Codal MemAid
 The Philippines adopt the generally accepted
Article 1
The National Territory comprises the Philippine
Archipelago, with all the islands and waters
embraced therein, and all other territories over
which the Philippines has sovereignty or
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and
aerial domains, including the territorial sea, the
seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other
submarine areas. The waters around, between, and
connecting the islands of the archipelago,
regardless of their with and dimensions, form part
of the internal waters of the Philippines.
Article 2
Section 1
1. What kind of state is the Philippines?
 A democratic and republican state.
2. Sovereignty resides where?
 Sovereignty resides in the People and all
Government authority emanates from them.
Section 2
1. What is the stand of the country to war?
 The Philippines renounces war as an
instrument of national policy.
2. What does the Philippines adopt?
principles of international law as part of the
law of the land
3. What does the Philippines adhere to?
 To the policy of peace, equality, justice,
freedom, cooperation, and amity with all
nations.
Section 3
1. What type of authority is supreme in the
Philippines?
 Civilian Authority is at all times supreme over
Military Authority.
2. Who is the protector of the people and the
state?
 The AFP is the protector of the people and the
state?
3. What is the AFP’s goal?
 To secure the sovereignty of the state and the
integrity of national territory.
Section 4
1. What is the prime duty of the Philippine
Government?
 The prime duty of the Government is to serve
and protect the people.
2. Who may the government call upon to defend
the state?
 The government may call upon the people to
defend the state.
3. What may be required in the defending of the
state?
 In the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be
required, under conditions provided by law,
to render personal, military, or civil service.
Section 5
1. What are essential in the enjoyment of
democracy?
 The maintenance of peace and order,
 the protection of life, liberty and property,
and the
 promotion of general welfare are essential to
the enjoyment by the people of all blessings of
democracy.
Section 6
1. What is the stand on church and state
relationships?
 The separation of church and state shall be
inviolable.
Section 7
1. What kind of policy shall the state pursue?
 The state shall pursue an independent
foreign policy.
2. In its relation to other states what shall be
the paramount consideration?
 Shall be the national sovereignty, territorial,
integrity, national interest, and self-
determination.
Section 8
1. What is the Philippine’s stand on nuclear
weapons?
 The Philippines, consistent with national
interest, adopts and pursues a freedom from
nuclear weapons in the country.
Section 9
1. What kind of social order shall be ensured?
 The state shall promote a just and dynamic
social order that will
2. Ensured what?
 ensure the prosperity and independence of
the nation and free the people from poverty
3. Through the use of what?
 Policies that provide adequate social services,
promote full employment, and a rising
standard of living, and improved quality of life
for all.
Section 10
1. What shall the state promote?
 Social justice in all phases of national
development.
Section 11 Section 1

Section 12 1. Legislative power shall be vested in who?

 Legislative power shall be vested in the
Section 13 Congress of the Philippines, which shall
consist of a Senate of a House of
Section 14 Representatives,
 EXCEPT, to the extent reserved to the people
Section 15 by the provision on initiative and referendum.

Section 16
Section 2
Section 17
1. The Senate shall be composed of what?
Section 18  The Senate shall be composed of 24 senators
who shall be elected at large
Section 19
2. Elected by who?
Section 20  By the qualified voters of the Philippines, as
may be provided by law.
Section 21
Section 3
Section 22
1. What are the qualifications of a Senator?
Section 23 A. A natural born citizen of the Philippines
B. At least 35 years of age
Section 24 C. Able to read and write
D. A registered voter
Section 25 E. Resident of the Philippines for not less than 2
years immediately preceding the day of the
Section 26 election.

Article VI Section 4
1. What shall be the term of the senator?
 The term of office of the Senators shall be:
A. 6 years,
2. Term of Senator beginning from what time?
 Beginning from, unless otherwise stated by
law, at noon on the 13th day of June next
following their election.
3. How many consecutive terms may the
Senator serve?
 No Senator shall serve more than 2
consecutive terms.
4. May voluntary renunciation be an
interruption of consecutive terms?
 Voluntary renunciation may not be
considered as an interruption in the
continuity of his service for the full term for
which he was elected.
Section 5
1. The HoR shall be composed of what?
 The HoR shall be composed of not more than
250 members, unless otherwise fixed by law
2. HoR elected from where?
 Elected from legislative districts apportioned
among the provinces, cities, and the
Metropolitan Manila area
 And those, as otherwise provided by law,
shall be elected through a party list system of
registered national, regional, and sectoral
parties or organizations.
3. What is the apportionment in accordance to?
 Apportionment in the areas will be in
accordance with the number of respective
inhabitants
4. On the basis of what?
 On the basis of a uniform and progressive
ratio
5. The party-list system shall constitute how
many of the total number of representatives
including those under the party-list.
 The party list shall constitute twenty
percentum of the total number of
representatives including those under the
party-list.
6. For three consecutive terms after the
ratification of This constitution, how many
seats shall be allocated to party-list
representatives from what kind of sectors?
 ½ of the seats allocated to party-list
representatives shall be filled, as provided by
law, by selection or election
 From
 Labor
 Peasant
  Urban Poor
 Indigenous cultural communities
 Woman
 Youth
 And such other sectors,
 As may be provided by law,
 EXCEPT the religious sector.
7. Each Legislative district shall comprise, as far
as practicable, what?
 Contiguous, compact, and adjacent territory.
8. What shall be given at least one
representative?
 Each city with a population of at least
250,000
 Or each province,
 Shall be given at least one representative.
9. When shall reapportionment be made and by
who?
 Within every three years following the return
of every census, the Congress shall make a
reapportionment of legislative districts based
on the standards provided in this section.
Section 6
1. What are the qualifications of a member of
the house of representatives?
 Natural born Citizen
 On the day of the election, at least 25 years of
age
 Able to read and write
 A registered voter in the district in which he
shall be elected, (Except for party-list
representatives)
 Resident thereof for a period of not less than
one year immediately preceding the day of the
election (again, except party-list
representatives)
Section 7
1. What is the term of Members of the HoR?
 Term of HoR is three years
2. When beginning?
 Unless otherwise stated, 30th day of June
next following their election.
3. Voluntary Renunciation?
 Voluntary Renunciation shall not be counted
as an interruption in the continuation of the
term in which he was elected.
Section 8
1. When shall the regular election of Senators
and the Members of HoR be held?
 On the Second Monday of May, UNLESS
OTHERWISE PROVIDED BY LAW.

Section 9
1. In Case of vacancy in the Senate and HoR,
what shall be done?
 A special election may be called to fill such
vacancy in the manner prescribed by law,
2. What term shall be served?
 The Senator or Member of the HoR thus
elected shall serve only for the unexpired
term.
Section 10
1. Salaries shall be determined by what?
 The Salaries of the Senators and Members of
the HoR shall be determined by law.
2. May increases in said compensation take
effect?
 No increase in said compensation shall take
effect until after the expiration of the full term
of the Members of the Senate and the house
of Representatives approving such increase.
Section 11
1. What shall a senator and a HoR be privileged
from?
 A Senator and a Member of the HoR shall, in
all offenses punishable by not more than 6
years imprisonment, be privileged from arrest
while Congress is in Session.
2. May the Members of Congress be questioned
nor be held liable?
 No Member shall be questioned nor be held
liable in any other place for any speech r
debate in the Congress or in any Committee
thereof.
Section 12
1. What shall be required from members of the
Legislature with regard to their financial
interests?
 All members of the Senate and the House of
representatives, shall, upon assumption of
office, make a full disclosure of their financial
and business interests.
2. What if there is conflict of interest?
 they shall notify the house concerned of a
potential conflict of interest which may arise
from the filing of a proposed legislation for
which they are authors.
Section 13
1. What are the restrictions regarding the
holding of office?
 No Senator or HoR may:
A. Hold any other office or employment in
the Government, subdivision, agency, or
 instrumentality thereof, including GOCC
or subsidiaries during his term without
forfeiting his seat
B. Be appointed to any office which may be
created or the emoluments thereof
increased during the term for which he
was elected.
Section 14
1. Restrictions as to practice of profession and
financial interest?
 No Member may:
A. Personally appear as counsel before any
Court of Justice or before the Electoral
Tribunal or Quasi-Judicial and other
administrative bodies
B. Be Directly or indirectly interested
financially in any contract with, or in any
franchise or special privilege granted by
the Government, subdivision, agency or
instrumentality thereof, including GOCC
and subsidiaries during his office.
C. Not intervene in any matter:
 before any office of the
Government for his pecuniary
benefit
 Where he may be called upon to
act on account of his office.
Section 15
1. When shall the Congress convene?
 Once every year on the Fourth Monday of
July for its regular session unless a different
day is fixed by law,
2. Till when shall it continue?
 Shall continue to be in session for such
number of days as it may determine until
thirty days before the opening of its next
regular session,
 Exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays, and legal
holidays.
3. May the President call for a special session?
 Yes, at any time.
Section 16
1. How is the Senate President and the Speaker
of the House be elected?
 The Senate shall elect its President and the
HoR its Speaker of the House by a majority
vote of all its members.
2. May members of each house choose other
offices?
 Yes, as the house deem necessary.
3. What shall constitute a quorum?
 A majority of each house shall constitute a
quorum to do business

