Installation of Ubuntu 14

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Linux &shell programming
1. INSTALLATION OF UBUNTU 14
1) Booting Computer with Ubuntu 14.04 installation media.

Boot your computer with Ubuntu 14.04 installation media like (Burned CD/DVD or ISO
image). After booting from your installation media it will display the below screen.
2) Choosing Ubuntu installation

Choose install Ubuntu to install Ubuntu 14.04 on your system
Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

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3) Preparing to Install Ubuntu

Verifying Hard disk whether sufficient space available or not to install and checking
internet connection to download required files, and hit Continue button to move forward.
4) Installation Type
This step is important one but simple. For Fresh installation choose first option Erase disk
and install Ubuntu and it will erase whole disk and create partition table automatically
then move forward. If you choose fourth option something else and it will also erase
wholedisk but need to create partition table manually then move forward.

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Its fresh installation, so I’m choosing first option and hit Install Now
5) Choose your location

Choose your location then hit Continue.

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6) Keyboard layout Selection

Choose your Keyboard layout here, then hit Continue.
7) Create new user and password

Create new user and password on your system then hit Continue.

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8) Copying files
Ubuntu Installer now copying all the system files to your hard disk.
9) Installation process is on-going

Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr) Installation process is on-going and it will take shot
while to complete the installation

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10) Installation got completed.

Now, installation got completed and Remove your installation media then hit Restart
Now button.
11) Ubuntu 14.04 login screen

Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr) login screen, enter your password and hit Enter button to
launch your Desktop

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12) Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Desktop screen

Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr) Desktop screen and play with new Ubuntu.

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2. DESCRIPTION ON LINUX DISTRIBUTION

A Linux distribution is an operating system made as a collection of software based around the
Linux kernel and often around a package management system. Linux distributions are available
for a wide variety of systems, from embedded devices and personal computers up to the
powerful supercomputers with specialized functionalities or down to small embedded systems.
Linux distributions are primarily based on free and open-source software. There are
currently over six hundred Linux distributions. The some Linux distributions are discussed here.
1. Mandriva
2. Ubuntu
3. Redhat
4. Fedora
5. SUSE
6. Debian
Mandriva
Mandriva Linux (formerly Mandrake Linux) is a Red Hat-based operating system created by the
French software company Mandriva (formerly Mandrakesoft). It is the result of the technical
merging of the former Mandrake Linux and Conectiva distributions. Mandriva is released in
both desktop and server flavors. The latest version is Mandriva Linux 2011, "Hydrogen".
Mandriva provides multiple editions of Linux. Some were freely distributable until 2012, while
now they are only sold online and via a network of authorized resellers. Prior open source code
of the old Mandriva Free was later forked into free derivatives like Mageia
and OpenMandriva Lx.

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Ubuntu
The vision for Ubuntu is part social and part economic: free software, available to everybody on
the same terms, and funded through a portfolio of services provided by Canonical.
Ubuntu is different from the commercial Linux offerings that preceded it because it doesn't
divide its efforts between a high-quality commercial version and a free 'community' version.
The commercial and community teams collaborate to produce a single, high-quality release,
which receives ongoing maintenance for a defined period. Both the release and ongoing
updates are freely available to all users.
The first official Ubuntu release -- Version 4.10, codenamed the 'Warty Warthog' — was
launched in October 2004, and sparked dramatic global interest as thousands of free software
enthusiasts and experts joined the Ubuntu community.
Ubuntu today has eight flavors and dozens of localized and specialized derivatives. There are
also special editions for servers, OpenStack clouds, and mobile devices. All editions share
common infrastructure and software, making Ubuntu a unique single platform that scales from
consumer electronics to the desktop and up into the cloud for enterprise computing.

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Red hat
Red Hat was one of the first companies to realize that "free" software could be sold as a
product. After examining the successful marketing campaign of Evian water, Red Hat concluded
that to achieve success, the company had to create more Linux users and brand Red Hat as the
Linux name that customers preferred. Today, the "Red Hat Plan" is discussed as a model in
business schools.
The advantage to buying the distribution from Red Hat, rather than assembling it yourself at no
cost, is the support you receive. Red Hat offers services that aren't provided as quickly by
individual component developers, including members of the Free Software Foundation. Like all
free software, Red Hat's packages allow the buyer to modify and even resell modified versions
of code as long as they do not restrict anyone else from further modification.
Red Hat provides over 400 different software packages, including the C language compiler from
Cygnus, a Web server from Apache, and the X Window System from X Consortium.

