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Aquaculture in Brazil

Article  in  World Aquaculture · March 2003

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Aquaculture in Brazil
Rodrigo Roubach,1,2 Eudes S. Correia,1,3 Sergio Zaiden,1,4 Ricardo
C. Martino1,5 and Ronaldo O. Cavalli1,6

Brazil has a total area of 8,514,876 farms that comprise an area equivalent
km2 (IBGE 2002), divided in 26 states, to 80,000 ha. Another important char-
a Federal District, and 5,561 munici- acteristic of the Brazilian aquaculture
palities. The states are grouped in five industry is the number and diversity
regions: Northern, Northeastern, Mid- of species cultured; at least 64 aquatic
western, Southeastern and Southern at present. The main species are ti-
(Figure 1). Each region has its own lapias (Oreochromis spp.), common
geographical, economic and social and Chinese carp (Cyprinus carpio,
characteristics (Valenti 2000). Aristichthys nobilis, Hypophthal-mich-
Brazil is a privileged country in thys molitrix and Ctenopharyn-godon
the aquaculture sense, due to the size idella), followed by Pacu (Piaractus
and richness of the water resources, mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colos-
with a high point being the Amazon soma macropomum), catfish (surubim,
basin, accounting for 20 percent of Pseudoplatystoma sp.), marine shrimp
all the freshwater in the world. There (Litopenaeus vannamei) and molluscs
are also over five millions hectares of (Crassostrea gigas, C. rhizophorae
water impounded by dams constructed and Perna perna; FAO 2001, Queiroz
for hydroelectric power and drought Fig. 1. Brazil regions and states. Northern region et al. 2002).
control in the Northeastern region, and in green; Northeastern region in orange; Mid-
an extensive coastline that stretches for Western region in blue; Southeastern region in The Northern region
8,000 km and is appropriate for marine yellow; Southern region in red. The region includes the states of
aquaculture. Acre (AC), Amapá (AP), Amazonas
Despite its potential, Brazil annu- million, mainly compromised of the sale (AM), Pará (PA), Rondônia (RO),
ally expended more than US$350 million of live fish to the sport fishing industry Roraima (RR) and Tocantins (TO). It
respect to fisheries commodities to supply and processed fish from aquaculture. In occupies an area of 3.87 million km2,
its domestic market during the 1990s. Its 2001, total aquaculture production in equivalent to 45.3 percent of area, and
total fisheries production supplied only Brazil was 204,000 tons according to 7.6 percent of the population of Brazil
54 percent of the demand, and fisheries IBAMA/DPA/MAPA. (IBGE 2002). Large rivers with extensive
commodities represent between 7.5 and Valenti (2000) showed that Brazilian floodplains characterize the region. The
10 percent of Brazil’s meat consumption aquaculture could be divided in six main main habitats of the Amazonian flood-
(CIDASC 1997). During 2000, more than sectors, defined by the type of cultured plains are lakes, floating meadows and
181,919 tons were imported, valued at organism being produced. Those sec- seasonally inundated rainforest (Figure
US$274,165,000 (MDIC/SECEX 2001). tors are: freshwater fish, marine shrimp, 2). The floodplains (varzéa and igapós)
The majority of imports consisted of clams, oysters, freshwater shrimp and systems have an estimated flooded area
codfish, merluza (Merluccius spp.) and frogs. Freshwater fish is the only sector of 250,000 km2. River-level fluctuations
salmon (Salmo sp.). The characteristics present in every state in the country, rep- which vary, depending on the exact site
of fisheries vary considerably due to lati- resenting almost 80 percent of total pro- and year, between five and 13 m, cause
tudinal gradient along the coast the size duction, followed by freshwater shrimp, great seasonal changes in the environment
of the hydrologic basins and to cultural which are cultivated in 20 states. All other (Araujo-Lima and Goulding 1998).
differences that influence the fisheries in sectors are restricted to a certain region In the region there are more than 2,000
the various regions (FAO 2001). of the country. fish species including almost all the fresh-
In 1999, world aquaculture expanded Brazilian aquaculture is mainly based water fish orders, from the most primitive
around nine percent, with a net value on small-scale production units (with to the more specialized ones, represent-
of US$40 billion. In Brazil, during the the exception of marine shrimp, which ing almost 75 percent of all Brazilian
same year, aquaculture growth was 35 is responsible for up to 14 percent of the freshwater species and 30 percent of the
percent, with a total value around US$30 production) with around 100,000 aqua world’s fish fauna.