4. May a smaller number adjourn day to day?
 Yes.
5. May they compel absent members?
 Yes, in any such manner, and under such
penalties, as such House may provide.
6. What other independent acts may each house
do?
A. It may determine the rules of its proceedings
B. It may punish its members for disorderly
behavior
C. It may suspend or expel a member with
Concurrence of 2/3s of all its members.
7. What is the maximum length of suspension?
 60 days. It shall not exceed such days.
8. What shall be kept in the Journal and what
are the nuances of the Journal?
 Each house shall keep a journal of its
proceedings
 From time to time publish the same
 Yeas and Nays on any question be entered in
the journal at the request of one-fifth of the
Members present.
9. What about record?
 Each house shall keep a record of its
proceedings.
10. May the House exempt such parts as may
affect national security?
 Yes, in its judgement.
11. Maximum length of adjournment?
 Neither house during the sessions of
Congress shall, without the consent of the
other, adjourn for more than 3 days
12. May they adjourn to any other place than
that in which the two houses sit?
 Not without consent from the other.
Section 17
1. What is an Electoral Triibunal?
 The Senate and the House of Representatives
shall each have an Electoral Tribunal, which
shall be the sole judge of all contests
relating to election, returns and
qualifications of their respective members.
2. Composition of Electoral Tribunal?
 Each Electoral Tribunal shall be composed of
9 members, three of whom shall be Justices
of the Supreme Court, designated by the
Chief Justice, and the remaining 6 shall be
members of the Senate and the House of
Representatives as the Case may be.
3. How shall the Members of the Electoral
Tribunal be chosen?
  On the basis of proportional representation
from political parties and parties or
organizations registered under the party-list
system represented therein.
4. Who shall be the chairman?
 The most senior Justice in the Election
Tribunal shall be its Chairman
Section 18
1. What is the Commission on Appointments
and what shall be its powers?
 There shall be a Commission on
appointments consisting of:
o The Senate President as ex-officio
chairman
o 12 Senators
o 12 Members of the House of Rep
 Elected by each house on the basis of
proportional representation from the political
parties and parties or organizations
registered under the party-list system
represented therein.
2. What is the function of the chairman?
 He shall not vote except in cases of a tie
3. When shall the commission act on the
appointments?
 The commission shall act on all appointment
submitted to it within thirty session days of
the Congress from their submission.
4. How shall the Commission rule?
 By a majority vote of all the members.
Section 19:
1. When shall the Electoral Tribunals be
constituted, along with the CoA?
 Within 30 days after the Senate and the
house of representatives shall have been
organized with the election of the President
and the Speaker of the House.
2. When can the CoA meet to discharge the
functions and powers conferred upon it?
 Only while the Congress is in Session,
 At the call of its Chairman or a Majority of all
its members.
Section 20
1. Who shall audit the records and books of
accounts?
 The CoA shall audit the books and shall
publish annually an itemized list of amounts
paid and expenses incurred for each
member.
2. Are the books of Accounts open to the
public?
 Yes, it shall be preserved and open to the
public in accordance with law.
Section 21
1. What are inquiries in aid of legislation and
who may conduct them?
 The Senate and the House of representatives
or any of its respective committees may
conduct inquiries in aid of legislation in
accordance with its duly published rules of
procedure. The rights of persons appearing
in, or affected by, such inquiries shall be
respected.
Section 22
1. If the inquiry is NOT in aid of legislation,
what are the requirements necessary for heads
of departments to appear?
For heads of departments
 They may appear at their own initiative
 With the Consent of the President, OR upon
the request of either House
 According to the rules as each house has
provided,
 The appearance must be for any matter
pertaining to their departnemtns.
2. For written question?
 They must be submitted to the president of
the Senate or the Speaker of the house of
Representatives at least 3 days before their
scheduled appearance.
3. Are questions and interpellation be limited to
written questions?
 No.
4. May inquiry be done in an executive session?
 Yes, when the security of the state and the
public so provides.
Section 23
1. Who has the sole power to declare the state of
war?
 Congress,
o by a vote of 2/3 of both houses
o in a joint session assembled
o Voting separately
2. Explain the powers of the Congress to
authorize the President to exercise certain
powers he or she does not normally authorize.
 In times of war or other national emergency,
the Congress may, by law, authorize the
President to exercise such powers necessary
and proper to carry out a national policy.
3. Is this authorization qualified?
  Yes. It is only for a limited time and subject
to such restrictions the Congress may
prescribe.
4. May it be withdrawn by resolution of
Congress, what happens if withdrawn?
 Yes, such authorization of powers shall cease
upon the next adjournment thereof.
Section 24
1. What shall exclusively originate from the
HoR?
A. All revenue, appropriation or tariff bills
B. Bills authorizing increases of the public debt
C. Bills of local application
D. Private bills
2. May the Senate propose or concur with
amendments?
 Yes.
 They may even start drafting before the
submission of the HoR.
Section 25
1. May the Congress increase appropriations
recommended by the President for the operation
of the Government as specified in the budget?
 No.
 However, the form, content, and manner of
preparation of the budget shall be prescribed
by law.
2. What are the qualifications to provisions and
enactments embraced in a general appropriation
bill?
 They must relate specifically to some
particular appropriation therein.
3. General rule on provisions and enactments?
 They shall be limited in its operation to the
appropriation to which it relates.
4. Rules on SPECIAL appropriation bill?
 Shall specify the purpose for which it is
intended
 It shall be supported by funds actually
available as certified by the National
Treasurer, or raised by a corresponding
revenue proposal therein.
5. May laws be passed authorizing the transfer
of appropriations?
 No. however, the president, the Senate
President and the Speaker of the House and
the CJ, and heads of the Con Com, may by
law, be authorized to augment any item in
the general appropriation law for their
respective offices from the savings in other
items of their respective appropriations.
6. Rule on Discretionary funds?
 They shall be disbursed only for public
purposes
 To be supported by appropriate vouchers
 Subject to the guidelines prescribed by law.
7. What if Congress fails to pass the General
appropriations bill for the ensuing fiscal year
 The GAA of the preceding fiscal year shall be
deemed re-enacted and shall remain in force
until the GAA is passed by the Congress.
Section 26
1. What is the one subject one title rule?
 Every bill passed by the Congress shall
embrace only one subject and one title
thereof.
2. What is the “3 readings on 3 days”?
 No bill passed shall become a law until
o it has passed three readings on 3
separate days,
o printed copies of its final form
distributed to members of Congress 3
days before its passage,
o except when the president certifies
to the necessity of its immediate
enactment, to meet a public
calamity or emergency.
3. May amendments be made after the last
reading of the bill?
 No.
4. What shall be entered in the Journal?
 Yeas and Nays.
Section 27
1. After the passing by Congress, what next?
 Every bill passed by the Congress shall,
before it becomes a law, shall be presented to
the President.
2. If he approves the same, if he does not
approve it?
 If he approves, he shall sign it, if not, he shall
veto it and return the same with his
objections to the house where it originated.
3. What shall the house do if rejected?
 It shall enter the objections at large in its
journal, and proceed to reconsider it.
 If 2/3 of all the members of such house agree
to pass the bill again, it shall be sent together
with the objections to the other House by
which it shall likewise be considered,
 If approved by 2/3 members of all the
members of that house, it shall become a law.
4. When shall the President communicate his
veto of any bill to the House?
  Within 30 days from the date of receipt
thereof, otherwise it shall become a law as if
he had signed it.
5. Does the president also have the power to
veto any particular item or items of
appropriation, revenue or tariff bills?
 Yes, but the veto shall not affect the item or
items to which he does not object.
Section 28
1. What should the rule of taxation be?
 It shall be uniform and equitable
2. What kind of system of taxation?
 Congress shall evolve a progressive system of
taxation.
3. May the President fix tariff rates, import and
export quotas, tonnage and wharfage dues, and
other duties and imposts?
 Yes. Congress may, by law, authorize the
president to do such.
4. Qualified?
 Yes. Within specified limits and subject to
such limitations and restrictions as it may
impose
 Within the framework of national
development program of the Government.
5. Who shall be exempt from taxation?
 Charitable institutions,
 Churches,
 Personages
 Convents appurtenant thereto
 Mosques,
 Non-profit cemeteries
 Lands, buildings and improvements actually
directly and exclusively used for religious,
charitable or educational purposes shall be
exempt from taxation.
6. What shall be done for tax exemption to be
granted?
 Concurrence of majority of all members of the
Congress.
Section 29
1. When may money be paid out of treasury?
 When it is in pursuance of an appropriation
made by law.
2. Is there a restriction of appropriation for
religion?
 Yes. No public money or property shall be
appropriated, applied, paid, or employed,
directly or indirectly for the use, benefit, or
support of any sect, church, denomination,
sectarian institution, or system of religion.
 Or of any priest, preacher, minister, other
religious teacher or dignitary.
  EXCEPT when such person is assigned to the
AFP, or to any penal institution, or to
government orphanage or leprosarium.
3. Rule on Tax levied for Special Purpose fund?
 Shall only be paid out for such special
purpose only.
4. What if the purpose for which special fund
has been fulfilled or abandoned?
 It shall revert back to the general funds of the
government.
Section 30:
1. May laws be passed increasing the appellate
jurisdiction of the SC?
 No. Not without its advice and concurrence.
Section 31:
1. May laws granting title or royalty or nobility
be enacted?
 No.
Section 32:
1. Is the Congress responsible for providing a
system of initiative and referendum?
 Yes, the Congress shall, as early as possible,
provide for a system of initiative and
referendum and the exceptions therefrom.
2. What is initiative and referendum
 whereby the people can directly propose and
enact laws or approve or reject any act or law
or part thereof passed by the Congress or
Local legislative body after the registration of
a petition signed by atleast 10% of the total
number of registered voters, of which every
legislative district must be represented by at
least 3% of the registered voters thereof.
Article VII
Section 1
1. The executive power shall be vested within
who?
 Within the President of the Philippines.
Section 2
1. Requirements for a president of the
Philippines?
 Natural born citizen of the Philippines
 Registered voter
 Able to read and write
 40 years of age on the day of the election
 resident of the Philippines for atleast 10 years
immediately preceding election.
Section 3
1. Who is a vice president and what does he do?
 There shall be a vice president, that has the
same qualifications and term of office and be
elected in the same manner as the president.
2. How is the vice president removed?
 Same manner as the president.
3. May the vice president be appointed as a
member of the Cabinet?
 Yes. Such appointment requires no
confirmation.
Section 4
1. How shall the President and vice president be
elected?
 By direct vote of the people for a term of 6
years.
2. When shall this begin?
 Noon on the 30th day of June next following
the day of election.
3. When shall it end?
 Noon on the same day 6 years thereafter.
4. Is the president eligible for re-election?
 No.
5. For persons succeeding the president, what is
the limitation on when they can run?
 No person who has succeeded as president
and has served as such for more than 4 years
shall be qualified to the same office at any
time.
6. How many successive terms can the Vice
president have?
 No vice president shall serve more than 2
successive terms.
7. Voluntary renunciation interruption in the
continuation of the full term?
 Nope.
8. When shall elections be held?
 Second Monday of May, Unless otherwise
provided by law.
9. Requirement for returns of the President and
Vice President elections to be valid?
A. Duly certified by the Board of Canvassers of
each province or city
B. Must be transmitted to the Congress directed
to the President of the Senate.
10. What shall the Senate president do upon
receipt?
 Open the certificates in the presence of the
senate and the house of representatives in a
 joint public session in not later than 30 days
after the day of the election.
11. After opening, what shall be done?
 Congress, upon determination of the
authenticity thereof in a manner provided by
law, canvass the votes.
12. Who shall be proclaimed elected?
 The person having the highest number of
votes shall be proclaimed elected
13. What if 2 or more shall have an equal and
highest number of votes?
 One shall be chosen by a majority of all the
Members of both Houses of the Congress,
voting separately.
14. Who shall promulgate the rules for the
procedures of canvassing the certificates?
 The Congress shall promulgate its rules for
the canvassing of the Certificates.
15. Who shall be the sole judge of all contests
relating to election of President and the Vice
President?
 The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall be
the sole judge of all contests relating to the
election returns, and qualifications of the
President, or Vice President, and may
promulgate the rules for the purpose.
Section 5: Oath of Affirmation
Section 6:
1. What are the constitutional requirements
regarding the residence and salaries of the
President?
 The president shall have an official residence.
 The salaries of the president and the vice
president shall be determined by law, and
shall not be decreased during their tenure.
2. Can they be increased?
 No increase in said compensation shall take
effect until after the expiration of the term of
the incumbent during which such increase
was approved.
3. May the President receive other emoluments?
 No. They shall not receive during their tenure
any other emolument from the government or
any other source.
Section 7
1. When shall the president assume office?
 AT the beginning of their terms.
2. If the president fails to qualify?
 The VP shall act as president until the
President shall have qualified.
3. If the President shall not have been chosen?
 The VP shall act as president until the
President shall have been chosen and
qualified.
4. If, at the beginning of the term, the
president-elect shall have died or permanently
became disabled?
 The Vice president shall BECOME president.
5. When no vice president or president shall
have been chosen or qualified, or where both
shall have died or become permanently disabled,
what shall happen?
 The Senate President, or in his disability, the
Speaker of the House, shall act as president
until a president or vp shall have been
chosen or qualified.
6. What shall the congress provide a manner for
with regard to selection of P or VP?
 The Congress shall, by law, provide for the
manner in which one who is to act as
President shall be selected,
 UNTIL a P or VP shall have qualified in case
of death, permanent disability, or inability of
officials.
Section 8
1. In case of death (in the middle of the term),
permanent disability, removal from office or
resignation of the President, what shall happen?
 The vice president shall become the
president and serve the unexpired term.
2. In case of death, PD, R, R, of VP?
 The Senate President or in his disability,
the Speaker of the House, shall act as
president until the P or VP shall have been
elected and qualified.
3. Role of Congress?
 To provide, by law, who shall serve as
President, in case of death, permanent
disability, or resignation of Acting President.
He shall serve until the P or VP shall have
been elected and qualified, and be subject to
the same restrictions and powers as that of
the Acting President
Section 9
1. What if there is a vacancy in the Office of the
Vice President?
 The president shall nominate a VP from
among the Members of the Senate and the
HoR.
2. When shall they assume office?
  Upon confirmation by a majority vote of all
the Members of both Houses, Voting
Separately.
Section 10.
1. What is the procedure of Special Elections?
A. Congress shall convene, and enact a law
calling for a special election to elect a P and
VP.
2. When will Congress convene
 At 10 in the morning, on the third day of the
vacancy in the office of the P or VP
3. Convene how?
 In accordance with its rules
4. Is a call needed?
 Without the need for a call.
5. When shall the law be enacted?
 Within 7 days
6. When shall election be held?
 Not earlier than 45 days but not later than 60
day from the time of such call.
7. Is the special election law required to be read
in three separate days?
 No, it is deemed certified by the president.
8. When shall the Special election bill become a
law?
 Upon third reading by congress.
9. Appropriation for the special election shall be
charged where?
 To any current appropriation and shall be
exempt from the purpose requirement and
National Treasurer requirement.
10. May the convening of Congress be
suspended and the election be postponed? If yes
when?
 Cannot be postponed.
11. What if vacancy occurs within 18 months
before the date of the next presidential
elections?
 No Special elections need be held.
Section 11
1. When are the powers of the president
discharged to the Vice President?
a) When the president transmits to the Senate
President and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives his written declaration that
he is unable to discharge the powers and
duties of the president.
b) When the majority of the members of the
Cabinet, transmit to the Senate President
and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives his written declaration that
 he is unable to discharge the powers and
duties of the president
2. When shall the powers be returned to the
president?
 Returned when president transmits to Senate
and HoR a written declaration to the contrary
(That he is able to discharge the powers and
duties of his office).
3. If majority of the Cabinet initiates discharge
of powers to VP, may President contest?
 Yes. When the president transmits to SP or
SHoR his written declaration that no inability
exists, he shall reassume the powers and
duties of his office.
4. May the Cabinet contest the contest?
 Yes, when a majority of the members of
cabinet transmit to the SP or SHoR written
declaration that president is unable to
discharge the powers and duties of his office,
the CONGRESS SHALL DECIDE.
5. When should the written declaration be
made?
 Within 5 days from the transmission of the
president
6. How shall the Congress decide?
 The Congress shall convene, if it is not in
session, within 48 hours, in accordance with
its rules.
6. Need for a call?
 No need for a call.
7. What vote is needed for the Congress to say
that the president is unable to discharge the
powers and duties of his office?
 2/3 vote of both houses voting separately
 Voting done within 10 days after receipt of
last written declaration
a) 12 days if not in session.
8. Who shall act as president?
 The VP.
9. If the vote is not gotten?
 President shall continue exercising his
powers.
Section 12
1. In case of serious illness of President what is
needed to be done?
 The public shall be informed of the state of
his health.
2. Who shall not be denied access to the
President?
  Members of the Cabinet in charge of national
security and foreign relations
 Chief of Staff of AFP
Section 13
1. Is there a prohibition in the holding of office
for the president?
 Yes. The president, VP, the Members of
Cabinet, and the Deputies and Assistants
shall not, unless otherwise provided in this
Constitution,
 Hold any other office or employment during
their tenure.
2. What are the other prohibitions during their
tenure, directly or indirectly?
 Practice any other profession
 Participate in any business
 Be financially interested in any contract with
or in any franchise, or special privilege
granted by the government, its agency,
instrumentality, including GOCC or
subsidiaries.
 They shall strictly avoid conflict of interest in
the conduct of their office.
3. Who are prohibited from holding offices as
members of the Con Com, Office of the
Ombudsman, or as secretaries and
undersecretaries, chairman, or heads of bureaus
or offices including GOCC and subsidiaries?
 Relatives by consanguinity between the
fourth civil degree.
4. Where are relatives not allowed to be
appointed?
 As members of the ConCom
 In the Office of the Ombudsman
 Secretaries or undersecretaries
 Chairmen or heads of bureaus, including
GOCCs and subsidiaries.
Section 14
1. What about appointments extended by the
former president?
 Shall remain effective, unless revoked by the
elected president within 90 days from his
assumption or resumption of office.
Section 15
1. When is the appointment ban?
 2 months immediately before the next
presidential election, and up to the end of his
term, the President or Acting President shall
not make appointments,
 EXCEPT temporary appointments to
executive positions when continued vacancies
therein will prejudice public service or
endanger public safety.
Section 16