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Fedora
Fedora has a relatively short life cycle: version X is supported only until 1 month after version
X+2 and with approximately 6 months between versions, this means that a version of Fedora is
supported for approximately 13 months. This promotes leading-edge software because it frees
developers from some backward compatibility restraints, but it also makes Fedora a poor
choice for product development, which usually requires long-term vendor-support. Fedora
users can upgrade from version to version using FedUp
Fedora comes installed with a wide range of software such as LibreOffice and Firefox.
Additional software is available from the software repositories and can be installed using the
yum or dnf package managers with graphical interfaces, such as GNOME Software, also being
available.
Suse
SUSE (suu-zah) is a German-based, multinational, open-source software Company that develops

and sells Linux products to business customers. Founded in 1992, it was the first company to
market Linux for the enterprise. It is also the primary sponsor of the community-supported
openSUSE Project which develops the openSUSE Linux distribution. The company is a wholly
owned subsidiary of The Attachmate Group.
Starting with the launch of the SUSE Linux Enterprise 10 platform in July 2006, the SUSE Linux
Enterprise 10 platform was the basis for both the server and desktop with an almost identical
code base.

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Debian
Debian (/ˈdɛbiən/) is an operating system which is composed primarily of free software, most
of which is under the GNU General Public License, and developed by a group of volunteers
which relies on the Internet to collaborate. This collective group of individuals is known as the
Debian project. Debian is one of the most popular Linux distributions for personal computers
and network servers, and has been used as a base for several other Linux distributions.
Debian 6.0 introduced support for a new kernel aside from the Linux kernel: the kFreeBSD
kernel. This project's new kernel is released as a technology preview and still lacks the amount
of software available in Debian's Linux distribution. GNU/kFreeBSD is offered for Intel/AMD 32-
bit and 64-bit architecture machines. Debian now supports two kernels, Linux and kFreeBSD,
and offers GNU Hurd unofficially.

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3. BASIC COMMANDS IN LINUX

1. ls
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Syntax
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Option Description
-l use a long listing format
Example:
$ ls -l
Output:
total 8
drwxrwxr-x 2 it it 80 Aug 20 12:13 linux
-rw-rw-r-- 1 it it 9 Aug 20 12:10 LinuxLabCycle.docx
drwxrwxr-x 2 it it 40 Aug 20 12:02 networking
drwxrwxr-x 2 it it 40 Aug 20 12:01 php
-rw-rw-r-- 1 it it 10 Aug 20 12:11 PhpLabCycle.docx
-r reverse order while sorting
Example::
$ ls -r
Output::
PhpLabCycle.docx php networking LinuxLabCycle.docx linux
-R list subdirectories recursively
Example:
ls -R
Output:
./linux:
mod1.docx mod2.pdf
./networking:
./php:
-s print the allocated size of each file, in blocks

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Example:
ls -s
Output:
total 8
0 linux 4 LinuxLabCycle.docx 0 networking 0 php 4
PhpLabCycle.docx
-c sort by ctime, newest first
Example:
ls -c
Output:
linux PhpLabCycle.docx LinuxLabCycle.docx networking php
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
Example:
ls -m
Output:
linux, LinuxLabCycle.docx, networking, php,
PhpLabCycle.docx
2.grep
grep, egrep, fgrep, rgrep - print lines matching a pattern
Syntax
grep [OPTIONS] PATTERN [FILE...]
Option Description
-v Print the version number of grep to the standard output stream.
Example:
$ grep -v a f1
Output:
ANju
dEEpu
ACHU
AniL

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-c Suppress normalOutput; instead print a count of matching lines for each input file.
Example:
~$ grep -c A f1
Output:
3
-I Ignore case distinctions in both the PATTERN and the inputFiles.
Example:
~$ grep -i e f1
Output:
meera
meera
dEEpu
-o Print only the matched (non-empty) parts of a matching line.
Example:
~$ grep ra -o f1
Output:ra
ra
-n Prefix each line of Output: with the 1-based line number within its input file.
Example:
~$ grep -n a f1
Output:
1:meera
2:Susan
3:meera
6:aCHU
-l Suppress normal Output; instead print the name of each input file from
which Output:would normally have beenprinted.

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Example:
~$ grep -l a f1 f2
Output:
f1
f2
-L Suppress normaloutput; instead print the name of each input file from which no output
would normally have been printed.
Example:
~$ grep -L meera f1 f2
Output:
f2
-w Select only those lines containing matches that form whole words.
Example:
~$ grep -w meera f1 f2
Output:
f1:meera
f1:meera
3.rm
Remove files or directories
Syntax
rm [OPTION]... FILE...
Option Description
-I prompt before every removal.
Example:
~$ rm -i f3
Output:
rm: remove regular file „f3‟? y