28 March 2003
 states, with the extremes between 600
and 6,500 kg/ha (Val et al. 2000; Melo
et al. 2001).
Cage culture in the Northern region
has yet to reach its full potential, as more
technical studies are needed with native
Amazon species. Also needed are more
detailed studies to define appropriate ar-
eas for that method of culture. Pilot stud-
ies with tambaqui (Figure 4), matrinxã
(Brycon cephalus) and pirarucu showed
promising results with respect to growth
rate, stocking rates and productivity
(Cavero et al. 2002). However, due to the
diversity of localities within the region,
Fig. 2. Aerial view of the Amazon forest and some of its aquatic the level of technology required and
ecosystem, Northern region. Photo transportation costs, each
by Yann Arthus-Bertrand/EARTH potential site needs to be
considered individually.
Not long ago aquaculture in the
Agriculture products and
region was viewed as an unnecessary
supplies for the feed indus-
activity due to fish abundance. The ini-
try are imported from other
tial activity occurred during the 1980s,
regions, with the excep-
when the first government initiative
tion of soybeans, farms for
took place through an Aquaculture
which have recently been
development program in the Amazon
established in Humaita,
state. Since then, the activity has
AM. The number of feed
grown and expanded to all the North-
Fig. 3. Pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, juvenile (1.0 m length) mill in the region is limited
ern states. The region provides an excel-under culture. Photo by Rodrigo Roubach.
(five at present) and those
lent location for aquaculture, due to its
freshwater abundance and aquatic faunal
organisms cultured in the
diversity, which facilitates the collection
region are represented by
of wild broodstock for foodfish culture
five species: crustaceans
and for the fish ornamental industry.
(L. vannamei, Macro-
The main ornamental fish, in order of
brachium amazonicum,
importance, are cardinal (Paracheirodon
M. rosenbergii), amphib-
axelrodi), discus (Symphysodon discus)
ians (Rana catesbeiana)
and coridoras (Corydoras sp.) Most of
and the Amazonian turtle
these fishes are captured in the Rio Negro
(Podocnemis expansa).
basin in the state of Amazonas. Research
All states in the west-
efforts are needed to develop reproduction
ern part of the region have
and local production technology to culture
fish hatcheries, with the
these fishes. Better management of the
leader being Amazonas Fig. 4. Cage culture system with tambaqui, Colossoma
collection, transporting and holding tech-
state, which has five. Fish macropomum, in a community lake at the Amazonas
niques would also improve the survival of state, Northern region. Photo by Rodrigo Roubach.
culture has also grown at
wild-caught ornamental fish, and increase
a fast pace in RO and RR
profits (Chao et al. 2001).
states, but it is in the AC state where natu- are concentrated in the Amazonas state,
Four groups of aquatic animals are
ral fish production was less significant, at Manaus or nearby.
represented in the aquaculture that oc-
that fish culture has grown to the point Tambaqui, pirapitinga (Piaractus
curs in the Northern region. The largest
that the state leads aquaculture production brachypomus) and matrinxã are widely
group are the freshwater fish, with 17
in the region. accepted as foodfish within the Amazon
species, three being exotics. The main
The vast majority of the fish farms River basin but may have limited markets
species are the tambaqui which are cul-
(86 percent) are operations of less than outside the region because of the intra-
tivated in six of the seven states in the
2 ha, and most employ extensive and muscular Y-shaped bones present in the
region, curimatã (Prochilodus nigricans)
semi-intensive systems in excavated flesh (Lovshin et al. 1997). Nevertheless,
and pirarucu (Arapaima gigas; Figure
ponds or small impoundment semi-natural native fish production forms the aquacul-
3). Exotic species cultured in the region
lakes. Therefore, there is great variability ture sector in the region. In addition to the
are C. carpio, Oreochromis niloticus
in fish production within and between importance of native fishes for the food
and Tilapia sp. Three other groups of