1. Who may the President Nominate, with
consent of the COA?
a) Heads of the Executive Departments
b) Ambassadors
c) Other Public Ministers and Consuls
d) Officers of the armed forces from the rank of
colonel or naval captain
e) Other officers whose appointments who are
vested in him in the constitution.
2. Who else may the president appoint with no
need for CoA?
 All others not otherwise provided by law.
 Those whom he may by law was authorized to
appoint.
3. What may congress vest the appointment of
other officers lower in rank?
 In the president alone
 In the courts
 In the heads of departments agencies,
commission or boards.
4. Does the president have the power to make
appointments during the recess of Congress?
 Yes.
5. When shall these appointments during recess
be effective?
a) Until disapproved by CoA
b) Until the next adjournment of Congress.
Section 17
1. What does the president have control over?
 Over all the executive departments, bureaus,
and offices
2. What shall he ensure?
 That all laws are faithfully executed.
Section 18
1. Name the powers of the President.
a) The President shall be the Commander-in-
Chief of all the armed forces of the
Philippines.
b) Whenever it may be necessary, he may call
out armed forces to prevent or suppress
lawless violence, invasion or rebellion
c) Suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus
d) Martial Law declaration powers
2. Requisites of suspension of the writ of Habeas
Corpus:
a) In case of invasion or rebellion
b) When public safety requires it
c) Period must not exceed 60 days.
3. Powers of the Congress to check and balance
power of the president?
 The president shall submit a report in person
or in writing to the Congress.
4. May the Congress revoke such proclamation?
How?
 Voting jointly, by a majority of all its
Members in a regular or special session.
5. May the Congress extend beyond 60 days
such proclamations?
 Yes. If rebellion shall exist and public safety
requires it.
6. When shall the Congress convene for the
meeting for revocation?
 Within 24 hours.
7. May the Supreme Court review?
 Yes. In an appropriate proceeding filed by
any citizen, the sufficienc of the factual
basis of the proclamation of martial law or
the suspension of the privilege of the writ of
habeas corpus or extension thereof.
8. When shall they promulgate this decision?
 Within 30 days from the filing.
9. What is the effect of martial Law?
 It does not suspend the operation of the
Constitution.
 Nor supplant the functioning of the courts or
legislative assembleis
 Nor authorize the conferment of jurisdiction
to military courts and agencies over civil
courts when they are able to function.
 Nor automatically suspend the privilege of the
writ.
10. To whom shall the suspension of the writ
apply/
 Only to persons judicially charged for
rebellion or offenses inherent in, or directly
connected with invasion
11. During the suspension of the Privilege of the
writ, what is the maximum time a person may
be judicially charged?
 Any person thus arrested shall be charged
within three days otherwise he shall be
released.
Section 19
1. May the President Grant reprieves,
commutation, pardons and remittance of fines
and forfeitures AFTER conviction by final
judgement?
 General rule is yes
 EXCEPT in cases of impeachment or as
otherwise provided in this code.
2. Does he also have the power to grant amnesty
 Yes, but with the concurrence of majority of
all members of Congress.
Section 20
1. Does the president have the power to
contract foreign loans?
 Yes, the president may contract or guarantee
foreign loans on behalf of the RP, but with
prior concurrence of the Monetary board,
subject to the limitations of the law.
2. What is the function of the Monetary board?
 Submit to Congress a complete report of its
decision on applications for loans to be
contracted or guaranteed by the government
or GOCC.
3. What kind of loans?
 Loans that would have the effect of increasing
foreign debt, and containing matters as
otherwise provided by law.
4. When shall this be submitted to Congress?
 Within thirty days from the end of every
quarter of the calendar year.
Section 21
1. When is a treaty and international agreement
deemed valid?
 When concurred by at least 2/3 of all the
Members of the Senate.
Section 22
1. Does the President submit the government
budget?
 Yes. The president shall submit to Congress a
budget of expenditures and sources of
financing, including receipts from existing
and proposed revenue measures.
2. When is this submitted?
 Within 30 days from the opening of every
regular session as the basis of the GAA.
Section 23
1. When is the Congress addressed by the
president?
 At the opening of its regular session.
2. May he appear before it any time?
 Yes.
Article VIII
1. To Whom shall judicial power be vested?
 Judicial power shall be vested in one
supreme court and in such lower courts as
may be established by law.
2. What does judicial power include?
 Includes the duty of the courts of justice to:
 i. Settle actual controversies involving
rights which are legally demandable
and enforceable
ii. And determine whether or not there
has been a grave abuse of discretion
amounting to lack or excess of
jurisdiction on the part of any branch
or instrumentality of the Government.
Section 2
1. Who shall have the power to determine
jurisdiction of courts?
 Congress has the power to define, prescribe,
and apportion the jurisdiction of the various
courts,
 But may not deprive SC of its jurisdiction
over cases enumerated in Section 5
hereof.
2. May laws be passed reorganizing the
Judiciary
 No law shall be passed reorganizing the
Judiciary when it undermines the security of
tenure of its members.
Section 3
1. What shall the Supreme Court Enjoy?
 Fiscal Autonomy.
2. May Judiciary appropriations be reduced by
the Legislature?
 Appropriations may not be reduced by the
legislature below the amount appropriated for
the previous year.
3. Is the appropriation automatically and
regularly released?
 Yes, after approval.
Section 4
1. What shall the SC be composed of?
 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices.
2. How may they sit?
 En Banc or at its discretion.
3. In divisions of what?
 In division of three five or seven members.
4. When shall vacancies be filled?
 Within 90 days from the occurrence thereof.
5. Which cases are required to be heard en
banc?
i. Involving treaty, international, or executive
agreement, or law
ii. Other cases required by the rules of Court
a. Those involving constitutionality
application operation of presidential
decrees proclamation orders
instruction ordinances and other
regulations.
6. Cases required to be heard en banc shall be
decided by who?
 Concurrence of a majority of the Members
who actually took part in the deliberations on
the issues in the case and voted therein.
7. What about those heard in a division?
 Decided or resolved with the concurrence of a
majority of the members who actually took
part in the deliberations on the issues of the
case and voted thereon.
8. Is there a minimum required?
 Yes. In no case will it be decided upon
without the concurrence of at least three of
such Members.
9. May a doctrine or principle of law laid down
by the court decision rendered en banc be
modified or reversed by a division?
 No.
b. Cases involving the legality of tax,
impost, assessment, or toll or penalty
imposed.
c. Cases involving the jurisdiction of any
lower court
d. Criminal cases with the penalty of
reclusion perpetua or higher
e. Error of question of law is involved
iii. Assign temporarily judges of lower courts
iv. Order a change of venue or trial to avoid
miscarriage of justice
v. Promulgate its rules and procedures.
vi. Appoint all officials of the judiciary
2. What does the SC exercise ORIGINAL
jurisdiction over?
1. Cases affecting ambassadors, public
ministers and consuls,
2. Over petitions of certiorari, prohibition,
mandamus, quo warranto and habeas
corpus.