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-f ignore nonexistent files and arguments, never prompt.
Example:
~$ rm -f f5
-r remove directories and their contents recursively.
Example:
~$ rm -v -r flag
Output:
removed directory: „flag‟
-v explain what is being done.
Example:
~$ rm -v f2
Output:
removed „f2‟
4. wc
print newline, word, and byte counts for each file.
Syntax
wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Option Description
-c print the byte counts.
Example:
~$ wc -c f1
Output:
44 f1
-m print the character counts.
Example:
~$ wc -m f2
Output:
19 f2

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-l print the newline counts.
Example:
~$ wc -l f2
Output:
7 f2
-L print the length of the longest line.
Example:
~$ wc -L f1
Output:
5 f1
-w print the word counts
Example:
~$ wc -w f1
Output:
8 f1
5.pwd
print name of current/working directory.
Syntax
pwd [OPTION]...
Example:
~$ pwd
Output:
/home/chinjunv

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6. cat
Concatenate files and print on the standard output.
Syntax
cat [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Option Description
-A equivalent to -v
Example:
~$ cat -A f2
Output:anu$
govind$
radhu$
jiji$
lolitta$
appu$
-b number nonempty output lines, overrides –n.
Example:
~$ cat -b f2
Output:
1 anu
2 govind
3 radhu
4 jiji
5 lolitta
-s suppress repeated empty output lines.
Example:
~$ cat -s f4
Output:
devu
sain
binu

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-E display $ at end of each line.
Example:
~$ cat -E f1
Output:
meera$
Susan$
meera$
ANju$
dEEpu$
aCHU$
ACHU$
AniL$
-n number all output lines.
Example:
~$ cat -n f2
Output:
anu
govind
radhu
jiji
lolitta
7.date
print or set the system date and time.
Syntax
date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
Option Description
-d display time described by STRING, not 'now'.
Example:
~$ date --date='15 days ago'

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Output:
Fri Sep 5
-r display the last modification time of FILE.
Example:
~$ date -r f3
Output:
Sat Sep 20 13:12:50 IST 2014
-u print or set Coordinated Universal Time.
Example:
~$ date –u
Output:
Sat Sep 20 07:54:11 UTC 2014
-R output date and time in RFC 2822 format.
Example:
~$ date -R
Output:
Sat, 20 Sep 2014 13:25:16 +0530
8. mv
move (rename) files
Syntax
mv [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
Option Description
-l use a long listing format
Example:
~$ mv f newfile

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-f do not prompt before overwriting
Example:
~$ mv -f newfile
-I prompt before overwrite
Example:
~$ mv -i f newfile
Output:
mv: overwrite „newfile‟? y
-n do not overwrite an existing file
Example:
mv -n newfile file
-v explain what is being done
Example:
~$ mv -v filelinux
Output:
„file‟ -> „linux‟
9. cat
concatenate files and print on the standard output
Syntax
cat [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Example:
~$ cat linux

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Output:
file
directory
bash
ash
zsh
Option Description
-A show all
Example:
~$ cat -A linux
Output:file$
directory$
bash$ ash$
-b number nonempty output lines, overrides –n
Example:
~$ cat -b flower
Output:
1 rose
2 jasmine
3 lotus
4 lilly
-s suppress repeated empty output lines
Example:
~$ cat -b -s flower
Output:
1 rose
2 jasmine

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3 lotus
4 lilly
-n number all output lines
Example:
~$ cat -n flower
Output:
1 rose
2 jasmine
3 lotus
4 lilly
-E display $ at end of each line
Example:
$ cat -E flower
Output:rose$
$
$
$
jasmine$
lotus$
$
$
lilly$
$
10. head
output the first part of files
Syntax
head [OPTION]... [FILE]...

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Option Description
-c print the first K bytes of each file
Example:
~$ head -c 10 linux
Output:
File
-n print the first K lines instead of the first 10
Example:
~$ head -2 linux
Output:file
directory
-q never print headers giving file names
Example:
~$ head -q linux
Output:file
directory
bash
ash
11. tail
output the last part of files
Syntax
tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Option Description
-c output the last K bytes

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Example:
~$ cat linux
Output:
file
directory
bash
ash
Example:
~$ tail -c 3 linux
Output:
sh
-f outputappended data as the file grows
Example:
~$ tail –f linux
Output:file
directory
bash
ash
new data
-n output the last K lines
Example:
~$ tail -3 linux
Output:directory
bash
ash
12. paste
merge lines of files

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Syntax
paste [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Option Description
-d reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs
Example:
linux
Output: new
new
exam
exam
-s paste one file at a time instead of in parallel
Example:
~$ paste -s linux
Output:
file directory bash ash
13. file
determine file type
Syntax
file [-bchiklLNnprsvz0] [--apple] [--mime-encoding] [--mime-

type][-e testname] [-F separator] [-f namefile] [-m magicfiles]
file ...
Option Description
-b do not prepend filenames to output lines (brief mode)

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Example:
~$ file -b flower
Output:
ASCII text
-c cause a checking printout of the parsed form of the magic file
Example:
~$ file -c flower
Output:
cont offset type opcode mask value desc
-e exclude the test named in testname from the list of tests made to determine the
file type
Example:
~$ file -e ascii flower
Output:
flower: data
-F Use the specified string as the separator between the filename and the file
result returned. Defaults to ‘:’
Example:
~$ file -F @ flower
Output:
flower@ ASCII text
14. chmod
change file mode bits
Syntax
chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...

chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE ...
chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...