World Aquaculture 29

Fig. 5. Tilapia semi-intensive culture in the
Northeastern region. Photo by Eudes S. Correia.
Fig. 6. Marine shrimp nursery tanks in the Northeastern
region. Photo by Eudes S. Correia.
Fig. 7. Marine shrimp growout ponds in the Northeastern
region. Photo by Eudes S. Correia.
Fig. 8. Feeding trays (before use) in the
Northeastern region. Photo by Eudes S. Correia.
30 March 2003
production sector and alternative income for local populations,
aquaculture could provide, in the end, a diminishing impact on
the already overexploited capture fisheries for those species.
Also, stock enhancement to boost fisheries yields is an option
that is being performed on a pilot scale to increase Colossoma
abundance in the Amazon. Amazonian politicians are consider-
ing implementing stock enhancement programs to help manage
Colossoma populations and develop extensive aquaculture for
small farmers.
The Northern region can be viewed as one of the most
promising regions in Brazil when one considers all its untapped
freshwater potential. However, there is still a need to develop
clearly defined regulations if the aim is to develop sustainable
and profitable aquaculture.
The Northeastern region
The Northeastern region is composed of eight states: Alagoas
(AL), Bahia (BA), Ceára (CE), Maranhão (MA), Paraíba (PB),
Pernambuco (PE), Piauí (PI), Rio Grande do Norte (RN) and
Sergipe (SE). It has an area of 1.56 million km2, which repre-
sents 18.3 percent of the country, and is home to 28.1 percent of
the Brazilian population (IBGE 2002). It has a great potential
for tropical species farming because it possesses a climate with
warm water temperatures year round, about 70,000 reservoirs
and extensive areas suitable for aquaculture. The region also has
good market potential.
Aquaculture in this region is practiced in all kinds of culture
systems. In extensive systems, farmers stock juvenile tambaqui,
curimatãs (Prochilodus argenteus and P. brevis), tilapia and carp
(common and Chinese) in reservoirs, and can obtain yields up
to 800 kg/ha/yr. Juvenile production capacity in 2000 was about
233 million, with increasing numbers projected for future years
due to new projects that will employ intensive systems.
Semi-intensive culture is conducted in earthen ponds that are
stocked with tilapia (Figure 5), tambaqui, freshwater shrimp (M.
rosenbergii) and marine shrimp (primarily L. vannamei). Pro-
ductivity varies from 3,000 to 10,000 kg/ha/yr for fishes, around
2,000 kg/ha/yr for freshwater shrimp, and from 4,000 to 7,000
kg/ha/yr for marine shrimp.
Statistical data on aquaculture are very scarce, therefore it
is difficult to present the real situation in the region, except for
marine shrimp which is a very well organized sector. In 2001,
marine shrimp production in the region was about 37,000 tons,
representing 94 percent of national production. Marine shrimp
culture has been growing rapidly since 1996 when the exotic
species L. vannamei was adopted. From 1997 to 2001, Brazilian
production increased by 83 percent per annum (from 3,600 to
40,000 tons). Another variable that is showing the high techno-
logical level applied in Brazil is mean productivity, which was
1,015 kg/ha/yr in 1997 and reached 4,706 kg/ha/yr in 2001.
The technology involves total control of the entire produc-
tion process, including post-larval production, nursery tanks
(Figure 6) and growout pond management (Figure 7). Despite
high production levels, northeastern shrimp culture is growing
according to sustainability principles, where more ecological
acceptable practices are being adopted. Included are the use of
areas outside the mangrove ecosystems, partial or total water
recirculation, use of high quality feed offered in feeding trays
(Figure 8) and prohibition of antibiotics use during all phases
of culture process.
Normally, shrimp are stocked in growout ponds at densities
varying from 30 to 60 postlarvae/m2, but some experiments us-
ing up to 150/m2 showed promising results. In addition, some
farms are doing polyculture with the indigenous mangrove
oyster (C. rhizophorae) and macroalgae (Gracillaria sp.), as a
natural filter of suspended particles and nutrients in the drainage
canals to improve the quality of the effluent water.
Intensive fish culture is practiced in many states of the
region, with Bahia being the most important one due to gov-
ernmental commitment and support. Nowadays, tilapia are
cultured in floating cages behind hydroelectric power dams
(Figure 9) and in raceways (Figure 10). Floating cage projects
involve several associations with approximately 150 cages each,
Fig. 9. Tilapia floating cages in lake behind hydroelectric dam at
distributed among 15 members. Normally, they use 4 and 6-m3
the Northeastern region. Photo by Eudes S. Correia.
cages with 25-30 gram juveniles/m2, raised to 500-650 grams
over 120 days with about 90 percent survival. This means
production of about 600 kg/cage/cycle. Some other places in
the Northeastern region have also adopted this type of culture
system in reservoirs.
Another intensive project is developing a raceway system
that involved, during the first phase of operation, development
of a 100 million tilapia hatchery in 208, 30 m2 concrete tanks.
Raceway tanks were stocked at the same density and reached
the same production levels of floating cages. Estimated 2003
production is about 1,350 metric tons, from which 760 tons
will be exported to United States and Europe.
Despite growth in the sector, feed ingredients (fishmeal,
soybean meal, wheat meal and corn) for feed rations still have
to be imported from other states. To date there are only four
major feed mills that are located in BA, PE and SE states.