Section 5 3. In the final judgements of lower courts the

court may, ON APPEAL, as the Rules of Court
1. Enumerate the powers of the SC may provide?
i. Exercise original jurisdiction over certain I. Review
cases II. Revise
ii. Review final judgements in lower courts III. Reverse
regarding IV. Modify
a. All cases involving constitutionality of V. Affirm
treaties, agreements, presidential
decrees, ordinance, etc. Section 6
1. What kind of supervision shall the Supreme
Court have?
 Administrative supervision over all courts
and the personnel thereof.
Section 7
1. What are the requirements to be a member of
the SC or any collegiate court?
1. Natural Born citizen of the Philippines
2. Member of the SC?
1. 40 years of age
2. in the practice of 15 years or more as a judge
of the lower court, OR engaged in the practice
of law in the Philippines.
3. Who shall prescribe the qualification of the
lower courts?
 Congress.
4. But what is the non-negotiable requirement
for judges of the lower courts?
 Member of the Philippine Bar
 Citizen of the Philippines.
5. What attributes must the Member of the
Judiciary have?
1. Competence
2. Integrity
3. Probity
4. Independence
Section 8
1. What is the JBC and what will be its
composition?
 A Council under the supervision of the SC
 SC as chairman
 Secretary of Justice and a representative of
Congress as ex officio members
 Representative of the integrated bar
 A professor of law
 And a retired member of the SC
 And a representative of the Private sector.
2. Who are the other regular members and how
elected?
 Shall be appointed by the president for a
term of four years
3. Need consent of CoA?
 Yes.
4. What will be the terms of those appointed?
 Representative of Integrated bar is 4 years
 Professor of law is 3 years
 Retired justice 2 years
 Representative of Private Sector one year.
5. Who shall be the Secretary ex officio of the
Counsil?
 The Clerk of Court
6. Will they receive emoluments?
  Yes, as may be determined by the SC.
7. Who shall provide fot the annual budget and
appropriation of the JBC?
 The SC.
8. What will be the primary function of the JBC?
 The principal function of the JBC is to
recommend appointees to the Judiciary.
9. May exercise other functions?
 Yes. It may exercise such other functions and
duties as the SC may assign to it.
10. Who appoints the Members of the SC and
how?
 The president shall appoint the Members of
the SC and the judges of the lower courts
from a list of at least 3 nominees prepared by
the JBC for each vacancy.
11. Do they need confirmation?
 No.
12. When shall the president issue the
appointments FOR LOWER COURTS ONLY?
 Within 90 days from the submission of the
list.
Section 10
1. How shall the salaries of the judges be fixed?
 By law.
2. May they be decreased?
 Not during the continuance in their office.
Section 11
1. How long shall the Members of the SC and the
judges hold office?
 THe Members of the SC and the judges of the
lower courts shall hold office during good
behavior until they reach the age of 70 years
or become incapacitated to discharge the
duties of their office.
2. Who shall have the duty to discipline judges
of the lower courts by a majority vote of a
majority of the Members who actually took part
in the deliberations on the issues in the case
and voted thereon??
 The SC en Banc
3. Who may order their dismissal by a majority
vote of a majority of the Members who actually
took part in the deliberations on the issues in
the case and voted thereon?
 SC en Banc
Section 12
1. May members of the SC and other courts be
designated to any agency performing quasi-
judicial or administrative functions?
 No.
Section 13
1. How are ponentes chosen?
 The conclusion of the SC in any case
submitted to it for decision en banc or in
division,
 Shall be reached in consultation before the
case is assigned to a member for the writing
of the opinion in the court.
2. What shall be issued and a copy thereof
attached to the record of the case and served
upon the parties?
 Certification signed by the SC that
consultation before the case was made.
3. Members who took no part, or dissented, or
abstained from a decision or resolution, must do
what?
 Must state the reason therefor.
4. Must this also be followed by lower collegiate
courts?
 Yes.
Section 14
1. How shall decisions be rendered?
 No decision shall be rendered by any court
WITHOUT expressing therein clearly and
distinctly the facts and the law on which it
was based.
2. Is the legal basis important?
 Yes. No petition for review or motion for recon
be refused without stating the legal basis
thereof.
Section 15
1. When shall cases be decided?
 All cases or matters filed after the effectivity
of this Constitution must be decided or
resolved within 24 months from date of
submission for the SC
 UNLESS reduced by the SC, 12 months for
all lower collegiate courts,
 3 montsh for all the other lower courts.
2. When shall a case or matter be deemed
submitted for a decision or resolution?
 Upon the filing of the last pleading brief or
memorandum required by the Rules of Court
or the Court itself.
3. What if no decision was made on or before the
deadline?
  A certification to this effect signed by the CJ
or the presiding judge shall be issued, a copy
attached to the record and served upon the
parties.
4. What shall be stated in the certificate?
 Why a decision has not yet been rendered.
5. Will expiration render the case moot?
 No. Nevertheless, the cour shall decide or
resolve the case without further delay.
Section 16
1. When shall the annual report on the
operations and activities of the Judiciary be
submitted?
 Within 30 days from the opening.
ARTICLE IX
Section 1
1. What are the constitutional commissions?
 The Civil Service Commission
 The Commission on Election
 The Commission on audit.
 It shall be independent.
2. What shall be the main characteristics of
these constitutional commissions?
 They shall be independent.
Section 2
1. What are the restrictions set forth for the
members of the constitutional commissions?
I. They may not hold any office or employment
during their tenure.
II. They may not engage in any practice of any
profession or be in active management or
control of any business, which in any way
may be affected by the functions of his office.
III. They may not be financially interested
directly or indirectly, in any contract or
franchise or privilege granted by the
Government, subdivisions, agencies or
instrumentalities, including GOCCs and their
subsidiaries.
Section 3
1. Who shall fix the salary of the Chairman and
the Commissioners?
 They shall be fixed by law.
2. May they be DECREASED?
 Not during their tenure.
Section 4
1. How shall the officials and employees be 1. When shall the ConComs decide on matters
chosen? brought before it?
 Appointed by the Commission, in accordance  Within 60 days from the date of its
to law. submission for decision or resolution.

Section 5 2. Decided by who?

1. What shall the Constitutional Comm enjoy?
 They shall enjoy fiscal autonomy like that of
the Judiciary.
2. Will the ConComs have their approved annual
appropriations automatically and regularly
released?
 Yes.
Section 6
 Majority vote of all its members
3. When is a case or matter deemed submitted
for decision or resolution?
 Upon filing of the last pleading, brief, or
memorandum required by the rules of the
Commission or by the Commission itsef.
4. May the decision, order, or ruling of the
Concom be brought to the SC on?
 Yes. Unless otherwise provided by this
Constitution or by law,

1. Who makes the ConComs rules of 5. Who shall make appeal?

proceedings?  The aggrieved party
 Each commission en banc may promulgate
its own rules concerning pleadings and 6. Within how many days?
practice before it or any of its offices.  30 days.

2. May these rules and proceedings modify Section 8

substantive rights?
 No. 1. May the ConCom perform other functions?
 Yes, as may be provided by law.

