Forero Camacho Andrea

Lozano Tafur Cristian

 Applied loads depend on the mission of the aircraft,
e.g. transport, fighter, aerobatic mission, etc.
 The stages during any aircraft mission can be roughly
divided into: (a) taxi and takeoff, (b) cruising, (c)
maneuver, and (d) landing.
 Design loads must be carefully established for every
stage of the aircraft mission.
 The objective of structural design is to maintain the
shape and integrity of the aircraft during each part of
the mission and stage.
 Control of weight important in aircraft design
 Limit load – maximum load in normal
operation
 Proof load – limit load x proof factor (1.0-
1.25)
 Ultimate load – limit load x ultimate factor
(usually 1.5)
 Structure must withstand proof load without
detrimental distortion.

 Structure must not fail until ultimate load is

achieved.

 Must be matched to the flight envelope

(boundary depicting the limits of speed that
the aircraft cannot safely exceed).
 Power available

Power required

Illustration of excess power for Illustration of excess power for Jet –

Propeller – driven airplane Propelled airplane
Determination of maximum rate of climb for a given
altitude
The curve for climb performance at a given altitude
If an aircraft is in a vertical climb at constant speed,
the aircraft must have more thrust than weight in
order to overcome the drag.

(For steady vertical climb where the lift is zero)

V=cte
Another parameter that we can find for gliding flight that is the range. This
is the horizontal distance an aircraft can glide before reaching the ground.
Here shows diagrammatically the relationship between the range, vertical
height and aircraft flight path.
where:

 RNose : Ground reaction at nose wheel

 RMain : Main undercarriage ground loads
 W : Mass of aircraft acting at centre of
gravity (= Mg)
The ultimate load is defined as the product of the limit load times the factor of
safety:

Ultimate load = Limit load x Factor of safety.

In aircraft structures, generally the factor of safety is 1.5

 AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES
 INTRODUCTION TO FLIGHT
 AIRCRAFT DESING A CONCEPTUAL
APPROACH
 http://web.itu.edu.tr/~mecit/uck328/kaynakla
r/Chapter4.pdf
 http://biofuturex.com/mae3407/AircraftStruc
t4.pdf