The Mid-Western region Fig. 10. Tilapia raceways at Bahia state, Northeastern region.
This region is formed by the states of Goiás (GO), Federal Photo by Eudes S. Correia.
District (DF), Mato Grosso (MT) and Mato Grosso do Sul
(MS). It occupies an area of 1.61 million km2, equivalent to
18.9 percent of Brazil, and 6.9 percent of the Brazilian popula-
tion (IBGE 2002). Its location is very favorable for aquaculture
due to the intersection and presence of several rivers from the
Prata and Amazonian Basins. The region also features a unique
ecosystem, the Pantanal (Paraguay rivers tributaries), which is
shared by Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.
Aquaculture in the region is represented by the culture of fin-
fishes (scaled and catfishes), mostly of native species composed
by the pacu (P. mesopotamicus; Figure 11), surubim pintado
(P. coruscans), surubim cachara (P. fasciatum; Figure 12), pi-
racanjuba (Brycon orbignianus), piraputanga (Brycon hilarii; Fig. 11. Pacu
Figure 13), piauçu (Leporinus obtusidens), as well as bullfrog (Piaractus
(R. catesbeiana), Amazonian turtle (P. expansa), tracajá turtle mesopotamicus) at
(P. unifilis) and alligator (Caiman crocodiles yacare). a fish farm in GO,
The regional aquaculture production is around 5,790 tons Mid-Western region.
from small (less than 2 ha) properties spread on 2,099 ha. Photo by Panorama
Private enterprises produce fish and frog, and export them to da Aquicultura
Europe, Asia and the United States. There is a high potential Magazine.
for expansion. Ornamental fish are also hold possibility due to
the impressive number of species.
The region is also considered to be the main grain producer of