Section 7 Civil Service Commission

Section 1
1. What is the composition of the Civil Service
Commission?
 Composed of a Chairman and 2
Commissioners?
2. What shall they administer?
 They shall administer the Civil Service
3. What are the requirements for the Chairman
and the 2 commissioners?
I. Natural born citizens of the Philippines
II. 35 years old at the time of their appointment
III. Proven Capacity for public administration
IV. Not be candidates for any elective position in
the elections immediately preceding their
appointment.
4. How shall the Chairman and the
Commissioners be chosen?
 They shall be appointed by the President.
5. Does the appointment need consent of the
CoA?
 Yes.
6. What will be the term for the Commissioners
and the Chairman of the Civil Service
Commission?
 Seven years.
7. Will there be reappointment?
 No reappointment
8. Of those first appointed (First appointment
made on 1987), what shall be the terms?
 Chairman - 7 years
 1 Commissioner – 5 years
 Another Commissioner – 3 years.
9. What if there is vacancy?
 Appointment to any vacancy shall only be for
the unexpired term.
10. May members be appointment or designated
in a temporary or acting capacity?
 In no case shall they be appointed or
designated in a temporary or acting capacity.
Section 2
1. What shall the CSC embrace?
 Embraces all branches, subdivisions,
instrumentalities, agencies of the
Government, including GOCCS or controlled
corporations with original charters.
2. How shall appointments in the Civil Service
made?
 Appointments in the civil service shall be
made only according to merit and fitness.
3. How shall merit and fitness be determined?
  By competitive examination.
4. How is “competitive examination” qualified?
 It must be made as far as practicable
 Except to position which are policy-
determining, primarily confidential, or highly
technical.
5. May officers or employees be removed or
suspended?
 Only for causes provided by law.
6. May government employees have the right to
self-organization?
 Yes. They shall not be denied.
7. May officers or employees in the CS engage,
directly or indirectly, in any electioneering or
partisan political campaign?
 No.
8. May temporary employees of the Government
be given protection?
 Yes as may be provided by law.
Section 3
1. What is the Job of the SCS and what shall
they establish?
 The CSC, as the central personnel agency of
the Government, shall establish a career
service.
2. What measures shall they adopt?
 They shall adopt measures to promote
morale, efficiency, integrity, responsiveness,
progressiveness, and courtesy in the civil
service
3. What system shall it strengthen?
 The merit and rewards system.
4. It shall integrate what?
 It shall integrate all human resources
development programs for all levels and
ranks, and institutionalize a management
climate conducive of public accountability.
5. Will they make an annual report?
 Yes, which shall be submitted to the
President and Congress, relating to personnel
programs.
Section 4- oath of office
Section 5
1. What is the role of Congress in Concom?
 Congress shall provide for the
standardization of compensation of
government officials and employees,
including GOCCs with original charters
2. What shall be taken into account?
  The nature of the responsibilities pertaining
to, and the qualifications therefor, for their
positions.
Section 6
1. May those who ran for election be appointed
to any office in the Government or GOCC or
their subsidiaries?
 No Candidate who has lost in any election
shall, within one year after such election, be
appointed to any office in the Government or
the GOCC or any of their subsidiaries.
Section 7
1. May elective officials be appointed or
designated in any capacity to any public office
or position during their tenure?
 No elective official shall be eligible for
appointment or designation in any capacity to
any public office or position during his
tenure.
2.What about for appointed officials?
 No appointed official shall hold any office or
employment in the Government or any
subdivision, agency, instrumentality thereof,
including GOCCS or their subsidiaries.
 EXCEPT when allowed by law or by the
primary functions of his office.
Section 8
1. May public officers, whether elective or
appointive, receive additional, double, or
indirect compensation?
 No elective or appointive public officer or
employee shall receive additional, double, or
indirect compensation.
 UNLESS specifically authorized by law.
2. May they accept any present emolument,
office or title of any kind from any foreign
government?
 NO
 Unless allowed with the consent of Congress.
3. Are pensions or gratuities considered
compensation?
 They will not be considered as such.
The Commission on Elections
Section 1
1. What shall be the Composition of the
Commission of Election?
 There shall be a Commission on Elections
composed of a Chairman and 6
Commissioners
2. What shall be their qualifications?
 Natural born citizens of the Philippines
  At least 35 years old at the time of their
appointment
 Holders of College degree
 Must not be candidates for any elective
position in the immediately preceding
elections.
 Majority thereof, Including the chairman,
shall be members of the Philippine Bar
who have been engaged in the Practice of
law for at least 10 years.
3. Who shall appoint the Chairman and the 6
commissioners of the Commission on Election?
 They shall be appointed by the President with
the consent of the CoA for a term of seven
years without reappointment.
4. For the first appointed?
 3 members – 7 years
 2 members – 5 years
 last members – 3 years
5. Appointment to any vacancy?
 Shall be only for the unexpired term of the
predecessor
6. May they be appointed or designated in a
temporary or acting capacity?
 In no case.
Section 2
1. What will be the powers of the CoE?
I. Enforce and administer all laws and
regulations relative to the conduct of an
election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum and
recall.
II. Exercise original jurisdiction over certain
cases
III. Decide on certain questions
IV. Deputize law enforcement agencies
V. Registration of Political Parties
VI. Accredit citizen’s arms of the Commission on
lection
VII. File petitions in court for inclusion or
exlclusion of voters
VIII. Prosecute cases of violations of election laws
IX. Recommend to the Congress effective
measures to minimize election spending
X. Recommendation to the president of removal
of any officer or employee it has deputized, or
imposition of any other disciplinary action.
XI. Submission of comprehensive report to the
President and Congress
2. In where shall the COE exercise original
jurisdiction?
I. Over all contests relating to election, returns,
and qualifications of all elective and regional
provincial, and city officials
3. In where shall the CoE exercise APPELLATE
jurisdiction?
 Over all contests involving elective municipal
officials decided by the trial courts of general
 jurisdiction, or involving elective barangay
officials decided by trial courts of limited
jurisdiction.
4. Will the decisions of the CoE involving
elective municipal or barangay offices be final?
 Decisions, final orders, or rulings of the CoE
contest involving elective municipal and
barangay offices shall be final, executory,
are NOT APPEALABLE.
5. What shall the CoE decide on?
I. All questions affecting elections,
II. Determination of the number and location of
polling places,
III. Appointment of election officials and
inspectors
IV. Registration of voters
6. Are there any exemptions to what the CoE
can decide upon?
 Except those involving the right to vote.
7. What is the requirement for the CoE to
deputize?
 Needs concurrence of the President.
8. Who may the CoE deputize?
 Law enforcement agencies and
instrumentalities of the Government,
Including the AFP
9. For what purpose is the deputizing officers?
 For the Exclusive purpose of ensuring free,
orderly, honest, peaceful and credible
elections.
10. What is the requirement for the CoE to
register?
 Need sufficient publication.
11. Who may the CoE register?
 Political parties
 Organizations
 Coalitions
12. What is the requirement for these
registrations to be valid?
 In addition to other requirements, must
present their platform or program of
government.
13. Who shall be refused registration?
I. Religious denominations and sects.
II. Those who achieve their goals through
unlawful means
III. Those who refuse to uphold and adhere to
this Constitution
IV. Those who are supported by any foreign
government.
14. What shall be the effect of financial
contribution from foreign governments and
their agencies to political parties?
  Financial contributions from foreign
governments and agencies to political parties,
organizations, coalitions, or candidates
related to elections constitute interference
in national affairs.
 When accepted, they shall be an additional
ground for the cancellation of their
registration with the Commission, in
addition to other penalties that may be
prescribed by law.
15. In what petitions may the CoE file?
I. For the inclusion or exclusion of voters
II. Investigate and, where appropriate, prosecute
cases of violation of election laws, including
acts or omissions constituting frauds,
offenses and malpractice.
16. When may the CoE File petitions in those
mentioned in number 15?
 Upon verified complaint or on its own
initiative.
17. What may the CoE Recommend to the
Congress?
 Effective measures to:
1. minimize election spending
2. Limitation of places where propaganda
materials shall be posted
3. Prevent or penalize all forms of election
fraud, offenses, malpractices, and
nuisance candidates.
18. What may he recommend to the President?
 Removal of:
o any officer or employee it has deputized
 Imposition of any other disciplinary action for
the violation or disregard, or disobedience to
its directive, order, or decision.
Section 3
1. May the CoE sit in division?
 It may sit En Banc or in division.
2. May it promulgate its own rules of procedure?
 Yes. In order to expedite disposition of
election cases, including pre-proclamation
controversies.
3. Who shall hear election cases?
 CoE in division
 Provided that motions for reconsideration
of decisions shall be decided by the
Commission en banc.
Section 4
1. What may the CoE supervise or regulate the
enjoyment of DURING THE ELECTION PERIOD?
I. All franchises or permits for the operation
transportation and other public utilities
II. Media of Communication or information
III. All grants, special privileges or concessions
granted by the Government or any
subdivision, agency or instrumentality
thereof, including any GOCC or its
subsidiary.
2. What shall the supervision or regulation of
enjoyment aim to do?
 Aim to ensure equal opportunity, and equal
rates therefor,
 For public information campaigns and
forums among candidates in connection with
the objective of holding free, orderly, honest,
peaceful and credible elections.
Section 5
1. May there be pardon, amnesty, parole or
suspension of sentence for violation of election
laws rules and regulations that is only granted
by the President?
 No. Favorable recommendation of the
Commission on Election is required.
Section 6
1. What kind of party system shall be allowed?
 A free and open party system shall be allowed
to evolve according to the free choice of the
people, subject to the provisions of this
Article.
Section 7
1. May votes be cast in favor of a political
party?
 No votes cast in favor of a political party,
organization or coalition shall be valid
 EXCEPT for those registered under the party-
list system as provided in this Constitution.
Section 8
1. What is the right of Political Parties,
organizations or coalitions registered under the
party-list system?
 They have the right to be entitled to appoint
poll watchers in accordance to law.
2. What may they NOT do.
 They shall not be represented in the voter’s
registration boards, board of election
inspectors, board of canvassers, or other
similar bodies.
Section 9
1. When shall the election period commence?
 90 days before the day of election
 UNLESS otherwise provided
2. When shall it end
 30 days thereafter
 UNLESS OTHERWISE PROVIDED
Section 10
1. What shall be the right of bona fide
candidates?
 They shall be free from any form of
harassment and determination.
Section 11
1. What shall be required to be certified by the
Commission?
 Funds certified by the Commission as
necessary to defray the expenses for holding
regular and special elections, plebiscites,
initiative, referenda, and recalls, shall be
provided in the regular or special
appropriations.
2. Once approved, are the funds released
automatically?
 Yes. Upon certification by the Chairman of
the Commission.
Commission on Audit
Section 1
1. What shall be the Composition of the
Commission on Audit?
 Composed of Chairman and two
Commissioners
2. What are the qualifications for the Chairman
and the 2 Commissioners?
I. Natural born citizen of the Philippines
II. 35 years old at the time of their appointment
III. Certified public Accountants with not less
than 10 years of auditing experience, or
members of the Philippine bar who have been
engaged in the practice of law for at least 10
years
IV. Must not have been candidates for any
elective position in the elections immediately
preceding their appointment.
3. May members of the commission all come
from the same profession?
 No.
4. Who shall appoint the Chairman and the
Commissioner?
 President with the consent of CoA
5. For a term of?
 7 years.
6. With reappointment?
 No.
7. First appointment?
 Chairman – 7 years
 One commissioner – 5 years