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Option Description
-v --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed
Example:
chmod o-rf1
Output:
-rwxrw---- 1 lb233 lb233 10 Jan 8 16:10 f1
15.cp
copy files and directories
Syntax
cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST

cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
Example:
cat>>file1
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13
cat>>file2
flag color
Example:
cp file1 file2
cat file2
Output:
12
13
16.tee
read from standard input and write to standard Output: and files

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Syntax
tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Option Description
-a --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
Example:
tee -a f1
apple
orange
Output:
1
2
3
4
5
apple
orange
17.tr
translate or delete characters
Syntax
tr [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]
Example:
tr "[a-z]" "[A-Z]" <f2
Output:
A
B
C
D
E

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18.echo
display a line of text
Syntax
echo [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]...
echo LONG-OPTION
Example:
echo sree narayana gurukulam
Output:
sree narayana gurukulam
19.sort
sort lines of text files
Syntax
sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Option Description
-n --numeric -sort compare according to string numerical value
Example:
cat>>f5
Output:
debian
suse
fedora
mandriva
redhat
Example:
sort -n f5
Output:debian
fedora
mandriva
redhat
suse

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20. find
find - search for files in a directory hierarchy
Syntax
find [-H] [-L] [-P] [-D debugopts] [-Olevel] [path...]

[expression]
Option Description
-d A synonym for -depth, for compatibility
Example:
find /home/mca/India -type d
Output:
/home/mca/India
/home/mca/India/bharat
Example:
find /home/mca -name f?
Output:
/home/mca/India/f1
/home/mca/India/f2
/home/mca/f4
21. pipe
the standard output of one command can be send on standard input to another command
Example:
cat f2 | tee mca
Output:
Unix
Redhat
Fedora
Open SUSE

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Example:
cat f2 | head -3 | tail -1
Output:
3. Fedora
22.chown
chown - change file owner and group
Syntax
chown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE...
chown [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
Option Description
-v --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed

-R --recursive operate on files and directories recursively
Example:
sudo chown mca
f2 ls -l
Output:
-rw-rw-r-- 1 mca mca 41 Jan 8 20:39 f2

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4.SHELL
PROGRAMMING
PROGRAM NO:1
DATE: 14-07-2015
AIM
The length & breadth of a rectangle & radius of a circle are input through the keyboard.
Write a shell program to calculate the area & perimeter of rectangle, and the area &
circumference of the circle.
PROGRAM
echo "Enter length and breadth of

rectangle" read l
read b
echo "Enter radius of
circle" read r
echo "area of
rectangle=" area_=ècho
"$l*$b"|bc` echo $area_
echo "Perimeter of
rectangle=" s=ècho "$l +
$b"|bc` pr=ècho "$s * 2"|bc`
echo $pr
echo "area of circle="

area_c=ècho "3.14 * $r *
$r"|bc` echo $area_c
echo "Circumference of
circle" cir=ècho "2 * 3.14 *
$r "|bc` echo $cir
OUTPUT
lb245@lb245:~/reenu$ bash

35
area.sh Enter length and breadth

of rectangle 5 6
Enter radius of
circle 34

36
Linux & Shell Programming

35
area of
rectangle= 30
Perimeter of
rectangle= 22
area_ea of circle=
3629.84
Circumference of
circle 213.52
PROGRAM NO:2
DATE: 21-07-2015
AIM
7. Write a shell program to read marks scored in 3 subjects (out of 100). Calculate
the percentage of marks & display the grade based on the following conditions.
% Grade
80-100 A
70-79 B
60-69 C
<=59 D(Failed)
PROGRAM
echo " GRADE OF STUDENTS

" echo "enter 3 marks"
read m1
read m2
read m3
tot=ècho "$m1+$m2+$m3"|bc`
echo "TOTAL MARK=" $tot
percent=ècho "($tot*100)/300"|bc`
echo "PERCENTAGE=" $percent
if [ $per -ge 80 -a $percent -le

100 ] then echo "A grade"
elif [ $percent -ge 70 -a $percent -le
79 ] then echo "B grade"
37
elif [ $percent -ge 60 -a $percent -le