World Aquaculture 31

Fig. 12. Surubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp.) harvest in
Mid-Western region. Photo by Projeto Pacu (Panorama
da Aquicultura Magazine files).
Fig. 13. Piraputanga (Brycon hilarii). Photo by Pojeto Pacu
(Panorama da Aquiculltura Magazine files).
Fig. 14. Fishing fee enterprise in the
Southeastern region. Photo by Jomar
Carvalho-Filho.
32 March 2003
soybeans, corn and sorghum in the country, even though most of
the processed fish feed used in the region is still being imported
from other states.
Due to regional diversity and available water in the states,
there is still an enormous amount of available area for further
aquaculture growth, but due to controversy surrounding water
use legislation presently being implemented in the country, po-
tential investors are holding off until they have full confidence
in the activity.
Legal procedures for the preservation of natural stocks, in-
cluding prohibition of the introduction of exotic species, and the
implementation of several programs for responsible development
of the region are being developed.
The Southeastern region
The southeastern region includes the states of Espírito Santo
(ES), Minas Gerais (MG), Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and São Paulo
(SP). It occupies an area of 930,000 km2, is equivalent to 10.9
percent of Brazil, and 42.6 percent of the country’s population
(IBGE 2002). It is the most developed region, has the largest
number of universities and research institutes and the highest
income level in the country.
Aquaculture in this region is characterized by the farming of
several different species - both indigenous and non-indigenous
– that are farmed and harvested for human consumption or as
sport fish, in fishing fee enterprises, distributed in small prop-
erties and reared in semi-intensive and intensive systems. The
climate and topography (characterized by plains and mountains
areas and a long coastline) allow the farming of coldwater fish
species in the mountains, warm freshwater fish and crustaceans
on the plains and molluscs along the coast.
Among the indigenous species, pacu and tambaqui which are
farmed in all states and surubim farmed in MG, RJ and SP, can
be considered the most common representatives. The non-indig-
enous species are mainly represented by common carp, which
was introduced to the region early in the last century. Tilapia
are also produced.
Production of tilapia in cages, as well as some native carni-
vores species, such as surubim, surubim cachara (P. fasciatum)
and dourado (Salminus maxillosus) are on the rise, mainly due
to the increased demand from the fee fishing sector (Lovshin and
Cyrino 1998), which has become the most important segment of
aquaculture in the region (Figure 14). Recent studies showed that
in the Piracicaba river basin alone fee fising accounted to more
than US$70 million/year (Kitamura et al. 1999).
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were introduced in
1949 in the Bocaina area (São Paulo state) from Denmark, and
its farming is well established and occurs in all the states in the
region. According to the Brazilian Trout Association, estimated
production is 1,385 tons/year.
Mariculture in the region is mainly represented by the farming
of molluscs. Culture of the Japanese oyster (C. gigas) and native
mussel (P. perna) started in the 1970s, with an experimental
project located in Arraial do Cabo, RJ. Nowadays, large num-
bers of mussel farms are established in ES, RJ and SP, while C.
gigas and scallops (Nodipecten nodosus) are being farmed in RJ
and SP. Scallop farming continues to be constrained by limited
spat production. Recently, the indigenous mangrove oyster (C.
rhizophorae) has become widely produced by oyster farmers,
including those in low-income fishing communities.
Crustacean culture is mainly represented by the freshwater
prawn (M. rosenbergii), and ES is the main producer, although
the farming of freshwater prawns can be found in all states.
Two new projects, one academic and one private with the
white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) are under development
in RJ. The northern coast of that state is characterized by ex-
cellent areas for marine shrimp farming. Lastly, the bullfrog
(R. catesbeiana) is farmed in the states of MG, ES, RJ and SP
(Figure 15).
Products are primarily sold locally to restaurants, hotels
and at fish-out ponds. However, some species, mainly tilapia
(filleted or in the round) are sold directly to food companies
or supermarkets.
Because there is a large poultry industry in the region, many
agriculture feed companies, including the major ones, are
manufacturing aquaculture feeds. The region is characterized
by a wealth of nutrient sources (grains, seeds and roots) for use
as ingredients in feeds. Fish meal and fish oil, mainly from the
sardine fishery, are produced in this region, however they are
of low quality. Similar to other regions, most of the fish meal
is imported from Chile and Peru.
Currently, there is consensus about the social and environ-
mental impacts of aquaculture. Social projects designed to
integrate fisherming communities with aquaculture are well
established and more are under development. These projects
involve non-governmental organizations, universities (public
and private), local and federal government agencies, research
and extension institutes and public companies.
The main concern of the aquaculture sector in this region is
water quality and effluents, along with the health conditions in
the culture systems. Therefore, the focus now is on producing
aquaculture species in a sustainable manner in the intensive
management approach that is needed due to space limitations
and land prices.
a lower rate in comparison to other species. Regardless of spe-
cies and culture system employed, small farmers are responsible
for the bulk of the production.
Although freshwater fish farming provides a good example
of aquaculture development, possibly the best example of
sound aquaculture development in the region (and perhaps
even in the whole country) is mollusc culture in SC. Since the
1980s, the biology and culture of the native mussel (P. perna)
has been studied. Research and extension efforts have paid off
to the extent that today more than 11,000 tons of mussels are
produced annually. Culture of the Japanese oyster (C. gigas) has
also become a reality. Other native species, such as the oyster
C. rhizophorae and scallop N. nodosus, are being considered
and will likely be brought into production.
For years, the culture of penaeid shrimp in the region focused
on indigenous species, mainly due to their higher tolerance to
lower temperatures. However, with the success of L. vannamei
in Northeastern Brazil, Southern region farmers decided to
look at that species. In a few years, the area devoted to shrimp
farming increased from a few dozen to over 800 ha. Most farms
are concentrated in the municipality of Laguna, the capital of
farmed shrimp in the South. Shrimp fever has headed south to
RS (32˚S latitude), where the probable southernmost L. van-
namei farm in the world is starting its first cycle this year. Aside
from traditional pond-based shrimp culture, the culture of native
Farfantepenaeus paulensis in pen enclosures in coastal lagoons
is also being considered (Figure 16). Production of other crus-
taceans in the region is practically negligible, but there is a