 Other commissioner – 3 years
 Without reappointment
8. Effect of appointment to any vacancy?
  Appointment shall serve only for an for an
expired term.
9. May they be appointed or designated in a
temporary or acting capacity?
 No.
Section 2
1. What shall be the powers of the Commission
on Audit?
 The Commission on audit shall have the
power, authority and duty to:
I. examine, audit, and settle all accounts
pertaining to:
 revenue and receipts of,
 and expenditures or uses of
funds and property, owned or
held in trust or pertaining to the
Government, subdivision,
instrumentalities, including
GOCCs with original charters,
2. ON A POST-AUDIT BASIS, the CoA has the
power over who?
I. Constitutional bodies, commissions and
offices that have been granted fiscal
autonomy under the constitution
II. Autonomous state colleges and universities
III. Other GOCCs and their subsidiaries
IV. Non-government entities receiving subsidy or
equity, directly or indirectly, from or through
the Government which are required by law or
the granting institution to submit to such
audit as a condition of subsidy or equity.
3. What if the internal control system of the
audited agencies is inadequate, are there any
other requirements?
 Yes, the Commission may adopt such
measures, including temporary or special
pre-audit, as are necessary and appropriate
to correct the deficiencies.
4. Other responsibilities of the Commission?
 Keep the general accounts of the
Government.
 Preserve the vouchers and other supporting
papers pertaining thereto, for such a period
as may be provided by law
5. Where shall the commission have exclusive
authority?
I. Defining the scope of its audit and
examination
II. Establish the techniques and methods
required therefor
III. Promulgate accounting and auditing rules
and regulations, including those for the
prevention and disallowance of irregular,
unnecessary, excessive, extravagant, or
unconscionable expenditures or uses of
government funds and properties.
Section 3
1. May laws be passed exempting the
government, or investment in public funds, from
the jurisdiction of the Commission on Audit?
 No law shall be passed exempting any entity
of the Government or its subsidiaries in any
guise whatsoever, or any investment of public
funds, from the jurisdiction of the
Commission on Audit.
Section 4
1. When shall the submission file the annual
report?
 The commission shall submit to the President
and the Congress, within the time fixed by
law, an annual report covering the financial
condition and operation of the Government
2. What shall they recommend?
 Measures to improve their effectiveness and
efficiency
3. May the law increase the number of reports
required?
 Yes.
Article X – Local Government
1. What shall be the territorial and political
subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines?
I. Provinces,
II. Cities, Municipalities
III. Barangays.
2. What shall be the Autonomous Regions?
I. Muslim Mindanao
II. Cordilleras
Section 2
1. The territorial and political subdivision shall
enjoy what?
 Local Autonomy.
Section 3
1. What shall the Congress enact and for what
purpose?
 The Congress shall enact a local government
code which shall:
I. provide for a more responsive and
accountable local government structure.
II. Allocate among different local
government units their powers,
responsibilities, and resources
III. Provide for the qualification, election,
appointment and removal, term,
salaries, powers and functions, and
duties of local officials,
IV. All other matters relating to the
organization and operation of local units
2. How shall the local government structure be
instituted?
  Through a system of decentralization with
effective mechanisms of recall, initiative and
referendum
Section 4
1. What kind of supervision shall the President
of the Philippines exercise?
 The President of the Philippines shall exercise
general supervision over local government
units.
2. Who shall ensure that the acts of the
component units are within the scope of their
prescribed powers and functions?
 Provinces with respect to component cities
and municipalities,
 Cities and municipalities with respect to
component barangays.
 Shall ensure that the acts of the component
units shall be within the scope of their
prescribed powers and functions.
Section 5
1. Do the Local Government Units have the
power to create their source of revenues? How?
 Each local government shall have the power,
consistent with the basic policy of local
autonomy, to:
I. Create its own source of revenue
II. To Levy taxes, fees, and charges
2. Qualification of this power?
 Subject to the guidelines and limitations as
the Congress may provide.
3. Where shall these taxes accrue?
 These taxes, fees, and charges shall accrue
exclusively to the local governments.
Section 6
1. Will the Local government receive a share in
the national taxes?
 Yes. LGUs shall have a just share, as
determined by law, in the national taxes
which shall be automatically released to
them.
Section 7
1. Does the LGU have a share in the proceeds of
National Wealth?
 LGUs shall be entitled to an equitable share
in the proceeds of the utilization and
development of national wealth within their
respective areas.
2. In what manner shall the equitable share be
distributed?
 In the manner prescribed by law.
3. Will there be sharing with the inhabitants? In
what way?
 There is sharing the national wealth with the
inhabitants by way of direct benefits.
Section 8
1. What shall be the term of elective local
officials?
 Three years
2. Exception to term?
 Barangay elective officials, whose term shall
be determined by law.
3. Consecutive term limit?
 No official shall serve for more than 3
consecutive terms.
4. Voluntary renunciation?
 Voluntary renunciation for any length of time
shall not be considered an interruption for
the full term for which the LGU official shall
be elected
Section 9
1. Who shall have sectoral representation?
 Legislative Bodies of local governments shall
have sectoral representation as may be
prescribed by law.
Section 10
1. What is the rule on the boundaries of the
territorial and political subdivisions?
 General Rule: No province, city, municipality
or barangay may be created, divided, merged,
abolished or its boundary substantially
altered,
 Except in accordance with the Criteria
established in the LGC, SUBJECT to the
approval of the majority votes cast in a
plebiscite in the political units directly
affected.
2. Requirements for altering boundaries?
1. In the criteria established by the LGC
2. Approved by the majority of votes cast in a
plebiscite in the political units directly
affected.
Section 11:
1. May a Special Metropoitan political
Subdivision be created? By Who?
 The Congress may, by law, create such
subdivision.
2. Requirements?
1. Subject to plebiscite set forth in Section 10.
3. What shall happen to the component cities
and municipalities affected?
 They shall retain their basic autonomy
  Shall be entitled to their own executive and
legislative assemblies.
4. What will be the jurisdiction of the
metropolitan authority?
 Limited to basic services requiring
coordination.
Section 12
1. What shall be independent from the
province?
I. Cities that are highly urbanizes, as
determined by law
II. Component cities whose charters prohibit
their voters from voting for provincial elective
officials.
2. With regard to voters from Component cities
with prohibition, may they vote for provincial
officials?
 The voters of component cities within a
province whose charters contain no such
prohibition, shall not be deprived of their
right to vote for elective provincial officials.
Section 13
1. What is the rule on the grouping and
coordinating of efforts for LGUs?
 LGUs may group themselves, consolidate or
coordinate their efforts, services and
resources for the purposes commonly
beneficial to them, in accordance with law.
Section 14
1. What are Regional Development Councils and
who shall provide for them?
 The president shall provide for regional
development councils or other similar bodies.
2. What will be there composition?
I. Local government officials,
II. Regional heads of departments
III. Other government offices
IV. Representatives from non-governmental
organizations within the regions
3. What will be the purpose of these councils?
 For the purpose of administrative
decentralization to strengthen the autonomy
of units therein
 And to accelerate the economic and social
growth and development of the units in the
region.
Section 15
1. How shall the ARMM and Cordilleras be
created?
 There shall be created ARMM and Cordilleras
consisting of:
o Provinces, cities, municipalities, and
geographical areas sharing:
  common and distinctive
historical and cultural heritage
 economic and social structures
 Other relevant characteristics
within the framework of the
constitution and the national
sovereignty and territorial
integrity of the Republic of the
Philippines.
Section 16
1. What kind of supervision shall the President
exercise?
 The president shall exercise General
Supervision over ARMM to ensure that all
laws are faithfully executed.
Section 17
1. If powers, functions, and responsibilities are
not granted by this Constitution to the
Autonomous regions, who shall it be vested in?
 All powers, functions, and responsibilities not
granted by this Constitution or by law to the
AR shall be vested in the National
Government
Section 18
1. Role of Congress in the creation of the
Autonomous regions?
 Congress shall enact the organic act for each
autonomous region.
2. With the help of who?
 With the assistance and participation of the
regional consultative commission.
3. The regional consultative commission shall
be composed of who?
I. Representatives appointed by the President
from a list of nominees from multisectoral
bodies.
4. What shall the organic act define?
 The organic act shall define the basic
structure of government for the region
consisting of the executive department and
legislative assembly.
5. What is the requirement for the executive and
legislative?
 They shall be elective and representative of
the constituent political units.
6. Other provision of the organic act?
 Special courts with personal, family, and
property law jurisdictions, consistent with the
provision of the Constitution and national
laws.
7. When shall the creation of the autonomous
regions be effective?
  When approved by majority votes cast by the
constituent units in a plebiscite called for
that purpose.
8. Who shall vote, what is the effect of those
that voted unfavorably?
 Only provinces, cities, geographic areas
voting favorably in such plebiscite shall be
included in the autonomous region.
Section 19- requirement of first congress
Section 20
1. What shall the organic act provides legislative
powers over what?
I. Administrative organization
II. Creation of sources of revenues
III. Ancestral domain and natural resources
IV. Personal, family and property relations
V. Regional urban and rural planning
development
VI. Economic social tourism and development
VII. Educational policies
VIII. Preservation and development of the cultural
heritage
IX. Other matters for the promotion of general
welfare of the people
Section 21
1. Who shall be responsible for the preservation
of peace and order?
 The local police agencies
2. What about the defense and security of the
regions?
 Responsibility of the National Government.
Accountability of Public Officers
Section 1
1. What is a public Office?
 It is a public trust.
2. What are the obligations of public officers?
I. Public officers and employees must at all
times be accountable to the people
II. Serve them with the utmost responsibility,
integrity, loyalty and efficiency
III. Act with patriotism and justice
IV. Lead modest lives
Section 2
1. Who may be removed THROUGH
IMPEACHMENT from office according to Article
XI?
I. The president
II. The Vice President
III. The Supreme Court
IV. Members of the Constitutional Commissions
 V. Ombudsman 4. How may a citizen file?
 Citizen may file the verified complaint upon a
2. Causes of removal? resolution or endorsement by any Member of
the House.
 On impeachment for and conviction of
I. culpable violation of the constitution 5. Where shall the verified complaint be
II. Treason included?
III. Bribery  Included in the Order of Business within ten
IV. Graft and Corruption session days.
V. Other high crimes
VI. Betrayal of public trust 6. Referred to who?
 Referred to the Proper Committee within 3
3. All other public officers may be removed session days thereafter.
how?
 As provided by law, but not impeachment. 7. Responsibility of the Committee?
 After hearing,
Section 3  By majority vote of all members
 Submit a report to the House within 60 days
1. Who shall have the EXCLUSIVE power to from such referral, together with the
initiate all cases of impeachment? corresponding resolution.
 The House of representatives shall have the
exclusive power to initiate cases of 8. When shall the resolution be calendared?
impeachment.  The resolution shall be calendared for
consideration by the House within 10 session
2. How shall impeachment be initiated? days from receipt thereof.
I. Verified complaint or motion of any citizen.
II. Referred to the Proper Committee 9. Required vote to affirm the resolution?
III. Submitted to House  Vote of at least one third of all the Members
of the House shall be necessary to affirm a
3. Who may file the verified complaint? favorable resolution with the Article of
 Verified Complaint for impeachment may be Impeachment of the Committee, or override
filed by any Member of the House of its contrary resolution.
Representatives.