69 ] then echo "C grade"
else
echo "D grade-FAILED"

38

36
fi
OUTPUT
GRADE OF STUDENTS
enter 3 marks
56
78
89
TOTAL MARK= 223
PERCENTAGE= 74
B grade
PROGRAM NO:3
DATE: 31-05-2015
AIM
Write a script that receives year as argument and check whether it is leap year. If no
argument is given assume the current year.
PROGRAM
year=$1
11. if [ $# -eq 0 ]
12. then
13. year=2015
14.
15. fi leap=$(($year
% 4))
l=$(($year%100))
a=$(($year%400))

39
if [ $leap -eq 0 -a $l -ne
0 ] then

40

37
echo "$year is leap
year" elif [ $a -eq 0 ]
then
echo "$year is leap year "
else
echo "$year is not a leap year"
fi
OUTPUT
LeapYear.sh 2015 is not a leap year
lb245@lb245:~/reenu$ bash LeapYear.sh
2012 2012 is leap year
PROGRAM NO:4
DATE:28-07-2015
AIM
Write a shell program to find,

a) Sum of digits of a number
b) Reverse of the number
c) Determine whether the given number is a palindrome

41
PROGRAM
echo "ENTER THE NUMBER"

42

38
read n
echo "NUMBER=$n"
n1=$n
s=0
while [ $n -gt 0
] do
r=ècho "$n%10"|bc`
s=ècho "($s*10)+$r"|bc`
n=ècho "$n/10"|bc`
done
echo "reverse is $s"
if [ $n1 -eq $s ]
then
echo
"palindrome" else
echo "not palindrome"
fi
s1=0
while [ $n1 -gt 0
] do
r1=ècho "$n1%10"|bc`

43
s1=ècho "$s1+$r1"|bc`
n1=ècho "$n1/10"|bc`

44

39
done
echo "sum of digit=$s1"
OUTPUT
lb245@lb245:~/reenu$ bash number.sh
ENTER THE NUMBER
567
NUMBER=567
reverse is 765
not palindrome
sum of digit=18
lb245@lb245:~/reenu$ bash number.sh
ENTER THE NUMBER
121
NUMBER=121
reverse is 121
palindrome
sum of digit=4
PROGRAM NO:5
DATE:01-09-2015
AIM
Write a shell script that receives any number of file names as arguments checks if
every argument supplied is a file or a directory and reports accordingly. Whenever

45
the argument is a file, the number of lines on it is also reported.
PROGRAM

46

40
if [ $# -eq 0
] then
echo "Invalid
selection" else
file=$1
fi
if [ -d $file ]
then
echo "It is a directory"
elif [ -f $file ]
then
echo "File name is : $file"
echo "No of line in file is :"
echo " `wc -l $file| cut -d "" -f
1`" fi
OUTPUT
lb245@lb245:~/reenu$ bash 4file.sh

4file.sh File name is : 4file.sh
No of line in file is
: 15 4file.sh
PROGRAM NO:6
DATE: 11-08-2015
AIM
Write a shell program to display Fibonacci series using any looping construct.
PROGRAM
echo "Enter the

number" read n
echo "result:"
f1=0
f2=1
for ((i=0 ; i<n;
i++)) do

47
echo $f1
fsum=$((f1+f2))
f1=$f2
f2=$fsum

48

41
done
OUTPUT
fib.sh Enter the number
5
result:
0
1
1
2
3
PROGRAM NO:7
DATE: 18-08-2015
AIM
Write a shell program to find out reverse string of the given string and check the given
string is palindrome or not.
PROGRAM
echo "Enter the

string" read str
s=` echo "$str" |
rev` if [ $str == $s ]
then
echo
"palindrome" else
echo "Not
palindrome" fi
OUTPUT

49
palin.sh Enter the string
ini
palindrome

50

42
PROGRAM NO:8
DATE: 04-09-2015
AIM
Write a shell script to search an element in the list.
PROGRAM
echo "enter the

limit" read n
echo "enter the numbers"
for((i=0;i<n;i++))
do
read a[$i]
done
echo " enter the number to be
searched " read m
for((i=0;i<n;i++))
do
if [ $m -eq
$((a[$i])) then
f=1 fi
done
if [ $f -eq 1
] then
echo "The given element $m is present at
position $i " else
echo "The element $m not present"
fi
OUTPUT