The Southern region

Comprising the states of Paraná (PR), Rio Grande do Sul
(RS) and Santa Catarina (SC), Southern Brazil can be differ-
entiated from the other regions of the country because of its
sub-tropical climate. It occupies an area of 580 thousand km2,
equivalent to 6.8 percent of Brazil, and is home to 14.8 percent
of Brazil’s population (IBGE 2002). Although this may sound
odd to those not acquainted with this large region, well-defined
seasons are a rule in the South. Consequently, aquaculture
development has taken a somewhat different direction in com-
parison to the rest of the country.
Aquaculture in Southern Brazil can be broadly characterized
as a small household affair. For instance, freshwater fish culture
in Northern RS, Eastern SC and PR can be divided into two
main lines of production: 1) polyculture of carp (C. carpio, A.
nobilis, H. molitrix and C. idella) usually integrated with swine
production, and 2) semi-intensive culture of tilapia (around 80
percent O. niloticus). Rainbow trout (O. mykiss) is farmed in
some mountain areas. Native fish species are also cultured, as
the case of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen), a very promising catfish
that has been studied by Southern research groups, but raised at

World Aquaculture 33
 Fig. 15. Bullfrog (R. catesbeiana) processing plant in the
Southeastern region. Photo by Jomar Carvalho-Filho.
sense that the culture of M. rosenbergii as a crop supplemental
to tilapia may increase in the years to come.
Commercial marine fish production is not yet a reality in
Brazil. Nevertheless, most research developments in this area
have occurred in the South. Candidate species include flounder
(Paralichthys orbignyanus) and snook (Centropomus parallelus
and C. undecimallis). For those species small-scale production of
juveniles has already been accomplished, but additional informa-
tion on growout technology is still needed.
The region is the primary producer of cereal grains in Brazil
so soybeans, corn, wheat, rice, etc. are widely available. Fish
meal is produced in the port cities of Itajaí (SC) and Rio Grande
(RS), but since it is usually manufactured from fishery bycatch
and fillet trimmings, its quality is questionable. Most fish meal
used in aquafeeds is thus imported from Chile and Peru. Several
feed companies have plants in the region, mainly for the poultry
and swine industries, but at least three produce feeds for tilapia
and penaeids.
Marketing of freshwater fishes is considered a major bottle-
neck. Carp are sold locally, while tilapia are marketed live for
recreational fishing ventures or filleting. Prices paid by the
recreational fishing industry are much higher but in the last few
years, that market has become saturated. In relation to maricul-
ture, the success of mollusc and, more recently shrimp farming,
have demonstrated that those species will gradually increase in
importance.
34 March 2003
Fig. 16. Shrimp net pen in a coastal lagoon in the Southern
region. Photo by Jomar Carvalho-Filho.
There is a general perception that, if not well managed, aqua-
culture may negatively impact the environment. The introduction
of exotic species is one point of public debate. Culture of L.
vannamei in cages has been restricted in PR and SC, whereas in
Laguna (SC) legal attempts to disrupt the issuing of authoriza-
tions for shrimp farms have also been reported. The integrated