10. Will the vote be recorded?
 Yes.
11. What will happen if 1/3 requirement is
reached?
 In case the verified complaint or resolution of
impeachment is filed by atleast 1/3 of all the
Members of the House, the same shall
constitute the Articles of impeachment, and
trial by the Senate shall forthwith proceed.
12. What is the rule on successive impeachment
proceedings?
 No impeachment proceedings shall be
initiated against the same official more than
once within a period of one year.
13. Who has the sole power to try and decide all
cases of impeachment?
 The Senate shall have the sole power to try
and decide all cases of impeachment.
14. What shall the Senate be on when sitting for
purpose of impeachment?
 They shall be on oath of affirmation.
15. What if the President of the Philippines is on
trial for impeachment?
 The CJ of the Supreme Court shall precide
BUT NOT VOTE
16. Vote needed to convict official?
 2/3 of all the members of the Senate.
17. What is the scope of the final judgement?
 Judgement in cases of impeachment shall not
extend further than removal from office and
disqualification to hold any office under the
republic of the Philippines.
18. May the party convicted be liable for other
punishment?
 The party convicted shall nevertheless be
liable and subject to prosecution trial and
punishment according to law.
19. Who shall promulgate rules of
impeachment?
 Congress shall promulgate its rules on
impeachment to effectively carry out the
purpose of this section.
Section 4
1. Will the Sandiganbayan continue to
Function?
 The present anti-graft court known as the
Sandiganbayan shall continue to function
and exercise its jurisdiction as now or
hereafter may be provided by law.
Section 5
1. What is the Office of the Ombudsman? What
are its functions and Composition?
I. Ombudsman known as the Tanodbayan
II. One overall Deputy
III. At least one deputy from Luzon Visayas and
Mindanao
2. What about for military?
 A separate Deputy for the Military may
likewise be appointed.
Section 6
1. Who shall appoint other officials and
employees of the Office of the Ombudsman,
OTHER THAN THE DEPUTIES?
 Appointed by the Ombudsman according to
the Civil Service Law.
Section 7
1. What will the Existing Tanodbayan be known?
 Office of the Special Prosecutor.
2. What shall be its powers?
 IT shall continue to function and exercise its
powers now or hereafter provided by law.
3. Any exceptions?
 Except those conferred on the Office of the
Ombudsman created under THIS
constitution.
Section 8
1. Qualifications of the Ombudsman and his
deputies?
I. Natural born citizen of the Philippines
II. At least 40 years old at the time of their
appointment
III. Recognized probity and independence
IV. Members of the Philippine Bar
V. Not be candidates for any elective office in the
immediately preceding election
VI. OMBUDSMAN ONLY: for ten years or more,
been a judge or engaged in the practice of law
in the Philippines.
2. Other prohibitions?
 Section 2 Article 9a of this constitution
Section 9
1. How Ombudsman and Deputies be appointed?
 Appointed by the President from a list of six
nominees prepared by the JBC, list of three
nominees from each vacancy thereafter.
2. Requires Confirmation?
 NO.
3. When filled?
 Vacancies shall be filled within 3 montsh
after they occur.
Section 10.
1. What is the rank of Ombudsman? Deputy?
 Ombudsman- Chairman
 Deputy – Members
 Of the Concom
2. Salary?
 Same salary as ConCom, no decrease during
their term of office.
Section 11
1. How long shall Ombudsman and Deputies
Serve?
 7 years without reappointment
2. Allowed to run for any office or election?
 Not allowed to run for any office in the
election immediately succeeding their
cessation from office.
Section 12
1. Obligations of the Ombudsman and his
deputies?
 As protectors of the people,
I. Shall act promptly on complaints filed in
any form or manner against public
officials or employees of the government
II. Notify the complainants of the action
taken and the result thereof.
Section 13
1. Powers of the Office of the Ombudsman?
I. Investigate
II. Direct to perform duties
III. Direct to take appropriate action
IV. Direct to furnish copies
V. Request for assistance
VI. Publicize matters
VII. Determine the cause
VIII. Promulgate rules of procedure
2. How is investigation instituted?
 Investigate on its own or on complaint by any
person.
3. What may be investigated?
 Any act or omission of any public official,
employee, office or agency, when such act or
omission appears to be illegal, unjust
improper, or inefficient.
4. Power to direct public official, how
instituted?
 Upon complaint or at own instance.
5. What may be directed?
 Direct any public official or employee of the
government
o to perform or expedite any act or duty
required by law
o To correct any abuse or impropriety in
the performance of duties.
6. Power to direct officer concerned, what is the
process?
 Power to direct the officer concerned to take
appropriate action against a public official or
employee at fault, and recommend his
approval, suspension, demotion, fine,
censure, or prosecution, and ensure
compliance there with.
7. What may be directed to be furnished to the
Ombudsman?
 Documents relating to contracts or
transactions entered into by his office
involving disbursement of public funds or
properties
8. May they report to COA?
 Yes. Any irregularities for appropriate action.
9. Rule on publicizing matters?
 Must be covered by its investigation
 When circumstances so warrant
 With due prudence
10. Determination of the Cause of inefficiency,
how utilized?
 OMB may make recommendation for
elimination and observance of high standards
of ethics and efficiency for causes of
inefficiency, red tape, mismanagement, fraud
and corruption in the government.
Section 14.
1. What shall Office of the Ombudsman enjoy?
 Fiscal Autonomy. Also automatic release.
Section 15
1. Rule regarding recovery of properties
unlawfully acquired?
 The right of the State to recover properties
unlawfully acquired by public officials or
employees, from them or from their nominees
or transferees, shall not be barred by
prescription, laches or estoppel.
Section 16
1. What is the rule on granting of loans?
 No loan guaranty or other form of financial
accommodation for any business purpose
may be granted, DIRECTLY OR
INDIRECTLY, by any GO bank or FI to the
President, VP, Members of Cabinet, Congress,
SC, COnCom, Ombusmnan or to any firm or
entity in which they have controlling interest
during their tenure.
*Very important yang for any business purpose.
Section 17
1. Requirement on declaration of Oath on
assets, when shall the declaration be made?
  Upon assumption of office and as often as
required by law.
2. What required to submit?
 Declaration under oath of his assets liabilities
and net worth.
3. Whose SALNs are required to be disclosed to
the public in a manner provided by law?
 President
 VP
 Members of the Cabinet
 Congress
 Supreme Court
 ConCom
 Other constitutional offices
 Officers of AFT with general or flag rank
Section 18
1. What do Public Officers and employees owe
the State and this Constitution?
 Allegiance at all times
2. What if an officer or employee seeks to
change his citizenship or acquire the status of
immigrant in another country during his
tenure?
 They shall be dealt with by law.
ARTICLE XII
National Economy and Patrimony
Section 1
1. What is the goal of national economy?
 A more equitable distribution of
opportunities, income and wealth;
 A sustained increase in the amount of goods
and services produced by the nation for the
benefit of the people
 Expanding productivity as the key to raising
the quality of life for all especially the
underprivileged.
2. What shall the State promote?
 Industrialization and full employment.
3. Based on?
 Sound agricultural development and agrarian
reform
4. How shall these be achieved?
 Through industries that make full and
efficient use of human and natural resources,
which are competitive in both local and
foreign markets.
5. Filipino preference?
 Yes, the state shall protect Filipino
enterprises against unfair foreign competition
and trade markets.
 6. What shall sectors of the economy and all
regions be given in pursuit of these goals?
 Optimum opportunity to deveop.
7. What shall corporations, cooperatives and
other organizations be encouraged to do?
 Broaden the base of their ownership.
Section 2
1. What are owned by the State?
I. Lands of public domain
II. Waters
III. Minerals
IV. Coal
V. Petroleum
VI. Other mineral oils
VII. All forces of potential energy
VIII. Fisheries
IX. Forests or timber
X. Wildlife
XI. Flora and fauna
XII. Other natural resources
2. What is the general rule on natural resources?
 They may not be alienated
3. Except?
 Except agricultural lands.
4. The exploration, developments, and
utilization of natural resources shall be under
the control of whom?
 Under the control and supervision of the
State.
5. What may the State do to exercise its control
and supervision?
 The state may directly undertake such
activities OR enter into co-production,
joint venture, or production-sharing
agreements with FILIPINO CITIZENS or
CORPORATION or Associations at least
60% of whose capital owned by such
citizens.
6. How long can these agreements be?
 25 years, renewable for not more than 25
years, and under such terms and conditions
provided by law.
7. What about for water rights? Is there limit?
 In Case of water rights for irrigation, water
supply fisheries or industrial uses other than
the development of water power, Beneficial
use may be the measure and limit of the
grant.
8. How are the marine wealth in archipelagic
waters, territorial sea, and EEZ protected?
 By reserving its use and enjoyment to Filipino
Citizens only.
9. Congress role in utilization of natural
resources?
  They may by law allow small scale utilization
of natural resources by Filipino citizens,
giving priorty to subsistence fishermen.
10. May the president enter into agremeents
with foreign owned corps?
 The President may enter into agreements with
foreign-owned corporations
11. Involving what?
 involving either technical or financial
assistance for large-scale exploration,
development, and utilization of minerals,
petroleum, and other mineral oils
12. According to?
according to the general terms and conditions
provided by law, based on real contributions to the
economic growth and general welfare of the
country. In such agreements, the State shall
promote the development and use of local scientific
and technical resources.
13.What shall the President notify to the
Congress?
 The President shall notify the Congress of
every contract entered into in accordance
with this provision,
14. When notified?
 within thirty days from its execution.
Section 3
1. How are the lands of public domain
classified?
 Lands of the public domain are classified into
o agricultural,
o forest or timber, mineral lands,
o and national parks.
2. Further classification?
 Agricultural lands of the public domain may
be further classified by law according to the
uses which they may be devoted.
3. Alienable lands shall be limited to what?
 Alienable lands of the public domain shall be
limited to agricultural lands.
4. General rule on holding alienable lands?
 Private corporations or associations may not
hold such alienable lands of the public
domain
5. Exception?
I. EXCEPT by lease,
II. for a period not exceeding twenty-five years,
III. renewable for not more than twenty-five
years,
IV. and not to exceed one thousand hectares in
area.
6. Limitations on citizens of the Philippines on
holding alienable lands?
 Citizens of the Philippines may lease not
more than five hundred hectares, or acquire
not more than twelve hectares thereof by
purchase, homestead, or grant.
7. What shall Congress determine by law?
 The Congress shall determine, by law, the
size of lands of the public domain which may
be acquired, developed, held, or leased and
the conditions therefor.
8. Determination based on?
 Taking into account the requirements of
conservation, ecology, and development, and
subject to the requirements of agrarian
reform,
Section 4
1. What else is the role of Congress with regard
to forest lands and national parks?
 The Congress shall, as soon as possible,
determine by law the specific limits of forest
lands and national parks, marking clearly
their boundaries on the ground.
2. May they be increased or diminished?
 Thereafter, such forest lands and national
parks shall be conserved and may not be
increased nor diminished, except by law.
3. May Congress prohibit logging?
 The Congress shall provide, for such period
as it may determine, measures to prohibit
logging in endangered forests and watershed
areas.
Section 5
1. Who shall protect indigenous communities
and how?
 The State, subject to the provisions of this
Constitution and national development
policies and programs, shall protect the
rights of indigenous cultural communities to
their ancestral lands to ensure their
economic, social, and cultural well-being.
2. Role of Congress on determining ancestral
domain?
 The Congress may provide for the
