7. Research methodology
0.3 mm/rev
8. Expected results
6 mm 9. Importance of proposed research
8 mm Drill diameter 10. Research plan schedule
10 mm
11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken
Independent variables Dependent variable 12. Conclusions
Figure 3.1: Conceptual Model
References

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17. Sample PhD proposal 17. Sample PhD proposal

Contents:
4. Problem statement
1. Introduction
The problem identified in this research is to develop wear map mechanism to illustrate
2. Literature review
the influence of spindle speed (1300 to 1700 rpm) and drill feed (0.1 to 0.3 mm/rev) 3. Conceptual model

using drills of 6 to 10 mm diameter on the flank wear under the combination of Glass 4. Problem statement
5. Research questions
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) work-piece and HSS drill. Mathematical model will
6. Research objectives
have to be developed to estimate flank wear under above conditions. The flank surface 7. Research methodology
8. Expected results
has to be qualitatively studied for wear through surface micrograph to analyse micro-
9. Importance of proposed research
cutting and smudging of matrix material. Finally, process parameter optimization has to 10. Research plan schedule
be carried out to recommend ideal cutting parameters under minimum wear conditions. 11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken
12. Conclusions
References

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Contents:
5. Research questions
1. Introduction
1. What are the typical work-piece and drill material combinations used in aerospace
2. Literature review
industries? 3. Conceptual model
2. What would be the general range of drill size, drill speed and feed rate at which these 4. Problem statement

operations are typically conducted? 5. Research questions

6. Research objectives
3. What are the factorial combinations that could be possible under the machining conditions for
7. Research methodology
the above referred situations? 8. Expected results
4. How to optimize the machining parameters for the chosen drills so as to minimize the flank 9. Importance of proposed research

wear of the drill? 10. Research plan schedule

11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken
5. What would be the mathematical model for flank wear accounting for the machining
12. Conclusions
variables?
References

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Contents:
6. Research Objectives
1. Introduction
1. Identify the drill process parameters which could possibly have influence on the drill flank wear.
2. Literature review
2. Determine the optimum machining parameters for the GFRP composite work piece and uncoated
3. Conceptual model
HSS drill combinations. 4. Problem statement
3. Perform qualitative analysis of the worn out drill surface to assess the wear pattern. 5. Research questions
4. Develop an ANN based simulation model to study the influence of machining variables on flank wear 6. Research objectives

of the drill. 7. Research methodology

8. Expected results
5. Build wear mechanism maps to identify the optimum machining parameters for the identified
9. Importance of proposed research
combination of work-piece, tool and Machining conditions.
10. Research plan schedule
6. Recommend the safety zone for operating under minimum wear rate of the drill flute flank wear
11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken
under the above conditions. 12. Conclusions
References

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8. Research Methodology 8. Research Methodology

1. This method mainly adopts a quantitative approach to research even though it involves quantitative
approach to some extent. While the former is used for systematic empirical investigation of
observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical and computational techniques the latter is used
to the drawing of inferences through microscopic images. Precisely, this research may be
categorized under Experimental Research.
2. The statistical techniques are adopted to test hypotheses and are mainly in the form of Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA).
3. Mathematical formulation is through Multiple Regression Equation model.
4. Computational methods are based on Artificial Neural Network technique.

Fig. 8.1: Framework of Research Methodology (Adapted from Buckley & Chiag, 2012)

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8. Research Methodology 8. Research Methodology

The sequence of research processes are:

Figure 8.2: Research Process (Adapted from Saunders et al., 2003)

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8. Research Methodology 8. Research Methodology

Work-piece details: Table 4.1: Factors and levels
Experimental Design: No. of Levels
Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite laminate Symbols Factors
Level 1 Level2 Level 3
(Taguchi Design) A Speed (rpm) 1200 1500 1800
Matrix system B Feed (mm/rev) 0.1 0.2 0.3
C Drill diameter (mm) 6 8 10
• Isophthalic Polyester resin.
Random+ Random +
D Fabric type Random
• The curing catalyst -Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (MEKP). Reinforcement system (S- glass fiber)
Stitch (R+S) Rowings (R+Ro)
Table 4.2: L9 Orthogonal array Table 4.3: Detailed design of experiments
• The density of resin used is 2.4 g/cc. • Density 2.56 g/cc Expt. No. A B C D Spindle Speed Feed Rate Drill Diameter Fabric
Expt No.
E1 1 1 1 1 (rpm) (mm/rev) (mm) Type
• Tensile strength 2 Gpa E2 1 2 2 2 E1 1200 0.1 6 R
E2 1200 0.2 8 R+S
E3 1 3 3 3
• Strain to failure 2.4% E4 2 1 2 3
E3 1200 0.3 10 R+Ro
E4 1500 0.1 6 R+Ro
• Tensile modulus 70 Gpa E5 2 2 3 1
E5 1500 0.2 8 R
E6 2 3 1 2 E6 1500 0.3 10 R+S
Figure 8.3: Mats with different glass fiber orientation (Random, Stitched and Rowings)
• Co-efficient of thermal expansion 5.0 E7 3 1 3 2 E7 1800 0.1 6 R+S
E8 3 2 1 3 E8 1800 0.2 8 R+Ro
X10-6/0C E9 3 3 2 1 E9 1800 0.3 10 R