51
lb245@lb245:~/reenu$ bash searchElement.sh

Enter the number of elements

52

43
3
enter the
numbers 45 65
2
enter the number to be

searched 45
The given element 45 is present at position 1.
PROGRAM NO:9
DATE: 18-08-2015
AIM
Write a shell program to sort the given numbers in ascending order using bubble sort
PROGRAM
echo " enter the limit of

array " read n
echo "enter the elements"
for((i=1;i<=n;i++))
do
read a[$i]
done
for((i=1;i<=n;i++))
do
for((j=i;j<=n;j++))
do
if [ ${a[$i]} -gt ${a[$j]} ]
then
temp=${a[$i]}
a[$i]=${a[$j]}
a[$j]=$temp
fi
done
done

53
echo "sorted numbers

are" for((i=1;i<=n;i++))
do
echo
${a[$i]} done

54

44
OUTPUT
BubbleSort.sh enter the limit of array
9
enter the
elements 12 99
63 12 8 1 75 54
63
sorted numbers
are 1 8 12 12 54
63 63 75 99
PROGRAM NO:10
DATE: 04-09-2015
AIM

55
Write a shell script to display the digits which are in odd position in a given 5 digit number

56

45
PROGRAM
echo "Enter the five digit
number" read x
if [ $(($x/10000)) -ge 1 -a $(($x/100000)) -lt
1 ] then
n=1
while [ $n -le 5
] do
a=ècho $x | cut -c
$n` echo $a
n=èxpr $n +
2` done
else
echo "Not a five digit
number" fi
OUTPUT
lb245@lb245:~/reenu/cycle4$ bash 4_3.sh
Enter the five digit number
58943

57
PROGRAM NO:11
DATE: 30-09-2015

58

46
AIM
Write a menu driven program to perform the following:
Write script that takes a number as command line argument and prints its table in
below
format: 2 * 1 = 2
2*2=4
…
2 * 10 = 20
Write a shell script called compare.sh that takes two integers, compares them and
does the following : add them if the first one is smaller than the second, multiply them
if the first one is greater than the second and do nothing if they are equal.
PROGRAM
while [ 1
] do
echo "Enter your choice"
echo "1. Multiplication
table" echo "2. Number
checking" echo "3. Exit"
read c
case $c in
1) echo "enter the value as argumet for multiplication
table" read x
bash mul.sh $x;;
2) bash compare.sh;;

59
3) exit;;
esac

60

47
done
echo "enter two
numbers" read x
read y
if [ $x -gt $y
] then
r=$((x*y))
echo "$x * $y =
$r" elif [ $x -lt $y ]
then
a=$((x+y))
echo "$x + $y =
$a" else
echo "arguments are
same" fi
if [ $# -eq 0
] then
echo "enter
argument" exit;
else

61
n=$1;
fi

62

48
for ((i=1;i<=10;i++))
do
p=$((n*i));
echo "$n * $i =
$p" done
compare.sh
echo "enter two
numbers" read x
read y
if [ $x -gt $y
] then
r=$((x*y))
echo "$x * $y =
$r" elif [ $x -lt $y ]
then
a=$((x+y))
echo "$x + $y =
$a" else
echo "arguments are
same" fi
mul.sh

63
if [ $# -eq 0 ]

64

49
then
echo "enter
argument" exit;
else
n=$1;
fi
for ((i=1;i<=10;i++))
do
p=$((n*i));
echo "$n * $i =
$p" done
OUTPUT
lb245@lb245:~/reenu/cycle4$ bash
4_4.sh Enter your choice
1. Multiplication table
2. Number checking
3. Exit
enter the value as argumet for multiplication
table 5 5 * 1 = 5
5 * 2 = 10
5 * 3 = 15
65
5 * 4 = 20
5 * 5 = 25

66

50
5 * 6 = 30
5 * 7 = 35
5 * 8 = 40
5 * 9 = 45
5 * 10 = 50 Enter
your choice
2. Number checking
3. Exit
enter two
numbers 9 8
9 * 8 = 72
Enter your choice
2. Number checking
3. Exit
enter two
numbers 1 9
1 + 9 = 10

67
Enter your choice

68

51
2. Number checking
3. Exit
PROGRAM NO:12
DATE: 30-09-2015
AIM
Write a shell script to sum up the following series

1/1! + 2/2! + 3/3! + ….
PROGRAM
echo "enter the
limit" read n
s=0
for((i=1;i<=n;++i))
do
f=1
for((j=1;j<=i;++j))
do
f=$((f*j))
done
s=èxpr "scale=2;$s + $i / $f " |bc
-l` done

69
echo "sum is $s"
OUTPUT


70

52
4_5.sh: line 1: 1/1!: No such file or
directory enter the limit
sum is 2.70
PROGRAM NO:13
DATE: 30-09-2015
AIM
Write an alternative script for the command tail called TAIL which works exactly
like tail command with options. (Do not use tail command in the script).
PROGRAM
if [ $# -ne 0
] then
if [ -e $1
] then
c=` wc -l $1 | cut -d " " -f
1 ` if [ $# -eq 2 ]
then
d=$(($c-$2))
d=$(($d+1))
sed -n "$d,$ p"
$1 elif [ $# -eq 1 ]
then
71
s=$(($c-10))
s=$(($s+1))