applicability of customary laws governing
property rights or relations in determining
the ownership and extent of ancestral
domain.
Section 6
1. What does the use of property bear?
 The use of property bears a social function,
and all economic agents shall contribute to
the common good.
2. Who shall have the right to own establish and
operate economic enterprises?
 Individuals and private groups, including
corporations, cooperatives, and similar
collective organizations, shall have the right
to own, establish, and operate economic
enterprises,
3. This owning is subject to what?
 subject to the duty of the State to promote
distributive justice and to intervene when the
common good so demands.
Section 7
1. General rule on transferring of private lands?
 Save in cases of hereditary succession, no
private lands shall be transferred or conveyed
except to individuals, corporations, or
associations qualified to acquire or hold lands
of the public domain.
Section 8
1. General rule on ownership of Filipino citizen
who lost their citizenship?
 Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 7 of
this Article, a natural-born citizen of the
Philippines who has lost his Philippine
citizenship may be a transferee of private
lands, subject to limitations provided by law.
Section 9
1. Who may establish the economic and
planning agency and what will be its role?
 The Congress may establish an independent
economic and planning agency headed by the
President, which shall, after consultations
with the appropriate public agencies, various
private sectors, and local government units,
recommend to Congress, and implement
continuing integrated and coordinated
programs and policies for national
development.
2. Who shall function as the independent
planning agency of the government?
 Until the Congress provides otherwise, the
National Economic and Development
Authority shall function as the independent
planning agency of the government.
Section 10
1. When shall congress reserve the right to
certain areas of investments?
  The Congress shall, upon recommendation of
the economic and planning agency, when the
national interest dictates, reserve to citizens
of the Philippines or to corporations or
associations at least sixty per centum of
whose capital is owned by such citizens, or
such higher percentage as Congress may
prescribe, certain areas of investments.
2. What shall the congress enact?
 The Congress shall enact measures that will
encourage the formation and operation of
enterprises whose capital is wholly owned by
Filipinos.
3. Where shall Filipinos be given preference
 In the grant of rights, privileges, and
concessions covering the national economy
and patrimony, the State shall give preference
to qualified Filipinos.
4. What shall the state regulate?
 The State shall regulate and exercise
authority over foreign investments within its
national jurisdiction and in accordance with
its national goals and priorities.
Section 11
1. General rule and exceptions on public
utilities?
 No franchise, certificate, or any other form of
authorization for the operation of a public
utility shall be granted except to citizens of
the Philippines or to corporations or
associations organized under the laws of the
Philippines at least sixty per centum of whose
capital is owned by such citizens, nor shall
such franchise, certificate, or authorization
be exclusive in character or for a longer
period than fifty years.
2. Rule on franchise?
 Neither shall any such franchise or right be
granted except under the condition that it
shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or
repeal by the Congress when the common
good so requires. The State shall encourage
equity participation in public utilities by the
general public.
3. Rule on participation of foreigners?
 The participation of foreign investors in the
governing body of any public utility enterprise
shall be limited to their proportionate share
in its capital, and all the executive and
managing officers of such corporation or
association must be citizens of the
Philippines.
Section 12
1. Promotion of preferential use of what?
 The State shall promote the preferential use
of Filipino labor, domestic materials and
locally produced goods, and adopt measures
that help make them competitive.
Section 13
1. What kind of trade policy shall be pursued?
 The State shall pursue a trade policy that
serves the general welfare and utilizes all
forms and arrangements of exchange on the
basis of equality and reciprocity.
Section 14
1. What shall be promoted by the state regarding
national talents?
 The sustained development of a reservoir of
national talents consisting of Filipino
scientists, entrepreneurs, professionals,
managers, high-level technical manpower and
skilled workers and craftsmen in all fields
shall be promoted by the State. The State
shall encourage appropriate technology and
regulate its transfer for the national benefit.
2. Rule on practice of profession?
 The practice of all professions in the
Philippines shall be limited to Filipino
citizens, save in cases prescribed by law.
Section 15
1. What shall congress do to promote
cooperatives?
 The Congress shall create an agency to
promote the viability and growth of
cooperatives as instruments for social justice
and economic development.
Section 16
1. Rule on Congress powers over private
corporations?
 The Congress shall not, except by general
law, provide for the formation, organization,
or regulation of private corporations.
2. How are GOCCs created?
 Government-owned or controlled corporations
may be created or established by special
charters in the interest of the common good
and subject to the test of economic viability.
Section 17
1. Power of the State to take over?
 In times of national emergency, when the
public interest so requires, the State may,
during the emergency and under reasonable
terms prescribed by it, temporarily take over
or direct the operation of any privately owned
 public utility or business affected with public
interest.
Section 18
1. Power of the state to transfer ownership?
 The State may, in the interest of national
welfare or defense, establish and operate vital
industries and, upon payment of just
compensation, transfer to public ownership
utilities and other private enterprises to be
operated by the Government.
Section 19
1. Power to regulate monopolies?
 The State shall regulate or prohibit
monopolies when the public interest so
requires. No combinations in restraint of
trade or unfair competition shall be allowed.
Section 20
1. Power of Congress over establishing a central
monetary authority?
 The Congress shall establish an independent
central monetary authority,
2. Qualification of Members?
 the members of whose governing board must
be
o natural-born Filipino citizens,
o of known probity, integrity, and
patriotism,
o the majority of whom shall come from
the private sector.
o They shall also be subject to such other
qualifications and disabilities as may
be prescribed by law.
3. Responsibilities of the Monetary Authority?
 The authority shall provide policy direction in
the areas of money, banking, and credit.
4. Power of supervision over what?
 It shall have supervision over the operations
of banks and exercise such regulatory powers
as may be provided by law over the
operations of finance companies and other
institutions performing similar functions.
5. Who is this Monetary authority?
 Until the Congress otherwise provides, the
Central Bank of the Philippines, operating
under existing laws, shall function as the
central monetary authority
Section 21
1. Rule on foreign loans?
 Foreign loans may only be incurred in
accordance with law and the regulation of the
monetary authority. Information on foreign
loans obtained or guaranteed by the
 Government shall be made available to the
public.
Section 22
1. What shall be considered inimical to the
national interest?
 Acts which circumvent or negate any of the
provisions of this Article shall be considered
inimical to the national interest and subject
to criminal and civil sanctions, as may be
provided by law.
ARTICLE XVI
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1
1. What is the flag of the Philippines?
 The flag of the Philippines shall be red, white,
and blue, with a sun and three stars, as
consecrated and honored by the people and
recognized by law.
Section 2
1. What are the powers of Congress over
national symbols?
 The Congress may, by law, adopt a new name
for the country, a national anthem, or a
national seal, which shall all be truly
reflective and symbolic of the ideals, history,
and traditions of the people. Such law shall
take effect only upon its ratification by the
people in a national referendum.
Section 3
1. General rule on Suing the state?
 The State may not be sued without its
consent.
Section 4
1. Composition of the Armed Forces of the P
 The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be
composed of a citizen armed force which shall
undergo military training and serve, as may
be provided by law. It shall keep a regular
force necessary for the security of the State.
Section 5
1. Requirements for AFP?
(1) All members of the armed forces shall take an
oath or affirmation to uphold and defend this
Constitution.
(2) The State shall strengthen the patriotic spirit
and nationalist consciousness of the military, and
respect for people’s rights in the performance of
their duty.
(3) Professionalism in the armed forces and
adequate remuneration and benefits of its members
shall be a prime concern of the State. The armed
forces shall be insulated from partisan politics.
No member of the military shall engage directly or
indirectly in any partisan political activity, except to
vote.
(4) No member of the armed forces in the active
service shall, at any time, be appointed or
designated in any capacity to a civilian position in
the Government including government-owned or
controlled corporations or any of their subsidiaries.
(5) Laws on retirement of military officers shall not
allow extension of their service.
(6) The officers and men of the regular force of the
armed forces shall be recruited proportionately
from all provinces and cities as far as practicable.
(7) The tour of duty of the Chief of Staff of the
armed forces shall not exceed three years. However,
in times of war or other national emergency
declared by the Congress, the President may extend
such tour of duty.
Section 6
1. The Police Force and its characteristics?
 The State shall establish and maintain one
police force,
 which shall be national in scope and civilian
in character,
 to be administered and controlled by a
national police commission. The authority of
local executives over the police units in their
jurisdiction shall be provided by law.
SECTION 7.
1. States responsibility to war veterans?
 The State shall provide immediate and
adequate care, benefits, and other forms of
assistance to war veterans and veterans of
military campaigns, their surviving spouses
and orphans. Funds shall be provided
therefor and due consideration shall be given
them in the disposition of agricultural lands
of the public domain and, in appropriate
cases, in the utilization of natural resources.
SECTION 8.
1. Pension of retirees?
 The State shall, from time to time, review to
upgrade the pensions and other benefits due
to retirees of both the government and the
private sectors.
SECTION 9.
1. Protection from hazardous products?
  The State shall protect consumers from trade
malpractices and from substandard or
hazardous products.
SECTION 10.
 The State shall provide the policy
environment for the full development of
Filipino capability and the emergence of
communication structures suitable to the
needs and aspirations of the nation and the
balanced flow of information into, out of, and
across the country, in accordance with a
policy that respects the freedom of speech
and of the press.
SECTION 11.
 The ownership and management of mass
media shall be limited to citizens of the
Philippines, or to corporations, cooperatives
or associations, wholly-owned and managed
by such citizens.
 Only Filipino citizens or corporations or
associations at least seventy per centum of
the capital of which is owned by such citizens
shall be allowed to engage in the advertising
industry.
 The participation of foreign investors in the
governing body of entities in such industry
shall be limited to their proportionate share
in the capital thereof, and all the executive
and managing officers of such entities must
be citizens of the Philippines.
SECTION 12.
 The Congress may create a consultative body
to advise the President on policies affecting
indigenous cultural communities, the
majority of the members of which shall come
from such communities.

 The Congress shall regulate or prohibit

monopolies in commercial mass media when
the public interest so requires. No
combinations in restraint of trade or unfair
competition therein shall be allowed.

 The advertising industry is impressed with

public interest, and shall be regulated by law
for the protection of consumers and the
promotion of the general welfare.