culture of carp and swine has also been questioned in relation to
the potential effects of the practice on human health.
In conclusion, the development of aquaculture has prompted a
significant socio-economic improvement in the South, and similar
to other new and developing sectors, has environmental and legal
issues that need to be resolved. Yet, it is generally recognized
that aquaculture is one of the most profitable activities within
the agriculture sector in the region.
Concluding remarks
Brazilian aquaculture shows a remarkable diversity in produc-
tion and potential for growth in the near future. To fully exploit
its potential all the key players in the sector, be they in science,
production or commerce, need to establish a common goal for
a national policy, as already envisioned by Embrapa (Empresa
Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria) as one of the main coor-
dinating agencies.
Aquaculture is expected to produce a sustainable element
in the nation’s fisheries production through the use of present
(Continued on page 70)

Aquaculture
in Brazil
(Continued from page 34)
techniques and the development of new
ones. Brazil is also expected to increase
fisheries exportation, reaching new in-
ternational markets and creating a strong
production sector with competitive and
integrated segments of economic, so-
cial and ecological dimensions, besides
increasing employment opportunities.
The final objective, however, should be
the preservation of biodiversity allied
Aquaculture and society
(Continued from page 59)
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Van der Mheen, H.W. and B.A. Haight, editors.
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Van der Mheen, H. 1995. Report of the tech-
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70 March 2003
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with sustainable aquaculture production
(Queiroz et al. 2002).
Acknowledgements
We thank Eduardo A. Ono at CPAQ/
INPA and Levy C. Gomes at Embrapa/
Amazonia Ocidental for reviewing the
manuscript. For help in supplying some of
the photos we thank Mr. Jomar Carvalho
chief-editor of “Panorama da Aqüicul-
tura” magazine.
Notes
1
Members of the National Organizing Com-
mittee (NOC) of The World Aquaculture
Conference – WAS ’03.
2
Rodrigo Roubach, Ph.D. is currently The
Department Head of The Aquaculture
Department at the Instituto Nacional de
Pesquisas da Amazônia/INPA, C.P. 478,
Manaus, AM, 69011-970, Brazil. E-mail:
roubach@inpa.gov.br.
3
Eudes S. Correia, Dr. Professor at Universi-
dade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Fish-
eries Department, Campus Universitário
- Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, PE,
Brazil. E-mail: ecorreia@ufrpe.br.
4
Prof. Sergio F. Zaiden, Dr. Head of the Biol-
ogy Department at Fundação do Ensino
Superior de Rio Verde – FESURV, Rio
Verde, GO, PO Box 104, 75901-970. E-
mail: sfzaiden@hotmail.com.
5
Ricardo C. Martino, Dr. Researcher. Head of
the Unidade de Tecnologia do Pescado of
Fundação Instituto de Pesca do Estado do
Rio de Janeiro-FIPERJ, Guaratiba, Rio de
Janeiro, RJ, 23032-050, Brazil, E-mail:
rmartino.rlk@terra.com.br.
6
Ronaldo O. Cavalli, PhD, Professor at FURG
- Oceanography Department, Marine
Aquaculture Station, C. P. 474, Rio
Grande, RS, 96201-900, Brazil. E-mail:
Cavalli@mikrus.com.br.
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