72

53
sed -n "$s,$ p" $1
fi
else
echo "File does not
exist" fi
else
echo "No arguments entered"
fi
OUTPUT
f2 .txt
**************
reenu COLORS
yellow
blue
green
reenu
sky
is
blue

73
roses

74

54
red
violet
green
orange
silver
4_6.sh f2 6 r
red
violet
green
orange
silver
PROGRAM NO:14
DATE: 30-09-2015
AIM
Write an alternative script for the command head called HEAD which works exactly
like head command with options. (Do not use head command in the script).
PROGRAM
if [ $# -ne 0
] then

75
if [ -e $1
] then

76

55
c=` wc -l $1 | cut -d " " -f
1 ` if [ $# -eq 2 ]
then
sed -n "1,$2 p"
$1 elif [ $# -eq 1 ]
then
sed -n "1,10 p" $1
fi
else
echo "File does not
exist" fi
else
echo "No arguments entered"
fi
OUTPUT
f2 .txt
**************
reenu COLORS
yellow
blue
green

77
reenu
sky

78

56
is
blue
roses
r
red
violet
green
orange
silve
lb245@lb245:~/reenu/cycle4$ bash 4_7.sh f2 6
**************
reenu COLORS
yellow
blue
green
reenu
PROGRAM NO:15
DATE: 30-09-2015
AIM
Write a shell program to generate all combinations of 1, 2, 3 using for loop.
PROGRAM

79
for ((i=1;i<=3;i++))
do

80

57
for
((j=1;j<=3;j++)) do
for ((k=1;k<=3;k++))
do
if [ $i -ne $j -a $i -ne $k -a $j -ne
$k ] then
echo $i $j
$k fi
done
done
done
OUTPUT
4_8.sh f2 6 1 2 3 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 1 2 3
21
PROGRAM NO:16
DATE: 30-09-2015

81
AIM
The word Unix is present in only some of the files supplied as arguments to the shell script.
Your shell script should search each of these files in turn & stop at the first file that
encounters containing the word Unix. This filename should be displayed on the screen.

82

58
PROGRAM
x=$*
for i in $x
do
grep -lq "unix"
$i if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo $i
break
fi
done
OUTPUT
f2.txt
**************
reenu COLORS
yellow
blue
green
reenu
sky
is

83
blue
roses

84

59
r
red
violet
green
orange
silver
new.txt
COLORS
yellow
blue
lb245@lb245:~/reenu/cycle4$ bash 4_8.sh f2 new f3
f3
PROGRAM NO:17
DATE: 30-09-2015
AIM
Write a shell script to print the following

patterns 1
12
123

85
12 3 4

86

60
PROGRAM
echo "enter the
limit" read n
for ((i=1 ;i<=n
;i++)) do
for ((j=1 ;j<=i
;j++)) do
echo -n " " $j
done
echo " "
done
OUTPUT
enter the limit
12
123
1234
12345

87
PROGRAM NO:18

88

61
DATE: 30-09-2015
AIM
Write a menu driven program to convert decimal number to binary,octal &

hexadecimal equivalent.
PROGRAM
while [ 1 ]
do
echo "enter your
option" echo "1. Binary"
echo "2. Octal"
echo "3. Hexadecimal"
echo "4. exit"
read c
case $c in
1)echo "enter the decimal
number" read a
b=
n=$a
while [ $a -ne 0
] do
d=$(expr $a %
2) b=$d$b

89
a=$(expr $a / 2)
done

90

62
echo $b;;
number" read a
b=
n=$a
while [ $a -ne 0
] do
d=$(expr $a %
8) b=$d$b
a=$(expr $a / 8)
done
echo $b;;
number" read a
b=
n=$a
while [ $a -ne 0
] do
d=$(expr $a % 16)
if [ $d == 10 ]
then

91
d=A
elif [ $d == 11 ]
then

92

63
d=B
elif [ $d == 12 ]
then
d=C
elif [ $d == 13 ]
then
d=D
elif [ $d == 14 ]
then
d=E
elif [ $d == 15 ]
then
d=F
fi
b=$d$b
a=$(expr $a / 16)
done
echo $b;;
4)exit;;
esac
done
OUTPUT

93
5_1.sh enter your option
1. Binary

94

64
2. Octal
3. Hexadecimal
4. exit
enter the decimal
number 45 101101
enter your option
1. Binary
2. Octal
3. Hexadecimal
4. exit
enter the decimal
number 45 55
enter your option
1. Binary
2. Octal
3. Hexadecimal
4. exit
enter the decimal