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Table 4.4: Drill specification
Drill No. 1 2 3
8. Research Methodology
Experimental Set-up: Tool diameter 6 mm 8 mm 10mm ANN Design:
No. of Flutes 2 2 2
Point angle 118º 118º 118º
Helix angle 30º 30º 30º
Flute length 67 mm 77 mm 87 mm
Shank type Cylindrical Cylindrical Cylindrical Figure 4.3. HSS drills of 10,8 and 6 mm diameter

where
wij : weight between ith and jth layer
and
bij: bias weight between ith and jth layer

wjk: weight between jth and kth layer

Figure 8.4. Computerized Numerically Controlled
Vertical Machining Centre
and
Figure 8.6: ANN network structure of input and output parameters for bjk: bias weight between jth and kth layer
Figure 8.5. VMC performing drilling on
the flank wear prediction (Author)
composite specimen

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Contents: 8. Expected Results

1. Introduction
2. Literature review
1. Statistical significance of influence of speed, feed and drill diameter on drill flank
3. Conceptual model wear considering first and second order interaction effects for different GFRP
4. Problem statement
composite types.
5. Research questions
6. Research objectives 2. Mathematical model of flank wear in terms of the above parameters.
7. Research methodology 3. Simulation model to study the flank wear phenomenon.
8. Expected results
4. Micrographs for the qualitative study of tool wear phenomenon.
9. Importance of proposed research
10. Research plan schedule 5. Optimum machining parameters for operating on GFRP composites using uncoated
11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken HSS drills.
12. Conclusions
References
6. Recommendations for safe zone operation of the drill.

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Contents: 9. Importance of proposed research

1. Introduction • Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite has a wide range of engineering applications, particularly in
2. Literature review automobile and aerospace industries, owing to their high strength to weight ratio, however the machining operations
3. Conceptual model of the components having GFRP have to be under controlled conditions for cost effectiveness.
4. Problem statement • The theory of machining parameter optimization is an immense source of knowledge, which enables the reaching of
5. Research questions ideal machining conditions and this research can contribute to this purpose.
6. Research objectives • There is a lack of research literature support available for identifying the causes of flank wear and how it can be
7. Research methodology minimized. While the right selection of the appropriate tool for machining a given work-piece is a possible solution,
8. Expected results running the machining operation under specific predetermined conditions could be an alternative solution,
9. Importance of proposed research particularly when limited work-piece and tool combinations are available, and the outcome of this research can help
10. Research plan schedule achieve it in the context of GFRP composite machining using uncoated HSS drill.
11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken • The mathematical and computational modelling of machining parameters have been a continuous process owing to
12. Conclusions their importance and the outcome of this research can immensely contribute to the ‘body of knowledge’ in this area.
References

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17. Sample PhD proposal 17. Sample PhD proposal

Contents: 10. Research plan schedule

1. Introduction Duration in Months (3 Years – Full Time)
2. Literature review Research Activity
6 12 18 24 30 36
3. Conceptual model
1. Course Work
4. Problem statement
2. Literature Review
5. Research questions
6. Research objectives
3. Instrument Development/Experimental set-up/Work-
piece preparation/….
7. Research methodology
4. Data Collection/Experimentation
8. Expected results
5. Data Analysis
9. Importance of proposed research
6. Interpretation of Results
10. Research plan schedule
11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken 7. Paper Publication

12. Conclusions 8. Thesis Writing

References

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17. Sample PhD proposal 17. Sample PhD proposal

Contents:
11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken
1. Introduction
2. Literature review • The GFRP composite material preparation has been carried out using hand
3. Conceptual model
laying technique.
4. Problem statement
5. Research questions • Drill bits of the required specification (6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm) have been
6. Research objectives
procured.
7. Research methodology
8. Expected results • The factorial combinations have been identified for full factor experimental
9. Importance of proposed research work.
10. Research plan schedule
11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken • The CNC machine has been configured for data transfer to the software
12. Conclusions package.
References

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17. Sample PhD proposal 17. Sample PhD proposal

Contents: 12. Conclusions

1. Introduction
2. Literature review
• The proposed research is initiated through the identification of a research gap which
3. Conceptual model needs to be filled.
4. Problem statement
• There is adequate evidence for research in metal working and the outcome of the
5. Research questions
6. Research objectives work with the specified work-piece and tool combination can add to the body of
7. Research methodology knowledge.
8. Expected results
• This research is a systematic application of DOE, ANN and Statistical tool for an
9. Importance of proposed research
10. Research plan schedule machining process optimization problem in manufacturing.
11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken • The outcome of this research would immensely benefit both academics and
12. Conclusions
References
practitioners.

119 120

17. Sample PhD proposal 17. Sample PhD proposal

Contents: References
1. Introduction
2. Literature review
• All the references in the Research Proposal may be hyperlinked.
3. Conceptual model
4. Problem statement
5. Research questions
6. Research objectives
7. Research methodology
8. Expected results
9. Importance of proposed research
10. Research plan schedule
11. Preliminary work/ pilot study undertaken
12. Conclusions
References

30
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Thank You 

29th International Business Research

Conference, Sydney,Australia, 2014

31