95
number 45
2D
enter your option


96

65
1. Binary
2. Octal
3. Hexadecimal
4. exit
PROGRAM NO:19
DATE: 30-09-2015
AIM
Write a shell script to perform database operations for student data like view, add
and delete records and view database.
PROGRAM
echo "Enter name of database
" read db
while [ 1 ]
do
echo "1. View "
echo "2. Add Records "
echo "3. Delete Records
" echo "4. Exit "
echo "Enter your choice "
read c

97
case $c in
1)cat $db;;
2)echo "Enter new roll no "


98

66
read rno
echo "Enter new
name:" read name
echo "Enter branch name
" read branch
echo "Enter college
name" read college
echo "$rno $name $branch $college">>$db;;
3)echo "Enter Id"
read id
grep -v "$id" $db >dbs1
echo "Record is deleted"
cat dbs1;;
4)exit;;
*)echo "Invalid choice
";; esac
done
OUTPUT
5_2.sh Enter name of database
document
1. View
2. Add Records

99
3. Delete Records
4. Exit
Enter your choice


100

67
2
Enter new roll no
45
Enter new name:
reenu
Enter branch name
mca-le
Enter college
name sngce
1. View
2. Add Records
3. Delete Records
4. Exit
Enter your
choice 1
45 reenu mca-le sngce
1. View
2. Add Records
3. Delete Records
4. Exit
Enter your
choice 1

101
1. View
2. Add Records
3. Delete Records

102

68
4. Exit
Enter your
choice 2
Enter new roll no
Enter new name:
jo
Enter branch name
cs
Enter college
name sngce
1. View
2. Add Records
3. Delete Records
4. Exit
Enter your
choice 1
2 jo cs sngce
1. View
2. Add Records
3. Delete Records
4. Exit

103
Enter your
choice 3
Enter Id

104

69
45
Record is deleted
2 jo cs sngce
1. View
2. Add Records
3. Delete Records
4. Exit
Enter your
choice 1
2 jo cs sngce
1. View
2. Add Records
3. Delete Records
4. Exit
Enter your
choice 1
2 jo cs sngce
1. View
2. Add Records
3. Delete Records
4. Exit

105
Enter your choice
PROGRAM NO:1

106

70
DATE: 30-09-2015
AIM
Write a script to read the basic salary of n employees and calculate the gross
salary If BP<15000, DA=30% of BP, HRA =Rs 500. TA = 10% of BP.
If BP >=15000, DA=50% of BP, HRA=15%, TA=1000.
PROGRAM
echo "Enter the
limit" read n
echo "Enter the basic salary of $n
emp" for((i=0;i<n;i++))
do read
sal[i]=$s
done
for((i=0;i<n;i++))
do
bs=${sal[i]}
echo
if [ $bs -lt 15000 ]
then

107
da=$((bs*30/100))
ta=$((bs*10/100))
hra=500

108

71
gs=$((bs+da+ta+hra))
else
da=$((bs*50/100))
hra=$((bs*15/100))
ta=1000
gs=$((bs+da+ta+hra))
fi
echo "Gross salary of $((i+1)) th emp is $gs"
done
OUTPUT
5_6.sh Enter the limit
Enter the basic salary of 3
emp 35670 1200 3900
Gross salary of 1 th emp is 59855

109

110

72

111

Installation of Ubuntu 14

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Installation of Ubuntu 14

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1

Linux &shell programming

1) Booting Computer with Ubuntu 14.04 installation media.

2) Choosing Ubuntu installation

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

3) Preparing to Install Ubuntu

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

5) Choose your location

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

6) Keyboard layout Selection

7) Create new user and password

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

9) Installation process is on-going

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

10) Installation got completed.

11) Ubuntu 14.04 login screen

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

12) Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Desktop screen

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

2. DESCRIPTION ON LINUX DISTRIBUTION

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

SUSE (suu-zah) is a German-based, multinational, open-source software Company that develops

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

3. BASIC COMMANDS IN LINUX

List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).

-l use a long listing format

-R list subdirectories recursively

-s print the allocated size of each file, in blocks

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

-c sort by ctime, newest first

-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries

grep, egrep, fgrep, rgrep - print lines matching a pattern

-v Print the version number of grep to the standard output stream.

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

-I Ignore case distinctions in both the PATTERN and the inputFiles.

-o Print only the matched (non-empty) parts of a matching line.

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

Remove files or directories

-I prompt before every removal.

Dept. Of Computer Applications ,SNGCE

Linux &shell programming

-f ignore nonexistent files and arguments, never prompt.

-r remove directories and their contents recursively.

-v explain what is being done.